---
title: "On the Embassy · Περὶ τῆς παραπρεσβείας"
author: "Aeschines"
translator: "Charles Darwin Adams"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
url: https://scriptura.si/works/aeschines-on-the-embassy/
cite: "Aeschines, tr. Charles Darwin Adams, On the Embassy · Περὶ τῆς παραπρεσβείας. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/aeschines-on-the-embassy/"
---

# On the Embassy · Περὶ τῆς παραπρεσβείας

*Aeschines, tr. Charles Darwin Adams*

Aeschines answers Demosthenes’ charge that he was bribed by Philip.

> Greek: ed. Charles Darwin Adams, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0026.tlg002, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Charles Darwin Adams, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0026.tlg002.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## Contents

1. [Sections 1–49](https://scriptura.si/works/aeschines-on-the-embassy/1.md)
2. [Sections 50–95](https://scriptura.si/works/aeschines-on-the-embassy/2.md)
3. [Sections 96–140](https://scriptura.si/works/aeschines-on-the-embassy/3.md)
4. [Sections 141–184](https://scriptura.si/works/aeschines-on-the-embassy/4.md)

## 1. Sections 1–49

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/aeschines-on-the-embassy/1/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/aeschines-on-the-embassy/1/#p-N

[¶0] 1. I beg you, fellow citizens, to hear me with willing and friendly mind, remembering how great is my peril, and how many the charges against which I have to defend myself; remembering also the arts and devices of my accuser, and the cruelty of the man who, speaking to men who are under oath to give equal hearing to both parties, had the effrontery to urge you not to listen to the voice of the defendant.

> Greek: 1. δέομαι ὑμῶν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ἐθελῆσαί μου μετʼ εὐνοίας ἀκοῦσαι λέγοντος, ὑπολογιζομένους τό τε μέγεθος τοῦ κινδύνου καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν αἰτιῶν πρὸς ἂς ἀπολογήσασθαί με δεῖ, καὶ τὰς τέχνας καὶ τὰς κατασκευὰς τοῦ κατηγόρου καὶ τὴν ὠμότητα, ὃς ἐτόλμησε παρακελεύσασθαι πρὸς ἄνδρας ὀμωμοκότας τῶν ἀντιδίκων ὁμοίως ἀμφοτέρων ἀκούσεσθαι τοῦ κινδυνεύοντος φωνὴν μὴ ὑπομένειν.

[¶1] 2. and it was not anger that made him say it; for no man who is lying is angry with the victim of his calumny, nor do men who are speaking the truth try to prevent the defendant from obtaining a hearing; for the prosecution does not find justification in the minds of the hearers until the defendant has had opportunity to plead for himself and has proved unable to refute the charges that have been preferred.

> Greek: 2. καὶ ταῦτʼ εἶπεν οὐ διʼ ὀργήν· οὐδεὶς γὰρ τῶν ψευδομένων τοῖς ἀδίκως διαβαλλομένοις ὀργίζεται, οὐδʼ οἱ τἀληθῆ λέγοντες κωλύουσι λόγου τυχεῖν τὸν φεύγοντα· οὐ γὰρ πρότερον ἡ κατηγορία παρὰ τοῖς ἀκούουσιν ἰσχύει, πρὶν ἂν ὁ φεύγων ἀπολογίας τυχὼν ἀδυνατήσῃ τὰς προειρημένας αἰτίας ἀπολύσασθαι.

[¶2] 3. But Demosthenes, I think, is not fond of fair argument, nor is that the sort of preparation he has made. No, it is your anger that he is determined to call forth. And he has accused me of receiving bribes—he who would be the last man to make such suspicion credible! For the man who seeks to arouse the anger of his hearers over bribery must himself refrain from such conduct.

> Greek: 3. ἀλλʼ οἶμαι Δημοσθένης οὐ χαίρει δικαίοις λόγοις, οὐδʼ οὕτω παρεσκεύασται, ἀλλὰ τὴν ὑμετέραν ὀργὴν ἐκκαλέσασθαι βεβούληται. καὶ κατηγόρηκε δωροδοκίας, ἀπίθανος ὢν πρὸς τὴν ὑποψίαν ταύτην· τὸν γὰρ ἐπὶ ταῖς δωροδοκίαις προτρεπόμενον ὀργίζεσθαι, αὐτὸν χρὴ τῶν τοιούτων ἔργων ἀπέχεσθαι.

[¶3] 4. But, fellow citizens, as I have listened to Demosthenes’ accusation, the effect upon my own mind has been this: never have I been so apprehensive as on this day, nor ever more angry than now, nor so exceedingly rejoiced. I was frightened, and am still disturbed, lest some of you form a mistaken judgment of me, beguiled by those antitheses of his, conceived in deliberate malice. And I was indignant—fairly beside myself at the charge, when he accused me of insolence and drunken violence towards a free woman of Olynthus. But I was rejoiced when, as he was dwelling on this charge, you refused to listen to him. This I consider to be the reward that you bestow upon me for a chaste and temperate life.

> Greek: 4. ἐμοὶ δέ, ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, συμβέβηκε τῆς Δημοσθένους ἀκούοντι κατηγορίας μήτε δεῖσαι πώποθʼ οὕτως ὡς ἐν τῇδε τῇ ἡμέρᾳ, μήτʼ ἀγανακτῆσαι μᾶλλον ἢ νῦν, μήτʼ εἰς ὑπερβολὴν ὁμοίως ἡσθῆναι. ἐφοβήθην μὲν γάρ, καὶ ἔτι καὶ νῦν τεθορύβημαι, μή τινες ὑμῶν ἀγνοήσωσί με ψυχαγωγηθέντες τοῖς ἐπιβεβουλευμένοις καὶ κακοήθεσι τούτοις ἀντιθέτοις· ἐξέστην δʼ ἐμαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν βαρέως ἤνεγκα, ὅθʼ ὕβριν καὶ παροινίαν εἰς γυναῖκα ἐλευθέραν καὶ τὸ γένος Ὀλυνθίαν κατηγόρει· ἥσθην δέ, ὅτʼ αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τῆς αἰτίας ὄντα ταύτης ἐξεβάλλετε, καὶ τῶν σεσωφρονημένων ἐν τῷ βίῳ μοι χάριν ἀπειληφέναι νομίζω.

[¶4] 5. To you I do, indeed, give praise and high esteem for putting your faith in the life of those who are on trial, rather than in the accusations of their enemies; however, I would not myself shrink from defending myself against this charge. For if there is any man among those who are standing outside the bar—and almost the whole city is in the court—or if there is any man of you, the jurors, who is convinced that I have ever perpetrated such an act, not to say towards a free person, but towards any creature, I hold my life as no longer worth the living. And if as my defence proceeds I fail to prove that the accusation is false, and that the man who dared to utter it is an impious slanderer, then, even though it be clear that I am innocent of all the other charges, I declare myself worthy of death.

> Greek: 5. ὑμᾶς μὲν οὖν ἐπαινῶ καὶ διαφερόντως ἀγαπῶ, ὅτι τῷ βίῳ μᾶλλον τῷ τῶν κρινομένων πιστεύετε, ἢ ταῖς παρὰ τῶν ἐχθρῶν αἰτίαις· αὐτὸς δʼ οὐκ ἂν ἀποσταίην τῆς πρὸς ταῦτʼ ἀπολογίας. εἰ γάρ τις ἢ τῶν ἔξωθεν περιεστηκότων πέπεισται, σχεδὸν δʼ οἱ πλεῖστοι τῶν πολιτῶν πάρεισιν, ἢ τῶν δικαζόντων ὑμῶν, ὡς ἐγὼ τοιοῦτόν τι διαπέπραγμαι, μὴ μόνον εἰς ἐλεύθερον σῶμα, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς τὸ τυχόν, ἀβίωτον εἶναί μοι τὸν λοιπὸν βίον νομίζω· κἂν μὴ προϊούσης τῆς ἀπολογίας ἐξελέγξω καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν οὖσαν ψευδῆ, καὶ τὸν τολμήσαντʼ εἰπεῖν ἀνόσιον καὶ συκοφάντην, κἂν τἆλλα πάντα μηδὲν ἀδικῶν φαίνωμαι, θανάτου τιμῶμαι.

[¶5] 6. But strange indeed did that other argument of his seem to me, and outrageously unjust, when he asked you whether it was possible in one and the same city to sentence Philocrates to death because he would not await trial and so condemned himself, and then to acquit me. But I think that on this very ground I ought most certainly to be cleared for if the man who condemns himself by not awaiting trial is guilty, certainly he who denies the charge and submits his person to the laws and to his fellow citizens is not guilty.

> Greek: 6. παράδοξος δέ μοι κἀκεῖνος ὁ λόγος ἐφάνη καὶ δεινῶς ἄδικος, ὅθʼ ὑμᾶς ἐπηρώτα, εἰ οἷόν τʼ ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ πόλει Φιλοκράτους μὲν θάνατον καταψηφίσασθαι, ὅτι καταγνοὺς ἑαυτοῦ ἀδικεῖν τὴν κρίσιν οὐχ ὑπέμεινεν, ἐμοῦ δʼ ἀπογνῶναι. ἐγὼ δʼ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ τούτῳ δικαίως ἂν ὑπολαμβάνω μάλιστα σῴζεσθαι· εἰ γὰρ ὁ καταγνοὺς ἑαυτοῦ καὶ μὴ παρὼν ἀδικεῖ, ὅ γε ἀπογνοὺς καὶ τὸ σῶμα τοῖς νόμοις καὶ τοῖς πολίταις παραδοὺς οὐκ ἀδικεῖ.

[¶6] 7. Now, fellow citizens, as regards the rest of his accusations, if I pass over any point and fail to mention it, I beg of you to question me and let me know what it is that you wish to hear about, and to refrain from forming any judgment in advance, but to listen with impartial goodwill. I do not know where I ought to begin, so inconsistent are his accusations. See whether you think I am being treated in a reasonable way.

> Greek: 7. περὶ δὲ τῆς ἄλλης κατηγορίας δέομαι ὑμῶν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ἐάν τι παραλίπω καὶ μὴ μνησθῶ, ἐπερωτᾶν με καὶ δηλοῦν ὅ τι ἂν ποθῆτε ἀκοῦσαι, μηδὲν προκατεγνωκότας, ἀλλʼ ἴσῃ τῇ εὐνοίᾳ ἀκούοντας. ἀπορῶ δʼ ὁπόθεν χρὴ πρῶτον ἄρξασθαι, διὰ τὴν ἀνωμαλίαν τῆς κατηγορίας. σκέψασθε δʼ ἂν ὑμῖν εἰκός τι πρᾶγμα δόξω πάσχειν.

[¶7] 8. it is I who am now on trial, and that too for my life; and yet the greater part of his accusation has been directed against Philocrates and Phrynon and the other members of the embassy, against Philip and the peace and the policies of Eubulus; it is only as one among all these that he gives me a place. But when it is a question of solicitude for the interests of the state, one solitary man stands out in all his speech—Demosthenes; all the rest are traitors! For he has unceasingly insulted us and poured out his slanderous lies, not upon me alone, but upon all the rest as well.

> Greek: 8. εἰμὶ μὲν γὰρ ὁ κινδυνεύων ἐγὼ νυνὶ περὶ τοῦ σώματος, τῆς δὲ κατηγορίας τὴν πλείστην πεποίηται Φιλοκράτους καὶ Φρύνωνος καὶ τῶν ἄλλων συμπρέσβεων, καὶ Φιλίππου καὶ τῆς εἰρήνης καὶ τῶν Εὐβούλου πολιτευμάτων, ἐν ἅπασι δὲ τούτοις ἐγὼ τέταγμαι. μόνος δʼ ἐν τῷ λόγῳ φαίνεται κηδεμὼν τῆς πόλεως Δημοσθένης, οἱ δʼ ἄλλοι προδόται· διατετέλεκε γὰρ εἰς ἡμᾶς ὑβρίζων, καὶ λοιδορίας ψευδεῖς οὐκ ἐμοὶ μόνον λοιδορούμενος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις.

[¶8] 9. and after treating a man with such contempt, later, when it suits his whim, he turns about, and as though he were accusing an Alcibiades or a Themistocles, the most famous men among all the Greeks, he proceeds to charge that same man with having destroyed the cities in Phocis, with having lost you the Thracian coast, with having expelled from his kingdom Cersobleptes, a friend and ally of the city.

> Greek: 9. ὃν δʼ οὕτως ἀτιμάζει, πάλιν ἐκ μεταβολῆς, ὅπου ἂν τύχῃ, ὥσπερ Ἀλκιβιάδην ἢ Θεμιστοκλέα κρίνων, οἳ πλεῖστον τῶν Ἑλλήνων δόξῃ διήνεγκαν, ἀνῃρηκέναι μὲν αἰτιᾶται τὰς ἐν Φωκεῦσι πόλεις, ἀπηλλοτριωκέναι δʼ ὑμῶν τὸν ἐπὶ Θράκης τόπον, ἐκβεβληκέναι δὲ τῆς ἀρχῆς Κερσοβλέπτην, ἄνδρα φίλον καὶ σύμμαχον τῆς πόλεως.

[¶9] 10. and he undertook to liken me to Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily, and vehemently and with loud cries he called upon you to be on your guard against me; and he related the dream of the priestess in Sicily. Then, after all this exaggeration, he begrudged me the credit even for what he had slanderously charged me with accomplishing, and ascribed it all, not to my words, but to the arms of Philip.

> Greek: 10. ἐνεχείρησε δʼ ἀπεικάζειν με Διονυσίῳ τῷ Σικελίας τυράννῳ, καὶ μετὰ σπουδῆς καὶ κραυγῆς πολλῆς παρεκελεύσαθʼ ὑμῖν φυλάξασθαι, καὶ τὸ τῆς ἱερείας ἐνύπνιον τῆς ἐν Σικελίᾳ διηγήσατο. οὕτω δʼ ἄνω τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐξάρας, ἐφθόνησέ μου ταῖς διαβολαῖς, τὰς αἰτίας ἀνατιθεὶς τῶν πεπραγμένων οὐ τοῖς ἐμοῖς λόγοις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ὅπλοις τοῖς Φιλίππου.

[¶10] 11. When now a man has shown such trickery and effrontery, it is difficult even to remember every single thing, and in the face of danger it is not easy to answer unexpected slanders. But I will begin with those events which I think will enable me to make my presentation most clear and intelligible to you, and fair; these events are the discussion that took place concerning the peace, and the choice of the ambassadors. In this way I shall best remember his charges and best be able to speak effectively, and you will be best instructed.

> Greek: 11. πρὸς δὴ τοσαύτην τόλμαν καὶ τερατείαν ἀνθρώπου χαλεπὸν καὶ διαμνημονεῦσαι καθʼ ἕκαστα, καὶ λέγειν μετὰ κινδύνου πρὸς ἀπροσδοκήτους διαβολάς. ὅθεν δʼ ἡγοῦμαι σαφεστάτους τέ μοι τοὺς λόγους ἔσεσθαι καὶ γνωρίμους ὑμῖν καὶ δικαίους, ἐντεῦθεν ἄρξομαι, ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης λόγων καὶ τῆς αἱρέσεως τῆς πρεσβείας· οὕτω γὰρ μάλιστα καὶ μεμνήσομαι, καὶ δυνήσομαι εἰπεῖν, καὶ ὑμεῖς μαθήσεσθε.

[¶11] 12. There is one thing, at any rate, which I think you all yourselves remember: how the ambassadors from Euboea, after they had discussed with our assembly the question of our making peace with them, told us that Philip also had asked them to report to you that he wished to come to terms and be at peace with you. Not long after this, Phrynon of Rhamnus was captured by privateers, during the Olympian truce, according to his own complaint. Now when he had been ransomed and had come home, he asked you to choose an envoy to go to Philip in his behalf, in order that, if possible, he might recover his ransom money. You were persuaded, and chose Ctesiphon as envoy for him.

> Greek: 12. ἅπαντας γὰρ ὑμᾶς οἶμαι τοῦτό γε αὐτοὺς μνημονεύειν, ὅθʼ οἱ πρέσβεις οἱ τῶν Εὐβοέων, ἐπειδὴ περὶ τῆς πρὸς αὑτοὺς εἰρήνης τῷ δήμῳ διελέχθησαν, εἶπον, ὅτι καὶ Φίλιππος αὐτοὺς κελεύσειεν ὑμῖν ἀπαγγεῖλαι ὅτι βούλεται διαλύσασθαι πρὸς ὑμᾶς καὶ εἰρήνην ἄγειν. οὐ πολλῷ δʼ ὕστερον χρόνῳ Φρύνων ὁ Ῥαμνούσιος ἑάλω ὑπὸ λῃστῶν ἐν ταῖς σπονδαῖς ταῖς Ὀλυμπιακαῖς, ὡς αὐτὸς ᾐτιᾶτο· ἐπειδὴ δʼ ἐπανῆλθε δεῦρο λυτρωθείς, ἐδεῖτο ὑμῶν πρεσβευτὴν αὑτῷ πρὸς Φίλιππον ἑλέσθαι, ἵνα, εἴ πως δύναιτο, ἀπολάβοι τὰ λύτρα. πεισθέντες δʼ ὑμεῖς εἵλεσθʼ αὐτῷ Κτησιφῶντα πρεσβευτήν.

[¶12] 13. When Ctesiphon returned from his mission, he first reported to you on the matters for which he was sent, and then in addition he said that Philip declared that he had gone to war with you against his own will, and that he wished, even now, to be rid of the war. When Ctesiphon had said this and had also told of the marked kindness of his reception, the people eagerly accepted his report and passed a vote of praise for Ctesiphon. Not a voice was raised in opposition. Then it was, and not till then, that Philocrates of Hagnus offered a motion, which was passed by unanimous vote of the people that Philip be allowed to send to us a herald and ambassadors to treat for peace. For up to this time even that had been prevented by certain men who made it their business to do so, as the event itself proved.

> Greek: 13. ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐπανῆκε δεῦρʼ ἀπὸ τῆς πρεσβείας ὁ Κτησιφῶν, ἀπήγγειλε πρὸς ὑμᾶς ὑπὲρ ὧν ἐπέμφθη, καὶ πρὸς τούτοις, ὅτι φαίη Φίλιππος ἄκων μὲν πολεμῆσαι πρὸς ὑμᾶς, βούλεσθαι δὲ καὶ νῦν ἀπαλλαγῆναι τοῦ πολέμου. εἰπόντος δὲ ταῦτα τοῦ Κτησιφῶντος, καὶ πολλήν τινα ἐξαγγείλαντος πρὸς τούτοις φιλανθρωπίαν, καὶ τοῦ δήμου σφόδρα ἀποδεξαμένου καὶ τὸν Κτησιφῶντα ἐπαινέσαντος, ἀντειπόντος δʼ οὐδενός, ἐνταῦθα ἤδη δίδωσι ψήφισμα Φιλοκράτης ὁ Ἁγνούσιος, καὶ ὁ δῆμος ἅπας ὁμογνωμονῶν ἐχειροτόνησεν, ἐξεῖναι Φιλίππῳ δεῦρο κήρυκα καὶ πρέσβεις πέμπειν ὑπὲρ εἰρήνης. πρότερον μὲν γὰρ καὶ αὐτὸ τοῦτʼ ἐκωλύετο ὑπό τινων, οἷς ἦν τοῦτʼ ἐπιμελές, ὡς αὐτὸ τὸ πρᾶγμα ἔδειξεν.

[¶13] 14. for they attacked the motion as unconstitutional, subscribing the name of Lycinus to the indictment, in which they proposed a penalty of one hundred talents. When the case came to trial Philocrates was ill, and called as his advocate Demosthenes, not me. And Demosthenes the Philip-hater came to the platform and used up the day in his plea for the defence. Finally Philocrates acquitted, and the prosecutor failed to receive the fifth part of the votes. This is matter of common knowledge.

> Greek: 14. γράφονται γὰρ οὗτοι παρανόμων τὸ ψήφισμα, Λυκῖνον ἐπὶ τὴν γραφὴν ἐπιγραψάμενοι, καὶ τίμημα ἑκατὸν τάλαντα. καὶ μετὰ ταῦτʼ εἰσῄει ἡ γραφὴ εἰς τὸ δικαστήριον, ἀρρώστως δʼ ἔχων ὁ Φιλοκράτης ἐκάλεσεν αὑτῷ συνήγορον Δημοσθένην, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐμέ. παρελθὼν δʼ ὁ μισοφίλιππος Δημοσθένης, κατέτριψε τὴν ἡμέραν ἀπολογούμενος· καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον ἀποφεύγει φεύγει Φιλοκράτης, ὁ δὲ γραψάμενος τὸ πέμπτον μέρος τῶν ψήφων οὐ μεταλαμβάνει. καὶ ταῦθʼ ὑμεῖς ἅπαντες ἴστε.

[¶14] 15. Now about the same time Olynthus was taken, and many of our citizens were captured there, among them Iatrocles, brother of Ergochares, and Eueratus, son of Strombichus. Their families naturally made supplication in their behalf, and begged you to provide for them. Their spokesmen before the people were Philocrates and Demosthenes, not Aeschines. So Aristodemus the actor is sent as envoy to Philip, as being an acquaintance of his, and of a profession that naturally wins friends.

> Greek: 15. ὑπὸ δὲ τοὺς αὐτοὺς καιροὺς Ὄλυνθος ἑάλω, καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν ἡμετέρων ἐγκατελήφθησαν πολιτῶν, ὧν ἦν Ἰατροκλῆς ὁ Ἐργοχάρους ἀδελφὸς καὶ Εὐήρατος ὁ Στρομβίχου υἱός. ὑπὲρ δὴ τούτων ἱκετηρίαν θέντες οἱ οἰκεῖοι ἐδέοντο ὑμῶν ἐπιμέλειαν ποιήσασθαι. παρελθόντες δʼ αὐτοῖς συνηγόρουν Φιλοκράτης καὶ Δημοσθένης, ἀλλʼ οὐκ Αἰσχίνης. καὶ πέμπουσι πρεσβευτὴν Ἀριστόδημον τὸν ὑποκριτὴν πρὸς Φίλιππον, διὰ τὴν γνῶσιν καὶ φιλανθρωπίαν τῆς τέχνης.

[¶15] 16. But when Aristodemus returned from his mission, his report to the senate was delayed by certain business of his, and meanwhile Iatrocles came back from Macedonia, released by Philip without ransom. Then many people were angry with Aristodemus for having failed to make his report, for they heard from Iatrocles the same story about Philip.

> Greek: 16. ὡς δʼ ἐπανήκων ἀπὸ τῆς πρεσβείας ὁ Ἀριστόδημος διά τινας ἀσχολίας οὐ προσῄει πρὸς τὴν βουλήν, ἀλλʼ ἔφθασεν αὐτὸν Ἰατροκλῆς ἐλθὼν ἐκ Μακεδονίας ἀφεθεὶς ὑπὸ Φιλίππου ἄνευ λύτρων, ἐνταῦθʼ ἠγανάκτουν πολλοί, ὅτι τὴν πρεσβείαν οὐκ ἀπήγγειλεν ὁ Ἀριστόδημος, τοὺς αὐτοὺς λόγους ἀκούοντες τοῦ Ἰατροκλέους περὶ τοῦ Φιλίππου.

[¶16] 17. Finally Democrates of Aphidna went before the senate and persuaded them to summon Aristodemus. One of the senators was Demosthenes, my accuser! Aristodemus appeared before them, reported Philip’s great friendliness toward the city, and added this besides, that Philip even wished to become an ally of our state. This he said not only before the senate, but also at an assembly of the people. Here again Demosthenes spoke no word in opposition, but even moved that a crown be conferred on Aristodemus.

> Greek: 17. τελευταῖον δʼ εἰσελθὼν Δημοκράτης ὁ Ἀφιδναῖος ἔπεισε τὴν βουλὴν ἀνακαλέσασθαι τὸν Ἀριστόδημον· εἷς δὲ τῶν βουλευτῶν ἦν Δημοσθένης ὁ ἐμὸς κατήγορος. παρελθὼν δʼ ὁ Ἀριστόδημος πολλήν τινα εὔνοιαν ἀπήγγειλε τοῦ Φιλίππου πρὸς τὴν πόλιν, καὶ προσέθηκεν ὅτι καὶ σύμμαχος βούλοιτο τῇ πόλει γενέσθαι. καὶ ταῦτʼ οὐκ ἐν τῇ βουλῇ μόνον εἶπεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῷ δήμῳ. κἀνταῦθʼ οὐδὲν ἀντεῖπε Δημοσθένης, ἀλλὰ καὶ στεφανῶσαι τὸν Ἀριστόδημον ἔγραψε.

[¶17] 18. Next Philocrates moved that ten ambassadors be chosen to go to Philip and discuss with him both the question of peace and the common interests of the Athenians and Philip. At the election of the ten ambassadors I was nominated by Nausicles, but Philocrates himself nominated Demosthenes—Demosthenes, the man who now accuses Philocrates.

> Greek: 18. ῥηθέντων δὲ τούτων, ψήφισμα ἔγραψεν ὁ Φιλοκράτης ἑλέσθαι πρέσβεις πρὸς Φίλιππον ἄνδρας δέκα, οἵτινες διαλέξονται Φιλίππῳ περὶ εἰρήνης καὶ τῶν κοινῇ συμφερόντων Ἀθηναίοις καὶ Φιλίππῳ. χειροτονουμένων δὲ τῶν δέκα πρέσβεων, ἐγὼ μὲν προεβλήθην ὑπὸ Ναυσικλέους, Λημοσθένης δʼ ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ Φιλοκράτους, ὁ νυνὶ Φιλοκράτους κατηγορῶν.

[¶18] 19. and so eager was Demosthenes for the business, that in order to make it possible for Aristodemus to be a member of our embassy without financial loss to himself, he moved that we elect envoys to go to the cities in which Aristodemus was under contract to act, and beg in his behalf the cancelling of his forfeitures. To prove the truth of this, take, if you please, the decrees, and read the deposition of Aristodemus, and call the witnesses before whom the deposition was made, in order that the jury may know who was the good friend of Philocrates, and who it was that promised to persuade the people to bestow the rewards on Aristodemus.

> Greek: 19. οὕτω δʼ ἦν πρόθυμος εἰς τὰ πράγματα, ὥστε ἐν τῇ βουλῇ γράφει, ἵνα ἀζήμιος ὢν ἡμῖν ὁ Ἀριστόδημος συμπρεσβεύῃ, ἑλέσθαι πρέσβεις ἐπὶ τὰς πόλεις ἐν αἷς ἔδει τὸν Ἀριστόδημον ἀγωνίζεσθαι, οἵτινες ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ παραιτήσονται τὰς ζημίας. καὶ ὅτι ταῦτʼ ἐστὶν ἀληθῆ, λαβέ μοι τὰ ψηφίσματα, καὶ τὴν ἐκμαρτυρίαν ἀνάγνωθι τὴν Ἀριστοδήμου, καὶ κάλει πρὸς οὓς ἐξεμαρτύρησεν, ἵνʼ εἰδῶσιν οἱ δικασταί, τίς ὁ Φιλοκράτους ἑταῖρος, καὶ τίς ὁ τὰς δωρεὰς Ἀριστοδήμῳ φάσκων πείσειν δοῦναι τὸν δῆμον.

[¶19] 20. The Decrees. The Deposition The whole affair, therefore, from the beginning originated not with me, but with Demosthenes and Philocrates. And on the embassy he was eager to belong to our mess—not with my consent, but with that of my companions, Aglaocreon of Tenedos, whom you chose to represent the allies, and Iatrocles. And he asserts that on the journey I urged him to join me in guarding against the beast—meaning Philocrates. But the whole story was a fabrication; for how could I have urged Demosthenes against Philocrates, when I knew that he had been Philocrates’ advocate in the suit against the legality of his motion, and that he had been nominated to the embassy by Philocrates?

> Greek: 20. Ψηφίσματα. Ἐκμαρτυρία ἡ μὲν τοίνυν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἔνστασις τῶν ὅλων πραγμάτων ἐγένετο οὐ διʼ ἐμοῦ, ἀλλὰ διὰ Λημοσθένους καὶ Φιλοκράτους· ἐν δὲ τῇ πρεσβείᾳ συσσιτεῖν ἡμῖν ἐσπούδασεν, οὐκ ἐμὲ πείσας, ἀλλὰ τοὺς μετʼ ἐμοῦ, Ἀγλαοκρέοντα τὸν Τενέδιον, ὃν ἐκ τῶν συμμάχων εἵλεσθε, καὶ Ἰατροκλέα. ἐν δὲ τῇ πορείᾳ παρακελεύεσθαί με φησὶν αὑτῷ, ὅπως τὸ θηρίον κοινῇ φυλάξομεν, τὸν Φιλοκράτην, πρᾶγμα λέγων πεπλασμένον. πῶς γὰρ ἂν ἐγὼ Δημοσθένην ἐπὶ Φιλοκράτην παρεκάλουν, ὃν ᾔδειν συνειπόντα μὲν Φιλοκράτει, ὅτʼ ἦν ἡ τῶν παρανόμων γραφή, προβληθέντα δʼ εἰς τὴν πρεσβείαν ὑπὸ Φιλοκράτους;

[¶20] 21. Moreover, this was not the sort of conversation in which we were engaged, but all the way we were forced to put up with Demosthenes’ odious and insufferable ways. When we were discussing what should be said, and when Cimon remarked that he was afraid Philip would get the better of us in arguing his claims, Demosthenes promised fountains of oratory, and said that he was going to make such a speech about our claims to Amphipolis and the origin of the war that he would sew up Philip’s mouth with an unsoaked rush, and he would persuade the Athenians to permit Leosthenes to return home, and Philip to restore Amphipolis to Athens.

> Greek: 21. πρὸς δὲ τούτοις οὐκ ἐν τοιούτοις ἦμεν λόγοις, ἀλλʼ ὅλην τὴν πορείαν ἠναγκαζόμεθα Δημοσθένην ὑπομένειν ἀφόρητον καὶ βαρὺν ἄνθρωπον· ὃς διασκοπούντων ἡμῶν ὅ τι χρὴ λέγειν, καὶ Κίμωνος εἰπόντος ὅτι φοβοῖτο μὴ δικαιολογούμενος περιγένοιτο ἡμῶν ὁ Φίλιππος, πηγὰς δὴ λόγων ἐπηγγέλλετο, καὶ περὶ τῶν δικαίων τῶν ὑπὲρ Ἀμφιπόλεως καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς τοῦ πολέμου τοιαῦτα ἐρεῖν ἔφη, ὥστε ἀπορράψειν τὸ Φιλίππου στόμα ὁλοσχοίνῳ ἀβρόχῳ καὶ πείσειν Ἀθηναίους μὲν καταδέξασθαι Λεωσθένην, Φίλιππον δʼ Ἀθηναίοις Ἀμφίπολιν ἀποδοῦναι.

[¶21] 22. But not to describe at length the overweening self-confidence of this fellow, as soon as we were come to Macedonia, we arranged among ourselves that at our audience with Philip the eldest should speak first, and the rest in the order of age. Now it happened that the youngest man of us was, according to his own assertion, Demosthenes. When we were summoned—and pray now give especial attention to this, for here you shall see the exceeding enviousness of the man, and his strange cowardice and meanness too, and such plottings against men who were his own fellow ambassadors and his messmates as one would hardly enter into even against his bitterest enemies. For you remember he says it is the salt of the city and the table of the state for which he has most regard—he, who is no citizen born—for I will out with it!—nor akin to us.

> Greek: 22. ἵνα δὲ μὴ μακρολογῶ τὴν τούτου διεξιὼν ὑπερηφανίαν, ὡς τάχιστα ἥκομεν εἰς Μακεδονίαν, συνετάξαμεν πρὸς ἡμᾶς αὐτούς, ὅταν προσίωμεν Φιλίππῳ, τὸν πρεσβύτατον πρῶτον λέγειν καὶ τοὺς λοιποὺς καθʼ ἡλικίαν· ἐτύγχανε δʼ ἡμῶν νεώτατος ὤν, ὡς ἔφη, Δημοσθένης. ἐπειδὴ δὲ εἰσεκλήθημεν,—καὶ τούτοις ἤδη μοι σφόδρα προσέχετε τὸν νοῦν· ἐντεῦθεν γὰρ κατόψεσθε τἀνθρώπου φθόνον ὑπερβάλλοντα καὶ δεινὴν δειλίαν ἅμα καὶ κακοήθειαν, καὶ τοιαύτας ἐπιβουλὰς κατʼ ἀνδρῶν συσσίτων καὶ συμπρέσβεων, ἃς οὐδʼ ἂν κατὰ τῶν ἐχθίστων τις εἰκῇ ποιήσαιτο. τοὺς γὰρ τῆς πόλεως ἅλας καὶ τὴν δημοσίαν τράπεζαν περὶ πλείστου δή φησι ποιεῖσθαι, οὐκ ὢν ἐπιχώριος, εἰρήσεται γάρ, οὐδʼ ἐγγενής.

[¶22] 23. But we, who have shrines and family tombs in our native land, and such life and intercourse with you as belong to free men, and lawful marriage, with its offspring and connections, we while at Athens were worthy of your confidence, or you would never have chosen us, but when we had come to Macedonia we all at once turned traitors! But the man who had not one member of his body left unsold, posing as a second Aristeides “the Just,” is displeased, and spits on us, as takers of bribes.

> Greek: 23. ἡμεῖς δέ, οἷς ἱερὰ καὶ τάφοι προγόνων ὑπάρχουσιν ἐν τῇ πατρίδι, καὶ διατριβαὶ καὶ συνήθειαι μεθʼ ὑμῶν ἐλευθέριοι, καὶ γάμοι κατὰ τοὺς νόμους καὶ κηδεσταὶ καὶ τέκνα, Ἀθήνησι μὲν ἦμεν ἄξιοι τῆς ὑμετέρας πίστεως, οὐ γὰρ ἄν ποτε ἡμᾶς εἵλεσθε, ἐλθόντες δʼ εἰς Μακεδονίαν ἐξαίφνης ἐγενόμεθα προδόται. ὁ δὲ οὐδὲν ἄπρατον ἔχων μέρος τοῦ σώματος, ὡς ὢν Ἀριστείδης, ὁ δίκαιος ἐπικαλούμενος, δυσχεραίνει καὶ καταπτύει δωροδοκίας.

[¶23] 24. Hear now the pleas that we made in your behalf, and again those which stand to the credit of Demosthenes, that great benefactor of the state, in order that I may answer one after another and in full detail each one of his accusations. But I commend you exceedingly, gentlemen of the jury, that in silence and with fairness you are listening to us. If, therefore, I fail to refute any one of his accusations, I shall have myself, not you, to blame.

> Greek: 24. ἀκούσατε δὴ τούς τε ἡμετέρους λόγους, οὓς εἴπομεν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, καὶ πάλιν οὓς τὸ μέγα ὄφελος τῆς πόλεως εἴρηκε Δημοσθένης, ἵνʼ ἐφεξῆς καὶ κατὰ μικρὸν πρὸς ἕκαστα τῶν κατηγορημένων ἀπολογήσωμαι. ἐπαινῶ δʼ εἰς ὑπερβολὴν ὑμᾶς, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, ὅτι σιγῇ καὶ δικαίως ἡμῶν ἀκούετε· ὥστε, ἐάν τι μὴ λύσω τῶν κατηγορημένων, οὐχ ὑμᾶς, ἀλλʼ ἐμαυτὸν αἰτιάσομαι.

[¶24] 25. So when the older men had spoken on the object of our mission, our turn came. All that I said there and Philip’s reply, I reported fully in your assembly in the presence of all the citizens, but I will try to recall it to you now in a summary way.

> Greek: 25. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι ταῖς ἡλικίαις ὑπὲρ τῆς πρεσβείας εἰρήκεσαν, καὶ καθῆκεν εἰς ἡμᾶς ὁ λόγος, τὰ μὲν καθʼ ἕκαστα τῶν ἐκεῖ ῥηθέντων ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ, καὶ τοὺς πρὸς ταῦτα Φιλίππου λόγους, ἐν τῷ δήμῳ σαφῶς ἀπήγγειλα πρὸς ἅπαντας Ἀθηναίους, νυνὶ δὲ πειράσομαι διὰ κεφαλαίων ὑμᾶς ὑπομιμνῄσκειν.

[¶25] 26. In the first place, I described to him our traditional friendship and your generous services to Amyntas, the father of Philip, recalling them all one after another, and omitting nothing. Secondly, I reminded him of services of which he himself had been both witness and recipient. For shortly after the death of Amyntas, and of Alexander, the eldest of the brothers, while Perdiccas and Philip were still children, when their mother Eurydice had been betrayed by those who professed to be their friends, and when Pausanias was coming back to contend for the throne, an exile then, but favoured by opportunity and the support of many of the people, and bringing a Greek force with him, and when he had already seized Anthemon, Therma, Strepsa, and certain other places, at a time when the Macedonians were not united, but most of them favoured Pausanias: at this crisis the Athenians elected Iphicrates as their general to go against Amphipolis—for at that time the people of Amphipolis were holding their city themselves and enjoying the products of the land.

> Greek: 26. πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ πρὸς αὐτὸν διεξῆλθον τὴν πατρικὴν εὔνοιαν καὶ τὰς εὐεργεσίας ἃς ὑμεῖς ὑπήρξατε Ἀμύντα τῷ Φιλίππου πατρί, οὐδὲν παραλείπων, ἀλλʼ ἐφεξῆς ἅπαντα ὑπομιμνῄσκων, δεύτερον δὲ, ὧν αὐτὸς ἦν μάρτυς εὖ παθών. Ἀμύντου μὲν γὰρ νεωστὶ τετελευτηκότος καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ πρεσβυτάτου τῶν ἀδελφῶν, Περδίκκου δὲ καὶ Φιλίππου παίδων ὄντων, Εὐρυδίκης δὲ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτῶν προδεδομένης ὑπὸ τῶν δοκούντων εἶναι φίλων, Παυσανίου δʼ ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν κατιόντος, φυγάδος μὲν ὄντος, τῷ καιρῷ δʼ ἰσχύοντος, πολλῶν δʼ αὐτῷ συμπραττόντων, ἔχοντος δὲ Ἑλληνικὴν δύναμιν, εἰληφότος δὲ Ἀνθεμοῦντα καὶ Θέρμαν καὶ Στρέψαν καὶ ἄλλʼ ἄττα χωρία, Μακεδόνων δὲ οὐχ ὁμονοούντων, ἀλλὰ τῶν πλείστων τὰ Παυσανίου φρονούντων, ἐπὶ τῶν καιρῶν τούτων ἐχειροτόνησαν Ἀθηναῖοι στρατηγὸν ἐπʼ Ἀμφίπολιν Ἰφικράτην, Ἀμφιπολιτῶν αὐτῶν ἐχόντων τότε τὴν πόλιν καὶ τὴν χώραν καρπουμένων.

[¶26] 28. When Iphicrates had come into this region—with a few ships at first, for the purpose of examining into the situation rather than of laying siege to the city— “Then,” said I, “your mother Eurydice sent for him, and according to the testimony of all who were present, she put your brother Perdiccas into the arms of Iphicrates, and set you upon his knees—for you were a little boy—and said, ‘Amyntas, the father of these little children, when he was alive, made you his son, and enjoyed the friendship of the city of Athens; we have a right therefore to consider you in your private capacity a brother of these boys, and in your public capacity a friend to us.’”

> Greek: 28. ἀφικομένου δʼ εἰς τοὺς τόπους Ἰφικράτους μετʼ ὀλίγων τὸ πρῶτον νεῶν, ἐπὶ κατασκοπῇ μᾶλλον τῶν πραγμάτων ἢ πολιορκία τῆς πόλεως, ἐνταῦθα, ἔφην ἐγώ, μετεπέμψατο αὐτὸν Εὐρυδίκη ἡ μήτηρ ἡ σή, καὶ ὥς γε δὴ λέγουσιν οἱ παρόντες πάντες, Περδίκκαν μὲν τὸν ἀδελφὸν τὸν σὸν καταστήσασα εἰς τὰς χεῖρας τὰς Ἰφικράτους, σὲ δὲ εἰς τὰ γόνατα τὰ ἐκείνου θεῖσα παιδίον ὄντα, εἶπεν ὅτι Ἀμύντας ὁ πατὴρ τῶν παιδίων τούτων, ὅτʼ ἔζη, υἱὸν ἐποιήσατό σε, τῇ δὲ Ἀθηναίων πόλει οἰκείως ἐχρήσατο, ὥστε συμβαίνει σοι καὶ ἰδίᾳ τῶν παίδων τούτων γεγενῆσθαι ἀδελφῷ, καὶ δημοσίᾳ φίλῳ ἡμῖν εἶναι.

[¶27] 29. “After this she at once began to make earnest entreaty in your behalf and in her own, and for the maintenance of the throne—in a word for full protection. When Iphicrates had heard all this, he drove Pausanias out of Macedonia and preserved the dynasty for you.” Next I spoke about Ptolemaeus, who had been made regent, telling what an ungrateful and outrageous thing he had done: I explained how in the first place he continually worked against our city in the interest of Amphipolis, and when we were in controversy with the Thebans, made alliance with them; and then how Perdiccas, when he came to the throne, fought for Amphipolis against our city.

> Greek: 29. καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἤδη δέησιν ἰσχυρὰν ἐποιεῖτο καὶ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν καὶ ὑπὲρ αὑτῆς καὶ ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ ὅλως ὑπὲρ τῆς σωτηρίας. ἀκούσας δὲ ταῦτα Ἰφικράτης ἐξήλασε Παυσανίαν ἐκ Μακεδονίας, καὶ τὴν δυναστείαν ὑμῖν ἔσωσε. καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα εἶπον περὶ Πτολεμαίου, ὃς ἦν ἐπίτροπος καθεστηκὼς τῶν πραγμάτων, ὡς ἀχάριστον καὶ δεινὸν ἔργον διεπράξατο, διδάσκων ὅτι πρῶτον μὲν ὑπὲρ Ἀμφιπόλεως ἀντέπραττε τῇ πόλει, καὶ πρὸς Θηβαίους διαφερομένων Ἀθηναίων συμμαχίαν ἐποιήσατο, καὶ πάλιν ὡς Περδίκκας εἰς τὴν ἀρχὴν καταστὰς ὑπὲρ Ἀμφιπόλεως ἐπολέμησε τῇ πόλει.

[¶28] 30. And I showed that, wronged as you were, you maintained your friendly attitude; for I told how, when you had conquered Perdiccas in the war, under the generalship of Callisthenes, you made a truce with him, ever expecting to receive some just return. And I tried to remove the ill feeling that was connected with this affair by showing that it was not the truce with Perdiccas that led the people to put Callisthenes to death, but other causes. And again I did not hesitate to complain of Philip himself, blaming him for having taken up in his turn the war against our state.

> Greek: 30. καὶ τὴν ὑμετέραν ἠδικημένων ὅμως φιλανθρωπίαν διεξῄειν, λέγων ὅτι κρατοῦντες τῷ πολέμῳ Περδίκκαν Καλλισθένους ἡγουμένου, ἀνοχὰς πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐποιήσασθε, ἀεί τινος προσδοκῶντες τῶν δικαίων τεύξεσθαι. καὶ τὴν διαβολὴν ταύτην ἐπειρώμην λύειν, διδάσκων ὅτι Καλλισθένην ὁ δῆμος ἀπέκτεινεν, οὐ διὰ τὰς πρὸς Περδίκκαν ἀνοχάς, ἀλλὰ διʼ ἑτέρας αἰτίας. καὶ πάλιν οὐκ ὤκνουν κατʼ αὐτοῦ λέγειν Φιλίππου, ἐπιτιμῶν ὅτι τὴν ἐκδοχὴν ἐποιήσατο τοῦ πρὸς τὴν πόλιν πολέμου.

[¶29] 31. As proof of all my statements, I offered the letters of the persons in question, the decrees of the people, and Callisthenes’ treaty of truce. Now the facts about our original acquisition both of the district and of the place called Ennea Hodoi, and the story of the sons of Theseus, one of whom, Acamas, is said to have received this district as the dowry of his wife—all this was fitting to the occasion then, and was given with the utmost exactness, but now I suppose I must be brief; but those proofs which rested, not on the ancient legends, but on occurrences of our own time, these also I called to mind.

> Greek: 31. καὶ πάντων ὧν εἴποιμι μάρτυρας τὰς ἐκείνων ἐπιστολὰς παρειχόμην καὶ τὰ ψηφίσματα τοῦ δήμου καὶ τὰς Καλλισθένους ἀνοχάς. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς ἐξ ἀρχῆς κτήσεως τῆς χώρας, καὶ τῶν καλουμένων Ἐννέα ὁδῶν, καὶ περὶ τῶν Θησέως παίδων, ὧν Ἀκάμας λέγεται φερνὴν ἐπὶ τῇ γυναικὶ λαβεῖν τὴν χώραν ταύτην, τότε μὲν ἥρμοττέ τε λέγειν καὶ ἐρρήθη ὡς ἐνεδέχετο ἀκριβέστατα, νυνὶ δὲ ἴσως ἀνάγκη συντέμνειν τοὺς λόγους· ἃ δὲ ἦν τῶν σημείων οὐκ ἐν τοῖς ἀρχαίοις μύθοις, ἀλλʼ ἐφʼ ἡμῶν γεγενημένα, καὶ τούτων ἐπεμνήσθην.

[¶30] 32. For at a congress of the Lacedaemonian allies and the other Greeks, in which Amyntas, the father of Philip, being entitled to a seat, was represented by a delegate whose vote was absolutely under his control, he joined the other Greeks in voting to help Athens to recover possession of Amphipolis. As proof of this I presented from the public records the resolution of the Greek congress and the names of those who voted.

> Greek: 32. συμμαχίας γὰρ Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων συνελθούσης, εἷς ὢν τούτων Ἀμύντας ὁ Φιλίππου πατὴρ καὶ πέμπων σύνεδρον καὶ τῆς καθʼ αὑτὸν ψήφου κύριος ὤν, ἐψηφίσατο Ἀμφίπολιν τὴν Ἀθηναίων συνεξαιρεῖν μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων Ἀθηναίοις. καὶ τούτων τὸ κοινὸν δόγμα τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ τοὺς ψηφισαμένους ἐκ τῶν δημοσίων γραμμάτων μάρτυρας παρειχόμην.

[¶31] 33. “Now,” said I, “a claim which Amyntas renounced in the presence of all the Greeks, and that not by words alone, but by his vote, that claim you his son have no right to advance. But if you argue that it is right for you to keep the place because you took it in war, if it is true that it was a war against us in which you took the city, you do hold it justly, by right of conquest; but if it was from the Amphipolitans that you took a city which belonged to the Athenians, it is not the property of the Amphipolitans that you are holding, but territory of Athens.”

> Greek: 33. ὧν δὲ Ἀμύντας ἀπέστη ἐναντίον τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἁπάντων οὐ μόνον λόγοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ ψήφῳ, τούτων, ἔφην ἐγώ, σὲ τὸν ἐξ ἐκείνου γεγενημένον οὐκ ἔστι δίκαιον ἀντιποιεῖσθαι. εἰ δʼ ἀντιποιῇ κατὰ πόλεμον λαβὼν εἰκότως ἔχειν, εἰ μὲν πρὸς ἡμᾶς πολεμήσας δοριάλωτον τὴν πόλιν εἷλες, κυρίως ἔχεις τῷ τοῦ πολέμου νόμῳ κτησάμενος· εἰ δʼ Ἀμφιπολίτας ἀφείλου τὴν Ἀθηναίων πόλιν, οὐχὶ τἀκείνων ἔχεις, ἀλλὰ τὴν Ἀθηναίων χώραν.

[¶32] 34. Now when I had said this and more beside, at last came Demosthenes’ turn to speak. All were intent, expecting to hear a masterpiece of eloquence. For, as we learned afterwards, his extravagant boasting had been reported to Philip and his court. So when all were thus prepared to listen, this creature mouthed forth a proem—an obscure sort of thing and as dead as fright could make it; and getting on a little way into the subject he suddenly stopped speaking and stood helpless; finally he collapsed completely.

> Greek: 34. ῥηθέντων δὲ καὶ τούτων καὶ ἑτέρων λόγων, ἤδη καθῆκεν εἰς Δημοσθένην τὸ τῆς πρεσβείας μέρος, καὶ πάντες προσεῖχον ὡς ὑπερβολάς τινας δυνάμεως ἀκουσόμενοι λόγων· καὶ γὰρ πρὸς αὐτὸν τὸν Φίλιππον, ὡς ἦν ὕστερον ἀκούειν, καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἑταίρους ἐξήγγελτο ἡ τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν ὑπερβολή. οὕτω δὲ ἁπάντων διακειμένων πρὸς τὴν ἀκρόασιν, φθέγγεται τὸ θηρίον τοῦτο προοίμιον σκοτεινόν τι καὶ τεθνηκὸς δειλίᾳ, καὶ μικρὸν προαγαγὼν ἄνω τῶν πραγμάτων, ἐξαίφνης ἐσίγησε καὶ διηπορήθη, τελευτῶν δὲ ἐκπίπτει ἐκ τοῦ λόγου.

[¶33] 35. Philip saw his plight and bade him take courage, and not to think, as though he were an actor on the stage, that his collapse was an irreparable calamity, but to keep cool and try gradually to recall his speech, and speak it off as he had prepared it. But he, having been once upset, and having forgotten what he had written, was unable to recover himself; nay, on making a second attempt, he broke down again. Silence followed; then the herald bade us withdraw.

> Greek: 35. ἰδὼν δὲ αὐτὸν ὁ Φίλιππος ὡς διέκειτο, θαρρεῖν τε παρεκελεύετο καὶ μὴ νομίζειν, ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς θεάτροις, διὰ τοῦτό τι πεπονθέναι, ἀλλʼ ἡσυχῇ καὶ κατὰ μικρὸν ἀναμιμνῄσκεσθαι, καὶ λέγειν ὡς προείλετο. ὁ δʼ ὡς ἅπαξ ἐταράχθη καὶ τῶν γεγραμμένων διεσφάλη, οὐδʼ ἀναλαβεῖν αὑτὸν ἐδυνήθη, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάλιν ἐπιχειρήσας ταὐτὸν ἔπαθεν. ὡς δʼ ἦν σιωπή, μεταστῆναι ἡμᾶς ὁ κῆρυξ ἐκέλευσεν.

[¶34] 36. Now when we were by ourselves, our worthy colleague Demosthenes put on an exceedingly sour face and declared that I had ruined the city and the allies. And when not only I, but all the rest of the ambassadors were amazed, and asked him his reason for saying that, he asked me if I had forgotten the situation at Athens, and if I did not remember that the people were worn out and exceedingly anxious for peace.

> Greek: 36. ἐπειδὴ δʼ ἐφʼ ἡμῶν αὐτῶν ἐγενόμεθα, σφόδρα σκυθρωπάσας ὁ χρηστὸς οὑτοσὶ Δημοσθένης ἀπολωλεκέναι με ἔφη τὴν πόλιν καὶ τοὺς συμμάχους. ἐκπλαγέντος δὲ οὐκ ἐμοῦ μόνου, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν συμπρέσβεων ἁπάντων, καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν πυνθανομένων διʼ ἣν ταῦτʼ εἶπεν, ἤρετό με εἰ τῶν Ἀθήνησι πραγμάτων ἐπιλέλησμαι, καὶ τὸν δῆμον καταπεπονημένον καὶ σφόδρα ἐπιθυμοῦντα εἰρήνης εἰ μὴ μέμνημαι.

[¶35] 37. “Or does your confidence rest,” said he, “on those fifty ships that have been voted but are never going to be manned? You have so exasperated Philip by the speech you have made that the effect of it could not possibly be to make peace out of war, but implacable war out of peace!” I was just beginning to answer him, when the attendants summoned us.

> Greek: 37. ἢ μέγα φρονεῖς, ἔφη, ἐπὶ ταῖς ἐψηφισμέναις μὲν πεντήκοντα ναυσίν, οὐδέποτε δὲ πληρωθησομέναις; οὕτω γὰρ ἠρέθικας Φίλιππον καὶ τοιαῦτα εἴρηκας, ἐξ ὧν οὐκ εἰρήνη γένοιτʼ ἂν ἐκ πολέμου, ἀλλʼ ἐξ εἰρήνης πόλεμος ἀκήρυκτος. ἀρχομένου δʼ ἐμοῦ πρὸς ταῦτα ἀντιλέγειν, ἐκάλουν ἡμᾶς οἱ ὑπηρέται.

[¶36] 38. When we had come in and taken our seats, Philip began at the beginning and undertook to make some sort of answer to every argument which we had advanced. Naturally he dwelt especially on my argument, for I think I may fairly say that I had omitted nothing that could be said; and again and again he mentioned my name in the course of his argument. But in reply to Demosthenes, who had made such a laughing.stock of himself, not one word was said on a single point, I believe. And you may be sure that this was pain and anguish to him.

> Greek: 38. ὡς δʼ εἰσήλθομεν καὶ ἐκαθεζόμεθα, ἐξ ἀρχῆς πρὸς ἕκαστον τῶν εἰρημένων ἐνεχείρει τι λέγειν ὁ Φίλιππος, πλείστην δὲ εἰκότως ἐποιήσατο διατριβὴν πρὸς τοὺς ἐμοὺς λόγους· ἴσως γὰρ οὐδὲν τῶν ἐνόντων εἰπεῖν, ὥς γε οἶμαι, παρέλιπον· καὶ πολλάκις μου τοὔνομα ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ὠνόμαζε· πρὸς δὲ Δημοσθένην τὸν οὕτω καταγελάστως ἀπαλλάξαντα οὐδʼ ὑπὲρ ἑνὸς οἶμαι διελέχθη. τοῦτο δὲ ἦν ἄρα ἀγχόνη καὶ λύπη τούτῳ.

[¶37] 39. But when Philip turned to expressions of friendship, and the bottom dropped out of the slander which this Demosthenes had previously uttered against me before our fellow ambassadors, that I was going to be the cause of disagreement and war, then indeed it was plain to see that he was altogether beside himself, so that even when we were invited to dinner he behaved with shameful rudeness.

> Greek: 39. ἐπειδὴ δὲ κατέστρεψεν εἰς φιλανθρωπίαν τοὺς λόγους, καὶ τὸ συκοφάντημα ὃ προειρήκει κατʼ ἐμοῦ πρὸς τοὺς συμπρέσβεις οὗτος, ὡς ἐσομένου πολέμου καὶ διαφορᾶς αἰτίου, διέπιπτεν αὐτῷ, ἐνταῦθα ἤδη καὶ παντελῶς ἐξιστάμενος αὑτοῦ καταφανὴς ἦν, ὥστε καὶ κληθέντων ἡμῶν ἐπὶ ξένια δεινῶς ἀσχημονεῖν.

[¶38] 40. When we set out on our return home after completing our mission, suddenly he began talking to each of us on the way in a surprisingly friendly manner. Why, up to that time I had never so much as known the meaning of words like “kerkops,” or the so-called “paipalema,” or “palimbolon” but now after acquiring him as expounder of the mysteries of all rascality, I am fully instructed.

> Greek: 40. ἀφορμώντων δʼ ἡμῶν οἴκαδε ἐκ τῆς πρεσβείας, ἐξαίφνης κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν παραδόξως ὡς φιλανθρώπως πρὸς ἕκαστον διελέγετο. ὅ τι μὲν οὖν ποτʼ ἦν ὁ κέρκωψ ἢ τὸ καλούμενον παιπάλημα ἢ τὸ παλίμβολον ἢ τὰ τοιαῦτα ῥήματα, οὐκ ᾔδειν πρότερον· νυνὶ δʼ ἐξηγητὴν τοῦτον λαβὼν τῆς ἁπάσης κακοηθείας μεμάθηκα.

[¶39] 41. and he would take each of us in turn to one side, and to one he would promise to open a subscription to help him in his private difficulties, and to another that he would get him elected general. As for me, he fol- lowed me about, congratulating me on my ability and praising my speech; so lavish was he in his compliments that I became sick and tired of him. And when we were all dining together at Larisa, he made fun of himself and the embarrassment which had come upon him in his speech, and he declared that Philip was the most wonderful man under the sun.

> Greek: 41. διαλαμβάνων γὰρ ἕκαστον ἡμῶν ἐν μέρει, τῷ μὲν ἔρανον συστήσειν ἐπηγγέλλετο καὶ βοηθήσειν τοῖς ἰδίοις, τὸν δὲ εἰς στρατηγίαν καταστήσειν· ἐμοὶ δὲ παρακολουθῶν καὶ τὴν φύσιν μακαρίζων καὶ τοὺς λόγους οὓς εἶπον ἐγκωμιάζων πολὺς ἦν τοῖς ἐπαίνοις καὶ ἐπαχθής. συνδειπνούντων δʼ ἡμῶν ἁπάντων ἐν Λαρίσῃ, αὑτὸν μὲν ἔσκωπτε καὶ τὴν ἀπορίαν τὴν ἐν τῷ λόγῳ συμβᾶσαν ἑαυτῷ, τὸν δὲ Φίλιππον τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν ἥλιον ἀνθρώπων ἔφη πάντων εἶναι δεινότατον.

[¶40] 42. When I had added my testimony, saying something like this, that Philip had shown excellent memory in his reply to what we had said, and when Ctesiphon, who was the oldest of us, speaking of his own advanced age and the number of his years, added that in all his many years he had never looked upon so charming and lovable a man, then this Sisyphus here clapped his hands and said, “But, Ctesiphon, it will never do for you to tell the people that, nor would our friend here,” meaning me, “venture to say to the Athenians that Philip is a man of good memory and great eloquence.”

> Greek: 42. συναποφηναμένου δὲ κἀμοῦ τι τοιοῦτον, ὡς καὶ μνημονικῶς εἴποι πρὸς τὰ παρʼ ἡμῶν ῥηθέντα, Κτησιφῶντος δέ, ὅσπερ ἦν ἡμῶν πρεσβύτατος, ὑπερβολήν τινα ἑαυτοῦ παλαιότητος καὶ πλήθους ἐτῶν εἰπόντος, καὶ προσθέντος, ὡς ἐν τοσούτῳ χρόνῳ οὐ πώποθʼ οὕτως ἡδὺν οὐδʼ ἐπαφρόδιτον ἄνθρωπον ἑωρακὼς εἴη, ἀνακροτήσας ὁ Σίσοφος ὅδε τὰς χεῖρας, ταῦτα μέντοι, ἔφη, ὦ Κτησιφῶν, οὔτʼ ἂν σὺ πρὸς τὸν δῆμον εἴποις, οὔτʼ ἂν οὗτος, ἐμὲ δὴ λέγων, τολμήσειεν εἰπεῖν πρὸς Ἀθηναίους, ὡς ὁ Φίλιππος δεινὸς εἰπεῖν καὶ μνημονικός.

[¶41] 43. And we innocently, not foreseeing the trick of which you shall hear presently, allowed him to bind us in a sort of agreement that we would say this to you. And he begged me earnestly not to fail to tell how Demosthenes also said something in support of our claim to Amphipolis.

> Greek: 43. ἀναισθήτως δὲ ἡμῶν ἐχόντων καὶ τὴν ἐπιβουλὴν οὐ προορωμένων, ἣν αὐτίκα ἀκούσεσθε, εἰς συνθήκην τινὰ ἡμᾶς κατέκλῃσεν ὑπὲρ τοῦ ταῦτʼ ἐρεῖν πρὸς ὑμᾶς. ἐμοῦ δὲ καὶ δέησιν ἰσχυρὰν ἐδεήθη μὴ παραλιπεῖν, ἀλλʼ εἰπεῖν, ὡς ὑπὲρ Ἀμφιπόλεώς τι καὶ Δημοσθένης εἴποι.

[¶42] 44. Now up to this point I am supported by the testimony of my colleagues in the embassy, whom he has reviled and slandered from beginning to end of his accusation. But his words on the platform in your presence you yourselves have heard; so it will not be possible for me to misrepresent them. And I beg of you to continue to hear patiently the rest of my narrative. I do not forget that each of you is anxious to hear the story of Cersobleptes and the charges made about the Phocians, and I am eager to get to those subjects; but you will not be as well able to follow them unless you shall first hear all that preceded. And if, in my peril, you allow me to speak as I wish, you will be able to save me, if I am innocent, and that on good and sufficient grounds; and you will also have before you the facts that are acknowledged as you proceed to examine the points that are in dispute.

> Greek: 44. μέχρι μὲν οὖν τούτων οἱ συμπρέσβεις εἰσί μοι μάρτυρες, οὓς προπηλακίζων οὗτος καὶ διαβάλλων ἐν τῇ κατηγορίᾳ διατετέλεκε· τῶν δʼ ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος παρʼ ὑμῖν λόγων ὑμεῖς ἀκηκόατε, ὥστε οὐκ ἐνέσται μοι ψεύδεσθαι. δέομαι δὲ ὑμῶν προσεπιπονῆσαι ἀκούοντας καὶ τὴν λοιπὴν διήγησιν. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ ἕκαστος ὑμῶν ποθεῖ τὰ περὶ Κερσοβλέπτην ἀκούειν καὶ τὰς περὶ Φωκέων αἰτίας, σαφῶς οἶδα, καὶ πρὸς ταῦτα σπεύδω· ἀλλʼ ἐὰν μὴ τὰ πρὸ τούτων ἀκούσητε, οὐδʼ ἐκείνοις ὁμοίως παρακολουθήσετε. ἐὰν δʼ ἐμοὶ τῷ κινδυνεύοντι εἰπεῖν δῶτε ὡς βούλομαι, καὶ σῶσαί με, εἰ μηδὲν ἀδικῶ, δυνήσεσθε, ἱκανὰς εἰληφότες ἀφορμάς, καὶ θεάσεσθε ἐκ τῶν ὁμολογουμένων καὶ τἀντιλεγόμενα.

[¶43] 45. On our return, then, after we had rendered to the senate a brief report of our mission and had delivered the letter from Philip, Demosthenes praised us to his colleagues in the senate, and he swore by Hestia, goddess of the senate, that he congratulated the city on having sent such men on the embassy, men who in honesty and eloquence were worthy of the state.

> Greek: 45. ὡς γὰρ δεῦρʼ ἤλθομεν καὶ πρὸς τὴν βουλὴν ἐπὶ κεφαλαίων τὴν πρεσβείαν ἀπηγγείλαμεν, καὶ τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ἀπέδομεν τὴν παρὰ Φιλίππου, ἐπαινέτης ἦν ἡμῶν Δημοσθένης πρὸς τοὺς συμβουλευτάς, καὶ τὴν Ἑστίαν ἐπώμοσε τὴν βουλαίαν συγχαίρειν τῇ πόλει, ὅτι τοιούτους ἄνδρας ἐπὶ τὴν πρεσβείαν ἐξέπεμψεν, οἳ καὶ τῇ πίστει καὶ λέγοντες ἦσαν ἄξιοι τῆς πόλεως.

[¶44] 46. In referring to me he said something like this: that I had not disappointed the hopes of those who elected me to the embassy. And to cap it all he moved that each of us be crowned with a garland of wild olive because of our loyalty to the people, and that we be invited to dine on the morrow in the Prytaneum. To prove that I have spoken to you nothing but the truth, please let the clerk take the decree, and let him read the testimony of my colleagues in the embassy.

> Greek: 46. ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ δὲ εἶπέ τι τοιοῦτον, ὡς οὐ ψευσαίμην τὰς τῶν ἑλομένων με ἐπὶ τὴν πρεσβείαν ἐλπίδας. τέλος δὲ πάντων· ἔγραψε γὰρ ἡμᾶς στεφανῶσαι θαλλοῦ στεφάνῳ ἕκαστον εὐνοίας ἕνεκα τῆς εἰς τὸν δῆμον, καὶ καλέσαι ἐπὶ δεῖπνον εἰς τὸ πρυτανεῖον εἰς αὔριον. ὅτι δʼ οὐδὲν ψεῦδος εἴρηκα πρὸς ὑμᾶς, λαβέτω μοι τὸ ψήφισμα ὁ γραμματεύς, καὶ τὰς τῶν συμπρέσβεων μαρτυρίας ἀναγνώτω.

[¶45] 47. The Decree. The Testimony Now when we presented the report of our embassy before the assembly, Ctesiphon came for ward first and spoke, including in his account the points that he was to make according to his agreement with Demosthenes, I mean about Philip’s social accomplishments, his personal appearance, and his doughty deeds at the cups. Next Philocrates and Dercylus spoke briefly; then I came forward.

> Greek: 47. Ψήφισμα Μαρτυρίαι ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν ἀπηγγέλλομεν τὴν πρεσβείαν ἐν τῷ δήμῳ, εἶπε παρελθὼν πρῶτος ἡμῶν Κτησιφῶν ἄλλους τέ τινας λόγους καὶ τοὺς πρὸς Δημοσθένην αὐτῷ συγκειμένους ἐρεῖν, περί τε τῆς ἐντεύξεως τῆς Φιλίππου καὶ τῆς ἰδέας αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς πότοις ἐπιδεξιότητος. καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον Φιλοκράτους εἰπόντος μικρὰ καὶ Δερκύλου, παρῆλθον ἐγώ.

[¶46] 48. After giving an account of our mission in general, I went on to say, according to the agreement with my colleagues on the embassy, that Philip showed both memory and eloquence when he spoke. And I did not forget what Demosthenes had asked me to mention, namely, that we had agreed that he was to speak about Amphipolis, in case any point should have been passed over by the rest of us.

> Greek: 48. ἐπειδὴ δὲ τὴν ἄλλην διεξῆλθον πρεσβείαν, ἀπήντησα καὶ πρὸς τὸν λόγον ὃν ἐν τοῖς συμπρέσβεσι διωμολογησάμην, εἰπὼν ὅτι καὶ μνημονικῶς καὶ δυνατῶς ὁ Φίλιππος εἴποι· καὶ τὴν δέησιν οὐκ ἐπελαθόμην τὴν Δημοσθένους, ὅτι ταχθείη λέγειν, ἐάν τι παραλίπωμεν ἡμεῖς, ὑπὲρ Ἀμφιπόλεως.

[¶47] 49. After we had spoken, last of all Demosthenes arose, and with that imposing air of his, and rubbing his forehead, when he saw that the people approved my report and were satisfied with it, he said that he was amazed at both parties, as well the listeners as the ambassadors, for they were carelessly wasting time—the listeners wasting the time for taking counsel, the ambassadors the time for giving it, all of them amusing themselves with foreign gossip, when they ought to be giving attention to our own affairs; for nothing, he said, was easier than to render account of an embassy.

> Greek: 49. ἐφʼ ἅπασι δʼ ἡμῖν ἀνίσταται τελευταῖος Δημοσθένης, καὶ τερατευσάμενος, ὥσπερ εἴωθε, τῷ σχήματι καὶ τρίψας τὴν κεφαλήν, ὁρῶν ἐπισημαινόμενον τὸν δῆμον καὶ ἀποδεδεγμένον τοὺς παρʼ ἐμοῦ λόγους, ἀμφοτέρων ἔφη θαυμάζειν, καὶ τῶν ἀκουόντων καὶ τῶν πρεσβευσάντων, ὅταν παρέντες τὸν χρόνον, οἱ μὲν τὸν τοῦ βουλεύεσθαι, οἱ δὲ τὸν τοῦ συμβουλεύειν, ἀποδιατρίβωσι τὴν ὑπερόριον λαλιὰν ἀγαπῶντες ἐν τοῖς οἰκείοις πράγμασιν· οὐδὲν γὰρ εἶναι ῥᾷον ἢ πρεσβείαν ἀπαγγεῖλαι.

## 2. Sections 50–95

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/aeschines-on-the-embassy/2/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/aeschines-on-the-embassy/2/#p-N

[¶0] 50. “I wish,” said he, “to show you how the thing ought to be done.” As he said this he called for the reading of the decree of the people. When it had been read he said, “This is the decree according to which we were sent out; what stands written here, we did. Now, if you please, take the letter that we have brought from Philip.” When this had been read he said, “You have your answer; it remains for you to deliberate.”

> Greek: 50. βούλομαι δʼ ὑμῖν ἔφη καὶ ἐπιδεῖξαι, ὡς δεῖ τὸ πρᾶγμα γίγνεσθαι. ἅμα δʼ ἐκέλευσεν ἀναγνωσθῆναι τὸ ψήφισμα τοῦ δήμου. ἀναγνωσθέντος δὲ εἶπεν, ὅτι κατὰ τοῦτο ἐξεπέμφθημεν, καὶ ταῦτα ἐπράττομεν ἃ ἐνταυθοῖ γέγραπται. λαβὲ δή μοι καὶ τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ἣν ἥκομεν παρὰ Φιλίππου φέροντες. ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἀνεγνώσθη, ἀπέχετε ἔφη τὴν ἀπόκρισιν, καὶ λοιπὸν ὑμῖν ἐστι βουλεύσασθαι.

[¶1] 51. The people shouted, some applauding his forceful brevity, but more of them rebuking his abominable jealousy. Then he went on and said, “See how briefly I will report all the rest. To Aeschines Philip seemed to be eloquent, but not to me; nay, if one should strip off his luck and clothe another with it, this other would be almost his equal.”

> Greek: 51. θορυβησάντων δʼ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ τῶν μέν, ὡς δεινός τις εἴη καὶ σύντομος, τῶν δὲ πλειόνων, ὡς πονηρὸς καὶ φθονερός, σκέψασθε δὲ ἔφη ὡς συντόμως καὶ τἆλλα πάντα ἀπαγγελῶ. ἐδόκει δεινὸς εἶναι λέγειν Αἰσχίνῃ Φίλιππος, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐμοί, ἀλλʼ εἴ τις αὐτοῦ τὴν τύχην περιελὼν ἑτέρῳ περιθείη, οὐκ ἂν πολύ τι καταδεὴς εἴη. ἐδόκει Κτησιφῶντι τὴν ὄψιν λαμπρὸς εἶναι, ἐμοὶ δʼ οὐ χείρων Ἀριστόδημος ὁ ὑποκριτής, παρῆν δʼ ἡμῖν καὶ συνεπρέσβευε.

[¶2] 52. “To Ctesiphon he seemed to be brilliant in person, but to me not superior to Aristodemus the actor” (he was one of us on the embassy). “One man says he has a great memory; so have others. ‘He was a wonderful drinker’; our Philocrates could beat him. One says that it was left to me to speak about our claim to Amphipolis; but neither to you nor to me would this orator be capable of yielding a moment of his time.”

> Greek: 52. μνημονικόν τις αὐτόν φησιν εἶναι· καὶ γὰρ ἕτεροι. πιεῖν δεινὸς ἦν· Φιλοκράτης ὁ μεθʼ ἡμῶν δεινότερος. λόγον τίς φησιν ἐμοὶ καταλιπεῖν ὑπὲρ Ἀμφιπόλεως· ἀλλʼ οὔτʼ ἂν ὑμῖν ὁ ῥήτωρ οὗτος οὔτʼ ἂν ἐμοὶ λόγου μεταδοίη. ταυτὶ μὲν οὖν ἔφη λῆρός ἐστιν·

[¶3] 53. “all this talk of theirs,” said he, “is sheer nonsense. But for my part, I am going to move that safe conduct be granted both for the herald who has come from Philip, and for the ambassadors who are to come here from him; also I shall move that on the arrival of the ambassadors the prytanes call a meeting of the assembly for two successive days to consider not only the question of peace, but the question of an alliance also; and finally, that if we, the members of the embassy, are thought to deserve the honor, a vote of thanks be passed, and an invitation be given us to dine tomorrow in the prytaneum.”

> Greek: 53. ἐγὼ δὲ ψήφισμα γράψω καὶ τῷ κήρυκι σπείσασθαι τῷ παρὰ Φιλίππου ἥκοντι, καὶ τοῖς μέλλουσι παρʼ αὐτοῦ δεῦρο ἰέναι πρέσβεσι, καὶ τοὺς πρυτάνεις, ἐπειδὰν ἥκωσιν οἱ πρέσβεις, ἐκκλησίαν ἐπὶ δύο ἡμέρας ποιεῖν μὴ μόνον ὑπὲρ εἰρήνης, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ συμμαχίας, καὶ τοὺς πρέσβεις ἡμᾶς, εἰ δοκοῦμεν ἄξιοι εἶναι, ἐπαινέσαι καὶ καλέσαι ἐπὶ δεῖπνον εἰς τὸ πρυτανεῖον εἰς αὔριον.

[¶4] 54. is proof of the truth of what I say, take, if you please, the decrees, that you, gentlemen of the jury, may know how crooked he is and how jealous, and how completely he and Philocrates were in partnership in the whole affair; and that you may know his character—how treacherous and faithless. Call also my colleagues in the embassy, if you please, and read their testimony.

> Greek: 54. ὅτι δʼ ἀληθῆ λέγω, λαβέ μοι τὰ ψηφίσματα, ἵνα εἰδῆτε, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, καὶ τὴν ἀνωμαλίαν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸν φθόνον, καὶ τὴν τῶν πραγμάτων μετὰ Φιλοκράτους κοινωνίαν, καὶ τὸ ἦθος, ὡς ἐπίβουλον καὶ ἄπιστον. κάλει δέ μοι καὶ τοὺς συμπρέσβεις, καὶ τὰς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν ἀνάγνωθι.

[¶5] 55. Decrees Moreover, he not only made these motions, but afterwards he moved in the senate to assign seats in the theatre for the Dionysia to the ambassadors of Philip when they should arrive. Read this decree also. Decree Now read also the testimony of my colleagues in the embassy, that you may know, fellow citizens, that when it is a question of speaking in the city’s behalf, Demosthenes is helpless, but against those who have broken bread with him and shared in the same libations, he is a practised orator.

> Greek: 55. Ψηφίσματα οὐ τοίνυν μόνον ταῦτα ἔγραψεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐν τῇ βουλῇ θέαν εἰς τὰ Διονύσια κατανεῖμαι τοῖς πρέσβεσιν, ἐπειδὰν ἥκωσι, τοῖς Φιλίππου. λέγε καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ψήφισμα. Ψήφισμα ἀνάγνωθι δὴ καὶ τὴν τῶν συμπρέσβεων μαρτυρίαν, ἵνʼ εἰδῆτε, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ὅτι Δημοσθένης οὐχ ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως εἰπεῖν δύναται, ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ τοὺς συσσίτους καὶ ὁμοσπόνδους μελετᾷ.

[¶6] 56. Testimony You find, therefore, that it was not Philocrates and I who entered into partnership in the negotiations for the peace, but Philocrates and Demosthenes. And I think that the proofs which I have presented to you in confirmation of what I have said, are sufficient. For as to the report we made, you yourselves are my witnesses; but I have presented to you my colleagues in the embassy as witnesses of what was said in Macedonia and of what took place in the course of our journey. But you heard and remember the accusation which Demosthenes made a few moments ago. He began with the speech which I made in the assembly on the question of the peace.

> Greek: 56. Μαρτυρία τὴν μὲν τοίνυν κοινωνίαν τῶν περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης πράξεων οὐκ ἐμὴν καὶ Φιλοκράτους, ἀλλὰ Δημοσθένους καὶ Φιλοκράτους εὑρίσκετε, καὶ τὰς πίστεις τῶν εἰρημένων ἱκανὰς ὑμῖν οἶμαι παρεσχῆσθαι· τῶν μὲν γὰρ ἀπηγγελμένων ὑμεῖς ἐστέ μοι μάρτυρες, τῶν δʼ ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ ῥηθέντων καὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν πορείαν ἡμῖν συμβάντων τοὺς συμπρέσβεις ὑμῖν μάρτυρας παρεσχόμην. τῆς δὲ ὑπὸ Δημοσθένους ἀρτίως εἰρημένης κατηγορίας ἠκούσατε καὶ μέμνησθε, ἧς τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐποιήσατο ἀπὸ τῆς δημηγορίας ἣν εἶπον ἐγὼ περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης.

[¶7] 57. and, utterly untruthful in this part of his accusation, he complained bitterly about the occasion of that speech, saying that it was delivered in the presence of the ambassadors whom the Greeks had sent to you; for you had invited them in order that if you must go on with the war, they might join you against Philip, and that if peace should seem the better policy, they might participate in the peace. Now see the man’s deceit in a momentous matter, and his outrageous shamelessness.

> Greek: 57. πάντα δὲ ἐν τῷ μέρει τούτῳ τῆς κατηγορίας ἐψευσμένος, ἐπὶ τῷ καιρῷ τούτῳ δεινῶς ἐσχετλίασε. τοὺς γὰρ λόγους τούτους ἐναντίον φησὶ τῶν πρέσβεων λέγεσθαι οὓς ἔπεμψαν πρὸς ὑμᾶς οἱ Ἕλληνες μεταπεμφθέντες ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου, ἵνα κοινῇ καὶ πολεμοῖεν, εἰ δέοι, Φιλίππῳ, καὶ τῆς εἰρήνης, εἰ τοῦτο εἶναι δοκοίη συμφέρον, μετέχοιεν. σκέψασθε δὴ πράγματος μεγάλου κλοπὴν καὶ δεινὴν ἀναισχυντίαν τἀνθρώπου. τῶν γὰρ πρεσβειῶν, ἃς ἐξεπέμψατε εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἔτι τοῦ πολέμου τοῦ πρὸς Φίλιππον ὑμῖν ἐνεστηκότος, οἱ μὲν χρόνοι τῆς αἱρέσεως καὶ τὰ τῶν πρεσβευσάντων ὀνόματα ἐν τοῖς δημοσίοις ἀναγέγραπται γράμμασι, τὰ δὲ σώματά ἐστιν αὐτῶν οὐκ ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ, ἀλλʼ Ἀθήνησι·

[¶8] 58. For in the public archives you have the record of the dates when you chose the several embassies which you sent out into Hellas, when the war between you and Philip was still in progress, and also the names of the ambassadors; and the men themselves are not in Macedonia, but here in Athens. Now for embassies from foreign states an opportunity to address the assembly of the people is always provided by a decree of the senate. Now he says that the ambassadors from the states of Hellas were present. Come forward, then, Demosthenes, to this platform while I have the floor, and mention the name of any city of Hellas you choose from which you say the ambassadors had at that time arrived. And give us to read the senatorial decrees concerning them from the records in the senate-house, and call as witnesses the ambassadors whom the Athenians had sent out to the various cities. If they testify that they had returned and were not still abroad at the time when the city was concluding the peace, or if you offer in evidence any audience of theirs before the senate, and the corresponding decrees dated at the time of which you speak, I leave the platform and declare myself deserving of death.

> Greek: 58. ταῖς δὲ ξενικαῖς πρεσβείαις ἡ βουλὴ τὰς εἰς τὸν δῆμον προσόδους προβουλεύει· οὗτος δʼ ἐφεστάναι τὰς ἀπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων φησὶ πρεσβείας. παρελθὼν τοίνυν, Δημόσθενες, ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα τοῦτο ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ λόγῳ, εἰπὲ πόλεως ἧστινος βούλει τῶν Ἑλληνίδων τοὔνομα ἐξ ἧς ἀφῖχθαι τότε φῂς τοὺς πρέσβεις· καὶ τὰ προβουλεύματα αὐτῶν ἐκ τοῦ βουλευτηρίου δὸς ἀναγνῶναι, καὶ τοὺς Ἀθηναίων κάλει πρέσβεις, οὓς ἐξέπεμψαν ἐπὶ τὰς πόλεις, μάρτυρας. κἂν παρεῖναι καὶ μὴ ἀποδημεῖν, ὅτε ἡ πόλις τὴν εἰρήνην ἐποιεῖτο, μαρτυρήσωσιν, ἢ τὰς πρὸς τὴν βουλὴν αὐτῶν προσόδους καὶ τὰ ψηφίσματα ἂν παράσχῃ ἐν ᾧ σὺ φῂς ὄντα χρόνῳ, καταβαίνω καὶ θανάτου τιμῶμαι.

[¶9] 60. Now read also what is said in the decree of the allies, in which it stands expressly written, “Whereas the people of the Athenians are deliberating with regard to peace with Philip, and whereas the ambassadors have not yet returned whom the people sent out into Hellas summoning the cities in behalf of the freedom of the Hellenic states, be it decreed by the allies that as soon as the ambassadors return and make their report to the Athenians and their allies the prytanes shall call two meetings of the assembly of the people according to law, and that in these meetings the Athenians shall deliberate on the question of peace; and whatever the people shall decide, be it voted that this decision stand as the common vote of the allies.” Now please read the decree of the synod.

> Greek: 60. ἀνάγνωθι δὴ καὶ τὸ τῶν συμμάχων δόγμα τί λέγει, ἐν ᾧ διαρρήδην γέγραπται, ἐπειδὴ βουλεύεται ὁ δῆμος ὁ Ἀθηναίων ὑπὲρ εἰρήνης πρὸς Φίλιππον, οἱ δὲ πρέσβεις οὔπω πάρεισιν, οὓς ἐξέπεμψεν ὁ δῆμος εἰς τὴν Ἐλλάδα παρακαλῶν τὰς πόλεις ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐλευθερίας τῶν Ἑλλήνων, δεδόχθαι τοῖς συμμάχοις, ἐπειδὰν ἐπιδημήσωσιν οἱ πρέσβεις καὶ τὰς πρεσβείας ἀπαγγείλωσιν Ἀθηναίοις καὶ τοῖς συμμάχοις, προγράψαι τοὺς πρυτάνεις ἐκκλησίας δύο κατὰ τὸν νόμον, ἐν δὲ ταύταις βουλεύσασθαι περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης Ἀθηναίους· ὅ τι δʼ ἂν ψηφίσηται ὁ δῆμος, τοῦτʼ εἶναι κοινὸν δόγμα τῶν συμμάχων. ἀνάγνωθι δή μοι τὸ τῶν συνέδρων δόγμα.

[¶10] 61. Decree of the Synod Now in contrast with this, read, if you please, the decree moved by Demosthenes, in which he orders the prytanes, after the celebration of the City Dionysia and the session of the assembly in the precinct of Dionysus, to call two meetings of the assembly, the one on the eighteenth, the other on the nineteenth; for in thus fixing the dates, he saw to it that the meetings of your assembly should be held before the ambassadors from the states of Hellas should have arrived. Moreover, the decree of the allies, which I acknowledge I also supported, prescribes that you deliberate concerning peace—nothing more; but Demosthenes prescribes the subject of an alliance also. Read them the decree.

> Greek: 61. Δόγμα Συνέδρων παρανάγνωθι δή μοι καὶ τὸ Δημοσθένους ψήφισμα, ἐν ᾧ κελεύει τοὺς πρυτάνεις μετὰ τὰ Διονύσια τὰ ἐν ἄστει καὶ τὴν ἐν Διονύσου ἐκκλησίαν προγράψαι δύο ἐκκλησίας, τὴν μὲν τῇ ὀγδόῃ ἐπὶ δέκα, τὴν δὲ τῇ ἐνάτῃ, ὁρίζων τὸν χρόνον καὶ προϋφαιρῶν τὰς ἐκκλησίας, πρὶν ἐπιδημῆσαι τοὺς ἀπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων πρέσβεις. καὶ τὸ μὲν τῶν συμμάχων δόγμα κελεύει, ᾧ συνειπεῖν καὶ ἐγὼ ὁμολογῶ, ὑπὲρ εἰρήνης μόνον ὑμᾶς βουλεύσασθαι, Δημοσθένης δὲ καὶ περὶ συμμαχίας κελεύει. λέγε αὐτοῖς τὸ ψήφισμα.

[¶11] 62. Decree You have heard both decrees; by them Demosthenes is convicted of saying that the ambassadors were here, when they were still abroad, and of having made void the decree of the allies, when you wished to comply with it. For it was their judgment that we should wait for the ambassadors from the other states of Hellas but Demosthenes is responsible for having prevented your waiting for them, not only by his words, most shamelessly shifty of all men, but by his act and his decree, in which he required us to make our decision immediately.

> Greek: 62. Ψήφισμα τῶν μὲν ψηφισμάτων ἀμφοτέρων ἀκηκόατε, ὑφʼ ὧν ἐξελέγχεται Δημοσθένης τὰς ἀποδημούσας πρεσβείας ἐπιδημεῖν φάσκων, καὶ βουλομένων ὑμῶν ἀκροάσασθαι, τὸ τῶν συμμάχων ἄκυρον πεποιηκὼς δόγμα. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἀπεφήναντο ἀναμεῖναι τὰς Ἑλληνικὰς πρεσβείας, Δημοσθένης δὲ οὐ λόγῳ μόνον κεκώλυκε περιμεῖναι, ὁ πάντων αἴσχιστα καὶ τάχιστα μετατιθέμενος, ἀλλʼ ἔργῳ καὶ ψηφίσματι, προστάξας ἤδη βεβουλεῦσθαι.

[¶12] 63. But he has said that at the first of the two meetings of the assembly, after Philocrates had spoken, I then arose and found fault with the resolution for peace which he had introduced, calling it disgraceful and unworthy of the city; but that again on the next day I spoke in support of Philocrates, and succeeded in sweeping the assembly off its feet, persuading you to pay no attention to those who talked of our fathers’ battles and trophies, and not to aid the Greeks.

> Greek: 63. εἴρηκε δὲ ὡς ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν δημηγορήσαντος Φιλοκράτους, ὕστερον ἀναβὰς ἐγὼ κατεμεμψάμην ἣν εἰσηγεῖτο ἐκεῖνος εἰρήνην, αἰσχρὰν καὶ τῆς πόλεως ἀναξίαν εἶναι φάσκων, τῇ δʼ ὑστεραίᾳ πάλιν ὡς συναγορεύοιμι τῷ Φιλοκράτει, καὶ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν εὐημερήσας οἰχοίμην φέρων, πείθων ὑμᾶς μὴ προσέχειν τοῖς τὰς μάχας καὶ τὰ τῶν προγόνων λέγουσι τρόπαια, μηδὲ τοῖς Ἕλλησι βοηθεῖν.

[¶13] 64. But that what he has laid to my charge is not only false, but a thing that could not have happened, he himself shall furnish one proof, a witness against himself; another proof all the Athenians shall furnish, and your own memory; a third, the incredibility of the charge; and the fourth, a man of repute, who is active in public affairs, Amyntor, to whom Demosthenes exhibited the draft of a decree, asking him whether he should advise him to hand it to the clerk, a decree not contrary in its provisions to that of Philocrates, but identical with it.

> Greek: 64. ὅτι δʼ οὐ ψευδῆ μόνον κατηγόρηκεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀδύνατα γενέσθαι, μίαν μὲν αὐτὸς καθʼ αὑτοῦ μαρτυρίαν μαρτυρήσει, ἑτέραν δὲ πάντες Ἀθηναῖοι καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀναμιμνῃσκόμενοι, τρίτην δὲ ἡ τῆς αἰτίας ἀπιθανότης, τετάρτην δὲ ἀνὴρ ἀξιόλογος, εἷς τῶν πολιτευομένων, Ἀμύντωρ, ᾧ ψήφισμα ἐπεδείξατο Δημοσθένης καὶ ἀνεκοινοῦτο, εἰ δῷ τῷ γραμματεῖ, οὐχ ὑπεναντία, ἀλλὰ ταὐτὰ γεγραφὼς Φιλοκράτει.

[¶14] 65. Now, if you please, take and read the decree of Demosthenes, in which you will see that he has prescribed that in the first of the two meetings of the assembly all who wish shall take part in the discussion, but that on the next day the presiding officers shall put the question to vote, without giving opportunity for debate—the day on which he asserts that I supported Philocrates in the discussion.

> Greek: 65. καί μοι λαβὲ τὸ ψήφισμα καὶ ἀνάγνωθι τὸ Δημοσθένους, ἐν ᾧ φαίνεται γεγραφώς, τῇ μὲν προτέρᾳ τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν συμβουλεύειν τὸν βουλόμενον, τῇ δʼ ὑστέρᾳ τοὺς προέδρους ἐπιψηφίζειν τὰς γνώμας, λόγον δὲ μὴ προτιθέναι, ἐν ᾗ μέ φησιν αὐτὸς Φιλοκράτει συνειπεῖν.

[¶15] 66. Decree You see that the decrees stand as they were originally written, whereas the words of rascals are spoken to fit the day and the occasion. My accuser makes two speeches out of my plea before the assembly, but the decree and the truth make it one. For if the presiding officers gave no opportunity for discussion in the second meeting, it is impossible that I spoke then. And if my policy was the same as that of Philocrates, what motive could I have had for opposing on the first day, and then after an interval of a single night, in the presence of the same listeners, for supporting? Did I expect to gain honor for myself, or did I hope to help Philocrates? I could have done neither, but would have got myself hated by all, and could have accomplished nothing.

> Greek: 66. Ψήφισμα οὐκοῦν τὰ μὲν ψηφίσματα, ὡς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐγράφη, μένει, οἱ δὲ τῶν συκοφαντῶν λόγοι πρὸς τοὺς ἐφʼ ἡμέραν καιροὺς λέγονται. ποιεῖ δέ μου τὴν δημηγορίαν ὁ μὲν κατήγορος διαιρετήν, τὸ ψήφισμα δὲ καὶ τἀληθὲς μίαν· λόγον γὰρ μὴ προτιθέντων εἰς τὴν ὑστέραν ἐκκλησίαν τῶν προέδρων, οὐκ εἰπεῖν. τί δʼ ἂν καὶ βουλόμενος, εἴπερ ταὐτὰ Φιλοκράτει προειλόμην, κατηγόρουν μὲν πρὸς τοὺς αὐτοὺς ἀκροατὰς τῇ προτεραίᾳ, μίαν δὲ νύκτα διαλιπὼν συνηγόρουν; πότερα ὡς αὐτὸς εὐδοξήσων, ἢ ὡς ἐκεῖνον ὠφελήσων; ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐνῆν οὐδέτερα ἐξενέγκασθαι, ἀλλʼ ὑπὸ πάντων μὲν μισεῖσθαι, περαίνειν δὲ μηδέν.

[¶16] 67. But please call Amyntor of the deme Herchia and read his testimony. First, however, I wish to go over its contents with you: Amyntor in support of Aeschines testifies that when the people were deliberating on the subject of the alliance with Philip, according to the decree of Demosthenes, in the second meeting of the assembly, when no opportunity was given to address the people, but when the decrees concerning the peace and alliance were being put to vote, At that meeting Demosthenes was sitting by the side of the witness, and showed him a decree, over which the name of Demosthenes stood written; and that he consulted him as to whether he should hand it to the presiding officers to put to vote; this decree contained the terms on which Demosthenes moved that peace and alliance he made, and these terms were identical with the terms which Philocrates had moved.

> Greek: 67. κάλει δέ μοι καὶ Ἀμύντορα Ἑρχιέα, καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἀνάγνωθι. ὃν δὲ τρόπον γέγραπται, προδιελθεῖν ὑμῖν βούλομαι. μαρτυρεῖ Ἀμύντωρ Αἰσχίνῃ, ὅτε ἐβουλεύετο ὁ δῆμος περὶ τῆς συμμαχίας τῆς πρὸς Φίλιππον κατὰ τὸ Δημοσθένους ψήφισμα, ἐν τῇ ὑστέρᾳ τῶν δυοῖν ἐκκλησιῶν, ὅτε οὐκ ἐξῆν δημηγορεῖν, ἀλλὰ τὰ περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης καὶ συμμαχίας ψηφίσματα ἐπεψηφίζετο, ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ Δημοσθένην ἐπιδείξασθαι παρακαθήμενον ψήφισμα ἑαυτῷ, ἐφʼ ᾧ ἐπεγέγραπτο τὸ Δημοσθένους ὄνομα, καὶ ἀνακοινοῦσθαι αὐτὸν αὑτῷ, εἰ δῷ τοῖς προέδροις ἐπιψηφίσαι, καὶ εἶναι, ἐφʼ οἷς τὴν εἰρήνην καὶ τὴν συμμαχίαν ἔγραψε ποιεῖσθαι, ἐπὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἐφʼ οἷσπερ καὶ Φιλοκράτης ἐγεγράφει.

[¶17] 68. Now, if you please, call Amyntor of the deme Herchia; if he does not come hither voluntarily, serve summons upon him.

> Greek: 68. κάλει δέ μοι Ἀμύντορα Ἑρχιέα, καὶ ἐκκλήτευε, ἐὰν μὴ θέλῃ δευρὶ παρεῖναι.

[¶18] 69. Testimony You have heard the testimony, fellow citizens. Consider whether you conclude that it is I whom Demosthenes has accused, or whether on the contrary he has accused himself in my name. But since he also misrepresents the speech that I made, and puts a false construction on what was said, I have no disposition to run away, or to deny a word that was then spoken; I am not ashamed of what I said; on the contrary, I am proud of it.

> Greek: 69. Μαρτυρία τῆς μὲν μαρτυρίας ἀκηκόατε, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι· σκοπεῖτε δὴ πότερα ὑμῖν δοκεῖ Δημοσθένης ἐμοῦ κατηγορηκέναι, ἢ τοὐναντίον αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ ἐπὶ τῷ ἐμῷ ὀνόματι. ἐπειδὴ δὲ καὶ τὴν δημηγορίαν μου διαβάλλει, καὶ τοὺς εἰρημένους λόγους ἐπὶ τὰ χείρω διεξέρχεται, οὔτʼ ἂν ἀποδραίην, οὔτʼ ἂν τῶν τότʼ εἰρημένων οὐδὲν ἀρνησαίμην, οὔτʼ αἰσχύνομαι ἐπʼ αὐτοῖς, ἀλλὰ καὶ φιλοτιμοῦμαι.

[¶19] 70. But I wish also to recall to you the time and circumstances of your deliberations. We went to war in the first place over the question of Amphipolis. In the course of the war our general succeeded in losing seventy-five allied cities, which Timotheus, the son of Conon, had won over and made members of the synod—I am determined, as you see, to speak right out, and to seek safety in frank and truthful speaking; if you are otherwise minded, do what you will with me; I cannot prevaricate— and a hundred and fifty triremes which he took from the dockyards he failed to bring back, a story which the accusers of Chares are never tired of telling you in the courts; and he spent fifteen hundred talents, not upon his troops, hut upon his tricky officers, a Deiares, a Deipyrus, a Polyphontes, vagabonds collected from all Hellas (to say nothing of the wages of his hirelings on the bema and in the popular assembly), who were exacting from the wretched islanders a contribution of sixty talents a year, and seizing merchant ships and Greek citizens on the high seas.

> Greek: 70. βούλομαι δʼ ὑμᾶς καὶ τοὺς καιροὺς ὑπομνῆσαι, ἐν οἷς ἐβουλεύεσθε. τὴν μὲν γὰρ ἀρχὴν ἐποιησάμεθα τοῦ πολέμου ὑπὲρ Ἀμφιπόλεως, συνέβαινε δʼ ἡμῶν τὸν στρατηγὸν ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ ἑβδομήκοντα μὲν καὶ πέντε πόλεις συμμαχίδας ἀποβεβληκέναι, ἃς ἐκτήσατο Τιμόθεος ὁ Κόνωνος καὶ κατέστησεν εἰς τὸ συνέδριον· (προῄρημαι γὰρ παρρησιάσασθαι, καὶ ἐλευθέρως ἅμα καὶ τἀληθῆ εἰπὼν σῴζεσθαι· ἐὰν δὲ ἄλλως πως γιγνώσκητε, καταχρήσασθέ μοι· οὐ γὰρ ἂν ὑποστειλαίμην·) ἑκατὸν δὲ καὶ πεντήκοντα τριήρεις λαβόντα ἐκ τῶν νεωρίων μὴ κατακεκομικέναι, καὶ ταῦτα ὑμῖν ἐν τοῖς ἀγῶσιν ἀεὶ τοῖς Χάρητος οἱ κατήγοροι δεικνύουσι, χίλια δὲ καὶ πεντακόσια τάλαντα οὐκ εἰς στρατιώτας, ἀλλʼ εἰς ἡγεμόνων ἀλαζονείας ἀνηλωκέναι, Δηιάρην τε καὶ Δηίπυρον καὶ Πολυφόντην, δραπέτας ἀνθρώπους ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος συνειλεγμένους, καὶ χωρὶς εἰς τοὺς περὶ τὸ βῆμα καὶ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν μισθοφόρους, οἳ τοὺς μὲν ταλαιπώρους νησιώτας καθʼ ἕκαστον ἐνιαυτὸν ἑξήκοντα τάλαντα εἰσέπραττον σύνταξιν, κατῆγον δὲ τὰ πλοῖα καὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐκ τῆς κοινῆς θαλάττης.

[¶20] 72. and instead of respect and the hegemony of Hellas, Athens had a name that stank like a nest of Myonnesian pirates. And Philip from his base in Macedonia was no longer contending with us for Amphipolis, but already for Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros, our own possessions, while our citizens were abandoning the Chersonese, the undisputed property of Athens. And the special meetings of the assembly which you were forced to hold, in fear and tumult, were more in number than the regular meetings.

> Greek: 72. ἀντὶ δὲ ἀξιώματος καὶ τῆς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἡγεμονίας, ἡ πόλις ἡμῶν τῆς Μυοννήσου καὶ τῆς τῶν λῃστῶν δόξης ἀνεπίμπλατο· Φίλιππος δὲ ὁρμηθεὶς ἐκ Μακεδονίας, οὐκέθʼ ὑπὲρ Ἀμφιπόλεως πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἠγωνίζετο, ἀλλʼ ἤδη περὶ Λήμνου καὶ Ἴμβρου καὶ Σκύρου, τῶν ἡμετέρων κτημάτων· ἐξέλειπον δὲ Χερρόνησον ἡμῶν οἱ πολῖται, τὴν οὖσαν ὁμολογουμένως Ἀθηναίων· πλείους δὲ ἐκκλησίας συγκλήτους ἠναγκάζεσθε ἐκκλησιάζειν μετὰ φόβου καὶ θορύβου, ἢ τὰς τεταγμένας ἐκ τῶν νόμων·

[¶21] 73. The situation was so precarious and dangerous that Cephisophon of Paeania, one of the friends and companions of Chares, was compelled to make the motion that Antiochus, who commanded the dispatch boats, should sail immediately and hunt up the general who had been put in charge of our forces, and in case he should happen to find him anywhere, should tell him that the people of Athens were astonished to learn that Philip was on the way to the Chersonese, Athenian territory, while as to the general and the force which they themselves had sent out, the Athenians did not even know what had become of them. To prove that I am speaking the truth, hear the decree and recall the facts of the war, and then charge the peace, not to the ambassadors, but to the commanders of our arms.

> Greek: 73. οὕτω δʼ ἦν σφαλερὰ καὶ ἐπικίνδυνα τὰ πράγματα, ὥστε ἠναγκάσθη γράψαι ψήφισμα Κηφισοφῶν ὁ Παιανιεύς, εἷς τῶν φίλων καὶ ἑταίρων τῶν Χάρητος, ἐκπλεῖν τὴν ταχίστην Ἀντίοχον τὸν ἐπὶ τῶν ὑπηρετικῶν, καὶ ζητεῖν τὸν στρατηγὸν τὸν ἐπὶ τῇ δυνάμει τεταγμένον, κἂν ἐντύχῃ που, φράζειν ὅτι θαυμάζει ὁ δῆμος ὁ Ἀθηναίων, εἰ Φίλιππος μὲν ἐπὶ Χερρόνησον τὴν Ἀθηναίων πορεύεται, Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ οὐδὲ τὸν στρατηγὸν ἴσασιν οὐδὲ τὴν δύναμιν ἣν ἐξέπεμΨαν, ὅπου ἐστίν. ὅτι δʼ ἀληθῆ λέγω, ἀκούσατε τοῦ Ψηφίσματος, καὶ ἀναμνήσθητε τοῦ πολέμου, καὶ τὴν εἰρήνην τοὺς τῶν ὅπλων ἡγεμόνας, ἀλλὰ μὴ τοὺς πρέσβεις, ἀπαιτεῖτε.

[¶22] 74. Decree Such was the situation of the city, such the circumstances under which the debate on the peace took place. But the popular speakers arose and with one consent ignored the question of the safety of the state, but called on you to gaze at the Propylaea of the Acropolis, and remember the battle of, Salamis, and the tombs and trophies of our forefathers.

> Greek: 74. Ψήφισμα οἱ μὲν καιροὶ τῆς πόλεως τοιοῦτοι, ἐν οἷς οἱ περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης ἐγίγνοντο λόγοι· ἀνιστάμενοι δὲ οἱ συντεταγμένοι ῥήτορες, περὶ μὲν τῆς σωτηρίας τῆς πόλεως οὐδʼ ἐνεχείρουν λέγειν, ἀποβλέπειν δὲ εἰς τὰ προπύλαια τῆς ἀκροπόλεως ἐκέλευον ὑμᾶς, καὶ τῆς ἐν Σαλαμῖνι ναυμαχίας μεμνῆσθαι, καὶ τῶν τάφων τῶν προγόνων καὶ τῶν τροπαίων.

[¶23] 75. I replied that we must indeed remember all these, but must imitate the wisdom of our forefathers, and beware of their mistakes and their unseasonable jealousies; I urged that we should emulate the battle that we fought at Plataea, the struggles off the shores of Salamis, the battles of Marathon and Artemisium, and the generalship of Tolmides, who with a thousand picked men of the Athenians fearlessly marched straight through the Peloponnesus, the enemy’s country.

> Greek: 75. ἐγὼ δὲ ἁπάντων μὲν τούτων ἔφην δεῖν μεμνῆσθαι, μιμεῖσθαι μέντοι τὰς τῶν προγόνων εὐβουλίας, τὰ δὲ ἁμαρτήματα αὐτῶν καὶ τὴν ἄκαιρον φιλονικίαν φυλάττεσθαι, τὴν μὲν ἐν Πλαταιαῖς πεζομαχίαν, καὶ τοὺς ἀγῶνας τοὺς περὶ Σαλαμῖνα, καὶ τὴν ἐν Μαραθῶνι μάχην, καὶ τὴν ἐπʼ Ἀρτεμισίῳ ναυμαχίαν, καὶ τὴν Τολμίδου ζηλοῦν στρατηγίαν κελεύων, ὃς χιλίους ἔχων ἐπιλέκτους Ἀθηναίων, διὰ μέσης Πελοποννήσου πολεμίας οὔσης ἀδεῶς διεξῄει.

[¶24] 76. But I urged that we should take warning from the Sicilian expedition, which was sent out to help the people of Leontini, at a time when the enemy were already in our own territory and Deceleia was fortified against us; and that final act of folly, when, outmatched in the war, and offered terms of peace by the Lacedaemonians, with the agreement that we should hold not only Attica, but Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros also, and retain the constitutional democracy, the people would have none of it, but chose to go on with a war that was beyond their powers. And Cleophon, the lyre-maker, whom many remembered as a slave in fetters, who had dishonourably and fraudulently got himself enrolled as a citizen, and had corrupted the people by distribution of money, threatened to take his knife and slit the throat of any man who should make mention of peace.

> Greek: 76. τὴν δʼ εἰς Σικελίαν στρατείαν φυλάττεσθαι, ἣν ἐξέπεμΨαν Λεοντίνοις βοηθήσοντες, τῶν πολεμίων ἐμβεβληκότων εἰς τὴν χώραν ἡμῶν καὶ Δεκελείας ἐπιτετειχισμένης, καὶ τὴν τελευταίαν ἀβουλίαν, ὅθʼ ἡττημένοι τῷ πολέμῳ, προκαλουμένων αὐτοὺς Λακεδαιμονίων εἰρήνην ἄγειν ἔχοντας πρὸς τῇ Ἀττικῇ Λῆμνον καὶ Ἴμβρον καὶ Σκῦρον καὶ δημοκρατουμένους κατὰ τοὺς νόμους, τούτων μὲν οὐδὲν ἤθελον ποιεῖν, πολεμεῖν δὲ προῃροῦντο οὐ δυνάμενοι, Κλεοφῶν δὲ ὁ λυροποιός, ὃν πολλοὶ δεδεμένον ἐν πέδαις ἐμνημόνευον, παρεγγραφεὶς αἰσχρῶς πολίτης καὶ διεφθαρκὼς νομῇ χρημάτων τὸν δῆμον, ἀπολόψειν ἠπείλει μαχαίρᾳ τὸν τράχηλον, εἴ τις εἰρήνης μνησθήσεται·

[¶25] 77. Finally they brought the city to such a pass that she was glad to make peace, giving up everything, tearing down her walls, receiving a garrison and a Lacedaemonian governor, and surrendering the democracy to the Thirty, who put fifteen hundred citizens to death without a trial. I admit that I urged that we should guard against such folly as that, and imitate the conduct shortly before described. For it was from no stranger that I heard that story, but from him who is nearest of all men to me.

> Greek: 77. τελευτῶντες δὲ εἰς τοῦτο τὴν πόλιν προήγαγον, ὥστε ἀγαπητῶς τὴν εἰρήνην ποιήσασθαι, ἀποστάντας πάντων καὶ τὰ τείχη καθελόντας, καὶ παραδεξαμένους φρουρὰν καὶ Λακεδαιμόνιον ἁρμοστήν, καὶ τῆς δημοκρατίας τοῖς τριάκοντα ἀφεμένους, οἳ χιλίους καὶ πεντακοσίους τῶν πολιτῶν ἀκρίτους ἀπέκτειναν. τὴν μὲν τοιαύτην ἀβουλίαν ὁμολογῶ παραγγέλλειν φυλάττεσθαι, τὰ δʼ ὀλίγῳ πρότερον εἰρημένα μιμεῖσθαι. οὐ γὰρ παρὰ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τοῦ πάντων οἰκειοτάτου ταῦτα ἐπυνθανόμην.

[¶26] 78. for Atrometus our father, whom you slander, though you do not know him and never saw what a man he was in his prime—you, Demosthenes, a descendant through your mother of the nomad Scythians—our father went into exile in the time of the Thirty, and later helped to restore the democracy; while our mother’s brother, our uncle Cleobulus, the son of Glaucus of the deme Acharnae, was with Demaenetus of the family of the Buzygae, when he won the naval victory over Cheilon the Lacedaemonian admiral. The sufferings of the city were therefore a household word with us, familiar to my ears.

> Greek: 78. ἀτρόμητος γὰρ ὁ πατὴρ ὁ ἡμέτερος, ὃν σὺ λοιδορεῖς οὔτʼ εἰδὼς οὔτʼ ἐπιδὼν τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἡλικίας ὅστις ἦν, καὶ ταῦτα, ὦ Δημόσθενες, ἐκ τῶν νομάδων Σκυθῶν τὸ πρὸς μητρὸς ὢν γένος, ἔφυγε μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν τριάκοντα, συγκατήγαγε δὲ τὸν δῆμον· καὶ ὁ τῆς μητρὸς τῆς ἡμετέρας ἀδελφός, θεῖος δὲ ἡμέτερος, Κλεόβουλος ὁ Γλαύκου τοῦ Ἀχαρνέως υἱός, μετὰ Δημαινέτου τοῦ Βουζύγου συγκατεναυμάχησε Χείλωνα τὸν Λακεδαιμονίων ναύαρχον· ὥστε οἰκεῖά μοι καὶ συνήθη τὰ τῆς πόλεως ἀτυχήματα εἶναι τοῖς ὠσὶν ἀκούειν.

[¶27] 79. But you find fault with my service as ambassador to Arcadia and my speech before the Ten Thousand there, and you say that I have changed sides—yourself more slave than freeman, all but branded as a runaway! So long as the war lasted, I tried so far as in me lay to unite the Arcadians and the rest of Hellas against Philip. But when no man came to the help of our city, but some were waiting to see what was going to happen, and others were taking the field against us, while the politicians in our own city were using the war to subsidize the extravagance of their daily life, I acknowledge that I advised the people to come to terms with Philip, and to make the peace, which you, Demosthenes, now hold disgraceful, you who never had a weapon of war in your hands—but which I declare to be much more honourable than the war.

> Greek: 79. ἐπιτιμᾷς δέ μοι καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς μυρίοις ἐν Ἀρκαδίᾳ δημηγορίαν καὶ πρεσβείαν, καὶ μεταβεβλῆσθαί με φῄς, αὐτὸς ὢν ἀνδραποδώδης καὶ μόνον οὐκ ἐστιγμένος αὐτόμολος. ἐγὼ δʼ ἐν μὲν τῷ πολέμῳ συνίστην, καθʼ ὅσον ἦν δυνατός, Ἀρκάδας καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους Ἕλληνας ἐπὶ Φίλιππον· οὐδενὸς δʼ ἀνθρώπων ἐπικουροῦντος τῇ πόλει, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν περιορώντων ὅ τι συμβήσεται, τῶν δὲ συνεπιστρατευόντων, τῶν δʼ ἐν τῇ πόλει ῥητόρων χορηγὸν ταῖς καθʼ ἡμέραν δαπάναις τὸν πόλεμον ποιουμένων, ὁμολογῶ συμβουλεῦσαι τῷ δήμῳ διαλύσασθαι πρὸς Φίλιππον καὶ τὴν εἰρήνην συνθέσθαι, ἣν σὺ νομίζεις νῦν αἰσχράν, ὁ οὐδὲ πώποθʼ ἁψάμενος ὅπλων, ἐγὼ δὲ ταύτην εἶναι πολλῷ φημι καλλίω τοῦ πολέμου.

[¶28] 80. You ought, fellow citizens, to judge your ambassadors in the light of the crisis in which they served your generals, in the light of the forces which they commanded. For you set up your statues and you give your seats of honour and your crowns and your dinners in the Prytaneum, not to those who have brought you tidings of peace, but to those who have been victorious in battle. But if the responsibility for the wars is to he laid upon the ambassadors, while the generals are to receive the rewards, the wars you wage will know neither truce nor herald of peace, for no man will be willing to be your ambassador.

> Greek: 80. χρὴ δέ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοὺς μὲν πρέσβεις θεωρεῖν πρὸς τὸν καιρὸν καθʼ ὃν ἐπρέσβευον, τοὺς δὲ στρατηγοὺς πρὸς τὰς δυνάμεις ὧν ἡγοῦντο. καὶ γὰρ τὰς εἰκόνας ἵστατε, καὶ τὰς προεδρίας καὶ τοὺς στεφάνους καὶ τὰς ἐν πρυτανείῳ σιτήσεις δίδοτε, οὐ τοῖς τὴν εἰρήνην ἀπαγγείλασιν, ἀλλὰ τοῖς τὴν μάχην νικήσασιν. εἰ δʼ ἔσονται τῶν πολέμων αἱ μὲν εὔθυναι τῶν πρέσβεων, αἱ δὲ δωρεαὶ τῶν στρατηγῶν, ἀσπόνδους καὶ ἀκηρύκτους τοὺς πολέμους ποιήσετε· οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἐθελήσει πρεσβεύειν.

[¶29] 81. Now it remains for me to speak of Cersobleptes and the Phocians, as well as the other matters in which I have been slandered. For, fellow citizens, both on the first and on the second embassy I reported to you what I saw, as I saw it; what I heard, as I heard it. What was it then in either case: what was it that I saw and what was it that I heard about Cersobleptes? I, as well as all my colleagues in the embassy, saw the son of Cersobleptes a hostage at Philip’s court; and this is still the case.

> Greek: 81. περὶ δὲ Κερσοβλέπτου καὶ Φωκέων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἃ πρὸς τούτοις διαβέβλημαι, ὑπόλοιπον εἰπεῖν. ἐγὼ γὰρ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, καὶ ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ καὶ ἐν τῇ ὑστέρᾳ πρεσβείᾳ, ἃ μὲν εἶδον, ὡς εἶδον, ὑμῖν ἀπήγγελλον, ἃ δʼ ἤκουσα, ὡς ἤκουσα. τίνα οὖν ἦν ἑκάτερα τούτων, ἅ τε εἶδον ἅ τε ἤκουσα περὶ Κερσοβλέπτου; εἶδον μὲν ἐγὼ καὶ οἱ συμπρέσβεις ἅπαντες ὁμηρεύοντα τὸν υἱὸν τὸν Κερσοβλέπτου παρὰ Φιλίππῳ· καὶ ἔτι καὶ νῦν τοῦθʼ οὕτως ἔχει.

[¶30] 82. now it happened on the occasion of our first embassy, that at the moment when I was leaving for home with the rest of the ambassadors, Philip was setting out for Thrace; but we had his promise that while you were deliberating concerning peace, he would not set foot on the Chersonese with an armed force. Now on that day when you voted the peace, no mention was made of Cersobleptes. But after we had already been elected to receive the oaths, before we had set forth on the second embassy, an assembly was held, the presidency of which fell by lot to Demosthenes, who is now accusing me.

> Greek: 82. συνέβαινε δέ, ὅτε τὴν προτέραν ἐπρεσβεύομεν πρεσβείαν, ἐμοὶ μὲν μετὰ τῶν συμπρέσβεων ἀπιέναι δεῦρο, Φιλίππῳ δʼ ἐπὶ Θράκην ἐξιέναι, πρὸς δʼ ἡμᾶς ὡμολογηκέναι, ἕως ἂν ὑμεῖς περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης βουλεύσησθε, μὴ ἐπιβήσεσθαι μεθʼ ὅπλων Χερρονήσου. ἐν ἐκείνῃ μὲν οὖν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ᾗ ὑμεῖς ἐψηφίσασθε τὴν εἰρήνην, οὐδεμία μνεία ἐγένετο περὶ Κερσοβλέπτου· ἤδη δὲ ἡμῶν κεχειροτονημένων ἐπὶ τοὺς ὅρκους, οὔπω δὲ ἀπηρκότων ἐπὶ τὴν ὑστέραν πρεσβείαν, ἐκκλησία γίγνεται, ἐν ᾗ Δημοσθένης ὁ νυνὶ κατηγορῶν ἐμοῦ λαγχάνει προεδρεύειν.

[¶31] 83. in that assembly Critobulus of Lampsacus came forward and said that Cersobleptes had sent him, and he demanded that he should be allowed to give his oath to the ambassadors of Philip, and that Cersobleptes be enrolled among your allies. When he had thus spoken, Aleximachus of the deme Pelex handed to the presiding officers a motion to be read, in which it was written that the representative of Cersobleptes be permitted to join the other allies in giving the oath to Philip.

> Greek: 83. ἐν δὲ ταύτῃ τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ Κριτόβουλος ὁ Λαυμψακηνὸς εἶπε παρελθών, ὅτι πέμψειε μὲν αὑτὸν Κερσοβλέπτης, ἀξιοίη δὲ ἀποδοῦναι τοὺς ὅρκους τοῖς Φιλίππου πρέσβεσι, καὶ συναναγραφῆναι Κερσοβλέπτην ἐν τοῖς ὑμετέροις συμμάχοις. ῥηθέντων δὲ τῶν λόγων τούτων, Ἀλεξίμαχος ὁ Πήληξ δίδωσιν ἀναγνῶναι ψήφισμα τοῖς προέδροις, ἐν ᾧ ἐγέγραπτο ἀποδοῦναι τοὺς ὅρκους Φιλίππῳ μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων συμμάχων τὸν ἥκοντα παρὰ Κερσοβλέπτου.

[¶32] 84. When the motion had been read—I think you all remember this—Demosthenes arose from among the presiding officers and refused to put the motion to vote, saying that he would not bring to naught the peace with Philip, and that he did not recognize the sort of allies who joined only in time, as it were, to help in pouring the peace libations; for they had had their opportunity at an earlier session of the assembly. But you shouted and called the board of presidents to the platform, and so against his will the motion was put to vote.

> Greek: 84. ἀναγνωσθέντος δὲ τοῦ ψηφίσματος, καὶ ταῦτα οἶμαι πάντας ὑμᾶς μνημονεύειν, ἀναστὰς ἐκ τῶν προέδρων Δημοσθένης οὐκ ἔφη τὸ ψήφισμα ἐπιψηφιεῖν, οὐδὲ λύσειν τὴν πρὸς Φίλιππον εἰρήνην, οὐδὲ γιγνώσκειν τῶν συμμάχων τοὺς ὥσπερ συνεφαπτομένους τοῖς σπένδουσι τῶν ἱερῶν· ἀποδοθῆναι γὰρ περὶ τούτων ἑτέραν ἐκκλησίαν. βοώντων δὲ ὑμῶν καὶ τοὺς προέδρους ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα καλούντων, οὕτως ἄκοντος αὐτοῦ τὸ ψήφισμα ἐπεψηφίσθη.

[¶33] 85. To prove that I am speaking the truth, please call Aleximachus, the author of the motion, and the men who served with Demosthenes on the board of presidents, and read their testimony. Testimony You see, therefore, that Demosthenes, who just now burst into tears here at mention of Cersobleptes, tried to shut him out of the alliance. Now on the adjournment of that session of the assembly, Philip’s ambassadors proceeded to administer the oaths to your allies in your army-building.

> Greek: 85. ὅτι δʼ ἀληθῆ λέγω, κάλει μοι τὸν γράψαντα τὸ ψήφισμα Ἀλεξίμαχον καὶ τοὺς συμπροέδρους τοὺς Δημοσθένους, καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἀνάγνωθι. Μαρτυρία ὁ μὲν τοίνυν ἐπιδακρύσας ἀρτίως ἐνταυθοῖ Δημοσθένης μνησθεὶς Κερσοβλέπτου, φαίνεται τῆς συμμαχίας ἐκκλῄων αὐτόν. ὡς δʼ ἡ παροῦσα ἐκκλησία διελύθη, ἐξώρκιζον τοὺς συμμάχους οἱ τοῦ Φιλίππου πρέσβεις ἐν τῷ στρατηγίῳ τῷ ὑμετέρῳ.

[¶34] 86. and my accuser has dared to tell you that it was I who drove Critobulus, Cersobleptes’ ambassador, from the ceremony—in the presence of the allies, under the eyes of the generals, after the people had voted as they did! Where did I get all that power? How could the thing have been hushed tip? If I had really dared to undertake such a thing, would you have suffered it, Demosthenes? Would you not have filled the market-place with your shouts and screams, if you had seen me, as you just now said you did, thrusting the ambassador away from the ceremony? But please let the herald call the generals and the representatives of the allies, and do you hear their testimony.

> Greek: 86. τετόλμηκε δὲ πρὸς ὑμᾶς εἰπεῖν ὁ κατήγορος, ὡς ἀπὸ τῶν ἱερῶν ἐγὼ Κριτόβουλον ἀπήλασα τὸν πρεσβευτὴν τὸν παρὰ Κερσοβλέπτου, παρόντων μὲν τῶν συμμάχων, ἐψηφισμένου δὲ τοῦ δήμου, παρακαθημένων δὲ τῶν στρατηγῶν, πόθεν τοσαύτην ῥώμην λαβών; ἢ πῶς ἂν τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐσιγήθη; εἰ δʼ ἄρα ἐγὼ ἐτόλμων τοῦτο ποιεῖν, ἐπέτρεψας ἄν, ὦ Δημόσθενες, καὶ οὐκ ἐνέπλησας βοῆς καὶ κραυγῆς τὴν ἀγοράν, ὁρῶν με, ὡς ἔφησθʼ ἀρτίως, ὠθοῦντα ἀπὸ τῶν ἱερῶν τὸν πρεσβευτήν; καλείτω δέ μοι τοὺς στρατηγοὺς ὁ κῆρυξ καὶ τοὺς συνέδρους τῶν συμμάχων, καὶ τὰς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν ἀκούσατε.

[¶35] 87. Testimony Is it not, therefore, an outrage, gentlemen, if one dares utter such lies about a man who is his own—no, I hasten to correct myself, not his own, but your—fellow citizen, when he is in peril of his life? Wisely, indeed, did our fathers prescribe that, in the trials for bloodshed which are held at the Palladion, the one who wins his case must cut in pieces the sacrificial flesh, and take a solemn oath (and the custom of your fathers is in force to this day), affirming that those jurors who have voted on his side have voted what is true and right, and that he himself has spoken no falsehood; and he calls down destruction upon himself and his household, if this be not true, and prays for many blessings for the jurors. A right provision, fellow citizens, and worthy of a democracy.

> Greek: 87. Μαρτυρίαι οὐκ οὖν δεινόν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, εἴ τις κατʼ ἀνδρὸς πολίτου, οὐχ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλʼ ὑμετέρου, τοῦτο γὰρ προδιορθοῦμαι, τολμᾷ τηλικαῦτα καταψεύδεσθαι, κινδυνεύοντος ὑπὲρ τοῦ σώματος; ἢ πῶς οὐκ εἰκότως οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν ἐν ταῖς φονικαῖς δίκαις ταῖς ἐπὶ Παλλαδίῳ κατέδειξαν, τέμνοντα τὰ τόμια τὸν νικῶντα τῇ ψήφῳ ἐξορκίζεσθαι, καὶ τοῦτο ὑμῖν πάτριόν ἐστιν ἔτι καὶ νῦν, τἀληθῆ καὶ τὰ δίκαια ἐψηφίσθαι τῶν δικαστῶν ὅσοι τὴν ψῆφον ἤνεγκαν αὐτῷ, καὶ ψεῦδος μηδὲν εἰρηκέναι, εἰ δὲ μή, ἐξώλη αὐτὸν εἶναι ἐπαρᾶσθαι καὶ τὴν οἰκίαν τὴν αὑτοῦ, τοῖς δὲ δικασταῖς εὔχεσθαι πολλὰ καὶ ἀγαθὰ εἶναι; καὶ μάλα ὀρθῶς καὶ πολιτικῶς, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι·

[¶36] 88. For if no one of you would willingly defile himself with justifiable bloodshed, surely he would guard against that which was unjustifiable, such as robbing a man of life or property or civil rights—such acts as have caused some men to kill themselves, others to be put to death by decree of the state. Will you then, fellow citizens, pardon me, if I call him a lewd rascal, unclean of body, even to the place whence his voice issues forth, and if I go on to prove that the rest of his accusation about Cersobleptes is false on the face of it?

> Greek: 88. εἰ γὰρ μηδεὶς ἂν ὑμῶν ἑαυτὸν ἀναπλῆσαι φόνου δικαίου βούλοιτο, ἦ που ἀδίκου γε φυλάξαιτʼ ἄν, τὴν ψυχὴν ἢ τὴν οὐσίαν ἢ τὴν ἐπιτιμίαν τινὸς ἀφελόμενος, ἐξ ὧν αὑτοὺς ἀνηρήκασί τινες, οἱ δὲ καὶ δημοσίᾳ ἐτελεύτησαν. ἆρʼ οὖν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, δοίητʼ ἄν μοι συγγνώμην, εἰ κίναιδον αὐτὸν προσειπὼν καὶ μὴ καθαρεύοντα τῷ σώματι, μηδʼ ὅθεν τὴν φωνὴν ἀφίησιν, ἔπειτα τὸ λοιπὸν μέρος τοῦ κατηγορήματος τοῦ περὶ Κερσοβλέπτην ἐπʼ αὐτοφώρῳ δείξαιμι ψεῦδος ὄν;

[¶37] 89. You have a practice which in my judgment is most excellent and most useful to those in your midst who are the victims of slander: you preserve for all time in the public archives your decrees, together with their dates and the names of the officials who put them to vote. Now this man has told you that what ruined the cause of Cersobleptes was this: that when Demosthenes urged that we should go to Thrace, where Cersobleptes was being besieged, and should solemnly call on Philip to cease doing this thing, I, as leader of the ambassadors and influential with you, refused, and sat down in Oreus, I and the rest of the ambassadors, busy with getting foreign consulships for ourselves.

> Greek: 89. κάλλιστον γὰρ οἶμαι πρᾶγμα καὶ χρησιμώτατον τοῖς διαβαλλομένοις παρʼ ὑμῖν γίγνεται· καὶ γὰρ τοὺς χρόνους καὶ τὰ ψηφίσματα καὶ τοὺς ἐπιψηφίσαντας ἐν τοῖς δημοσίοις γράμμασι τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον φυλάττετε. εἴρηκε δὲ οὗτος πρὸς ὑμᾶς, παρὰ τοῦτο διαφθαρῆναι τὰ Κερσοβλέπτου πράγματα, ὅτι τῆς πρεσβείας ὢν ἡγεμὼν ἐγὼ καὶ κατευημερηκὼς παρʼ ὑμῖν, αὐτοῦ κελεύοντος εἰς Θρᾴκην ἡμᾶς ἰέναι Κερσοβλέπτου πολιορκουμένου, καὶ διαμαρτύρασθαι Φιλίππῳ ταῦτα μὴ ποιεῖν, οὐκ ἠθέλησα, ἀλλʼ ἐκαθήμην ἐν Ὠρεῷ, καὶ οἱ συμπρέσβεις, προξενίας κατασκευαζόμενοι.

[¶38] 90. Hear now the letter which Chares sent to the people at the time, saying that Cersobleptes had lost his kingdom and that Philip had taken Hieron Oros on the twenty-fourth of Elaphebolion. And it was Demosthenes, one of the ambassadors, who was presiding in the assembly here on the twenty-fifth of that month.

> Greek: 90. ἀκούσατε δὴ τῆς Χάρητος ἐπιστολῆς, ἣν ἐπέστειλε τότε τῷ δήμῳ, ὅτι Κερσοβλέπτης ἀπολώλεκε τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ Ἱερὸν ὄρος κατείληφε Φίλιππος Ἐλαφηβολιῶνος μηνὸς ἑβδόμῃ φθίνοντος· Δημοσθένης δʼ ἐν τῷ δήμῳ προήδρευε τούτου τοῦ μηνός, εἷς ὢν τῶν πρέσβεων, ἕκτῃ φθίνοντος.

[¶39] 91. Letter Now not only did we delay all the rest of that month, but it was Munichion when we set out. As witness of this I will present the senate, for there is a decree of theirs which commands the ambassadors to set out in order to receive the oaths. Please read the decree of the senate. Decree Now read also the date of the decree.

> Greek: 91. Ἐπιστολή οὐ μόνον τοίνυν διετρίψαμεν τὰς λοιπὰς ἡμέρας τοῦ μηνός, ἀλλὰ Μουνιχιῶνος ἐξωρμήσαμεν. καὶ τούτου τὴν βουλὴν μάρτυρα ὑμῖν παρέξομαι· ἔστι γὰρ αὐτῆς ψήφισμα, ὃ κελεύει ἀπιέναι τοὺς πρέσβεις ἐπὶ τοὺς ὅρκους. καί μοι λέγε τὸ τῆς βουλῆς ψήφισμα. Ψήφισμα παρανάγνωθι δὴ καὶ τὸν χρόνον, ὅστις ἦν.

[¶40] 92. Date You hear that the decree was passed on the third of Munichion. How many days before I set out was it that Cersobleptes lost his kingdom? According to Chares the general it occurred the month before—that is, if Elaphebolion is the month next before Munichion! Was it, then, in my power to save Cersobleptes, who was lost before I set out from home? And now do you imagine that there is one word of truth in his account of what was done in Macedonia or of what was done in Thessaly, when he gives the lie to the senate-house and the public archives, and falsifies the date and the meetings of the assembly?

> Greek: 92. Χρόνος ἀκούετε ὅτι Μουνιχιῶνος ἐψηφίσθη τρίτῃ ἱσταμένου. ὁ δὲ Κερσοβλέπτης πόσαις πρότερον ἡμέραις ἀπώλεσε τὴν ἀρχὴν πρὶν ἐμὲ ἀπιέναι; ὥς φησι Χάρης ὁ στρατηγός, τοῦ προτέρου μηνός, εἴπερ Ἐλαφηβολιών ἐστι Μουνιχιῶνος πρότερος. ἐδυνάμην ἂν οὖν ἐγὼ σῶσαι Κερσοβλέπτην, ὃς πρὶν ἐμὲ ἐξορμᾶν οἴκοθεν ἀπωλώλει; ἔπειτα οἴεσθέ τι τοῦτον ἀληθὲς εἰρηκέναι ἢ περὶ τῶν ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ πραχθέντων ἢ περὶ τῶν ἐν Θετταλίᾳ, ὃς τοῦ βουλευτηρίου καὶ τῶν δημοσίων γραμμάτων καὶ τοῦ χρόνου καὶ τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν καταψεύδεται;

[¶41] 93. and is it true, Demosthenes, that you at Athens tried to exclude Cersobleptes from the treaty, but pitied him when you got to Oreus? And do you today accuse me of having taken bribes, you who were once fined by the Senate of the Areopagus for not prosecuting your suit for assault, that time when you indicted your cousin Demomeles of Paeania for the cut on your head that you gave yourself with your own hand? And do you put on airs before these jurymen, as though they did not know that you are the bastard son of Demosthenes the cutler?

> Greek: 93. καὶ τὸν Κερσοβλέπτην Ἀθήνησι μὲν ἔκσπονδον ἐποίεις, ἐν Ὠρεῷ δʼ ἠλέεις; καὶ νῦν μὲν δωροδοκίας κατηγορεῖς, πρότερον δʼ ὑπέμεινας τὴν ἐπιβολὴν τῆς βουλῆς τῆς ἐξ Ἀρείου πάγου, οὐκ ἐπεξιὼν τῇ τοῦ τραύματος γραφῇ, ἣν ἐγράψω Δημομέλην τὸν Παιανιέα, ἀνεψιὸν ὄντα, ἐπιτεμὼν τὴν σαυτοῦ κεφαλήν; καὶ σεμνολογεῖ ὡς οὐκ εἰδόσι τούτοις ὅτι Δημοσθένους υἱὸς εἶ νόθος τοῦ μαχαιροποιοῦ;

[¶42] 94. But you undertook to say that I at first refused to serve on the embassy to the Amphictyons, and later went on the embassy and was guilty of misconduct, and you read the one decree and suppressed the other. I was, indeed, chosen one of the ambassadors to the Amphictyons, and even as I had shown myself zealous in reporting to you the embassy from which I had returned, so now, although I was in poor health, I did not refuse the new mission, but promised to serve, if I should have the strength. But as the ambassadors were on the point of setting out, I sent my brother and his son with my physician to the senate, not to decline service for me (for the law does not permit men who have been elected by the assembly to decline before the senate), but merely to testify to my illness.

> Greek: 94. ἐπεχείρησας δʼ εἰπεῖν, ὡς καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἀμφικτύονας πρεσβείαν ἐξομοσάμενος παρεπρέσβευσα, καὶ ψήφισμα τὸ μὲν ἀνέγνως, τὸ δὲ ὑπερέβης. ἐγὼ δʼ αἱρεθεὶς πρεσβευτὴς ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἀμφικτύονας, ἀρρώστως δʼ ἔχων, καὶ μετὰ πολλῆς προθυμίας ἀπαγγέλλων ἀφʼ ἧς ἧκον πρεσβείας πρὸς ὑμᾶς, τὴν μὲν πρεσβείαν οὐκ ἐξωμοσάμην, ἀλλʼ ὑπεσχόμην πρεσβεύσειν, ἐὰν ὦ δυνατός, πρὸς δὲ τὴν βουλὴν ἀπιόντων τῶν συμπρέσβεων τὸν ἀδελφὸν τὸν ἐμαυτοῦ καὶ τὸν ἀδελφιδοῦν καὶ τὸν ἰατρὸν ἔπεμψα, οὐκ ἐξομουμένους·

[¶43] 95. When now the ambassadors had been informed of the fate of the Phocians, they returned, and a meeting of the assembly was held. I had by this time recovered and was present. When the people insisted that we who had been originally elected should all go on with the embassy in spite of what had happened, I thought it my duty to speak the truth to the Athenians.

> Greek: 95. οὐδὲ γὰρ ὁ νόμος ἐᾷ τὰς ἐκ τοῦ δήμου χειροτονίας ἐν τῇ βουλῇ ἐξόμνυσθαι· ἀλλὰ τὴν ἀρρωστίαν μου δηλώσοντας. ἐπειδὴ δὲ οἱ συμπρέσβεις πυθόμενοι τὰ περὶ τοὺς Φωκέας συμβάντα ἀνέστρεψαν, γενομένης ἐκκλησίας ἤδη παρὼν καὶ δυνάμενος τῷ σώματι, προσαναγκάζοντος τοῦ δήμου μηδὲν ἧττον πρεσβεύειν ἡμᾶς τοὺς ἐξ ἀρχῆς αἱρεθέντας ἅπαντας, ἀψευδεῖν πρὸς Ἀθηναίους ᾤμην δεῖν.

## 3. Sections 96–140

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/aeschines-on-the-embassy/3/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/aeschines-on-the-embassy/3/#p-N

[¶0] 96. and when I rendered account of my service on that embassy, you, Demosthenes, preferred no charge, but you proceed against my conduct on this embassy, the embassy that was appointed to receive the oaths. As to this I will make a clear and just defence. For it serves you, as it does all liars, to confuse the dates, but it serves me to give the events in their order, beginning with our journey to receive the oaths.

> Greek: 96. καὶ ταύτης τῆς πρεσβείας οὐ κατηγόρεις μου διδόντος τὰς εὐθύνας, ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ ταύτην ἥκεις τὴν ἐπὶ τοὺς ὅρκους, ὑπὲρ ἧς ἐγὼ σαφῶς καὶ δικαίως ἀπολογήσομαι. σοὶ μὲν γὰρ ἁρμόττει καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ψευδομένοις μεταφέρειν τοὺς χρόνους, ἐμοὶ δʼ ἐφεξῆς λέγειν, ἀναλαβόντι τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ λόγου ἀπὸ τῆς πορείας τῆς ἐπὶ τοὺς ὅρκους.

[¶1] 97. In the first place, of the ten ambassadors (or rather eleven, counting the representative of the allies, who was with us) not one was willing to mess with Demosthenes, when we set out on the second embassy, nor even to lodge at the same inn with him as we journeyed, whenever it could be avoided, for they had seen how he had plotted against them all on the previous embassy.

> Greek: 97. πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ δέκα πρέσβεων ὄντων, ἑνδεκάτου δὲ τοῦ συμπεμφθέντος ἡμῖν ἀπὸ τῶν συμμάχων, οὐδεὶς αὐτῷ συσσιτεῖν, ὅτʼ ἐξῇμεν ἐπὶ τὴν ὑστέραν πρεσβείαν, ἤθελεν, οὐδὲ ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς, ὅπου δυνατὸν ἦν, εἰς ταὐτὸν πανδοκεῖον καταλύειν, ὁρῶντες αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ πρεσβείᾳ πᾶσιν αὐτοῖς ἐπιβεβουλευκότα.

[¶2] 98. Now not a word was said about making the journey along the Thracian coast; for the decree did not prescribe any such journey, but simply that we should receive the oaths and transact certain other business, nor could we have accomplished anything if we had gone, for Cersobleptes’ fate had already been decided, as you heard a moment ago; for there is not a word of truth in what he has said, but, at a loss for any true charge, he resorts to these prodigious lies.

> Greek: 98. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης ὁδοῦ οὐκ ἐγένετο μνεία· οὔτε γὰρ τὸ ψήφισμα τοῦθʼ ἡμῖν προσέταττεν, ἀλλʼ ἀπολαβεῖν μόνον τοὺς ὅρκους καὶ ἄλλʼ ἄττα, οὔτʼ ἐλθόντας πράττειν οὐδὲν ἐνεδέχετο, τῶν περὶ Κερσοβλέπτην ἤδη γεγενημένων, ὡς ἀρτίως ἠκούσατε, οὔθʼ οὗτος οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς εἶπεν, ἀλλὰ ψεύδεται καὶ κατηγορεῖν οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς ἔχων τερατεύεται.

[¶3] 99. On the journey two attendants followed him, carrying sacks of bedding; in one of the sacks, he assured us, was a talent of silver; so that his colleagues were reminded of those old nicknames of his; for the boys used to call him “Batalos,” he was so vulgar and obscene then when he was growing out of boyhood and was bringing against his guardians big lawsuits of ten talents each, he was called “Argas”; now, grown to manhood, he has got also the name that we apply to rascals in general, “Blackmailer.”

> Greek: 99. συνηκολούθουν δʼ αὐτῷ ἄνθρωποι δύο στρωματόδεσμα φέροντες· ἐν δὲ τῷ ἑτέρῳ τούτων, ὡς αὐτὸς ἔφη, τάλαντον ἐνῆν ἀργυρίου. ὥστε τοὺς συμπρέσβεις ἀναμιμνῄσκεσθαι τὰς ἀρχαίας ἐπωνυμίας αὐτοῦ· ἐν παισὶ μὲν γὰρ ὢν ἐκλήθη διʼ αἰσχρουργίαν τινὰ καὶ κιναιδίαν Βάταλος, ἐκ παίδων δὲ ἀπαλλαττόμενος καὶ δεκαταλάντους δίκας ἑκάστῳ τῶν ἐπιτρόπων λαγχάνων, Ἀργᾶς, ἀνὴρ δὲ γενόμενος προσείληφε τὴν τῶν πονηρῶν κοινὴν ἐπωνυμίαν, συκοφάντης.

[¶4] 100. and he was going with the intention of ransoming the captives, as he said, and as he has just now told you, although he knew that at no time during the war had Philip exacted ransom-money for any Athenian, and although he had heard all Philip’s friends say that he would release the rest also, if peace should be made. And he was carrying one talent for many unfortunates—sufficient ransom for one man, and not a very well to-do man at that!

> Greek: 100. ἐπορεύετο δὲ λυσόμενος τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους, ὡς ἔφη, καὶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἀρτίως εἴρηκεν, εἰδὼς μὲν Φίλιππον ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ οὐδένα πώποτε Ἀθηναίων λύτρα πραξάμενον, ἀκούων δὲ τῶν ἐκείνου φίλων ἁπάντων, ὅτι καὶ τοὺς λοιπούς, ἐὰν εἰρήνη γένηται, ἀφήσει, πολλῶν δʼ ἠτυχηκότων τάλαντον φέρων, ἑνὸς ἀνδρός, οὐδὲ τούτου λίαν εὐπόρου, ἱκανὰ λύτρα.

[¶5] 101. But when we reached Macedonia and found Philip returned from Thrace, we held a meeting; the decree under which we were acting was read, and we went over the instructions that had been given us in addition to the business of receiving the oaths. But finding that no one mentioned the subjects that were most important, and all were dwelling on minor matters, I spoke words which I must repeat to you.

> Greek: 101. ὡς δʼ ἦμεν ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ καὶ συνήλθομεν εἰς ταὐτόν, καὶ Φίλιππον ἐκ Θρᾴκης παρόντα κατειλήφεμεν, ἀνεγνώσθη μὲν τὸ ψήφισμα καθʼ ὃ ἐπρεσβεύομεν, καὶ τὰ προστεταγμένα ἡμῖν πρὸς τῷ τοὺς ὅρκους ἀπολαβεῖν συνηριθμούμεθα· ὡς δὲ οὐδεὶς ὑπὲρ τῶν μεγίστων ἐμέμνητο, ἀλλὰ περὶ πραγμάτων ἐλαττόνων τὴν διατριβὴν ἐποιοῦντο, εἶπον ἐγὼ λόγους, οὓς ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστι πρὸς ὑμᾶς ῥηθῆναι.

[¶6] 102. and in heaven’s name, gentlemen, even as you allowed my accuser to speak as he himself chose, pray so continue to listen quietly to the defence also, in the same manner in which from the beginning you have listened during all my speech thus far. Well, as I just now intimated, fellow citizens, at the meeting of the ambassadors I said that it seemed to me that we were strangely ignoring the most important matter that the people had entrusted to us.

> Greek: 102. καὶ πρὸς τῶν θεῶν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ὥσπερ καὶ τῆς κατηγορίας ἠκούσατε ὡς αὐτὸς ὁ κατήγορος ἐβούλετο εἰπεῖν, οὕτω καὶ τῆς ἀπολογίας εὐτάκτως ἀκούσατε, καὶ τὸν αὐτόν μοι τρόπον διαμείνατε, ὅνπερ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐν τοῖς προειρημένοις ἤδη λόγοις ἠκροᾶσθε. ὅπερ γὰρ καὶ ἀρτίως ὑπεθέμην, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, εἶπον συνειλεγμένων τῶν πρέσβεων, ὅτι μοι δοκοῖεν τὸ μέγιστον πρόσταγμα τοῦ δήμου δεινῶς ἀγνοεῖν.

[¶7] 103. “The reception of the oaths, the discussion of the other questions, and the talk about the prisoners, all that sort of thing could have been done, I think, if the city had entrusted it to some of its petty servants and sent them. But to reach a right solution of the supreme question, so far as that is in our power or Philip’s, this is now a task for wise ambassadors. I mean,” said I, “the question of the expedition to Thermopylae, which you see in course of preparation. That I am not wide of the mark in this matter, I will show you by weighty considerations.”

> Greek: 103. τὸ μὲν γὰρ τοὺς ὅρκους ἀπολαβεῖν, καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων διαλεχθῆναι, καὶ περὶ τῶν αἰχμαλώτων εἰπεῖν, κἂν εἰ τοὺς ὑπηρέτας ἔπεμψεν ἡ πόλις περιθεῖσα πίστιν αὐτοῖς, ἅπαντʼ ἂν πραχθῆναι νομίζω· τὸ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν ὅλων ὀρθῶς βουλεύσασθαι, ὅσα καθʼ ἡμᾶς ἐστιν ἢ Φίλιππον, τοῦτο ἤδη ἔργον ἐστὶ πρέσβεων φρονίμων. λέγω δέ, ἔφην ἐγώ, περὶ τῆς εἰς Πύλας στρατείας, ἣν ὁρᾶτε οὖσαν ἐν παρασκευῇ. ὅτι δὲ οὐ κακῶς στοχάζομαι περὶ τοῦ πράγματος, μεγάλα τούτων ὑμῖν σημεῖα δείξω.

[¶8] 104. “For ambassadors from Thebes are here, ambassadors from Lacedaemonia have arrived, and here are we with a decree of the people in which it stands written, ‘The ambassadors shall also negotiate concerning any other good thing that may be within their power.’ All Hellas is watching to see what is going to happen. If now our people had thought it wise to speak out plainly to Philip, bidding him strip the Thebans of their insolence, and rebuild the walls of the Boeotian towns, they would have asked this of him in the decree. But as it is, by the obscurity of their language they left open a way of retreat for themselves, in case they should fail to persuade him, and they thought best to take the risk its our persons.”

> Greek: 104. πάρεισι μὲν γὰρ Θηβαίων, ἥκουσι δὲ Λακεδαιμονίων πρέσβεις, ἀφίγμεθα δʼ ἡμεῖς ἔχοντες τοῦ δήμου ψήφισμα, ἐν ᾧ γέγραπται ʼπράττειν δὲ τοὺς πρέσβεις καὶ ἄλλʼ ὅ τι ἂν δύνωνται ἀγαθόν·ʼ ἅπαντες δὲ οἱ Ἕλληνες πρὸς τὸ μέλλον ἔσεσθαι βλέπουσιν. εἰ μὲν οὖν ἡγεῖτο ὁ δῆμος αὑτῷ καλῶς ἔχειν ἐξενεγκεῖν μετὰ παρρησίας πρὸς Φίλιππον, Θηβαίων μὲν περιελεῖν τὴν ὕβριν, Βοιωτῶν δὲ ἀναστῆσαι τὰ τείχη, ταῦτʼ ἂν ἠξίωσεν ἐν τῷ ψηφίσματι· νῦν δὲ αὑτοῖς μὲν κατέλιπον τὴν εἰς τὸ ἀφανὲς ἀναφοράν, ἂν μὴ πείθωσιν, ἐν ἡμῖν δὲ ἀποκινδυνεύειν ᾠήθησαν δεῖν.

[¶9] 105. “Men, therefore, who are ambitious to serve the state must not assume the function of other ambassadors whom the Athenians could have sent instead of us, and at the same time, on their own initiative, try to avoid stirring up the hostility of the Thebans. Epameinondas was a Theban, and he did not cower before the fame of the Athenians, but spoke right out in the Theban assembly, saying that they must remove the propylaea of the Acropolis of Athens and set it up at the entrance to the Cadmeia.”

> Greek: 105. δεῖ δὴ τοὺς πρὸς τὰ κοινὰ φιλοτιμουμένους μὴ κατέχειν μὲν ἑτέρων χώραν πρέσβεων, οὓς ἐξῆν πέμπειν ἀνθʼ ἡμῶν Ἀθηναίους, αὐτοὺς δὲ τὰς πρὸς Θηβαίους ἀπεχθείας φεύγειν, ὧν εἷς ὢν Ἐπαμεινώνδας, οὐχ ὑποπτήξας τὸ τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἀξίωμα, εἶπε διαρρήδην ἐν τῷ πλήθει τῶν Θηβαίων, ὡς δεῖ τὰ τῆς Ἀθηναίων ἀκροπόλεως προπύλαια μετενεγκεῖν εἰς τὴν προστασίαν τῆς Καδμείας.

[¶10] 106. As I was in the midst of these words, Demosthenes protested with a loud voice, as all our colleagues know, for on top of all his other crimes he is for the Boeotians. At any rate words like these came from him: “This fellow is full of quarrelsomeness and rashness. For myself, I confess that I am timid, that I fear danger from afar, but I protest against embroiling the cities one with another; I hold it to be the wise course that we ambassadors refrain from meddlesome conduct.”

> Greek: 106. ταῦτα δʼ ἐμοῦ μεταξὺ λέγοντος, ἀναβοᾷ παμμέγεθες Δημοσθένης, ὡς ἴσασι πάντες οἱ συμπρέσβεις· καὶ γὰρ πρὸς τοῖς ἄλλοις κακοῖς βοιωτιάζει. ἦν δʼ οὖν παρʼ αὐτοῦ τοιαυτὶ τὰ λεγόμενα· ἅνθρωπος οὑτοσὶ ταραχῆς καὶ τόλμης ἐστὶ μεστός· ἐγὼ δὲ ὁμολογῶ μαλακὸς εἶναι καὶ τὰ δεινὰ πόρρωθεν δεδιέναι, ἀπαγορεύω μέντοι μὴ συνταράττειν ἡμᾶς πρὸς ἀλλήλας τὰς πόλεις, τὸ μὴ πολυπραγμονεῖν ἡμᾶς τοὺς πρέσβεις μηδέν, τοῦτʼ ἀγαθὸν ὑπολαμβάνων εἶναι.

[¶11] 107. “Philip is setting out for Thermopylae; I cover my eyes. No man is going to call me to account for the wars of Philip, but for what I say that I ought not to say, or what I do that I was not instructed to do.” The upshot of the matter was that the ambassadors, when asked for their opinion man by man, voted that each of us should say what he thought was to our interests. To show that I speak the truth, please call my colleagues and read their testimony.

> Greek: 107. πορεύεται Φίλιππος εἰς Πύλας, ἐγὼ δὲ ἐγκαλύπτομαι. οὐδείς με τῶν ὅπλων ἕνεκα τῶν Φιλίππου κρινεῖ, ἀλλʼ ὧν ἂν εἴπω τι μὴ δέον, ἢ πράξω τι τῶν μὴ προστεταγμένων. πέρας δὲ τοῦ πράγματος, ἐψηφίσαντο οἱ συμπρέσβεις, κατʼ ἄνδρα ἐπερωτώμενοι ἕκαστον ἡμῶν ὅ τι νομίζοι συμφέρειν, τοῦτο λέγειν. ὅτι δʼ ἀληθῆ λέγω, κάλει μοι τοὺς συμπρέσβεις καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν αὐτῶν λέγε.

[¶12] 108. Testimony Accordingly, fellow citizens, when the ambassadors were assembled at Pella, and Philip had arrived, and the herald called the ambassadors of the Athenians, we came forward, not in the order of age, as in the former embassy—a procedure which found favour with some, and which seemed to be in accord with the orderly way of our city —but in the way that was dictated by the effrontery of Demosthenes. For he said that he was the youngest of all, but declared that he could not yield the position of first speaker, and would not permit a certain person—hinting at me—to take possession of Philip’s ears and leave the rest no chance to speak.

> Greek: 108. Μαρτυρία ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, συνελέγησαν μὲν εἰς Πέλλαν αἱ πρεσβεῖαι, παρῆν δὲ ὁ Φίλιππος, καὶ τοὺς Ἀθηναίων πρέσβεις ὁ κῆρυξ ἐκάλει, πρῶτον μὲν παρῇμεν οὐ καθʼ ἡλικίαν, ὥσπερ ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ πρεσβείᾳ, ὃ παρά τισιν εὐδοκίμει καὶ κόσμος εἶναι τῆς πόλεως ἐφαίνετο, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν Δημοσθένους ἀναισχυντίαν. φάσκων γὰρ νεώτατος εἶναι πάντων, τὴν τάξιν τοῦ πρῶτος λέγειν οὐκ ἂν ἔφη παραλιπεῖν, οὐδʼ ἐπιτρέψειν τινί, αἰνιττόμενος εἰς ἐμέ, προκαταλαβόντα τὰ Φιλίππου ὦτα τοῖς ἄλλοις λόγον μὴ καταλιπεῖν.

[¶13] 109. He began his speech with certain slanderous allusions to his colleagues, to the effect that not all of us had come with the same end in view, nor were we all of one mind; and then he proceeded to review his own previous services to Philip: first, his defence of Philocrates’ motion, when Philocrates, having moved that Philip be permitted to send ambassadors to the Athenians to discuss peace, was defendant on the charge of having made an unconstitutional proposal; secondly, he read the motion of which Demosthenes himself was author, to grant safe conduct to the herald and ambassadors from Philip; and thirdly, the motion that restricted the people’s discussion of peace to appointed days.

> Greek: 109. ἀρξάμενος δὲ τοῦ λέγειν, πρῶτον διαβολήν τινα ὑπειπὼν κατὰ τῶν συμπρέσβεων, ὡς οὐχ ἅπαντες ὑπὲρ τῶν αὐτῶν οὐδʼ ὅμοιοι ταῖς δόξαις ἥκοιμεν, διεξῄει τὰς ὑπηρεσίας τὰς ὑπηργμένας εἰς Φίλιππον αὐτῷ, πρώτην μὲν τὴν τῷ ψηφίσματι τῷ Φιλοκράτους συνηγορίαν, ὅτε ἔφευγε παρανόμων ἐξεῖναι γράψας Φιλίππῳ πρέσβεις πρὸς Ἀθηναίους ὑπὲρ εἰρήνης πέμπειν· δεύτερον δὲ ὑπανέγνω τὸ ψήφισμα ὃ γεγραφὼς αὐτὸς ἦν, σπείσασθαι τῷ κήρυκι καὶ τῇ παρὰ Φιλίππου πρεσβεία, τρίτον δὲ τὸ περὶ τοῦ βουλεύσασθαι τὸν δῆμον ὑπὲρ εἰρήνης ἐν τακταῖς ἡμέραις.

[¶14] 110. To the account he added a conclusion like this: that he had been the first to put a curb on those who were trying to block the peace; that he had done this, not by his words, but by fixing the dates. Then he brought up another motion, the one which provided that the people should discuss an alliance also; then, after that, the motion about assigning the front seats at the Dionysia to Philip’s ambassadors.

> Greek: 110. καὶ προσέθηκέ τι τοιοῦτον ἐνθύμημα τῷ λόγῳ, ὅτι πρῶτος ἐπιστομίσαι τοὺς τὴν εἰρήνην ἐκκλῄοντας, οὐ τοῖς λόγοις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς χρόνοις. ἔπειθʼ ἕτερον ἐπήγετο ψήφισμα, τὸ καὶ περὶ συμμαχίας βουλεύσασθαι τὸν δῆμον, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτʼ ἤδη τὸ περὶ τῆς προεδρίας τῆς εἰς τὰ Διονύσια τοῖς πρέσβεσι τοῖς Φιλίππου ψήφισμα.

[¶15] 111. He alluded also to the special attention he had shown them: the placing of cushions, and certain watchings and vigils of the night, caused by men who were jealous of him and wished to bring insult upon his honourable name! And that utterly absurd story, whereat his colleagues covered their faces for shame, how he gave a dinner to the ambassadors of Philip; and how when they set out for home he hired for them some teams of mules, and escorted them on horseback. For he did not hide in the dark, as certain others do, but made an exhibition of his fawning conduct.

> Greek: 111. καὶ προσέθηκε τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν τὴν αὑτοῦ καὶ προσκεφαλαίων θέσιν καὶ φυλακάς τινας καὶ ἀγρυπνίας διὰ τοὺς φθονοῦντας καὶ βουλομένους εἰς τὴν αὑτοῦ φιλοτιμίαν ὑβρίσαι, καὶ τά γε δὴ καταγέλαστα παντελῶς, ἐφʼ οἷς οἱ συμπρέσβεις ἐνεκαλύψαντο, ὡς ἐξένισε τοὺς πρέσβεις τοὺς Φιλίππου, ὡς ἐμισθώσατʼ αὐτοῖς, ὅτʼ ἀπῄεσαν, ὀρεικὰ ζεύγη καὶ συμπαρῄει ἐφʼ ἵππου, οὐ καταδὺς εἰς τὸ σκότος, ὥσπερ ἕτεροί τινες, ἀλλὰ φανερῶς ἐπιδεικνύμενος τὴν τῶν πραγμάτων θεραπείαν.

[¶16] 112. And finally he carefully corrected those other statements: “I did not say that you are beautiful, for a woman is the most beautiful of all beings; nor that you are a wonderful drinker, for that is a compliment for a sponge, in my opinion; nor that you have a remarkable memory, for I think such praise belongs to the professional sophist.” But not to prolong the story, he said such things in the presence of the ambassadors from almost the whole of Hellas, that laughter arose such as you seldom hear.

> Greek: 112. ἐκεῖνα δʼ ἤδη καὶ σφόδρα διωρθοῦτο· οὐκ εἶπον, ὡς καλὸς εἶ· γυνὴ γὰρ τῶν ὄντων ἐστὶ κάλλιστον· οὐδʼ ὡς δεινὸς πιεῖν, σπογγιᾶς τὸν ἔπαινον ὑπολαμβάνων τοῦτον εἶναι· οὐδʼ ὡς μνημονικός, σοφιστοῦ τὰ τοιαῦτα νομίζων ἐργολαβοῦντος ἐγκώμια εἶναι. ἵνα δὲ μὴ μακρολογῶ, τοιαῦτʼ ἦν ἃ ἔλεγε παρόντων τῶν πρέσβεων ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ἐξ ἁπάσης τῆς Ἑλλάδος, ἐφʼ οἷς γέλωτες οὐχ οἱ τυχόντες ἐγίγνοντο.

[¶17] 113. But when at last he stopped and there was silence, I was forced to speak—after such an exhibition of ill-breeding and such excess of shameful flattery. Necessarily, by way of preface, I made a brief reply to his insinuations against his colleagues, saying that the Athenians had sent us as ambassadors, not to offer apologies in Macedonia for ourselves, but as men adjudged by our life at home to be worthy of our city.

> Greek: 113. ἐπειδὴ δέ ποτʼ ἐπαύσατο καὶ σιωπὴ ἐγένετο, ἠναγκαζόμην ἐγὼ λέγειν μετὰ τοιαύτην ἀπαιδευσίαν καὶ κολακείας αἰσχρᾶς ὑπερβολήν. καὶ μικρὰ μὲν προεῖπον ἐξ ἀνάγκης πρὸς τὴν προειρημένην κατὰ τῶν συμπρέσβεων ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ διαβολήν, λέγων ὅτι μέμψειαν ἡμᾶς Ἀθηναῖοι πρέσβεις οὐκ ἀπολογησομένους ἐν Μακεδονία περὶ ἡμῶν αὐτῶν, ἀλλʼ οἴκοθεν ἐκ τοῦ βίου δεδοκιμασμένους ἀξίους τῆς πόλεως εἶναι.

[¶18] 114. Then after speaking briefly on the subject of the oaths for which we had come, I reviewed the other matters that you had entrusted to us. For the eminent Demosthenes, for all his exceeding eloquence, had not mentioned a single essential point. And in particular I spoke about the expedition to Thermopylae, and about the holy places, and Delphi, and the Amphictyons. I called on Philip to settle matters there, preferably not with arms, but with vote and verdict; but if that should be impossible (it was already evident that it was, for the army was collected and on the spot), I said that he who was on the point of deciding the fate of the holy places of our nation ought to give careful thought to the question of piety, and to give attention to those who undertook to give instruction as to our traditions.

> Greek: 114. βραχέα δʼ ὑπὲρ τῶν ὅρκων εἰπών, ἐφʼ οὓς ἥκομεν, καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἃ προσετάξατε ὑμεῖς, διεξῄειν· ὁ γὰρ περιττὸς κἀν τοῖς λόγοις δεινὸς Δημοσθένης οὐδενὸς τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐμνήσθη· καὶ δὴ καὶ περὶ τῆς εἰς Πύλας στρατείας εἶπον καὶ περὶ τῶν ἱερῶν καὶ περὶ Δελφῶν καὶ περὶ τῶν Ἀμφικτυόνων, καὶ μάλιστα μὲν Φίλιππον ἠξίουν μὴ μεθʼ ὅπλων, ἀλλὰ μετὰ ψήφου καὶ κρίσεως τἀκεῖ καθιστάναι, εἰ δʼ ἄρα μὴ δυνατὸν εἴη, (τοῦτο δʼ ἦν πρόδηλον· τὸ γὰρ στρατόπεδον παρῆν καὶ συνήθροιστο·) εἶπον, ὅτι τὸν μέλλοντα ὑπὲρ Ἑλληνικῶν ἱερῶν βουλεύεσθαι πολλὴν προσήκει πρόνοιαν ὑπὲρ εὐσεβείας ἔχειν, καὶ τοῖς περὶ τῶν πατρίων ἐγχειροῦσι διδάσκειν προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν.

[¶19] 115. At the same time I reviewed from the beginning the story of the founding of the shrine, and of the first synod of the Amphictyons that was ever held; and I read their oaths, in which the men of ancient times swore that they would raze no city of the Amphictyonic states, nor shut them off from flowing water either in war or in peace; that if anyone should violate this oath, they would march against such an one and raze his cities; and if any one should violate the shrine of the god or be accessory to such violation, or make any plot against the holy places, they would punish him with hand and foot and voice, and all their power. To the oath was added a mighty curse.

> Greek: 115. ἅμα δʼ ἐξ ἀρχῆς διεξῆλθον τὴν κτίσιν τοῦ ἱεροῦ καὶ τὴν πρώτην σύνοδον γενομένην τῶν Ἀμφικτυόνων, καὶ τοὺς ὅρκους αὐτῶν ἀνέγνων, ἐν οἷς ἔνορκον ἦν τοῖς ἀρχαίοις, μηδεμίαν πόλιν τῶν Ἀμφικτυονίδων ἀνάστατον ποιήσειν, μηδʼ ὑδάτων ναματιαίων εἴρξειν μήτʼ ἐν πολέμῳ μήτʼ ἐν εἰρήνῃ, ἐὰν δέ τις ταῦτα παραβῇ, στρατεύσειν ἐπὶ τοῦτον καὶ τὰς πόλεις ἀναστήσειν, καὶ ἐάν τις ἢ συλᾷ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ, ἢ συνειδῇ τι, ἢ βουλεύσῃ τι κατὰ τῶν ἱερῶν, τιμωρήσειν καὶ χειρὶ καὶ ποδὶ καὶ φωνῇ καὶ πάσῃ δυνάμει· καὶ προσῆν τῷ ὅρκῳ ἀρὰ ἰσχυρά.

[¶20] 116. When I had read all this, I solemnly declared that in my opinion it was not right that we should overlook the fact that the cities in Boeotia were lying in ruins. To prove that they were Amphictyonic cities and thus protected by the oaths, I enumerated twelve tribes which shared the shrine: the Thessalians, Boeotians (not the Thebans only), Dorians, Ionians, Perrhaebi, Magnetes, Dolopians, Locrians, Oetaeans, Phthiotians, Malians, and Phocians. And I showed that each of these tribes has an equal vote, the greatest equal to the least: that the delegate from Dorion and Cytinion has equal authority with the Lacedaemonian delegates, for each tribe casts two votes; again, that of the Ionian delegates those from Eretria and Priene have equal authority with those from Athens and the rest in the same way.

> Greek: 116. τούτων δὲ ἀναγνωσθέντων ἀπεφηνάμην, ὅτι ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ δίκαιον εἶναι μὴ περιορᾶν κατεσκαμμένας τὰς ἐν Βοιωτοῖς πόλεις. ὅτι δʼ ἦσαν Ἀμφικτυονίδες καὶ ἔνορκοι, κατηριθμησάμην ἔθνη δώδεκα τὰ μετέχοντα τοῦ ἱεροῦ, Θετταλούς, Βοιωτούς, οὐ Θηβαίους μόνους, Δωριέας, Ἴωνας, Περραιβούς, Μάγνητας, Δόλοπας, Λοκρούς, Οἰταίους, Φθιώτας, Μαλιέας, Φωκέας. καὶ τούτων ἔδειξα ἕκαστον ἔθνος ἰσόψηφον γιγνόμενον, τὸ μέγιστον τῷ ἐλαχίστῳ, τὸν ἥκοντα ἐκ Δωρίου καὶ Κυτινίου ἴσον δυνάμενον Λακεδαιμονίοις, δύο γὰρ ψήφους ἕκαστον φέρει ἔθνος, πάλιν ἐκ τῶν Ἰώνων τὸν Ἐρετριᾶ καὶ Πριηνέα τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις, καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους κατὰ ταὐτά.

[¶21] 117. Now I showed that the motive of this expedition was righteous and just; but I said that the Amphictyonic Council ought to be convened at the temple, receiving protection and freedom to vote, and that those individuals who were originally responsible for the seizure of the shrine ought to be punished—not their cities, but the individuals who had plotted and carried out the deed; and that those cities which surrendered the wrongdoers for trial ought to be held guiltless. “But if you take the field and with your forces confirm the wrongdoing of the Thebans, you will receive no gratitude from those whom you help, for you could not possibly do them so great a service as the Athenians once did, and they have no memory for that; while you will be wronging those whom you leave in the lurch, and will find them, not your friends in the future, but all the more your enemies.”

> Greek: 117. τὴν μὲν οὖν ἀρχὴν τῆς στρατείας ταύτης ὁσίαν καὶ δικαίαν ἀπεφηνάμην εἶναι· συλλεγέντων δὲ τῶν Ἀμφικτυόνων εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ τυχόντων σωτηρίας καὶ ψήφου, τοὺς αἰτίους τῆς ἐξ ἀρχῆς καταλήψεως τοῦ ἱεροῦ δίκης ἠξίουν τυχεῖν, μὴ τὰς πατρίδας αὐτῶν, ἀλλʼ αὐτοὺς τοὺς χειρουργήσαντας καὶ βουλεύσαντας, τὰς δὲ πόλεις παρεχούσας εἰς κρίσιν τοὺς ἀδικήσαντας ἀζημίους εἶναι. εἰ δʼ ἐπεξελθὼν δυνάμει βεβαιώσεις τὰ Θηβαίων ἀδικήματα, παρʼ ὧν μὲν βοηθεῖς οὐκ ἀπολήψῃ χάριν· οὐ γὰρ ἂν δύναιο αὐτοὺς τηλικαῦτα εὐεργετῆσαι, ἡλίκα Ἀθηναῖοι πρότερον, ὧν οὐ μέμνηνται· οὓς δʼ ἐγκαταλείψεις, ἀδικήσεις, χρήσῃ δʼ ἐχθροῖς μείζοσιν, ἀλλʼ οὐ φίλοις.

[¶22] 118. But not to waste time in reciting to you now precisely what was spoken there, I will content myself with this brief summary of it all. Fortune and Philip were masters of the issue, but I, of loyalty to you and of the words spoken. My words were words of justice, and they were spoken in your interest; the issue was not according to our prayer, but according to Philip’s acts. Who, therefore, is it that deserves your approval? Is it the man who showed no desire to do any good thing whatever, or the man who left undone nothing that was in his power? But I now pass over many things for lack of time.

> Greek: 118. ἵνα δὲ μὴ διατρίβω τοὺς ἐκεῖ λόγους ῥηθέντας νυνὶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἀκριβῶς διεξιών, ἐν κεφαλαίῳ περὶ πάντων εἰπὼν παύσομαι. ἡ μὲν τύχη καὶ Φίλιππος ἦσαν τῶν ἔργων κύριοι, ἐγὼ δὲ τῆς εἰς ὑμᾶς εὐνοίας καὶ τῶν λόγων. παρʼ ἐμοῦ μὲν οὖν ἐρρήθη τὰ δίκαια καὶ τὰ συμφέροντα ὑμῖν, ἀπέβη δὲ οὐχ ὡς ἡμεῖς ηὐχόμεθα, ἀλλʼ ὡς Φίλιππος ἔπραξε. πότερον οὖν ὁ μηδὲν προθυμηθεὶς ἐργάσασθαι ἀγαθὸν δίκαιός ἐστιν εὐδοξεῖν, ἢ ὁ μηδὲν ὧν ἦν δυνατὸς ἐλλιπών; ἐν δὲ τῷ παρόντι νυνὶ πολλὰ διὰ τὸν καιρὸν παραλείπω.

[¶23] 119. He said that I deceived you by saying that within a few days Thebes would be humbled; and that I told about the Euboeans, how I had frightened them, and that I led you on into empty hopes. But, fellow citizens, let me tell you what it is that he is doing. While I was with Philip I demanded—and when I returned to you I reported that I thought it right—that Thebes should be Boeotian, and not Boeotia, Theban. He asserts, not that I reported this, but that I promised it.

> Greek: 119. εἶπε δέ, ὡς ἐψευδολόγουν φάσκων ὀλίγων ἡμερῶν τὰς Θήβας ἔσεσθαι ταπεινάς, καὶ τοὺς Εὐβοέας ὡς ἐφόβουν, προάγων εἰς ἐλπίδας κενὰς ὑμᾶς. ὃ δὲ ποιεῖ, καταμάθετε, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι. ἐγὼ γὰρ παρὰ Φιλίππῳ μὲν ὢν ἠξίωσα, πρὸς δʼ ὑμᾶς ἥκων ἀπήγγελλον, ὅτι τὰς Θήβας Βοιωτίαν δίκαιον ἡγοίμην εἶναι, καὶ μὴ τὴν Βοιωτίαν Θήβας. τοῦτο οὐκ ἀπαγγεῖλαι, ἀλλʼ ὑποσχέσθαι μέ φησιν.

[¶24] 120. And I told you that Cleochares of Chalcis said that he was surprised at the sudden agreement between you and Philip, especially when we had been instructed “to negotiate concerning any good thing that should be within our power.” For he said the people of the small states, like himself, were afraid of the secret diplomacy of the greater. Demosthenes asserts, not that I related this fact, but that I promised to hand over Euboea! But I had supposed that when the city was about to deliberate on matters of supreme importance, no statement from any Hellenic source ought to be ignored.

> Greek: 120. ἔλεγον δὲ πρὸς ὑμᾶς, ὅτι Κλεοχάρης ὁ Χαλκιδεὺς θαυμάζειν ὑμῶν καὶ Φιλίππου φαίη τὴν ἐξαίφνης ὁμόνοιαν, ἄλλως τε καὶ προστεταγμένον ἡμῖν, πράττειν ἀγαθὸν ὅ τι ἂν δυνώμεθα· τοὺς γὰρ μικροπολίτας, ὥσπερ αὐτός, φοβεῖν τὰ τῶν μειζόνων ἀπόρρητα. ταῦτα οὐ διηγήσασθαί με φησίν, ἀλλʼ ἐπηγγέλθαι τὴν Εὔβοιαν παραδώσειν. ἐγὼ δὲ ὑπειλήφειν δεῖν τὴν πόλιν τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν ὅλων μέλλουσαν βουλεύεσθαι μηδενὸς λόγου Ἑλληνικοῦ ἀνήκοον εἶναι.

[¶25] 121. But he falsely declared that when he wished to report the truth, he was hindered by me, together with Philocrates—for he divided the responsibility in that case also. Now I should like to ask you this: Has any ambassador sent out from Athens ever been prevented from presenting to the people an official report of his conduct? And if one had suffered such treatment and had been repudiated by his colleagues, would he ever have made a motion that they be given a vote of thanks and invited to dinner? But Demosthenes on his return from the second embassy, in which he says that the cause of Hellas was ruined, moved the vote of thanks in his decree;

> Greek: 121. διέβαλλε δέ, κἀκεῖνον διαιρούμενος τὸν λόγον, ὡς ἀπαγγέλλειν τἀληθῆ βουλόμενος, ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ καὶ Φιλοκράτους κωλυθείη. ἐγὼ δʼ ὑμᾶς ἡδέως ἂν ἐροίμην, εἴ τις πώποτε Ἀθηναίων πρεσβευτὴς ἐκπεμφθείς, ἐφʼ οἷς πεπρέσβευκε κεκώλυται πρὸς τὸν δῆμον ἀπαγγέλλειν, καὶ ταῦτα παθὼν καὶ ἀτιμασθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν συμπρέσβεων, τούτους ἔγραψʼ ἂν ἐπαινέσαι καὶ καλέσαι ἐπὶ δεῖπνον. Δημοσθένης τοίνυν ἥκων ἀπὸ τῆς ὑστέρας πρεσβείας, ἐν ᾗ φησι τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων πράγματα ἀνατραπῆναι, οὐκ ἐν τῷ ψηφίσματι μόνον ἡμᾶς ἐπῄνει, ἀλλʼ ἀπαγγείλαντος πρὸς τὸν δῆμον ἐμοῦ τοὺς περὶ τῶν Ἀμφικτυόνων λόγους καὶ Βοιωτῶν, οὐχ ὥσπερ νῦν συντέμνοντος οὐδʼ ἐπειγομένου, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἐδυνάμην κατὰ ῥῆμα ἀκριβέστατα, καὶ τοῦ δήμου σφόδρα ἀποδεχομένου, παρακληθεὶς ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων συμπρέσβεων καὶ ἐρωτώμενος, εἰ τἀληθῆ καὶ ταὐτὰ ἀπαγγέλλω πρὸς Ἀθηναίους ἅπερ πρὸς Φίλιππον εἶπον, πάντων μαρτυρούντων καὶ ἐπαινούντων με τῶν συμπρέσβεων, ἐπαναστὰς ἐπὶ πᾶσιν οὐκ ἔφη με, ὥσπερ ἐκεῖ, οὕτως ἐν τῷ παρόντι λέγειν, ἀλλʼ ἐκεῖ διπλασίῳ ἄμεινον.

[¶26] 122. and not only that, but when I had reported to the people what I had said about the Amphictyons and Boeotians, not briefly and rapidly as now, but as nearly word for word as possible, and when the people heartily applauded, I called upon him together with the other ambassadors, and asked them whether my report was true, and identical with what I had said to Philip; and when all my colleagues had testified and praised me, after them all Demosthenes arose and said: No, I had not to-day been speaking as I spoke there, but that I spoke twice as well there. You who are going to give the verdict are my witnesses of this. and yet what better opportunity could he have had to convict me than to do it then and there, if I was in any wise deceiving the city? You say, Demosthenes, that while I was in a conspiracy against the city in the first embassy, you were not aware of it, but that on the second you found it out—the embassy in which we find you testifying to my services! And while accusing me for my conduct on the first embassy, you at the same time deny that you accuse me, and direct your accusations against the embassy that was sent to take the oaths. And yet if it is the peace you find fault with, it was you who moved to add the alliance to it. And if Philip did at any point deceive the city, his deception had to do with the peace, for he was maneuvering for the precise form of peace that would serve his own advantage. But it was the earlier embassy that offered the opportunity to accomplish this; the second took place after the thing was already done.

> Greek: 122. καὶ τούτων ὑμεῖς οἱ τὴν ψῆφον μέλλοντες φέρειν ἐστέ μοι μάρτυρες. καίτοι τίς ἂν αὐτῷ καλλίων καιρὸς ἐγένετο, ἢ τότʼ ἐξελέγχειν εὐθύς, εἴ τι τὴν πόλιν ἐξηπάτων; φῂς γάρ με ἐν μὲν τῇ προτέρᾳ πρεσβείᾳ λαθεῖν σαυτὸν συνεστηκότα ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν, ἐν δὲ τῇ ὑστέρᾳ αἰσθέσθαι, ἐν ᾗ συναγορεύων μοι φαίνῃ. κἀκείνης μὲν ἅμα κατηγορῶν οὐ φῂς κατηγορεῖν, τῆς δʼ ἐπὶ τοὺς ὅρκους κατηγορεῖς. καίτοι εἰ τὴν εἰρήνην ψέγεις, σὺ καὶ τὴν συμμαχίαν ἔγραψας· καὶ Φίλιππος εἴ τι τὴν πόλιν ἐξηπάτα, διὰ τοῦτο ἐψεύδετο, ὅπως τῆς εἰρήνης ἥπερ συνέφερεν αὐτῷ τύχοι. οὐκοῦν ἡ μὲν προτέρα πρεσβεία τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον εἶχεν, ἡ δʼ ὑστέρα ἐπὶ πεπραγμένοις ἐγίγνετο.

[¶27] 124. How he has deceived you—deceit is ever the mark of the charlatan—see from his own words. He says that I went down the Loedias river to Philip in a canoe by night, and that I wrote for Philip the letter which came to you. For Leosthenes, who had been exiled from Athens through the work of blackmailers, was not competent to write a clever letter—a man whom some do not hesitate to rank next to Callistratus of Aphidna as an able orator!

> Greek: 124. τίνες οὖν ἦσαν αἱ ἀπάται, ταῦτα γὰρ τοῦ γόητος ἀνθρώπου, ἐξ ὧν εἴρηκε λογίσασθε. εἰσπλεῖν μέ φησιν ἐν μονοξύλῳ πλοίῳ κατὰ τὸν Λοιδίαν ποταμὸν τῆς νυκτὸς ὡς Φίλιππον, καὶ τὴν ἐπιστολὴν τὴν δεῦρο ἐλθοῦσαν Φιλίππῳ γράψαι. ὁ μὲν γὰρ Λεωσθένης, ὁ φεύγων ἐνθένδε διὰ τοὺς συκοφάντας, οὐ δυνατὸς ἦν ἐπιδεξίως ἐπιστολὴν γράψαι, ὃν οὐκ ὀκνοῦσί τινες ἀποφαίνεσθαι μετὰ Καλλίστρατον τὸν Ἀφιδναῖον τῶν ἄλλων μάλιστα εἰπεῖν δύνασθαι·

[¶28] 125. and Philip himself was not competent, against whom Demosthenes was not able to hold his own when he tried to speak in your behalf! nor Python of Byzantium, a man who takes pride in his ability as a writer! but, as it seems, the thing required my help too! And you say that time and again I had private interviews with Philip in the daytime, but you accuse me of paddling down the river in the night—the need of a midnight letter was so urgent!

> Greek: 125. οὐδʼ αὐτὸς ὁ Φίλιππος, πρὸς ὃν ἀντειπεῖν Δημοσθένης ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν οὐκ ἠδυνήθη· οὐδʼ ὁ Βυζάντιος Πύθων, ἄνθρωπος ἐπὶ τῷ γράφειν μέγα φρονῶν· ἀλλʼ ὡς ἔοικε τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐμοῦ προσεδεῖτο. καὶ λέγεις μὲν ὅτι Φιλίππῳ μεθʼ ἡμέραν πολλάκις μόνος μόνῳ διελεγόμην, αἰτιᾷ δὲ εἰσπλεῖν με νύκτωρ κατὰ τὸν ποταμόν· οὕτω νυκτερινῆς ἐπιστολῆς τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐδεῖτο.

[¶29] 126. But there is no truth in your story, as those who messed with me have come to testify—Aglaocreon of Tenedos and latrocles the son of Pasiphon, with whom I slept every night during the whole time, from beginning to end; they know that I was never away from them a single night, nor any part of a night. We present also our slaves and offer them for torture; and I offer to interrupt my speech if the prosecution agree. The officer shall come in and administer the torture in your presence, gentlemen of the jury, if you so order. There is still time enough to do it, for in the apportionment of the day eleven jars of water have been assigned to my defence.

> Greek: 126. ὅτι δʼ οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς λέγεις, ἥκουσι μὲν μαρτυρήσοντες μεθʼ ὧν συνεσίτουν, Ἀγλαοκρέων ὁ Τενέδιος καὶ Ἰατροκλῆς ὁ Πασιφῶντος, μεθʼ ὧν ἑξῆς ἅπαντα τὸν χρόνον τὰς νύκτας ἀνεπαυόμην, οἳ συνίσασίν μοι μηδεμίαν πώποτε ἀπʼ αὐτῶν νύκτα ἀπογενομένῳ, μηδὲ μέρος νυκτός· ἄγομεν δὲ καὶ τοὺς οἰκέτας καὶ παραδίδομεν εἰς βάσανον. καὶ τὸν μὲν λόγον, εἰ συγχωρεῖ ὁ κατήγορος, καταλύω· παρέσται δὲ ὁ δημόσιος καὶ βασανιεῖ ἐναντίον ὑμῶν, ἂν κελεύητε. ἐνδέχεται δὲ τὸ λοιπὸν μέρος τῆς ἡμέρας ταῦτα πρᾶξαι· πρὸς ἕνδεκα γὰρ ἀμφορέας ἐν διαμεμετρημένῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ κρίνομαι.

[¶30] 127. If the slaves testify that I ever slept away from these messmates of mine, spare me not, fellow citizens, but rise up and kill me. But if you, Demosthenes, shall be convicted of lying, let this be your penalty—to confess in this presence that you are a hermaphrodite, and no free man. Please summon the slaves to the platform here, and read the testimony of my colleagues.

> Greek: 127. κἂν φῶσιν ἀπόκοιτόν με τουτωνὶ πώποτε τῶν συσσίτων γεγονέναι, μὴ φείσησθέ μου, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ἀλλʼ ἀναστάντες ἀποκτείνατε. ἐὰν δʼ ἐξελεγχθῇς ψευδόμενος, Δημόσθενες, τοιαύτην δίκην δός· ὁμολόγησον ἀνδρόγυνος εἶναι καὶ μὴ ἐλεύθερος ἐναντίον τούτων. κάλει μοι τοὺς οἰκέτας δεῦρο ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα, καὶ τὴν τῶν συμπρέσβεων ἀναγίγνωσκε μαρτυρίαν.

[¶31] 128. Testimony. Challenge Since now he does not accept the challenge, saying that he would not rest his case on the testimony of tortured slaves, please take this letter, which Philip sent. For a letter that kept us busy writing all night long must obviously be full of clever deception of the city.

> Greek: 128. Μαρτυρία. Πρόκλησις ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν οὐ δέχεται τὴν πρόκλησιν, οὐδʼ ἄν φησιν ἐν βασάνοις ἀνδραπόδων γενέσθαι, λαβέ μοι τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ταύτην, ἣν ὁ Φίλιππος ἔπεμψε. δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι μεγάλα τὴν πόλιν παραλογίζεται, διʼ ἣν ἠγρυπνοῦμεν γράφοντες.

[¶32] 129. Letter You hear, gentlemen, what he wrote: “I gave my oath to your ambassadors”; and he has written the names of those of his allies who were present, both the names of the representatives themselves and of their states; and he says he will send to you those of his allies who were not there in time. Does it seem to you that it would have been beyond Philip’s ability to write that in the daytime, and without my help?

> Greek: 129. Ἐπιστολή ἀκούετε, ὦ ἄνδρες, ὅτι τοὺς ὅρκους ἀποδέδωκα, φησί, τοῖς ὑμετέροις πρέσβεσι, καὶ τῶν συμμάχων τῶν ἑαυτοῦ τοὺς παραγενομένους κατʼ ὄνομα γέγραφε, καὶ αὐτοὺς καὶ τὰς πόλεις αὐτῶν, τοὺς δʼ ὑστερήσαντας τῶν συμμάχων ἀποστελεῖν φησι πρὸς ὑμᾶς. ταῦτʼ οὖν οὐκ ἂν οἴεσθε δύνασθαι γράψαι Φίλιππον μεθʼ ἡμέραν ἄνευ ἐμοῦ;

[¶33] 130. But, by heaven, the only thing, apparently, that this man Demosthenes cares about, is to win applause while he is on the platform but whether or not a little later he will be considered the greatest scoundrel in Hellas, for that he appears to care not a whit. For how could one put any faith in a man who has undertaken to maintain that it was not Philip’s generalship, but my speeches, that enabled Philip to get this side Thermopylae! And he gave you a sort of reckoning and enumeration of the days during which, while I was making my report on the embassy, the couriers of Phalaecus, the Phocian tyrant, were reporting to him how matters stood in Athens, while the Phocians, putting their trust in me, admitted Philip this side Thermopylae, and surrendered their own cities to him.

> Greek: 130. ἀλλʼ ἔμοιγε νὴ τοὺς θεοὺς οὗτος δοκεῖ τοῦτο μόνον λογίζεσθαι, ὅπως μεταξὺ λέγων εὐδοκιμήσει· εἰ δὲ μικρὸν ἐπισχὼν δόξει πονηρότατος τῶν Ἑλλήνων εἶναι, οὐδὲ μικρὸν φροντίζειν. τί γὰρ ἄν τις τοιούτῳ πιστεύσειεν ἀνθρώπῳ, ὃς ἐγκεχείρηκε λέγειν ὡς Φίλιππος, οὐ τοῖς αὑτοῦ στρατηγήμασιν, ἀλλὰ ταῖς ἐμαῖς δημηγορίαις, εἴσω Πυλῶν παρῆλθε; καὶ λογισμόν τινα ἡμερῶν συνηριθμεῖτο πρὸς ὑμᾶς, ἐν αἷς ἐγὼ μὲν ἀπήγγελλον τὴν πρεσβείαν, οἱ δὲ Φαλαίκου τοῦ Φωκέων τυράννου δρομοκήρυκες τἀνθένδε ἐκεῖσε διήγγελλον, πιστεύσαντες δὲ οἱ Φωκεῖς ἐμοὶ εἴσω Πυλῶν αὐτὸν παρεδέξαντο καὶ τὰς πόλεις τὰς αὑτῶν παρέδοσαν.

[¶34] 131. Now all this is the invention of my accuser. It was fortune, first of all, that ruined the Phocians, and she is mistress of all things; and secondly, it was the long continuance of the ten years’ war. For the same thing that built up the power of the tyrants in Phocis, destroyed it also: they established themselves in power by daring to lay hands on the treasures of the shrine, and by the use of mercenaries they put down the free governments; and it was lack of funds that caused their overthrow, when they had spent all their resources on these mercenaries.

> Greek: 131. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ὁ κατήγορος μεμηχάνηται, τὰ δʼ ἐν Φωκεῦσι διεφθάρη πράγματα πρῶτον μὲν διὰ τὴν τύχην, ἣ πάντων ἐστὶ κυρία, ἔπειτα διὰ τὸ μῆκος τοῦ χρόνου καὶ τὸν δεκέτη πόλεμον. τὸ γὰρ αὐτὸ ηὔξησέ τε τῶν ἐν Φωκεῦσι τυράννων τὰ πράγματα καὶ καθεῖλε· κατέστησαν μὲν γὰρ εἰς τὴν ἀρχὴν τολμήσαντες τῶν ἱερῶν χρημάτων ἅψασθαι, καὶ διὰ ξένων τὰς πολιτείας μετέστησαν, κατελύθησαν δʼ ἀπορίᾳ χρημάτων, ἐπειδὴ κατεμισθοφόρησαν τὰ ὑπάρχοντα.

[¶35] 132. the third cause of their ruin was mutiny, such as usually attends armies which are poorly supplied with funds. The fourth cause was Phalaecus’ inability to foresee the future. For it was plain that the Thessalians and Philip were going to take the field; and shortly before the peace with you was concluded, ambassadors came to you from the Phocians, urging you to help them, and offering to hand over to you Alponus, Thronion, and Nicaea, the posts which controlled the roads to Thermopylae.

> Greek: 132. τρίτον δʼ αὐτοὺς καθεῖλεν ἡ τοῖς ἀπορουμένοις στρατοπέδοις συνήθως παρακολουθοῦσα στάσις, τέταρτον δʼ ἡ Φαλαίκου περὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἔσεσθαι πραγμάτων ἄγνοια. ἡ μὲν γὰρ Θετταλῶν καὶ Φιλίππου στρατεία πρόδηλος ἦν, οὐ πολλῷ δὲ χρόνῳ πρότερον πρὶν τὴν πρὸς ὑμᾶς εἰρήνην γενέσθαι, πρέσβεις πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἦλθον ἐκ Φωκέων, βοηθεῖν αὑτοῖς κελεύοντες, καὶ ἐπαγγελλόμενοι παραδώσειν Ἀλπωνὸν καὶ Θρόνιον καὶ Νικαιαν, τὰ τῶν παρόδων τῶν εἰς Πύλας χωρία κύρια.

[¶36] 133. But when you had passed a decree that the Phocians should hand over these posts to your general Proxenus, and that you should man fifty triremes, and that all citizens up to the age of forty years should take part in the expedition, then instead of surrendering the Posts to Proxenus, the tyrants arrested those ambassadors of their own who had offered to hand over the garrison posts to you and when your heralds carried the proclamation of the sacred truce of the Mysteries, the Phocians alone in all Hellas refused to recognize the truce. Again, when Archidamus the Laconian was ready to take over those posts and guard them, the Phocians refused his offer, answering him that it was the danger from Sparta that they feared, not the danger at home.

> Greek: 133. ψηφισαμένων δʼ ὑμῶν παραδοῦναι Προξένῳ τῷ στρατηγῷ τοὺς Φωκέας ταῦτα τὰ χωρία, καὶ πεντήκοντα πληροῦν τριήρεις, καὶ τοὺς μέχρι τετταράκοντα ἐτῶν ἐξιέναι, ἀντὶ τοῦ παραδοῦναι τὰ χωρία Προξένῳ, ἔδησαν οἱ τύραννοι τοὺς πρέσβεις τοὺς ἐπηγγελμένους ὑμῖν παραδώσειν τὰ φυλακτήρια, καὶ τοῖς σπονδοφόροις τοῖς τὰς μυστηριώτιδας σπονδὰς ἐπαγγέλλουσι μόνοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων Φωκεῖς οὐκ ἐσπείσαντο. καὶ πάλιν Ἀρχιδάμου τοῦ Λάκωνος παραλαμβάνειν ὄντος ἑτοίμου τὰ χωρία καὶ φυλάττειν, οὐκ ἐπείσθησαν, ἀλλʼ ἀπεκρίναντο αὐτῷ τὰ τῆς Σπάρτης δεινὰ δεδιέναι καὶ μὴ τὰ παρʼ αὑτοῖς.

[¶37] 134. That was before you had come to terms with Philip; but on the very day when you were discussing the question of the peace, the letter of Proxenus was read to you, in which he said that the Phocians had failed to hand over the posts to him; and on the same day the heralds of the Mysteries reported to you that the Phocians alone in all Hellas had refused the sacred truce, and had, furthermore, arrested the ambassadors who had been here. To prove that I am speaking the truth, please call the heralds of the truce, and the envoys Callicrates and Metagenes, whom Proxenus our general sent to the Phocians, and let the letter of Proxenus be read.

> Greek: 134. κἀνταῦθα οὔπω διελέλυσθε Φιλίππῳ, ἀλλʼ ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἡμέρᾳ περί τε τῆς εἰρήνης ἐβουλεύεσθε, καὶ τῆς ἐπιστολῆς ἠκούετε τῆς Προξένου, ὅτι Φωκεῖς οὐ παραδεδώκασιν αὐτῷ τὰ χωρία, καὶ οἱ τὰ μυστήρια ἐπαγγέλλοντες μόνους τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων ἀπέφαινον Φωκέας οὐ δεδεγμένους τὰς σπονδάς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς δεῦρο ἐληλυθότας πρέσβεις δεδεκότας. ὅτι δὲ ἀληθῆ λέγω, κάλει μοι τοὺς σπονδοφόρους, καὶ τοὺς παρὰ Προξένου τοῦ στρατηγοῦ πρεσβεύσαντας εἰς Φωκέας, Καλλικράτην καὶ Μεταγένην, καὶ τῆς ἐπιστολῆς ἀκούσατε τῆς Προξένου.

[¶38] 135. Testimony. Letter The dates, fellow citizens, taken from the public archives, have been read and compared in your hearing, and you have heard the witnesses, who further testify that before I was elected ambassador, Phalaecus the Phocian tyrant distrusted us and the Lacedaemonians as well, but put his trust in Philip.

> Greek: 135. Μαρτυρίαι. Ἐπιστολή ἀκούετε, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τῶν χρόνων παραναγιγνωσκομένων ἐκ τῶν δημοσίων γραμμάτων, καὶ τῶν μαρτύρων ὑμῖν προσδιαμαρτυρούντων, ὅτι πρὶν ἐμὲ χειροτονηθῆναι πρεσβευτήν, Φάλαικος ὁ τῶν Φωκέων τύραννος ἡμῖν μὲν καὶ Λακεδαιμονίοις ἠπίστει, Φιλίππῳ δʼ ἐπίστευεν.

[¶39] 136. But was Phalaecus the only one who failed to discern what the outcome was going to be? How stood public opinion here? Were you not yourselves all expecting that Philip was going to humble the Thebans, when he saw their audacity, and because he was unwilling to increase the power of men whom he could not trust? And did not the Lacedaemonians take part with us in the negotiations against the Thebans, and did they not finally come into open collision with them in Macedonia and threaten them? Were not the Theban ambassadors themselves perplexed and alarmed? And did not the Thessalians laugh at all the rest and say that the expedition was for their own benefit?

> Greek: 136. ἀλλʼ οὗτος μόνος τὸ συμβησόμενον ἠγνόει; ὑμεῖς δὲ αὐτοὶ δημοσίᾳ πῶς διέκεισθε; οὐ πάντες προσεδοκᾶτε Φίλιππον ταπεινώσειν Θηβαίους, ὁρῶντά τʼ αὐτῶν τὴν θρασύτητα, καὶ τῷ μὴ βούλεσθαι δύναμιν ἀνθρώπων ἀπίστων ἐπαυξῆσαι; Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ οὐ μεθʼ ἡμῶν τἀναντία Θηβαίοις ἐπρέσβευον, καὶ τελευτῶντες προσέκρουον φανερῶς ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ καὶ διηπειλοῦντο; αὐτοὶ δὲ οὐκ ἠπόρουν καὶ ἐφοβοῦντο οἱ τῶν Θηβαίων πρέσβεις; Θετταλοὶ δὲ οὐ κατεγέλων τῶν ἄλλων, ὑπὲρ αὑτῶν φάσκοντες τὴν στρατείαν εἶναι;

[¶40] 137. Did not some of’ Philip’s companions say explicitly to some of us that Philip was going to reestablish the cities in Boeotia? Had not the Thebans already, suspicious of the situation, called out all their reserves and taken the field? And did not Philip, when he saw this, send a letter to you calling upon you to come out with all your forces in defence of the cause of justice? As for those who are now for war, and who call peace cowardice, did they not prevent your going out, in spite of the fact that peace and alliance had been made with Philip? And did they not say that they were afraid he would take your soldiers as hostages?

> Greek: 137. τῶν δʼ ἑταίρων τινὲς τῶν Φιλίππου οὐ διαρρήδην πρός τινας ἡμῶν ἔλεγον ὅτι τὰς ἐν Βοιωτοῖς πόλεις κατοικιεῖ Φίλιππος; Θηβαῖοι δʼ οὐκ ἐξεληλύθεσαν πανδημεί, ἀπιστοῦντες τοῖς πράγμασιν; ὑμῖν δὲ ταῦθʼ ὁρῶν οὐκ ἔπεμψεν ἐπιστολὴν ὁ Φίλιππος, ἐξιέναι πάσῃ τῇ δυνάμει βοηθήσοντας τοῖς δικαίοις; οἱ δὲ νῦν πολεμικοὶ καὶ τὴν εἰρήνην ἀνανδρίαν καλοῦντες, οὐ διεκώλυσαν ὑμᾶς ἐξελθεῖν εἰρήνης καὶ συμμαχίας γεγενημένης, δεδιέναι φάσκοντες μὴ τοὺς στρατιώτας ὑμῶν ὁμήρους λάβῃ Φίλιππος;

[¶41] 138. Was it I, therefore, who prevented the people from imitating our forefathers, or was it you, Demosthenes, and those who were in conspiracy with you against the common good? And was it a safer and more honourable course for the Athenians to take the field at a time when the Phocians were at the height of their madness and at war with Philip, with Alponus and Nicaea in their possession—for Phalaecus had not yet surrendered these posts to the Macedonians—and when those whom we were proposing to aid would not accept the truce for the Mysteries, and when we were leaving the Thebans in our rear: or after Philip had invited us, when we had already received his oaths and had an alliance with him, and when the Thessalians and the other Amphictyons were taking part in the expedition?

> Greek: 138. πότερον οὖν ἐγὼ τοὺς προγόνους ἐκώλυσα τὸν δῆμον μιμεῖσθαι, ἢ σὺ καὶ οἱ μετὰ σοῦ συνεστηκότες ἐπὶ τὰ κοινά; καὶ πότερον ἦν ἀσφαλεστέρα καὶ καλλίων Ἀθηναίοις ἡ ἔξοδος, ἡνίκα ἤκμαζον μὲν τῇ μανίᾳ Φωκεῖς, ἐπολέμουν δὲ Φιλίππῳ, εἶχον δὲ Ἀλπωνὸν καὶ Νίκαιαν, οὔπω παραδόντος Φαλαίκου Μακεδόσι, τὰς σπονδὰς δὲ οἷς ἐμέλλομεν βοηθεῖν τὰς μυστηριώτιδας οὐκ ἐδέχοντο, Θηβαίους δʼ ὄπισθεν κατελείπομεν, ἢ μεταπεμπομένου μὲν Φιλίππου, ὅρκων δʼ ἡμῖν καὶ συμμαχίας γεγενημένης, Θετταλῶν δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Ἀμφικτυόνων στρατευόντων;

[¶42] 139. Was not the latter opportunity far better than the former? But at this later time, thanks to the combination of cowardice and envy in you, Demosthenes, the Athenians brought in their property from the fields, when I was already absent on the third embassy, and appearing before the assembly of the Amphictyons —that embassy on which you dare to say that I set out without having been elected, although, enemy as you are to me, you have never to this day been willing to prosecute me as having wrongly served on it; and we may safely assume that this is not because you begrudge me bodily pains and penalties.

> Greek: 139. οὐ πολλῷ καλλίων οὗτος ἦν ὁ καιρὸς ἐκείνου, ἐν ᾧ διὰ τὴν σὴν ἀνανδρίαν καὶ ἅμα φθόνον ἐσκευαγώγησαν ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν Ἀθηναῖοι, πρεσβεύοντος ἐμοῦ τὴν τρίτην ἤδη πρεσβείαν τὴν ἐπὶ τὸ κοινὸν τῶν Ἀμφικτυόνων, ἐφʼ ἣν τολμᾶς με λέγειν ὡς οὐ χειροτονηθεὶς ᾠχόμην, ἐχθρὸς δʼ ὢν οὐδέπω καὶ τήμερον ἠθέληκάς με εἰσαγγεῖλαι παραπρεσβεύσασθαι; οὐ γὰρ δὴ φθονεῖς γέ μοι τῶν εἰς τὸ σῶμα τιμημάτων.

[¶43] 140. When, therefore, the Thebans were besieging him with their importunities, and our city was in confusion, thanks to you, and the Athenian hoplites were not with him; when the influence of the Thessalians had been added to that of the Thebans, thanks to your shortsightedness and because of the hostility to the Phocians which the Thessalians had inherited from that ancient time when Phocians seized and flogged the Thessalian hostages; and when, before my coming and that of Stephanus, Dercylus, and the rest of the ambassadors, Phalaecus already made terms and departed;

> Greek: 140. τοιγάρτοι Θηβαίων μὲν παρακαθημένων καὶ δεομένων, τῆς δʼ ἡμετέρας πόλεως διὰ σὲ τεθορυβημένης καὶ τῶν Ἀθηναίων ὁπλιτῶν οὐ παρόντων, Θετταλῶν δὲ Θηβαίοις προσθεμένων διὰ τὴν ὑμετέραν ἀβουλίαν καὶ τὴν πρὸς Φωκέας ἔχθραν, ἣ προϋπῆρχε Θετταλοῖς ἐκ παλαιῶς χρόνων, ὅτε αὐτῶν τοὺς ὁμήρους λαβόντες Φωκεῖς κατηλόησαν, Φαλαίκου δὲ πρὶν ἐμὲ ἐλθεῖν καὶ Στέφανον καὶ Δερκύλον καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους πρέσβεις ἀπεληλυθότος ὑποσπόνδου, Ὀρχομενίων δὲ περιφόβων ὄντων καὶ σπονδὰς τοῖς σώμασιν αἰτησάντων, ὥστε ἀπελθεῖν ἐκ τῆς Βοιωτίας, παρεστηκότων μὲν τῶν Θηβαίων πρέσβεων, ὑπολειπομένης δʼ ἔχθρας φανερᾶς Φιλίππῳ πρὸς Θηβαίους καὶ Θετταλούς, τότε ἀπώλοντο αἱ πράξεις οὐ διʼ ἐμέ, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν προδοσίαν καὶ τὴν πρὸς Θηβαίους προξενίαν.

## 4. Sections 141–184

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/aeschines-on-the-embassy/4/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/aeschines-on-the-embassy/4/#p-N

[¶0] 141. Then the people of Orchomenus were in exceeding fear, and had begged for peace, on condition that their lives should be spared and they be allowed to go forth from Boeotia; when the Theban ambassadors were standing by, and when it was plain that Philip was threatened with the hostility of the Thebans and Thessalians: then it was that the cause was lost not from any fault of mine, but thanks to your treachery, Demosthenes, and your hired service to Thebes. Of this I think I can furnish important confirmation from what has actually happened. For if there were any truth in these assertions of yours, the Boeotian fugitives, for whose expulsion I was responsible, and the Phocian exiles, whose restoration I prevented, would be accusing me now. But as a matter of fact they ignore the misfortunes that have come upon them, and satisfied with my loyalty to them, the Boeotian exiles have held a meeting and chosen men to speak in my behalf; and from the towns of Phocis have come ambassadors whose lives I saved when I was representing you before the Amphictyons on the third embassy; for when the representatives from Oetaea went so far as to say that they ought to cast the grown men over the cliffs, I brought the Phocians into the assembly of the Amphictyons and secured a hearing for them. For Phalaecus had made terms for himself and gone, and those who were guiltless were on the point of being put to death; but I pleaded for them, and their lives were spared.

> Greek: 141. μεγάλα δʼ οἶμαι τούτων ἔργῳ σημεῖα ἐπιδείξειν. εἰ γάρ τι τούτων ἀληθὲς ἦν ὧν σὺ λέγεις, κατηγόρουν ἄν μου Βοιωτῶν καὶ Φωκέων οἱ φεύγοντες, ὧν τοὺς μὲν ἐξεβεβλήκειν, τοὺς δʼ ἐκώλυσα κατελθεῖν· νῦν δʼ οὐχὶ τὰ συμβάντα λογιζόμενοι, ἀλλὰ τὴν εὔνοιαν τὴν ἐμὴν ἀποδεχόμενοι, συλλεγέντες οἱ φεύγοντες Βοιωτῶν ᾕρηνταί μοι συνηγόρους, ἥκουσι δʼ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐν Φωκεῦσι πόλεων πρέσβεις, οὓς ἐγὼ τὴν τρίτην πρεσβείαν τὴν ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἀμφικτύονας πρεσβεύων ἔσωσα, Οἰταίων ἐγχειρούντων λέγειν ὡς δεῖ τοὺς ἡβῶντας ὠθεῖν κατὰ τοῦ κρημνοῦ, καὶ παρήγαγον εἰς τοὺς Ἀμφικτύονας, ὥστε ἀπολογίας τυχεῖν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ Φάλαικος ὑπόσπονδος ἀφεῖτο, οἱ δὲ ἀναίτιοι ἀποθνῄσκειν ἔμελλον, συναγορεύοντος δʼ ἐμοῦ διεσώθησαν.

[¶1] 143. To prove that I speak the truth, please call Mnason the Phocian and those who have come with him, and call the delegates chosen by the Boeotian exiles. Come up to the platform, Liparus and Pythion, and do me the same service for the saving of my life that I did for you. Plea of the Boeotians and Phocians Would it not, then, be monstrous treatment for me if I should be convicted when my accuser is Demosthenes, the paid servant of Thebes and the wickedest man in Hellas, while my advocates are Phocians and Boeotians?

> Greek: 143. ὅτι δʼ ἀληθῆ λέγω, κάλει μοι Μνάσωνα τὸν Φωκέα καὶ τοὺς συμπρέσβεις, καὶ τοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν Βοιωτῶν φυγῆς ᾑρημένους. ἀνάβηθι δεῦρο, Λίπαρε καὶ Πυθίων, καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν ἀπόδοτέ μοι χάριν εἰς τὴν τοῦ σώματος σωτηρίαν, ἥνπερ ἐγὼ ὑμῖν. Συνητοπία Βοιωτῶν καὶ Φωκέων πῶς οὖν οὐκ ἂν δεινὰ πάθοιμι, εἰ κατηγοροῦντος μὲν Δημοσθένους τοῦ Θηβαιων προξένου καὶ πονηροτάτου τῶν Ἑλλήνων, συναγορευόντων δέ μοι Φωκέων καὶ Βοιωτῶν ἁλοίην;

[¶2] 144. But he dared to say that I am tripped up by my own words. For he says that when I was prosecuting Timarchus I said that his lewdness was a matter of common report, and that Hesiod, a good poet, says, “But Common Report dies never, the voice that tongues of many men do utter. She also is divine.” He says that this same god comes now and accuses me, for everybody says, according to him, that I have got money from Philip.

> Greek: 144. ἐτόλμησε δʼ εἰπεῖν ὡς ἐγὼ τοῖς ἐμαυτοῦ λόγοις περιπίπτω. φησὶ γάρ με εἰπεῖν, ὅτʼ ἔκρινον Τίμαρχον, ὅτι πάντες κατʼ αὐτοῦ τὴν τῆς πορνείας φήμην παρειλήφασι, τὸν δʼ Ἡσίοδον ποιητὴν ἀγαθὸν ὄντα λέγειν,
φήμη δʼ οὔτις πάμπαν ἀπόλλυται, ἥντινα λαοὶ
πολλοὶ φημίξωσι· θεός νυ τίς ἐστι καὶ αὐτή.
τὴν δʼ αὐτὴν ταύτην θεὸν ἥκειν νῦν κατηγοροῦσαν ἐμοῦ· πάντας γὰρ λέγειν ὡς χρήματα ἔχω παρὰ Φιλίππου.

[¶3] 145. But be assured, fellow citizens, there is the greatest difference between common report and slander. For common report has no affinity with malice, but malice is slander’s own sister. I will define each of them specifically: it is a case of common report when the mass of the people, on their own impulse and for no reason that they can give, say that a certain event has taken place; but it is slander when one person, insinuating an accusation in the minds of the people, calumniates a man in all the meetings of the assembly and before the senate. To Common Report we offer public sacrifice, as to a god, but the slanderer we prosecute, in the name of the people, as a scoundrel. Do not, therefore, join together the most honourable and the most shameful things.

> Greek: 145. εὖ δʼ ἴστε, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ὅτι πλεῖστον διαφέρει φήμη καὶ συκοφαντία. φήμη μὲν γὰρ οὐ κοινωνεῖ διαβολῇ, διαβολὴ δὲ ἀδελφόν ἐστι συκοφαντία. διοριῶ δʼ αὐτῶν ἑκάτερον ἐγὼ σαφῶς. φήμη μέν ἐστιν, ὅταν τὸ πλῆθος τῶν πολιτῶν αὐτόματον ἐκ μηδεμιᾶς προφάσεως λέγῃ τινὰ ὡς γεγενημένην πρᾶξιν· συκοφαντία δʼ ἐστίν, ὅταν πρὸς τοὺς πολλοὺς εἷς ἀνὴρ αἰτίαν ἐμβαλών, ἔν τε ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις ἁπάσαις πρός τε τὴν βουλὴν διαβάλλῃ τινά. καὶ τῇ μὲν φήμῃ δημοσίᾳ θύομεν ὡς θεῷ, τῶν δὲ συκοφαντῶν ὡς κακούργων δημοσίᾳ προβολὰς ποιούμεθα. μὴ οὖν σύναγε εἰς ταὐτὸν τὰ κάλλιστα τοῖς αἰσχίστοις.

[¶4] 146. At many of his charges I was indeed angry, but most of all when he accused me of being a traitor. For to bring such charges as those was to hold me up to public view as a brute, without natural affection, and chargeable in the past with many other sins. Now of my daily life and conduct I think you are competent judges. But facts that escape the public eye, yet are of greatest importance in the opinion of men of character, I will bring into court as my witnesses—facts very many in number and to my credit in the eyes of the law—in order that seeing them you may know what pledges I left at home when I set out for Macedonia on the embassy.

> Greek: 146. ἐπὶ πολλοῖς μὲν οὖν ἔγωγε τῶν κατηγορημένων ἠγανάκτησα, μάλιστα δὲ ἡνίκα ᾐτιᾶτό με εἶναι προδότην· ἅμα γὰρ ταῖς αἰτίαις ταύταις φανῆναί με ἔδει θηριώδη καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἄστοργον καὶ πολλοῖς ἑτέροις πρότερον ἁμαρτήμασι ἔνοχον. τοῦ μὲν οὖν ἐμοῦ βίου καὶ τῆς καθʼ ἡμέραν διαίτης ὑμᾶς δοκιμαστὰς ἱκανοὺς εἶναι νομίζω· ἃ δʼ ἐστὶ τοῖς μὲν πολλοῖς ἀσύνοπτα, τοῖς δὲ χρηστοῖς τὰς Ψυχὰς μέγιστα, τούτων ὑμῖν τὰ πλεῖστα καὶ καλῶς ἔχοντα ἐκ τῶν νόμων ὁρᾶν ἀναβιβῶμαι, ἵνʼ εἰδῆτε τὰς ἐμὰς παρακαταθήκας, ἃς οἴκοι καταλιπὼν εἰς Μακεδονίαν ἐπρέσβευσα.

[¶5] 147. For you, Demosthenes, fabricated these charges against me, but I will tell my story, as I was taught to do from childhood, truthfully. Yonder is my father, Atrometus; there are few older men among all the citizens, for he is now ninety-four years old. When he was a young man, before the war destroyed his property, he was so fortunate as to be an athlete; banished by the Thirty, he served as a soldier in Asia, and in danger he showed himself a man; by birth he was of the phratry that uses the same altars as the Eteobutadae, from whom the priestess of Athena Polias comes; and he helped in the restoration of the democracy, as I said a little while ago.

> Greek: 147. σὺ μὲν γάρ, Δημόσθενες, ταῦτα ἐπλάσω ἐπʼ ἐμέ, ἐγὼ δʼ ὡς ἐπαιδεύθην καὶ δικαίως ἐξηγήσομαι. οὑτοσὶ μέν ἐστί μοι πατὴρ Ἀτρόμητος, σχεδὸν πρεσβύτατος τῶν πολιτῶν· ἔτη γὰρ ἤδη βεβίωκεν ἐνενήκοντα καὶ τέτταρα· συμβέβηκε δὲ αὐτῷ νέῳ μὲν ὄντι, πρὶν τὴν οὐσίαν ἀπολέσαι διὰ τὸν πόλεμον, ἀθλεῖν τῷ σώματι, ἐκπεσόντι δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν τριάκοντα στρατεύεσθαι μὲν ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ, ἀριστεύειν δʼ ἐν τοῖς κινδύνοις, εἶναι δʼ ἐκ φρατρίας τὸ γένος ἣ τῶν αὐτῶν βωμῶν Ἐτεοβουτάδαις μετέχει, ὅθεν ἡ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τῆς Πολιάδος ἐστὶν ἱέρεια, συγκατάγειν δὲ τὸν δῆμον, ὥσπερ καὶ ὀλίγῳ πρότερον εἶπον.

[¶6] 148. It is my good fortune, too, that all the members of my mother’s family are free-born citizens; and to-day I see her here before my eyes in anxiety and fear for my safety. And yet, Demosthenes, this mother of mine went out to Corinth an exile, with her husband, and shared the disasters of the democracy; but you, who claim to be a man—that you really are a man I should not venture to say—you were once indicted for desertion, and you saved yourself by buying off the man who indicted you, Nicodemus of Aphidna, whom afterward you helped Aristarchus to destroy; wherefore you are polluted, and have no right to be invading the market-place.

> Greek: 148. ἐλευθέρους δε μοι συμβέβηκεν εἶναι καὶ τοὺς πρὸς μητρὸς ἅπαντας, ἣ νῦν ἐμοὶ πρὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν προφαίνεται φοβουμένη περὶ τῆς ἐμῆς σωτηρίας καὶ διηπορημένη. καίτοι, Δημόσθενες, ἡ μὲν ἐμὴ μήτηρ ἔφυγε μετὰ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς εἰς Κόρινθον καὶ μετέσχε τῶν πολιτικῶν κακῶν· σὺ δὲ ὁ ἀμφισβητῶν ἀνὴρ εἶναι, οὐ γὰρ ἂν τολμήσαιμι εἰπεῖν ὡς ἀνὴρ εἶ, ἐγράφης λιποταξίου, καὶ τὸν γραψάμενον Νικόδημον τὸν Ἀφιδναῖον χρήμασι πείσας ἐσώθης, ὃν ὕστερον μετὰ Ἀριστάρχου συναπέκτεινας, καὶ οὐ καθαρὸς ὢν εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν ἐμβάλλεις.

[¶7] 149. Philochares yonder, our eldest brother, a man not of ignoble pursuits, as you slanderously assert, but a frequenter of the gymnasia, a one-time comrade of Iphicrates in the field, and a general now for the past three years, has come to beg you to save me. Our youngest brother, too, Aphobetus yonder, who as ambassador to the king of Persia has served you to the credit of the city, who administered your revenues honestly and well when you called him to the department of the treasury, who has gotten him children lawfully—not by putting his wife in Cnosion’s bed, as you, Demosthenes, did yours—he also is here, despite your slanders; for defamation goes no further than the ears.

> Greek: 149. Φιλοχάρης δʼ οὑτοσί, ὁ πρεσβύτατος ἀδελφὸς ἡμῶν, οὐκ ἀγεννεῖς διατριβάς, ὡς σὺ βλασφημεῖς, ἀλλʼ ἐν γυμνασίοις διατρίβων, καὶ μετὰ Ἰφικράτους συνεστρατευμένος, καὶ συνεχῶς ἔτος ἤδη τουτὶ τρίτον στρατηγῶν, ἥκει δεησόμενος ὑμῶν ἐμὲ σῶσαι. Ἀφόβητος δʼ οὑτοσί, ὁ νεώτατος ἡμῶν ἀδελφός, πεπρεσβευκὼς μὲν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἀξίως τῆς πόλεως πρὸς τὸν Περσῶν βασιλέα, καλῶς δὲ καὶ δικαίως τῶν ὑμετέρων προσόδων ἐπιμεληθείς, ὅτε αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν κοινὴν διοίκησιν εἵλεσθε, καὶ πεπαιδοποιημένος κατὰ τοὺς νόμους, ἀλλʼ οὐ Κνωσίωνι τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γυναῖκα παρακατακλίνων, ὥσπερ σύ, πάρεστι καταφρονῶν τῶν σῶν λοιδοριῶν· τὸ γὰρ ψευδὲς ὄνειδος οὐ περαιτέρω τῆς ἀκοῆς ἀφικνεῖται.

[¶8] 150. But you dared to speak about my wife’s family also—so shameless you are and so inherently thankless, you that have neither affection nor respect for Philodemus, the father of Philon and Epicrates, the man by whose good offices you were enrolled among the men of your deme, as the elder Paeanians know. But I am amazed if you dare slander Philon, and that, too, in the presence of the most reputable men of Athens, who, having come in here to render their verdict for the best interest of the state, are thinkingmore about the lives we have lived than what we say.

> Greek: 150. ἐτόλμησας δὲ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἐμῶν κηδεστῶν εἰπεῖν· οὕτως ἀναιδὴς καὶ πόρρωθεν ἀχάριστος εἶ, ὃς Φιλόδημον τὸν Φίλωνος πατέρα καὶ Ἐπικράτους οὐκ ἀγαπᾶς οὐδὲ προσκυνεῖς, διʼ ὃν εἰς τοὺς δημότας ἐνεγράφης, ὡς ἴσασιν οἱ πρεσβύτεροι Παιανιέων. ἐκπέπληγμαι δέ, εἰ σὺ λοιδορεῖν Φίλωνα τολμᾷς, καὶ ταῦτα ἐν τοῖς ἐπιεικεστάτοις Ἀθηναίων, οἳ δεῦρο εἰσεληλύθασι δικάσοντες ἕνεκα τοῦ βελτίστου τῆς πόλεως, καὶ μᾶλλον προσέχουσι τοῖς βίοις ἡμῶν ἢ τοῖς λόγοις.

[¶9] 151. Which think you would they pray heaven to give them, ten thousand hoplites like Philon, so fit in body and so sound of heart, or thrice ten thousand lewd weaklings like you? You try to bring into contempt the good breeding of Epicrates, Philon’s brother; but who ever saw him behaving in an indecent manner, either by day in the Dionysiac procession, as you assert, or by night? For you certainly could never say that he was unobserved, for he was no stranger.

> Greek: 151. πότερα γὰρ ἂν προσδοκᾷς αὐτοὺς εὔξασθαι μυρίους ὁπλίτας ὁμοίους. Φίλωνι γενέσθαι, καὶ τὰ σώματα οὕτω διακειμένους καὶ τὴν Ψυχὴν οὕτω σώφρονας, ἢ τρισμυρίους κιναίδους οἵους περ σύ; καὶ τὴν Ἐπικράτους εὐαγωγίαν, τοῦ Φίλωνος ἀδελφοῦ, ἐπανάγεις εἰς ὀνείδη. καὶ τίς αὐτὸν εἶδε πώποτε ἀσχημονήσαντα, ἢ μεθʼ ἡμέραν, ὡς σὺ φῄς, ἐν τῇ πομπῇ τῶν Διονυσίων, ἢ νύκτωρ; οὐ γὰρ ἂν τοῦτό γʼ εἴποις, ὡς ἔλαθεν· οὐ γὰρ ἠγνοεῖτο.

[¶10] 152. And I myself, gentlemen, have three children, one daughter and two sons, by the daughter of Philodemus, the sister of Philon and Epicrates; and I have brought them into court with the others for the sake of asking one question and presenting one piece of evidence to the jury. This question I will now put to you; for I ask, fellow citizens, whether you believe that I would have betrayed to Philip, not only my country, my personal friendships, and my rights in the shrines and tombs of my fathers, but also these children, the dearest of mankind to me. Do you believe that I would have held his friendship more precious than the safety of these children? By what lust have you seen me conquered? What unworthy act have I ever done for money? It is not Macedon that makes men good or bad, but their own inborn nature; and we have not come back from the embassy changed men, but the same men that you yourselves sent out.

> Greek: 152. ἐμοὶ δέ, ὦ ἄνδρες, ἐκ τῆς Φιλοδήμου θυγατρὸς καὶ Φίλωνος ἀδελφῆς καὶ Ἐπικράτους τρεῖς παῖδές εἰσι, μία μὲν θυγάτηρ, δύο δὲ υἱεῖς· οὓς ἐγὼ δεῦρο ἥκω μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων κομίζων, ἑνὸς ἐρωτήματος ἕνεκα καὶ τεκμηρίου πρὸς τοὺς δικαστάς, ὃ νῦν δὴ ἐρήσομαι. ἐρωτῶ γάρ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, εἰ δοκῶ ἂν ὑμῖν πρὸς τῇ πατρίδι καὶ τῇ τῶν φίλων συνηθείᾳ καὶ ἱερῶν καὶ τάφων πατρῴων μετουσίᾳ τουτουσὶ τοὺς πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἐμοὶ φιλτάτους προδοῦναι Φιλίππῳ, καὶ περὶ πλείονος τὴν ἐκείνου φιλίαν τῆς τούτων σωτηρίας ποιήσασθαι. ποίᾳ κρατηθεὶς ἡδονῇ; ἢ τί πώποτε ἄσχημον ἕνεκα χρημάτων πράξας; οὐ γὰρ ἡ Μακεδονία κακοὺς ἢ χρηστοὺς ποιεῖ, ἀλλʼ ἡ φύσις· οὐδʼ ἐσμὲν ἕτεροί τινες ἥκοντες ἀπὸ τῆς πρεσβείας, ἀλλʼ οἵους ὑμεῖς ἐξεπέμψατε.

[¶11] 153. But in public affairs I have become exceedingly entangled with a cheat and rascal, who not even by accident can speak a truthful word. No: when he is lying, first comes an oath by his shameless eyes, and things that never happened he not only presents as facts, but he even tells the day on which they occurred; and he invents the name of some one who happened to be there, and adds that too, imitating men who speak the truth. But we who are innocent are fortunate in one thing, that he has no intelligence with which to supplement the trickery of his character and his knack of putting words together. For think what a combination of folly and ignorance there must be in the man who could invent such a lie against me as that about the Olynthian woman, such a lie that you shut him up in the midst of his speech. For he was slandering a man who is the farthest removed from any such conduct, and that in the presence of men who know.

> Greek: 153. συμπέπλεγμαι δʼ ἐν τῇ πολιτείᾳ καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν ἀνθρώπῳ γόητι καὶ πονηρῷ, ὃς οὐδʼ ἂν ἄκων ἀληθὲς οὐδὲν εἴποι. ἡγεῖται δέ, ὅταν τι Ψεύδηται, τῶν λόγων ὅρκος κατὰ τῶν ἀναισχύντων ὀφθαλμῶν, καὶ τὰ μὴ γεγενημένα οὐ μόνον ὡς ἔστι λέγει, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν ἡμέραν ἐν ᾗ φησι γενέσθαι· καὶ προστίθησίν τινος ὄνομα πλασάμενος, ὡς ἔτυχε παρών, μιμούμενος τοὺς τἀληθῆ λέγοντας. ἓν δὲ εὐτυχοῦμεν οἱ μηδὲν ἀδικοῦντες, ὅτι πρὸς τῇ τερατείᾳ τοῦ τρόπου καὶ τῇ τῶν ὀνομάτων συνθέσει νοῦν οὐκ ἔχει. σκέψασθε γὰρ ἀφροσύνην ἅμα καὶ ἀπαιδευσίαν τἀνθρώπου, ὃς τοιοῦτον ἐπλάσατο τὸ περὶ τὴν Ὀλυνθίαν γυναῖκα ψεῦδος κατʼ ἐμοῦ, ἐφʼ ᾧ μεταξὺ λέγων ὑφʼ ὑμῶν ἐξερρίφη· τὸν γὰρ πλεῖστον ἀφεστηκότα τῶν τοιούτων πρὸς τοὺς εἰδότας διέβαλλε.

[¶12] 154. But see how far back his preparations for this accusation go. For there is a certain Olynthian living here, Aristophanes by name. Demosthenes was introduced to him by some one, and having found out that he is an able speaker, paid extravagant court to him and won his confidence; this accomplished, he tried to persuade him to give false testimony against me before you, promising, namely, to give him five hundred drachmas on the spot, if he would consent to come into court and complain of me, and say that I was guilty of drunken abuse of a woman of his family, who had been taken captive; and he promised to pay him five hundred more when he should have given the testimony.

> Greek: 154. σκέψασθε δέ, ὡς πόρρωθεν ἐπὶ τὴν αἰτίαν ταύτην παρεσκευάζετο. ἔστι γάρ τις ἐπιδημῶν εἰς τὴν πόλιν Ἀριστοφάνης Ὀλύνθιος· τούτῳ συσταθεὶς ὑπό τινων καὶ πυθόμενος ὡς εἰπεῖν δύναται, ὑπερεκθεραπεύσας αὐτὸν καὶ προσαγαγόμενος, ἔπειθεν ἐμοῦ τὰ ψευδῆ καταμαρτυρεῖν πρὸς ὑμᾶς, κἂν παρελθὼν ἐθελήσῃ σχετλιάσαι σαὶ καὶ λέγειν ὡς εἰς οἰκείαν αὑτοῦ γυναῖκα αἰχμάλωτον γεγενημένην πεπαρῴνηκα, πεντακοσίας μὲν ἤδη δραχμὰς ὑπισχνεῖτο αὐτῷ δώσειν, πεντακοσίας δʼ ἑτέρας, ἐπειδὰν καταμαρτυρήσῃ.

[¶13] 155. But Aristophanes answered him, as he himself told the story, that so far as his exile and present need were concerned, Demosthenes’ aim had not been wide of the mark—indeed no aim could have been closer—but that he had entirely misjudged his character; for he could do nothing of the sort. I will offer Aristophanes himself to testify to the truth of what I say. Please call Aristophanes the Olynthian, and read his testimony, and call those who heard his story and reported it to me—Dercylus, of the deme Hagnus, the son of Autocles, and Aristeides of Cephisia, the son of Euphiletus.

> Greek: 155. ὁ δʼ αὐτῷ ἀπεκρίνατο, ὡς αὐτὸς διηγεῖτο, ὅτι τῆς μὲν φυγῆς καὶ τῆς παρούσης ἀπορίας αὐτῷ οὐ κακῶς, ἀλλʼ ὡς οἷόν τε ἄριστα στοχάζοιτο, τοῦ δὲ τρόπου πλεῖστον εἴη διημαρτηκώς· οὐδὲν γὰρ ἂν τοιοῦτον πρᾶξαι. ὅτι δὲ ἀληθῆ λέγω, αὐτὸν Ἀριστοφάνην μαρτυροῦντα παρέξομαι. κάλει μοι Ἀριστοφάνην Ὀλύθιον, καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἀναγίγνωσκε, καὶ τοὺς ἀκηκοότας αὐτοῦ καὶ πρὸς ἐμὲ ἀγγείλαντας, Δερκύλον Αὐτοκλέους Ἁγνούσιον καὶ Ἀριστείδην Εὐφιλήτου Κηφισιέα.

[¶14] 156. Testimony You hear the sworn testimony. But these wicked arts of rhetoric, which Demosthenes offers to teach our youth, and has now employed against me, his tears and groans for Hellas, and his praise of Satyrus the comic actor, because over the cups he begged of Philip the release of certain friends of his who were captives in chains, digging in Philip’s vineyard—you remember, do you not, how after this preface he lifted up that shrill and abominable voice of his and cried out, “How outrageous that when a man whose business it is to act the parts of a Carion or of a Xanthias showed himself so noble and generous, Aeschines, the counsellor of the greatest city, the adviser of the Ten Thousand of Arcadia, did not restrain his insolence, but in drunken heat, when Xenodocus, one of the picked corps of Philip, was entertaining us, seized a captive woman by the hair, and took a strap and flogged her!”

> Greek: 156. Μαρτυρίαι τῶν μὲν μαρτύρων διομνυμένων καὶ μαρτυρούντων ἀκούετε· τὰς δʼ ἀνοσίους ταύτας τῶν λόγων τέχνας, ἃς οὗτος πρὸς τοὺς νέους ἐπαγγέλλεται καὶ κέχρηται νυνὶ κατʼ ἐμοῦ, ἆρα μέμνησθε, ὡς ἐπιδακρύσας καὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα κατοδυράμενος, καὶ Σάτυρον τὸν κωμικὸν ὑποκριτὴν προσεπαινέσας, ὅτι ξένους τινὰς ἑαυτοῦ αἰχμαλώτους σκάπτοντας ἐν τῷ Φιλίππου ἀμπελουργείῳ καὶ δεδεμένους παρὰ πότον ἐξῃτήσατο παρὰ Φιλίππου, ταῦθʼ ὑποθεὶς ἐπεῖπεν ἐντεινάμενος ταύτην τὴν ὀξεῖαν καὶ ἀνόσιον φωνήν, ὡς δεινόν, εἰ ὁ μὲν τοὺς Καρίωνας καὶ Ξανθίας ὑποκρινόμενος οὕτως εὐγενὴς καὶ μεγαλόψυχος γένοιτο, ἐγὼ δʼ ὁ τῆς μεγίστης σύμβουλος πόλεως, ὁ τοὺς μυρίους Ἀρκάδων νουθετῶν, οὐ κατάσχοιμι τὴν ὓβριν, ἀλλὰ παραθερμανθείς, ὅθʼ ἡμᾶς εἱστία Ξενόδοκος τῶν ἑταίρων τις τῶν Φιλιππου, ἕλκοιμι τῶν τριχῶν καὶ λαβὼν ῥυτῆρα μαστιγοίην αἰχμάλωτον γυναῖκα.

[¶15] 158. If you had believed him, or Aristophanes had helped him out in his his against me, I should have been destroyed under shameful accusations. Will you therefore harbour longer in your midst guilt that is so fraught with doom to itself—God grant it be not to the city!—and will you, who purify your assembly, offer the prayers that are contained in your decrees on motion of this man, as you send your troops out by land or sea? You know the words of Hesiod:
“Ofttimes whole peoples suffer from one man”
“Whose deeds are sinful and whose purpose base.”

> Greek: 158. οὐκοῦν εἰ ὑμεῖς αὐτῷ ἐπιστεύσατε, ἢ Ἀριστοφάνης μου συγκατεψεύσατο, ἐπʼ αἰσχραῖς αἰτίαις ἀπωλόμην ἄν. ἐάσετε οὖν τὸ τοιοῦτον αὑτοῦ προστρόπαιον, μὴ γὰρ δὴ τῆς πόλεώς γε, ἐν ὑμῖν ἀναστρέφεσθαι; καὶ τὴν μὲν ἐκκλησίαν καθαίρετε, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ψηφίσμασι διὰ τούτου τὰς εὐχὰς ποιήσεσθε, καὶ στρατιὰν ἢ πεζὴν ἢ ναυτικὴν ἐκπέμψετε; καὶ μὴν ὅ γε Ἡσίοδος λέγει,
πολλάκι τοι ξύμπασα πόλις κακοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἀπηύρα,
ὅς κεν ἀλιτραίνῃ καὶ ἀτάσθαλα μηχανάαται.

[¶16] 159. One thing more I wish to add to what I have said: if there is anywhere among mankind any form of wickedness in which I fail to show that Demosthenes is preeminent, let my death be your verdict. But I think many difficulties attend a defendant: his danger calls his mind away from his anger, to the search for such arguments as shall secure his safety, and it causes him earnest thought lest he overlook some one of the accusations which have been brought against him. I therefore invite you, and at the same time myself, to recall the accusations.

> Greek: 159. ἓν δὲ πρὸς τοῖς εἰρημένοις εἰπεῖν ἔτι βούλομαι. εἰ γάρ πού τις ἔστι κακία κατʼ ἀνθρώπους, ἂν μὴ πρωτεύοντα περὶ ταύτην ἀποδείξω Δημοσθένην, θανάτου τιμῶμαι. ἀλλʼ οἶμαι πολλὰ καὶ χαλεπὰ παρακολουθεῖ τῷ κρινομένῳ, καὶ μετακαλεῖ τὴν ψυχὴν ἀπὸ τῆς ὀργῆς ὁ κίνδυνος ἐπὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῆς σωτηρίας λόγους, καὶ διαλογισμὸν παρίστησι, μή τι παραλίπῃ τῶν κατηγορημένων. ὥστε ἅμα μὲν ὑμᾶς, ἅμα δὲ ἐμαυτὸν εἰς ἀνάμνησιν τῶν κατηγορημένων ἀγαγεῖν βούλομαι.

[¶17] 160. Consider, then, one by one, fellow citizens, the possible grounds for my prosecution: what decree have I proposed, what law have I repealed, what law have I kept from being passed, what covenant have I made in the name of the city, what vote as to the peace have I annulled, what have I added to the terms of peace that you did not vote?

> Greek: 160. σκοπεῖτε γὰρ δὴ καθʼ ἕκαστον, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ποῖον ἐγὼ ψήφισμα γράψας κρίνομαι, ἢ ποῖον νόμον λύσας, ἢ ποῖον γενέσθαι κωλύσας, ἢ τίνας ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως συνθήκας ποιησάμενος, ἢ τί τῶν δεδογμένων περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης ἀπαλείψας, ἢ τί τῶν μὴ δοξάντων ὑμῖν προσγράψας.

[¶18] 161. The peace failed to please some of our public men. Then ought they not to have opposed it at the time, instead of putting me on trial now? Certain men who were getting rich out of the war from your war-taxes and the revenues of the state, have now been stopped; for peace does not feed laziness. Shall those, then, who are not wronged, but are themselves wronging the city, punish the man who was sponsor for the peace, 1 and will you, who are benefited by it, leave in the lurch men who have proved themselves useful to the commonwealth?

> Greek: 161. οὐκ ἤρεσκέ τισι τῶν ῥητόρων ἡ εἰρήνη· ἔπειτα οὐ τότε ἀντιλέγειν αὐτοὺς ἐχρῆν, ἀλλὰ μὴ νῦν ἐμὲ κρίνειν; ἐπλούτουν τινὲς ἐκ τοῦ πολέμου, ἀπὸ τῶν ὑμετέρων εἰσφορῶν καὶ τῶν δημοσίων προσόδων, νῦν δὲ πέπαυνται· εἰρήνη γὰρ ἀργίαν οὐ τρέφει· ἔπειτα οἱ μὲν οὐκ ἀδικούμενοι, ἀλλʼ ἀδικοῦντες τὴν πόλιν, τιμωρήσονται τὸν προστάντα τῆς εἰρήνης, οἱ ὠφελούμενοι τοὺς χρησίμους εἰς τὰ κοινὰ γενομένους ἐγκαταλείψετε;

[¶19] 162. Yes, my accuser says, because I joined Philip in singing paeans when the cities of Phocis had been razed. What evidence could be sufficient to prove that charge? I was, indeed, invited to receive the ordinary courtesies, as were my colleagues in the embassy. Those who were invited and were present at the banquet, including the ambassadors from other Hellenic states, were not less than two hundred. And so it seems that among all these I was conspicuous, not by my silence, but by joining in the singing—for Demosthenes says so, who was not there himself, and presents no witness from among those who were.

> Greek: 162. συνῇδον γὰρ τοὺς παιᾶνας Φιλίππῳ, κατεσκαμμένων τῶν ἐν Φωκεῦσι πόλεων, ὥς φησιν ὁ κατήγορος. καὶ ποίῳ δύναιτʼ ἄν τις τεκμηρίῳ τοῦτο σαφῶς ἐπιδεῖξαι; ἐκλήθην μὲν γὰρ ἐπὶ τὰ ξένια μετὰ τῶν συμπρέσβεων, ἦσαν δʼ οἱ κλητοὶ καὶ συνδειπνοῦντες σὺν ταῖς ἀπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων πρεσβείαις οὐκ ἐλάττους ἢ διακόσιοι. ἐν δὲ τούτοις ὡς ἔοικεν ἐγὼ διαφανὴς ἦν οὐχ ὑποσιγῶν, ἀλλὰ συνᾴδων, ὥς φησι Δημοσθένης, οὔτʼ αὐτὸς παρών, οὔτε τῶν ἐκεῖ παρόντων οὐδένα παρασχόμενος μάρτυρα.

[¶20] 163. Who would have noticed me, unless I was a sort of precentor and led the chorus? Therefore if I was silent, your charge is false; but if, with our fatherland safe and no harm done to my fellow citizens, I joined the other ambassadors in singing the paean when the god was being magnified and the Athenians in no wise dishonored, I was doing a pious act and no wrong, and I should justly be acquitted. Am I, forsooth, because of this to be considered as a man who knows no pity, but you a saint, you, the accuser of men who have shared your bread and cup?

> Greek: 163. καὶ τῷ δῆλος ἦ, εἰ μή γε ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς χοροῖς προῇδον; οὐκοῦν εἰ μὲν ἐσίγων, ψευδῆ μου κατηγορεῖς· εἰ δὲ ὀρθῆς ἡμῖν τῆς πατρίδος οὔσης, καὶ τῶν πολιτῶν κοινῇ μηδὲν ἀτυχούντων, συνῇδον μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων πρέσβεων τὸν παιᾶνα, ἡνίκα ὁ θεὸς μὲν ἐτιμᾶτο, Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ μηδὲν ἠδόξουν, εὐσέβουν, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἠδίκουν, καὶ δικαίως ἂν σῳζοίμην. ἔπειτα ἐγὼ μὲν διὰ ταῦτα ἀνηλεής τις εἰμὶ ἄνθρωπος, σὺ δὲ εὐσεβὴς ὁ τῶν ὁμοσπόνδων καὶ συσσίτων κατήγορος;

[¶21] 164. But you have also reproached me with inconsistency in my political action, in that I have served as ambassador to Philip, when I had previously been summoning the Greeks to oppose him. And yet, if you choose, you may bring this charge against the rest of the Athenian people as a body. You, gentlemen, once fought the Lacedaemonians, and then after their misfortune at Leuctra you aided the same people. You once restored Theban exiles to their country, and again you fought against them at Mantineia. You fought against Themison and the Eretrians, and again you saved them. And you have before now treated countless others of the Hellenes in the same way. For in order to attain the highest good the individual, and the state as well, is obliged to change front with changing circumstances.

> Greek: 164. ὠνείδισας δέ μοι καὶ πολιτείας ἐμπληξίαν, εἰ πεπρέσβευκα πρὸς Φίλιππον, πρότερον παρακαλῶν ἐπʼ ἐκεῖνον τοὺς Ἕλληνας. καίτοι ταύτην, εἰ βούλει, τὴν κατηγορίαν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Ἀθηναίων δημοσίᾳ κατηγορήσεις. ἐπολεμεῖτε Λακεδαιμονίοις, καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἐν Λεύκτροις συμφορὰν τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἐβοηθεῖτε· κατηγάγετε εἰς τὴν πατρίδα φεύγοντας Θηβαίους, καὶ πάλιν τούτοις ἐμαχέσασθε ἐν Μαντινείᾳ· ἐπολεμήσατε Ἐρετριεῦσι καὶ Θεμίσωνι, καὶ πάλιν αὐτοὺς ἐσώσατε. καὶ μυρίοις ἄλλοις ἤδη τῶν Ἑλλήνων οὕτω κέχρησθε· τοῖς γὰρ καιροῖς συμπεριφέρεσθαι ἀνάγκη πρὸς τὸ κράτιστον καὶ τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ τὴν πόλιν.

[¶22] 165. But what is the good counsellor to do? Is he not to give the state the counsel that is best in view of each present situation? And what shall the rascally accuser say? Is he not to conceal the occasion and condemn the act? And the born traitor—how shall we recognize him? Will he not imitate you, Demosthenes, in his treatment of those whom chance throws in his way and who have trusted him? Will he not take pay for writing speeches for them to deliver in the courts, and then reveal the contents of these speeches to their opponents? You wrote a speech for the banker Phormion and were paid for it: this speech you communicated to Apollodorus, who was bringing a capital charge against Phormion.

> Greek: 165. τὸν δὲ ἀγαθὸν σύμβουλον τί χρὴ ποιεῖν; οὐ τῇ πόλει πρὸς τὸ παρὸν τὰ βέλτιστα συμβουλεύειν; τὸν δὲ πονηρὸν κατήγορον τί; οὐ τοὺς καιροὺς ἀποκρυπτόμενον τῆς πράξεως κατηγορεῖν; τὸν δὲ ἐκ φύσεως προδότην πῶς χρὴ θεωρεῖν; ἆρά γε οὐχ ὡς σὺ τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι καὶ πιστεύσασι κέχρησαι, λόγους εἰς δικαστήρια γράφοντα μισθοῦ, τούτους ἐκφέρειν τοῖς ἀντιδίκοις; ἔγραψας λόγον Φορμίωνι τῷ τραπεζίτῃ χρήματα λαβών· τοῦτον ἐξήνεγκας Ἀπολλοδώρῳ τῷ περὶ τοῦ σώματος κρίνοντι Φορμίωνα.

[¶23] 166. You entered a happy home, that of Aristarchus the son of Moschus; you ruined it. You received three talents from Aristarchus in trust as he was on the point of going into exile; you cheated him out of the money that was to have aided him in his fight, and were not ashamed of the reputation to which you laid claim, that of being a wooer of the young man’s bodily charms—an absurd story, of course, for genuine love has no place for rascality. That conduct, and conduct like that, defines the traitor.

> Greek: 166. εἰσῆλθες εἰς εὐδαιμονοῦσαν οἰκίαν τὴν Ἀριστάρχου τοῦ Μόσχου· ταύτην ἀπώλεσας. Προὔλαβες τρία τάλαντα παρʼ Ἀριστάρχου προσεποιήσω, ζηλωτὴς εἶναι τῆς ἡλικίας τοῦ μειρακίου. οὐ γὰρ δὴ τῇ γε ἀληθείᾳ· οὐ γὰρ προσδέχεται δίκαιος ἔρως πονηρίαν. ταῦτʼ ἐστὶν ὁ προδότης καὶ τὰ τούτοις ὅμοια.

[¶24] 167. But he spoke, I believe, about service in the field, and named me “the fine soldier.” But I think, in view of my present peril rather than of his slander, I may without offence speak of these matters also. For where, or when, or to whom, shall I speak of them, if I led this day go by? As soon as I passed out of boyhood I became one of the frontier guards of this land for two years. As witnesses to this statement, I will call my fellow cadets and our officers.

> Greek: 167. ἐμνήσθη δέ που περὶ στρατείας, καὶ καλὸν στρατιώτην ἐμὲ ὠνόμασεν. ἐγὼ δὲ οὐχ ἕνεκα τῆς τούτου βλασφημίας, ἀλλὰ τοῦ παρόντος κινδύνου προνοούμενος, καὶ περὶ τούτων ἀνεπίφθονον λέγειν εἶναί μοι νομίζω· ποῦ γὰρ ἢ πότε αὐτῶν ἢ πρὸς τίνας, παραλιπὼν τήνδε τὴν ἡμέραν, μνησθήσομαι; ἐκ παίδων μὲν γὰρ ἀπαλλαγεὶς περίπολος τῆς χώρας ταύτης ἐγενόμην δύʼ ἔτη, καὶ τούτων ὑμῖν τοὺς συνεφήβους καὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας ἡμῶν μάρτυρας παρέξομαι·

[¶25] 168. My first experience in the field was in what is called “division service,” when I was with the other men of my age and the mercenary troops of Alcibiades, who convoyed the provision train to Phleius. We fell into danger near the place known as the Nemean ravine, and I so fought as to win the praise of my officers. I also served on the other expeditions in succession, whether we were called out by age-groups or by divisions. I fought in the battle of Mantineia, not without honour to myself or credit to the city. I took part in the expeditions to Euboea, and at the battle of Tamynae as a member of the picked corps I so bore myself in danger that I received a wreath of honour then and there, and another at the hands of the people on my arrival home; for I brought the news of the Athenian victory, and Temenides, taxiarch of the tribe Pandionis, who was despatched with me from camp, told here how I had borne myself in the face of the danger that befell us.

> Greek: 168. πρώτην δʼ ἐξελθὼν στρατείαν τὴν ἐν τοῖς μέρεσι καλουμένην, καὶ συμπαραπέμπων μετὰ τῶν ἡλικιωτῶν καὶ τῶν Ἀλκιβιάδου ξένων τὴν εἰς Φλειοῦντα παραπομπήν, κινδύνου συμβάντος ἡμῖν περὶ τὴν Νεμεάδα καλουμένην χαράδραν, οὕτως ἠγωνισάμην, ὥστε ὑπὸ τῶν ἡγεμόνων ἐπαινεῖσθαι· καὶ τὰς ἄλλας τὰς ἐκ διαδοχῆς ἐξόδους τὰς ἐν τοῖς ἐπωνύμοις καὶ τοῖς μέρεσιν ἐξῆλθον, καὶ τὴν ἐν Μαντινείᾳ μάχην συνεμαχεσάμην οὐκ αἰσχρῶς οὐδʼ ἀναξίως τῆς πόλεως, καὶ τὰς εἰς Εὔβοιαν στρατείας ἐστρατευσάμην, καὶ τὴν ἐν Ταμύναις μάχην ἐν τοῖς ἐπιλέκτοις οὕτως ἐκινδύνευσα, ὥστε κἀκεῖ στεφανωθῆναι καὶ δεῦρο ἥκων πάλιν ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου, τήν τε νίκην τῆς πόλεως ἀπαγγείλας, καὶ Τεμενίδου τοῦ τῆς Πανδιονίδος ταξιάρχου καὶ συμπρεσβεύσαντος ἀπὸ στρατοπέδου μοι δευρὶ περὶ τὸν γενόμενον κίνδυνον οἷος ἦν ἀπαγγείλαντος.

[¶26] 170. But to prove that I am speaking the truth, please take this decree, and call Temenides and those who were my comrades in the expedition in the service of the city, and call Phocion, the general, not yet to plead for me, if it please the jury, but as a witness who cannot speak falsely without exposing himself to the libellous attacks of my prosecutor.

> Greek: 170. ὅτι δὲ ἀληθῆ λέγω, λαβέ μοι τοῦτο τὸ ψήφισμα, καὶ κάλει τὸν Τεμενίδην καὶ τοὺς συνεστρατευμένους μοι τὰς ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως στρατείας καὶ Φωκίωνα τὸν στρατηγόν, μήπω συνήγορον, ἂν τούτοις συνδοκῇ, ἀλλʼ ὑπεύθυνον τῷ συκοφάντῃ μάρτυρα, ἐὰν ψεύδηται.

[¶27] 171. Decree. Testimony Since, then, it was I who brought you the first news of the victory of the city and the success of your sons, I ask of you this as my first reward, the saving of my life. For I am not a hater of the democracy, as my accuser asserts, but a hater of wickedness; and I am not one who forbids your “imitating the forefathers” of Demosthenes —for he has none—but one who calls upon you to emulate those policies which are noble and salutary to the state. Those policies I will now review somewhat more specifically, beginning with early times.

> Greek: 171. Ψήφισμα. Μαρτυρίαι ἀγγείλας τοίνυν πρῶτος τὴν τῆς πόλεως νίκην ὑμῖν καὶ τὴν τῶν παίδων τῶν ὑμετέρων κατόρθωσιν, πρώτην ταύτην ὑμᾶς ἀπαιτῶ χάριν, τὴν τοῦ σώματος σωτηρίαν, οὐ μισόδημος ὤν, ὥς φησιν ὁ κατήγορος, ἀλλὰ μισοπόνηρος, οὐδὲ τοὺς Δημοσθένους ὑμᾶς οὐκ ἐῶν προγόνους μιμεῖσθαι, οὐ γὰρ εἰσίν, ἀλλὰ τῶν καλῶν καὶ τῇ πόλει σωτηρίων βουλευμάτων ζηλωτὰς εἶναι παρακαλῶν. νῦν δʼ αὐτὰ πόρρωθεν ἀρξάμενος μικρῷ δίειμι σαφέστερον.

[¶28] 172. In former days, after the battle of Salamis, our city stood in high repute, and although our walls had been thrown down by the barbarians, yet so long as we had peace with the Lacedaemonians we preserved our democratic form of government. But when certain men had stirred up trouble and finally caused us to become involved in war with the Lacedaemonians, then, after we had suffered and inflicted many losses, Miltiades, the son of Cimon, who was proxenus of the Lacedaemonians, negotiated with them, and we made a truce for fifty years, and kept it thirteen years.

> Greek: 172. πρότερον ἡ πόλις ἡμῶν εὐδόξησε μετὰ τὴν ἐν Σαλαμῖνι ναυμαχίαν, καὶ τῶν τειχῶν ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων πεπτωκότων, εἰρήνης δʼ ὑπαρχούσης πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους, διέμεινεν ἡμῖν τὸ τῆς δημοκρατίας πολίτευμα. συνταραχθέντες δὲ ὑπό τινων, καὶ καταστάντες πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους εἰς πόλεμον, πολλὰ καὶ παθόντες κακὰ καὶ ποιήσαντες, Μιλτιάδου τοῦ Κίμωνος προκηρυκευσαμένου πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους, ὄντος προξένου, σπονδὰς πεντηκονταετεῖς ἐποιησάμεθα, ἐχρησάμεθα δὲ ἔτη τριακαίδεκα.

[¶29] 173. During this period we fortified the Peiraeus and built the north wall; we added one hundred new triremes to our fleet; we also equipped three hundred cavalrymen and bought three hundred Scythians; and we held the democratic constitution unshaken. But meanwhile men who were neither free by birth nor of fit character had intruded into our body politic, and finally we became involved in war again with the Lacedaemonians, this time because of the Aeginetans.

> Greek: 173. ἐν δὲ τούτῳ τῷ χρόνῳ ἐτειχίσαμεν μὲν τὸν Πειραιᾶ καὶ τὸ βόρειον τεῖχος ᾠκοδομήσαμεν, ἑκατὸν δὲ τριήρεις πρὸς ταῖς ὑπαρχούσαις ἐναυπηγησάμεθα, τριακοσίους δʼ ἱππέας προσκατεσκευασάμεθα, καὶ τριακοσίους Σκύθας ἐπριάμεθα, καὶ τὴν δημοκρατίαν βεβαίως εἴχομεν. Παρεμπεσόντων δʼ εἰς τὴν πολιτείαν ἡμῶν οὐκ ἐλευθέρων ἀνθρώπων καὶ τοῖς τρόποις οὐ μετρίων, πάλιν πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους διʼ Αἰγινήτας εἰς πόλεμον κατέστημεν, κἀνταῦθα οὐκ ὀλίγα βλαβέντες, τῆς μὲν εἰρήνης ἐπεθυμήσαμεν, Ἀνδοκίδην δʼ ἐκπέμψαντες πρὸς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους καὶ τοὺς συμπρέσβεις, εἰρήνην ἔτη τριάκοντα ἠγάγομεν, ἣ τὸν δῆμον ὑψηλὸν ἦρεν·

[¶30] 174. In this war we received no small injury, and became desirous of peace. We therefore sent Andocides and other ambassadors to the Lacedaemonians and negotiated a peace, which we kept for thirty years. This peace brought the democracy to the height of its prosperity. For we deposited on the Acropolis a thousand talents of coined money we built one hundred additional triremes, and constructed dockyards; we formed a corps of twelve hundred cavalry and a new force of as many bowmen, and the southern long wall was built; and no man undertook to overthrow the democratic constitution.

> Greek: 174. χίλια μὲν γὰρ τάλαντα ἀνηνέγκαμεν νομίσματος εἰς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν, ἑκατὸν δὲ τριήρεις ἑτέρας ἐναυπηγησάμεθα καὶ νεωσοίκους ᾠκοδομήσαμεν, χιλίους δὲ καὶ διακοσίους ἱππέας κατεστήσαμεν καὶ τοξότας ἑτέρους τοσούτους, καὶ τὸ μακρὸν τεῖχος τὸ νότιον ἐτειχίσθη, καὶ τὸν δῆμον οὐδεὶς ἐνεχείρησε καταλῦσαι.

[¶31] 175. But again we were persuaded to go to war, now because of the Megarians. Having given up our land to be ravaged, and suffering great privations, we longed for peace, and finally concluded it through Nicias, the son of Niceratus. In the period that followed we again deposited treasure in the Acropolis, seven thousand talents, thanks to this peace, and we acquired triremes, seaworthy and fully equipped, no fewer than three hundred in number; a yearly tribute of more than twelve hundred talents came in to us; we held the Chersonese, Naxos, and Euboea, and in these years we sent out a host of colonies.

> Greek: 175. πάλιν δὲ εἰς πόλεμον διὰ Μεγαρέας πεισθέντες καταστῆναι, καὶ τὴν χώραν τμηθῆναι προέμενοι καὶ πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν στερηθέντες, εἰρήνης ἐδεήθημεν, καὶ ἐποιησάμεθα διὰ Νικίου τοῦ Νικηράτου. καὶ πάλιν ἐν τῷ χρόνῳ τούτῳ ἑπτακισχίλια τάλαντα ἀνηνέγκαμεν εἰς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν διὰ τὴν εἰρήνην ταύτην, τριήρεις δʼ ἐκτησάμεθα πλωίμους καὶ ἐντελεῖς οὐκ ἐλάττους ἢ τριακοσίας, φόρος δʼ ἡμῖν κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν προσῄει πλέον ἢ χίλια καὶ διακόσια τάλαντα, καὶ Χερρόνησον καὶ Νάξον καὶ Εὔβοιαν εἴχομεν, πλείστας δʼ ἀποικίας ἐν τοῖς χρόνοις τούτοις ἀπεστείλαμεν.

[¶32] 176. Though the blessings we were enjoying were so great, we again brought war against the Lacedaemonians, persuaded by the Argives; and at last, in consequence of the eagerness of our public men for war, we sank so low as to see a Spartan garrison in our city, and the Four Hundred, and the impious Thirty; and it was not the making of peace that caused this, but we were forced by orders laid upon us. But when again a moderate government had been established, and the exiled democracy had come back from Phyle, with Archinus and Thrasybulus as the leaders of the popular party, we took the solemn oath with one another “to forgive and forget” an act which, in the judgment of all men, won for our state the reputation of the highest wisdom. The democracy then took on new life and vigour. But now men who have been illegally registered as citizens, constantly attaching to themselves what ever element in the city is corrupt, and following a policy of war after war, in peace ever prophesying danger, and so working on ambitious and over excitable minds, yet when war comes never touching arms themselves, but getting into office as auditors and naval commissioners—men whose mistresses are the mothers of their offspring, and whose slanderous tongues ought to disfranchise them—these men are bringing the state into extreme peril, fostering the name of democracy, not by their character, but by their flatteries, trying to put an end to the peace, wherein lies the safety of the democracy, and in every way fomenting war, the destroyer of popular government.

> Greek: 176. καὶ τοσαῦτʼ ἔχοντες τἀγαθά, πάλιν πόλεμον πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους ἐξηνέγκαμεν πεισθέντες ὑπʼ Ἀργείων, καὶ τελευτῶντες ἐκ τῆς τῶν ῥητόρων ἁψιμαχίας εἰς φρουρὰν τῆς πόλεως καὶ τοὺς τετρακοσίους καὶ τοὺς ἀσεβεῖς τριάκοντα ἐνεπέσομεν, οὐκ εἰρήνην ποιησάμενοι, ἀλλʼ ἐκ προσταγμάτων ἠναγκασμένοι. πάλιν δὲ σωφρόνως πολιτευθέντες, καὶ τοῦ δήμου κατελθόντος ἀπὸ Φυλῆς, Ἀρχίνου καὶ Θρασυβούλου προστάντων τοῦ δήμου, καὶ τὸ μὴ μνησικακεῖν πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἔνορκον ἡμῖν καταστησάντων, ὅθεν σοφωτάτην ἅπαντες τὴν πόλιν ἡγήσαντο εἶναι, κἀνταῦθα ἀναφύντος τοῦ δήμου καὶ πάλιν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἰσχύσαντος, ἄνθρωποι παρέγγραπτοι γεγενημένοι πολῖται, καὶ τὸ νοσοῦν τῆς πόλεως ἀεὶ προσαγόμενοι, καὶ πόλεμον ἐκ πολέμου πολιτευόμενοι, ἐν μὲν εἰρήνῃ τὰ δεινὰ τῷ λόγῳ προορώμενοι, καὶ τὰς ψυχὰς τὰς φιλοτίμους καὶ λίαν ὀξείας ἐρεθίζοντες, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πολέμοις ὅπλων οὐχ ἁπτόμενοι, ἐξετασταὶ δὲ καὶ ἀποστολεῖς γιγνόμενοι, παιδοποιούμενοι δὲ ἐξ ἑταιρῶν, ἄτιμοι δʼ ἐκ συκοφαντίας, εἰς τοὺς ἐσχάτους κινδύνους τὴν πόλιν καθιστᾶσι, τὸ μὲν τῆς δημοκρατίας ὄνομα οὐ τοῖς ἤθεσιν, ἀλλὰ τῇ κολακείᾳ θεραπεύοντες, καταλύοντες δὲ τὴν εἰρήνην, ἐξ ἧς ἡ δημοκρατία σῴζεται, συναγωνιζόμενοι δὲ τοῖς πολέμοις, ἐξ ὧν ὁ δῆμος καταλύεται.

[¶33] 178. These are the men who now are making a concerted attack on me; they say that Philip bought the peace, that he overreached us at every point in the articles of agreement, and that the peace which he contrived for his own interests, he himself has violated. And they put me on trial, not as an ambassador, but as a surety for Philip and the peace; the man who had nothing but words under his control they call to account for deeds—deeds that existed only in their own imagination. And the very man whom I exhibit to you as my eulogist in the public decrees, I have found as my accuser in the court-room. And although I was but one of ten ambassadors, I alone am made to give account.

> Greek: 178. οὗτοι νῦν ἐπʼ ἐμὲ συστραφέντες ἥκουσι, καὶ φασὶ μὲν τὸν Φίλιππον τὴν εἰρήνην πρίασθαι, καὶ προλαβεῖν ἡμῶν ἐν ταῖς συνθήκαις ἅπαντα, ἣν δʼ αὐτὸς εὗρεν εἰρήνην αὑτῷ συμφέρουσαν, ταύτην παραβεβηκέναι. ἐμὲ δʼ οὐχ ὡς πρεσβευτὴν κρίνουσιν, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἐγγυητὴν Φιλίππου καὶ τῆς εἰρήνης· καὶ τὸν τῶν λόγων κύριον τὰς τῶν ἔργων προσδοκίας ἀπαιτοῦσι. τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ ἐν μὲν τοῖς ψηφίσμασιν ἐπαινέτην ἐπιδείκνυμι, ἐν δὲ τῷ δικαστηρίῳ κατηγόρῳ κέχρημαι. δέκατος δʼ αὐτὸς πρεσβεύσας, μόνος τὰς εὐθύνας δίδωμι.

[¶34] 179. To plead with you in my behalf are present my father, whom I beg of you not to rob of the hopes of his old age; my brothers, who would have no desire for life if I should be torn from them; my connections by marriage; and these little children, who do not yet realize their danger, but are to be pitied if disaster fall on us. For them I beg and beseech you to take earnest thought, and not to give them over into the hands of our enemies, or of a creature who is no man—no better in spirit than a woman.

> Greek: 179. κἀμοὶ συνδεησόμενοι πάρεισιν ὑμῶν πατὴρ μέν, οὗ τὰς τοῦ γήρως ἐλπίδας μὴ ἀφέλησθε, ἀδελφοὶ δέ, οἳ διαζυγέντες ἐμοῦ ζῆν οὐκ ἂν προέλοιντο, κηδεσταὶ δὲ καὶ ταυτὶ τὰ μικρὰ παιδία καὶ τοὺς μὲν κινδύνους οὔπω συνιέντα, ἐλεινὰ δέ, εἴ τι συμβήσεται ἡμῖν παθεῖν. ὑπὲρ ὧν ἐγὼ δέομαι καὶ ἱκετεύω πολλὴν πρόνοιαν ποιήσασθαι, καὶ μὴ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς αὐτοὺς μηδʼ ἀνάνδρῳ καὶ γυναικείῳ τὴν ὀργὴν ἀνθρώπῳ παραδοῦναι.

[¶35] 180. And first of all I pray and beseech the gods to save me, and then I beseech you, who hold the verdict in your hands, before whom I have defended myself against every one of the accusations, to the best of my recollection; I beg you to save me, and not give me over to the hands of the rhetorician and the Scythian. You who are fathers of children or have younger brother’s whom you hold dear, remember that to me they are indebted for a warning which they will not forget, admonished to live chastely through my prosecution of Timarchus.

> Greek: 180. παρακαλῶ δὲ καὶ ἱκετεύω σῶαί με πρῶτον μὲν τοὺς θεούς, δεύτερον δʼ ὑμᾶς τοὺς τῆς ψήφου κυρίους, οἷς ἐγὼ πρὸς ἕκαστον τῶν κατηγορημένων εἰς μνήμην εἶναι τὴν ἐμὴν ἀπολελόγημαι, καὶ δέομαι σῶσαί με καὶ μὴ τῷ λογογράφῳ καὶ Σκύθῃ παραδοῦναι, ὅσοι μὲν ὑμῶν πατέρες εἰσὶ παίδων ἢ νεωτέρους ἀδελφοὺς περὶ πολλοῦ ποιεῖσθε, ἀναμνησθέντες, ὅτι τὴν τῆς σωφροσύνης παράκλησιν διὰ τῆς περὶ Τίμαρχον κρίσεως ἀειμνήστως παρακέκληκα, τοὺς δʼ ἄλλους ἅπαντας, οἷς ἐμαυτὸν ἄλυπον παρέσχημαι, τὴν μὲν τύχην ἰδιώτης ὢν καὶ τοῖς μετρίοις ὑμῶν ὅμοιος, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πολιτικοῖς ἀγῶσι μόνος τῶν ἄλλων ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς οὐ συνεστηκώς, αἰτῶ παρʼ ὑμῶν τὴν σωτηρίαν, μετὰ πάσης εὐνοίας τῇ πόλει πεπρεσβευκώς, καὶ μόνος ὑπομείνας τὸν τῶν συκοφαντῶν θόρυβον, ὃν ἤδη πολλοὶ τῶν τὰς ψυχὰς ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις λαμπρῶν οὐχ ὑπέστησαν.

[¶36] 181. And all the rest of you, toward whom I have conducted myself without offence, in fortune a plain citizen, a decent man like any one of you, and the only man who in the strife of politics has refused to join in conspiracy against you, upon you I call to save me. With all loyalty I have served the city as her ambassador, alone subjected to the clamour of the slanderers, which before now many a man conspicuously brave in war has not had the courage to face; for it is not death that men dread, but a dishonoured end. Is he not indeed to be pitied who must look into the sneering face of an enemy, and hear with his ears his insults? But nevertheless I have taken the risk, I have exposed my body to the peril. Among you I grew up, your ways have been my ways. No home of yours is the worse for my pleasures; no man has been deprived of his fatherland by accusation of mine at any revision of the citizen-lists, nor has come into peril when rendering account of his administration of an office.

> Greek: 181. οὐ γὰρ ὁ θάνατος δεινόν, ἀλλʼ ἡ περὶ τὴν τελευτὴν ὕβρις. πῶς δὲ οὐκ οἰκτρὸν ἰδεῖν ἐχθροῦ πρόσωπον ἐπεγγελῶντος, καὶ τοῖς ὠσὶ τῶν ὀνειδῶν ἀκοῦσαι; ἀλλʼ ὅμως τετόλμηται· δέδοται τὸ σῶμα τῷ κινδύνῳ. παρʼ ὑμῖν ἐτράφην, ἐν ταῖς ὑμετέραις διατριβαῖς βεβίωκα. οὐδεὶς ὑμῶν διὰ τὰς ἐμὰς ἡδονὰς κάκιον οἰκεῖ, οὐδὲ ἐστέρηται τῆς πατρίδος κατηγόρου τυχών, ὅτʼ ἦσαν αἱ διαψηφίσεις, οὐδʼ ὑπεύθυνος ὢν ἀρχῆς ἐκινδύνευσεν.

[¶37] 183. A word more and I have done. One thing was in my power, fellow citizens: to do you no wrong. But to be free from accusation, that was a thing which depended upon fortune, and fortune cast my lot with a slanderer, a barbarian, who cared not for sacrifices nor libations nor the breaking of bread together; nay, to frighten all who in time to come might oppose him, he has fabricated a false charge against us and come in here. If, therefore, you are willing to save those who have laboured together with you for peace and for your security, the common good will find champions in abundance, ready to face danger in your behalf.

> Greek: 183. μικρὰ δʼ ἔτι εἰπὼν ἤδη καταβαίνω. ἐγὼ γάρ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοῦ μὲν μηδὲν ἀδικεῖν ὑμᾶς κύριος ἦν, τοῦ δὲ μὴ ἔχειν αἰτίαν ἡ τύχη, ἣ συνεκλήρωσέ με ἀνθρώπῳ συκοφάντῃ καὶ βαρβάρῳ, ὃς οὔτε ἱερῶν οὔτε σπονδῶν οὔτε τραπέζης φροντίσας, ἀλλὰ τοὺς εἰς τὸν μέλλοντα αὑτῷ χρόνον ἀντεροῦντας ἐκφοβῶν, ἥκει ψευδῆ συντάξας καθʼ ἡμῶν κατηγορίαν. ἐὰν οὖν ἐθελήσητε σῴζειν τοὺς τῆς εἰρήνης καὶ τῆς ὑμετέρας ἀδείας συναγωνιστάς, πολλοὺς βοηθοὺς λήψεται τὸ τῆς πόλεως συμφέρον καὶ κινδυνεύειν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἑτοίμους.

[¶38] 184. To endorse my plea I now call Eubulus as a representative of the statesmen and all honourable citizens, and Phocion as a representative of the generals, preeminent also among us all as a man of upright character. From among my friends and associates I call Nausicles, and all the others with whom I have associated and whose pursuits I have shared. My speech is finished. This my body I, and the law, now commit to your hands.

> Greek: 184. παρακαλῶ δὲ Εὔβουλον μὲν ἐκ τῶν πολιτικῶν καὶ σωφρόνων ἀνδρῶν συνήγορον, Φοκίωνα δʼ ἐκ τῶν στρατηγῶν, ἅμα δὲ καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ διενηνοχότα πάντων, ἐκ δὲ τῶν φίλων καὶ τῶν ἡλικιωτῶν τῶν ἐμαυτοῦ Ναυσικλέα καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἅπαντας, οἷστισιν ἐγὼ κέχρημαι καὶ τῶν αὐτῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων μετέσχηκα. ὁ μὲν οὖν ἐμὸς λόγος εἴρηται, τὸ δὲ σῶμα ἤδη τουτὶ παραδίδωσιν ὑμῖν καὶ ἐγὼ καὶ ὁ νόμος.