---
title: "History · Res gestae"
author: "Ammianus Marcellinus"
translator: "John C. Rolfe"
languages: [la, en]
shelf: "Classical Latin"
section: 1 of 52
url: https://scriptura.si/works/ammianus-marcellinus-res-gestae/1/
cite: "Ammianus Marcellinus, tr. John C. Rolfe, History · Res gestae, section 1. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/ammianus-marcellinus-res-gestae/1/"
---

# History · Res gestae

*Ammianus Marcellinus, tr. John C. Rolfe*

The last great Latin history of Rome, by a Greek soldier: the emperor Julian, the Persian wars and the Goths’ victory at Adrianople in AD 378.

> Latin: ed. John C. Rolfe, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-latinLit, stoa0023.stoa001, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: John C. Rolfe, from the Perseus Digital Library (stoa0023.stoa001.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (books, chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 1. Book XIV · chapters 1–6

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/ammianus-marcellinus-res-gestae/1/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/ammianus-marcellinus-res-gestae/1/#p-N

[¶0] 1.1. After the survival of the events of an unendurable campaign, when the spirits of both parties, broken by the variety of their dangers and hardships, were still drooping, before the blare of the trumpets had ceased or the soldiers been assigned to their winter quarters, the gusts of raging Fortune brought new storms upon the commonwealth through the misdeeds, many and notorious, of Gallus Caesar. He had been raised, at the very beginning of mature manhood, by an unexpected promotion from the utmost depths of wretchedness to princely heights, and overstepping the bounds of the authority conferred upon him, by excess of violence was causing trouble everywhere. For by his relationship to the imperial stock, and the affinity which he even then had with the name of Constantius, he was raised to such a height of presumption that, if he had been more powerful, he would have ventured (it seemed) upon a course hostile to the author of his good fortune.

> Latin: 1.1. Post emensos insuperabilis expeditionis eventus, languentibus partium animis, quas periculorum varietas fregerat et laborum, nondum tubarum cessante clangore, vel milite locato per statiores hibernas, fortunae saevientis procellae tempestates tempestales alias rebus infudere communibus, per multa illa et dira facinora Caesaris Galli, qui ex squalore imo miseriarum, in aetatis adultae primitiis, ad principale principle culmen insperato saltu provectus, ultra terminos potestatis delatae procurrens, asperitate nimia cuncta foedabat. Propinquitate enim regiae stirpis, gentilitateque etiam tum Constantii nominis, efferebatur in fastus, si plus valuisset, ausurus hostilia in auctorem suae felicitatis (ut videbatur).

[¶1] 1.2. To his cruelty his wife was besides a serious incentive, a woman beyond measure presumptuous because of her kinship to the emperor, and previously joined in marriage by her father Constantine with his brother’s son, King Hanniballianus. She, a Megaera in mortal guise, constantly aroused the savagery of Gallus, being as insatiable as he in her thirst for human blood. The pair in process of time gradually became more expert in doing harm, and through underhand and crafty eavesdroppers, who had the evil habit of lightly adding to their information and wanting to learn only what was false and agreeable to them, they fastened upon innocent victims false charges of aspiring to royal power or of practising magic.

> Latin: 1.2. Cuius acerbitati uxor grave accesserat incentivum incentivu, germanitate Augusti turgida supra modum, quam Hanniballiano regi fratris filio antehac Constantinus Constantirus iunxerat pater, Megaera quaedam mortalis, inflammatrix saevientis assidua, humani cruoris avida avda nihil mitius quam maritus. Qui paulatim eruditiores facti processu temporis ad nocendum, per clandestinos versutosque rumigerulos, compertis leviter addere quaedam male suetos, falsa et placentia sibi discentes, affectati regni vel artium nefandarum calumnias insontibus affigebant.

[¶2] 1.3. There stood out among their lesser atrocities, when their unbridled power had already surpassed the limits of unimportant delinquencies, the sudden and awful death of one Clematius, a nobleman of Alexandria. This man’s mother-in-law, it was said, had a violent passion for her son-in-law, but was unable to seduce him; whereupon, gaining entrance to the palace by a back door, she presented the queen with a valuable necklace, and thus secured the dispatch of his death-warrant to Honoratus, at that time Count of the East; and so Clematius, a man contaminated by no guilt, was put to death without being allowed to protest or even to open his lips.

> Latin: 1.3. Eminuit autem inter humilia, supergressa iam impotentia fines fiaes mediocrium delictorum, nefanda Clematii cuiusdam Alexandrini nobilis mors repentina; cuius socrus cum misceri sibi generum, flagrans eius amore, non impetraret, ut ferebatur, per palatii pseudothyrum introducta, oblato pretioso reginae monili, id assecuta est, ut ad Honoratum, tum comitem Orienvis, formula missa letali, homo scelere nullo contactus, idem Clematius, nec hiscere nec loqui permissus, occideretur.

[¶3] 1.4. After the perpetration of this impious deed, which now began to arouse the fears of others also, as if cruelty were given free rein, some persons were adjudged guilty on the mere shadow of suspicion and condemned. Of these some were put to death, others punished by the confiscation of their property and driven from their homes into exile, where, having nothing left save tears and complaints, they lived on the doles of charity; and since constitutional and just rule had given place to cruel caprice, wealthy and famous houses were being closed.

> Latin: 1.4. Post hoc impie perpetratum, quod in aliis quoque iam timebatur, tamquam licentia crudelitati crudeliltati indulta, per suspicionum nebulas aestimati quid am noxii damnabantur. Quorum pars necati alii puniti bonorum multatione, actique laribus suis extorres, nullo sibi relicto praeter querellas et lacrimas, stipe stiipe collaticia victitabant; et civili iustoque imperio ad voluntatem converso cruentam, claudebantur opulentae cpulentae domus et clarae.

[¶4] 1.5. And no words of an accuser, even though bribed, were required amid these accumulations of evils, in order that these crimes might be committed, at least ostensibly, under the forms of law, as has sometimes been done by cruel emperors; but whatever the implacable Caesar had resolved upon was rushed to fulfilment, as if it had been carefully weighed and determined to be right and lawful.

> Latin: 1.5. Nec vox accusatoris ulla (licet subditicii) in his malorum quaerebatur acervis, ut saltem specie tenus crimina praescriptis legum committerentur, quod aliquotiens fecere principes saevi; sed quidquid Caesaris implacabilitati sedisset, id velut fas iusque perpensum, confestim urgebatur impleri.

[¶5] 1.6. It was further devised that sundry low-born men, whose very insignificance made them little to be feared, should be appointed to gather gossip in all quarters of Antioch and report what they had heard. These, as if travellers, and in disguise, attended the gatherings of distinguished citizens, and gained entrance to the houses of the wealthy in the guise of needy clients; then, being secretly admitted to the palace by a back door, they reported whatever they had been able to hear or learn, with one accord making it a rule to add inventions of their own and make doubly worse what they had learned, but suppressing the praise of Caesar which the fear of impending evils extorted from some against their will.

> Latin: 1.6. Excogitatum est super his, ut homines quidam ignoti, vilitate ipsa parum cavendi, ad colligendos rumores per Antiochiae latera cuncta destinarentur, relaturi quae audirent. Hi peragranter et dissimulanter honoratorum circulis assistendo, pervadendoque divites domus egentium habitu, quicquid noscere poterant vel audire, latenter intromissi per posticas in regiam, nuntiabant, id observantes conspiratione concordi, ut fingerent quaedam, et cognita duplicarent in peius, laudes vero supprimerent Caesaris, quas invitis compluribus formido malorum impendentium exprimebat.

[¶6] 1.7. And sometimes it happened that if the head of a household, in the seclusion of his private apartments, with no confidential servant present, had whispered something in the ear of his wife, the emperor learned it on the following day, as if it were reported by Amphiaraus or Marcius, those famous seers of old. And so even the walls, the only sharers of secrets, were feared.

> Latin: 1.7. Et interdum acciderat, ut siquid in penetrali secreto secroto, nullo citerioris vitae ministro praesente, paterfamilias uxori susurrasset in aurem, velut Amphiarao referente aut Marcio, quondam vatibus inclitis, postridie disceret imperator. Ideoque etiam parites arcanorum soli conscii timebantur.

[¶7] 1.8. Moreover, his fixed purpose of ferreting out these and many similar things increased, spurred on by the queen, who pushed her husband’s fortunes headlong to sheer ruin, when she ought rather, with womanly gentleness, to have recalled him by helpful counsel to the path of truth and mercy, after the manner of the wife of that savage emperor Maximinus, as we have related in our account of the acts of the Gordians.

> Latin: 1.8. adolescebat Adulescebat autem obstinatum propositum erga haec et similia sinilia multa scrutandi, stimulos admovente regina, quae abrupte mariti fortunas trudebat in exitium praeceps, cum eum potius lenitate feminea ad veritatis humanitatisque viam reducere utilia suadendo deberet, ut in Gordianorum actibus factitasse Maximini truculenti illius imperatoris retulimus coniugem.

[¶8] 1.9. Finally, following an unprecedented and destructive course, Gallus also ventured to commit the atrocious crime which, to his utter disgrace, Gallienus is said to have once hazarded at Rome. Taking with him a few attendants with concealed weapons, he used to roam at evening about the inns and street-corners, inquiring of every one in Greek, of which he had remarkable command, what he thought of the Caesar. And this he did boldly in a city where the brightness of the lights at night commonly equals the resplendence of day. At last, being often recognized, and reflecting that if he continued that course he would be conspicuous, he appeared only in broad daylight, to attend to matters which he considered important. And all this conduct of his caused very deep sorrow to many.

> Latin: 1.9. Novo denique perniciosoque exemplo, idem Gallus ausus est inire flagitium grave, quod Romae cum ultimo dedecore temptasse aliquando dicitur Gallienus, et adhibitis paucis clam ferro succinctis, vesperi per tabernas palabatur et compita, quaeritando Graeco sermone, cuius erat impendio gnarus, quid de Caesare quisque sentiret. Et haec confidenter agebat in urbe, ubi pernoctantium luminum luminam claritudo dierum solet imitari fulgorem. Postremo agnitus saepe, iamque (si prodisset) conspicuum se fore contemplans, non nisi luce palam egrediens ad agenda quae putabat seria cernebatur. Et haec quidem medullitus multis gementibus agebantur.

[¶9] 1.10. Now at that time Thalassius was the Praetorian Prefect at court, a man who was himself of an imperious character. He, perceiving that Gallus’ temper was rising, to the peril of many, did not try to soothe it by ripe counsel, as sometimes high officials have moderated the ire of princes; but rather roused the Caesar to fury by opposing and reproving him at unseasonable times; very frequently he informed the emperor of Gallus’ doings, exaggerating them and taking pains—whatever his motive may have been—to do it openly. Through this conduct the Caesar was soon still more violently enraged, and as if raising higher, as it were, the standard of his obstinacy, with no regard for his own life or that of others, he rushed on with uncontrollable impetuosity, like a swift torrent, to overthrow whatever opposed him.

> Latin: 1.10. Thalassius vero ea tempestate praefectus praetorio praesens, ipse quoque arrogantis ingenii, considerans incitationem eius ad multorum augeri discrimina, non maturitate vel consiliis mitigabat, ut aliquotiens celsae potestates iras principum molliverunt, sed adversando iurgandoque cum parum congrueret, eum ad rabiem potius evibrabat, Augustum actus eius exaggerando creberrime docens, idque (incertum qua mente) ne lateret affectans. Quibus mox Caesar acrius efferatus, velut contumaciae quoddam vexillum altius erigens, sine respectu respect salutis alienae vel suae, ad vertenda opposita, instar rapidi fluminis, irrevocabili impetu ferebatur.

[¶10] 2.1. And indeed this was not the only calamity to afflict the Orient with various disasters. For the Isaurians too, whose way it is now to keep the peace and now put everything in turmoil by sudden raids, abandoned their occasional secret plundering expeditions and, as impunity stimulated for the worse their growing boldness, broke out in a serious war. For a long time they had been inflaming their warlike spirits by restless outbreaks, but they were now especially exasperated, as they declared, by the indignity of some of their associates, who had been taken prisoner, having been thrown to beasts of prey in the shows of the amphitheatre at Iconium, a town of Pisidia—an outrage without precedent.

> Latin: 2.1. Nec sane haec sola pernicies orientem diversis cladibus affligebat. Namque et Isauri, quibus est usitatum saepe pacari, saepeque inopinis excursibus cuncta miscere, ex latrociniis occultis et raris, alente impunitate adulescentem in peius audaciam, ad bella gravia proruperunt, diu quidem perduelles spiritus spirtus irrequietis motibus erigentes, hac tamen indignitate perciti vehementer, ut iactitabant, quod eorum capti quidam consortes, apud Iconium Pisidiae oppidum oppiduim in amphitheatrali spectaculo feris praedatricibus obiecti sunt praeter morem.

[¶11] 2.2. And, in the words of Cicero, as even wild animals, when warned by hunger, generally return to the place where they were once fed, so they all, swooping like a whirlwind down from their steep and rugged mountains, made for the districts near the sea; and hiding themselves there in pathless lurking-places and defiles as the dark nights were coming on-the moon being still crescent and so not shining with full brilliance—they watched the sailors. And when they saw that they were buried in sleep, creeping on all fours along the anchor-ropes and making their way on tiptoe into the boats, they came upon the crew all unawares, and since their natural ferocity was fired by greed, they spared no one, even of those who surrendered, but massacred them all and without resistance carried off the cargoes, led either by their value or by their usefulness.

> Latin: 2.2. Atque (ut Tullius ait) ut etiam bestiae fame monitae plerumque ad cum locum ubi aliquando pastae sunt revertuntur, ita omnes instar turbinis degressi montibus impeditus et arduis, loca petivere mari confinia, per quae viis aiis latebrosis sese convallibusque occultantes, mm appeterent noctes—luna etiam tum cornuta, ideoque nondum solido splendore fulgente—nauticos observabant. Quos cum in somnum sentirent effusos, per ancoralia quadrupedo gradu repentes, seseque sesque suspensis passibus passibas iniectantes in scaphas, eisdem nihil opinantibus assistebant, et incendente aviditate saevitiam, ne cedentium quidem ulli parcendo, obtruncatis omnibus merces opimas vel utiles nullis repugnantibus avertebant.

[¶12] 2.3. This however did not continue long; for when the fate of those whom they had butchered and plundered became known, no one afterwards put in at those ports, but avoiding them as they would the deadly cliffs of Sciron, they coasted along the shores of Cyprus, which lie opposite to the crags of Isauria.

> Latin: 2.3. Haecque non diu sunt perpetrata. Cognitis enim pilatorum caesorumque funeribus, nemo deinde ad has stationes appulit appullit navem, sed ut Scironis praerupta letalia declinantes, litoribus Cypriis contigui navigabant, quae Isauriae scopulis sunt controversa.

[¶13] 2.4. Then presently, as time went on and nothing came their way from abroad, they left the sea-coast and withdrew to that part of Lycaonia that borders on Isauria; and there, blocking the roads with close barricades, they lived on the property of the provincials and of travellers.

> Latin: 2.4. Procedente igitur mox tempore cum adventicium nihil inveniretur, relicta ora maritima, in Lycaoniam annexam Isauriae se contulerunt, ibique densis intersaepientes itinera praetenturis, provincialium et viatorum opibus opirius pascebantur.

[¶14] 2.5. Anger at this aroused the soldiers quartered in the numerous towns and fortresses which lie near those regions, and each division strove to the best of its power to check the marauders as they ranged more widely, now in solid bodies, sometimes even in isolated bands. But the soldiers were defeated by their strength and numbers; for since the Isaurians were born and brought up amid the steep and winding defiles of the mountains, they bounded over them as if they were a smooth and level plain, attacking the enemy with missiles from a distance and terrifying them with savage howls.

> Latin: 2.5. Excitavit hic ardor milites per municipia plurima, quae eisdem conterminant, dispositos et castella, et quisque serpentes latius pro viribus repellere moliens, nunc globis confertos, aliquotiens et dispersos disperses, multitudine superabatur superabtur vigenti, quae nata et educata inter editos recurvosque ambitus montium, eos ut loca plana persultat et mollia, missilibus obvios eminus lacessens et ululatu truci perterrens.

[¶15] 2.6. And sometimes our infantry in pursuing them were forced to scale lofty slopes, and when they lost their footing, even if they reached the very summits by catching hold of underbrush or briars, the narrow and pathless tracts allowed them neither to take order of battle nor with mighty effort to keep a firm footing; and while the enemy, running here and there, tore off and hurled down masses of rock from above, they made their perilous way down over steep slopes; or if, compelled by dire necessity, they made a brave fight, they were overwhelmed by falling boulders of enormous weight.

> Latin: 2.6. Coactique aliquotiens nostri nestri pedites ad eos persequendos scandere clivos sublimes, etiam si lapsantibus plantis fruticeta prensando vel dumos, ad vertices venerint summos, inter arta tamen et invia, nullas acies explicare permissi, r.ec firmare nisu valido gressus; hoste discursatore rupium abscisa volvente superne, periculose per prona discedunt, aut ex necessitate ultima fortiter dimicantes, ruinis ponderum immanium consternuntur.

[¶16] 2.7. Therefore extreme caution was shown after that, and when the marauders began to make for the mountain heights, the soldiers yielded to the unfavourable position. When, however, the Isaurians could be found on level ground, as constantly happened, they were allowed neither to stretch out their right arms nor poise their weapons, of which each carried two or three, but they were slaughtered like defenceless sheep.

> Latin: 2.7. Quam ob rem circumspecta cautela cautla observatum est deinceps, et cum edita montium petere coeperint grassatores, loci iniquitati milites cedunt. Ubi autem in planitie potuerint reperiri, quod contingit assidue, nec exsertare lacertos nec crispare permissi tela quae vehunt bina vel terna, pecudum ritu inertium trucidantur.

[¶17] 2.8. Accordingly these same marauders, distrusting Lycaonia, which is for the most part level, and having learned by repeated experience that they would be no match for our soldiers in a stand-up fight, made their way by retired by-paths into Pamphylia, long unmolested, it is true, but through fear of raids and massacres protected everywhere by strong garrisons, while troops were spread all over the neighbouring country.

> Latin: 2.8. Metuentes igitur idem latrones Lycaoniam magna parte campestrem, cum se impares nostris fore congressione stataria documentis frequentibus scirent, tramitibus deviis petivere Pamphyliam, diu quidem intactam, sed timore populationum et caedum, milite per omnia diffuso propinqua, magnis undique praesidiis communitam.

[¶18] 2.9. Therefore they made great haste, in order by extreme swiftness to anticipate the reports of their movements, trusting in their bodily strength and activity; but they made their way somewhat slowly to the summits of the hills over winding trails. And when, after overcoming extreme difficulties, they came to the steep banks of the Melas, a deep and eddying stream, which surrounds the inhabitants like a wall and protects them, the lateness of the night increased their alarm, and they halted for a time, waiting for daylight. They thought, indeed, to cross without opposition and by their unexpected raid to lay waste all before them; but they endured the greatest hardships to no purpose.

> Latin: 2.9. Raptim igitur igilur properantes, ut motus sui rumores celeritate nimia praevenirent, vigore corporum ac levitate confisi confsi, per flexuosas semitas ad summitates collium tardius evadebant. Et cum, superatis difficultatibus arduis, ad supercilia venissent fluvii Melanis, alti et verticosi, qui pro muro tuetur accolas circumfusus, augente nocte adulta terrorem, quievere paulisper, lucem opperientes. Arbitrabantur enim nullo impediente transgressi, inopino accursu apposita quaeque vastare, sed in cassum labores pertulere gravissimos.

[¶19] 2.10. For when the sun rose, they were prevented from crossing by the size of the stream, which was narrow but deep. And while they were hunting for fishermen’s boats or preparing to cross on hastily woven hurdles, the legions that were then wintering at Side poured out and fell upon them in swift attack. And having set up their standards near the river-bank, the legions drew themselves up most skilfully for fighting hand to hand with a close formation of shields; and with perfect ease they slew some, who had even dared to cross the river secretly, trusting to swimming, or in hollowed out tree trunks.

> Latin: 2.10. Nam sole orto magnitudine angusti gurgitis sed profundi a transitu arcebantur, et dum piscatorios quaerunt lenunculos, vel innare temere contextis cratibus parant, effusae legiones quae hiemabant tunc tune apud Siden, eisdem impetu occurrere veloci. Et signis prope ripam locatis, ad manus comminus conserendas, denseta scutorum compage, semet scientissime praestruebant, ausos quoque aliquos fiducia nandi, vel cavatis arborum truncis, amnem permeare latenter, facillime trucidarunt.

[¶20] 2.11. From there, after trying the skill of our soldiers even to a final test without gaining anything, dislodged by fear and the strength of the legions, and not knowing what direction to take, they came to the neighbourhood of the town of Laranda.

> Latin: 2.11. Unde temptatis ad discrimen ultimum artibus militum, cum nihil impetraretur, pavore vique repellente repellenate extrusi, et quo tenderent ambigentes, venere prope oppidum Laranda.

[¶21] 2.12. There they were refreshed with food and rest, and after their fear had left them, they attacked some rich villages; but since these were aided by some cohorts of cavalry, which chanced to come up, the enemy withdrew without attempting any resistance on the level plain; but as they retreated, they summoned all the flower of their youth that had been left at home.

> Latin: 2.12. Ibi victu recreati et quiete, postquam abierat timor, vicos opulentos adorti, equestrium adiumento cohortium, quae casu propinquabant, nec resistere planitie porrecta conati, digressi sunt, retroque cedentes, omne iuventutis robur relictum in sedibus acciverunt.

[¶22] 2.13. And since they were distressed by severe hunger, they made for a place called Palaea, near the sea, which was protected by a strong wall. There supplies are regularly stored even to-day, for distribution to the troops that defend the whole frontier of Isauria. Therefore they invested that fortress for three days and three nights; but since the steep slope itself could not be approached without deadly peril, and nothing could be effected by mines, and no method of siege was successful, they withdrew in dejection, ready, under the pressure of extreme necessity, to undertake even tasks beyond their powers.

> Latin: 2.13. Et quoniam inedia gravi afflictabantur, locum petivere Paleas nomine, vergentem in mare, valido muro firmatum, ubi conduntur nunc usque commeatus, distribui militibus omne latus Isauriae defendentibus assueti. Circumstetere igitur hoc munimentum munimntum per triduum et trinoctium, et cum neque acclivitas ipsa sine discrimine posset adiri letali, nec cuniculis quicquam geri, nec procedebat ullam obsidionale commentum, maesti excedunt, postrema vi subigente maiora viribus aggressuri.

[¶23] 2.14. Accordingly, filled with still greater fury, to which despair and famine added fuel, with increased numbers and irresistible energy they rushed on to destroy Seleucia, the metropolis of the province, which Count Castricius was holding with three legions steeled by hard service.

> Latin: 2.14. Proinde concepta rabie saeviore, quam desperatio incendebat et fames, amplificatis viribus, ardore incohibili in excidium urbium matris Seleuciae efferebantur, quam comes tuebatur Castricius, tresque legiones bellicis sudoribus induratae.

[¶24] 2.15. Warned of their approach by trusty scouts, the officers of the garrison gave the watchword, according to regulations, and in a swift sally led out the entire force; and having quickly crossed the bridge over the river Calycadnus, whose mighty stream washes the towers of the city walls, they drew up their men in order of battle. And yet no one charged or was allowed to fight; for they feared that band on fire with madness, superior in numbers, and ready to rush upon the sword, regardless of their lives.

> Latin: 2.15. Horum adventum praedocti speculationibus fidis, rectores militum tessera data sollemni, armatos omnes celeri eduxere procursu, et agiliter praeterito Calycadni fluminis ponte, cuius undarum magnitudo murorum alluit turres, in speciem locavere pugnandi. Neque tamen exsiluit quisquam, nec permissus est congredi congiedi. Formidabatur enim flagrans vesania manus, et superior numero, et ruitura sine respectu salutis in ferrum.

[¶25] 2.16. Consequently, when the army came into view afar off, and the notes of the trumpeters were heard, the marauders stopped and halted for a while; then, drawing their formidable swords, they came on at a slower pace.

> Latin: 2.16. Viso itaque exercitu procul, auditoque liticinum cantu, represso gradu parumper stetere praedones, exsertantesque minaces gladios postea lentius incedebant.

[¶26] 2.17. And when the unperturbed soldiers made ready to meet them, deploying their ranks and striking their shields with their spears, an action which rouses the wrath and resentment of the combatants, they intimidated the nearest of the enemy by their very gestures. But as they were eagerly rushing to the fray, their leaders called them back, thinking it inadvisable to risk a doubtful combat when fortifications were not far distant, under the protection of which the safety of all could be put on a solid foundation.

> Latin: 2.17. Quibus occurrere bene pertinax miles explicatis ordinibus parans, hastisque hastique feriens scuta, qui habitus iram pugnantium concitat et dolorem, proximos iam gestu terrebat. Sed eum in certamen alacriter consurgentem, revocavere ductores, rati intempestivum anceps subire certamen, cum haut longe muri distarent, quorum tutela securitas poterat in solido locari cunctorum.

[¶27] 2.18. In this conviction, then, the warriors were led back within the walls, the entrances to the gates on all sides were barred, and they took their place on the battlements and pinnacles with rocks gathered from every hand and weapons in readiness, so that, if anyone should force his way near to the walls, he might be overwhelmed by a shower of spears and stones.

> Latin: 2.18. Hac ita persuasione reducti intra moenia bellatores, obseratis undique portarum aditibus, propugnaculis insistebant et pinnis, congesta undique saxa telaque habentes in promptu, ut si quis se proripuisset citerius, multitudine missilium sterneretur et lapidum.

[¶28] 2.19. Still, the besieged were greatly troubled by the fact that the Isaurians, having captured some boats which were carrying grain on the river, were abundantly supplied with provisions, while they themselves had already exhausted the regular stores and were dreading the deadly pangs of approaching famine.

> Latin: 2.19. Illud tamen clausos vehementer angebat, quod captis navigiis, quae frumenta vehebant per flumen, Isauri quidem alimentorum copiis affluebant, ipsi vero solitarum rerum cibo iam consumendo consumeitdo, inediae propinquantis aerumnas exitialis horrebant.

[¶29] 2.20. When the news of this situation spread abroad, and repeated messages dispatched to Gallus Caesar had roused him to action, since the Master of the Horse was at the time too far removed from the spot, orders were given to Nebridius, Count of the East. He quickly got together troops from every side and with the greatest energy was hastening to rescue this great and strategically important city from danger. On learning this, the freebooters departed without accomplishing anything more of consequence, and scattering (after their usual fashion) made for the trackless wastes of the high mountains.

> Latin: 2.20. Haec ubi latius fama vulgasset, missaeque relationes assiduae Gallum Caesarem permovissent permovissnt, quoniam magister equitum longius ea tempestate distinebatur disintebatur, iussus comes Orientis Nebridius, contractis undique militaribus copiis, ad eximendam eximenlam periculo civitatem amplam et opportunam, studio properabat ingenti. Quo cognito abscessere latrones, nulla re amplius memorabili gesta, dispersique disprsique (ut solent,) avia montium petiere celsorum.

[¶30] 3.1. When affairs had reached this stage in Isauria, the king of Persia, involved in war with his neighbours, was driving back from his frontiers a number of very wild tribes which, with inconsistent policy, often make hostile raids upon his territories and sometimes aid him when he makes war upon us. One of his grandees, Nohodares by name, having received orders to invade Mesopotamia whenever occasion offered, was carefully reconnoitring our territory, intending a sudden incursion in case he found any opening.

> Latin: 3.1. Eo adducta re per Isauriam, rege Persarum bellis finitimis illigato, repellenteque a collimitiis suis ferocissimas gentes, quae mente quadam versabili hostiliter eum saepe incessunt, et in nos arma moventem aliquotiens iuvant, Nohodares quidam nomine e numero optimatum, incursare Mesopotamiam quotiens copia dederit ordinatus, explorabat nostra sollicite, si repperisset usquam locum, vi subita perrupturus.

[¶31] 3.2. And as all the districts of Mesopotamia, being exposed to frequent raids, were protected by frontier-guards and country garrisons, Nohodares, having turned his course to the left, had beset the remotest parts of Osdroene, attempting a novel and all but unprecedented manœuvre; and if he had succeeded, he would have devastated the whole region like a thunderbolt. Now what he planned was the following.

> Latin: 3.2. Et quia Mesopotamiae tractus omnes crebro inquietari sueti, praetenturis et stationibus servabantur agrariis, laevorsum flexo itinere, Osdroenae subsederat subsiderat extimas partes, novum parumque aliquando temptatum commentum aggressus; quod si impetrasset, fulminis modo cuncta vastarat. Erat autem quod cogitabat huius modi.

[¶32] 3.3. The town of Batne, founded in Anthemusia in early times by a band of Macedonians, is separated by a short space from the river Euphrates; it is filled with wealthy traders when, at the yearly festival, near the beginning of the month of September, a great crowd of every condition gathers for the fair, to traffic in the wares sent from India and China, and in other articles that are regularly brought there in great abundance by land and sea.

> Latin: 3.3. Batnae municipium in Anthemusia conditum condilum Macedonum manu priscorum, ab Euphrate flumine brevi spatio disparatur, refertum mercatoribus opulentis, ubi annua sollemnitate prope Septembris initium mensis, ad nundinas magna promiscuae fortunae convenit multitudo multitude, ad commercanda quae Indi mittunt et Seres, aliaque plurima vehi terra marique consueta.

[¶33] 3.4. This district the above-mentioned leader made ready to invade, on the days set for this celebration, through the wilderness and the grass-covered banks of the river Abora; but he was betrayed by information given by some of his own soldiers, who, fearing punishment for a crime which they had committed, deserted to the Roman garrison. Therefore, withdrawing without accomplishing anything, he languished thereafter in inaction.

> Latin: 3.4. Hanc regionem praestitutis celebritati diebus, invadere parans dux ante dictus, per solitudines Aboraeque amnis herbidas ripas, suorum indicio proditus, qui admissi flagitii metu exagitati, ad praesidia descivere Romana, absque ullo egressus effectu, deinde tabescebat immobilis.

[¶34] 4.1. The Saracens, however, whom we never found desirable either as friends or as enemies, ranging up and down the country, in a brief space of time laid waste whatever they could find, like rapacious kites which, whenever they have caught sight of any prey from on high, seize it with swift swoop, and directly they have seized it make off.

> Latin: 4.1. Saraceni tamen nec amici nobis umquam nec hostes optandi, ultro citroque discursantes, quicquid inveniri poterat momento temporis parvi vastabant, milvorum rapacium similes, qui si praedam dispexerint celsius, volatu rapiunt celeri, ac si impetraverint, non immorantur.

[¶35] 4.2. Although I recall having told of their customs in my history of the emperor Marcus, and several times after that, yet I will now briefly relate a few more particulars about them.

> Latin: 4.2. Super quorum moribus licet in actibus principis Marci, et postea aliquotiens memini rettulisse, tamen nunc quoque pauca de eisdem expediam carptim.

[¶36] 4.3. Among those tribes whose original abode extends from the Assyrians to the cataracts of the Nile and the frontiers of the Blemmyae all alike are warriors of equal rank, half-nude, clad in dyed cloaks as far as the loins, ranging widely with the help of swift horses and slender camels in times of peace or of disorder. No man ever grasps a plough-handle or cultivates a tree, none seeks a living by tilling the soil, but they rove continually over wide and extensive tracts without a home, without fixed abodes or laws; they cannot long endure the same sky, nor does the sun of a single district ever content them.

> Latin: 4.3. Apud has gentes genes, quarum exordiens initium ab Assyriis, ad Nili cataractas porrigitur, et confinia Blemmyarum, omnes pari sorte sunt bellatores, seminudi coloratis sagulis pube tenus amicti, equorum adiumento pernicium graciliumque camelorum per diversa reptantes, in tranquillis vel turbidis rebus; nec eorum quisquam aliquando stivam apprehendit, vel arborem colit, aut arva subigendo quaeritat victum, sed errant semper per spatia longe lateque distenta, sine lare sine sedibus fixis aut legibus; nec idem perferunt diutius caelum, aut tractus unius sol illis umquam placet.

[¶37] 4.4. Their life is always on the move, and they have mercenary wives, hired under a temporary contract. But in order that there may be some semblance of matrimony, the future wife, by way of dower, offers her husband a spear and a tent, with the right to leave him after a stipulated time, if she so elect: and it is unbelievable with what ardour both sexes give themselves up to passion.

> Latin: 4.4. Vita est illis semper in fuga, uxoresque mercennariae conductae ad tempus ex pacto, atque (ut sit species matrimonii,) dotis nomine futura coniunx hastam et tabernaculum offert marito, post statum diem (si id elegerit,) discessura dliscessura, et incredibile est quo ardore apud eos in venerem uterque solvitur sexus.

[¶38] 4.5. Moreover, they wander so widely as long as they live, that a woman marries in one place, gives birth in another, and rears her children far away, without being allowed any opportunity for rest.

> Latin: 4.5. Ita autem quoad vixerint late palantur, ut alibi mulier nubat, in loco pariat alio, liberosque procul educat, nulla copia quiescendi permissa.

[¶39] 4.6. They all feed upon game and an abundance of milk, which is their main sustenance, on a variety of plants, as well as on such birds as they are able to take by fowling; and I have seen many of them who were wholly unacquainted with grain and wine.

> Latin: 4.6. Victus universis caro fe ina est, lactisque abundans copia qua sustentantur, et herbae multiplices, et siquae alites capi per aucupium possint, et plerosque nos vidimus frumenti usum et vini penitus ignorantes.

[¶40] 4.7. So much for this dangerous tribe. Let us now return to our original theme.

> Latin: 4.7. Hactenus de natione perniciosa. Nunc ad textum propositum revertamur.

[¶41] 5.1. While this was happening in the East, Constantius was passing the winter at Arelate, where he gave entertainments in the theatre and the circus with ostentatious magnificence. Then, on the 10th of October, which completed the thirtieth year of his reign, giving greater weight to his arrogance and accepting every false or doubtful charge as evident and proven, among other atrocities he tortured Gerontius, a count of the party of Magnentius, and visited him with the sorrow of exile.

> Latin: 5.1. Dum haec in Oriente aguntur, Arelate hiemem agens Constantius, post theatralis ludos atque circenses ambitioso editos apparatu, diem sextum: idus Octobres, qui imperii imperil eius annum tricensimum terminabat, insolentiae pondera gravius librans, siquid dubium deferebatur aut falsum, pro liquido accipiens et comperto, inter alia excarnificatum Gerontium, Magnentianae comitem partis, exsulari maerore multavit.

[¶42] 5.2. And, as an ailing body is apt to be affected even by slight annoyances, so his narrow and sensitive mind, thinking that every sound indicated something done or planned at the expense of his safety, made his victory lamentable through the murder of innocent men.

> Latin: 5.2. Utque aegrum corpus quassari etiam levibus solet offensis, ita animus eius angustus et tener, quicquid increpuisset, ad salutis suae dispendium existimans factum aut cogitatum, insontium caedibus fecit victoriam luctuosam.

[¶43] 5.3. For if anyone of the military commanders or ex-officials, or one of high rank in his own community, was accused even by rumour of having favoured the party of the emperor’s opponent, he was loaded with chains and dragged about like a wild beast. And whether a personal enemy pressed the charge or no one at all, as though it was enough that he had been named, informed against, or accused, he was condemned to death, or his property confiscated, or he was banished to some desert island.

> Latin: 5.3. Siquis enim militarium vel honoratorum aut nobilis noblis inter suos, rumore tenus esset insimulatus fovisse foisse partes hostiles, iniecto onere catenarum, in modum beluae trahebatur, et inimico urgente vel nullo, quasi sufficiente hoc solo, quod nominatus esset aut delatus aut postulatus, capite vel multatione bonorum, aut insulari solitudine damnabatur.

[¶44] 5.4. Moreover his harsh cruelty, whenever the majesty of the empire was said to be insulted, and his angry passions and unfounded suspicions were increased by the bloodthirsty flattery of his courtiers, who exaggerated everything that happened and pretended to be greatly troubled by the thought of an attempt on the life of a prince on whose safety, as on a thread, they hypocritically declared that the condition of the whole world depended.

> Latin: 5.4. Accedebant enim eius asperitati, ubi inminuta immiminuta esse amplitudo imperii dicebatur, et iracundiae suspicionumque vanitati, proximorum cruentae crueatae blanditiae, exaggerantium incidentia, et dolere impendio simulantium, si principis petitur vita, a cuius salute velut filo pendere statum orbis terrarum fictis vocibus exclamabant.

[¶45] 5.5. And he is even said to have given orders that no one who had ever been punished for these or similar offences should be given a new trial after a writ of condemnation had once been presented to him in the usual manner, which even the most inexorable emperors commonly allowed. And this fatal fault of cruelty, which in others sometimes grew less with advancing age, in his case became more violent, since a group of flatterers intensified his stubborn resolution.

> Latin: 5.5. Ideoque fertur neminem aliquando ob haec vel similia poenae addictum, oblato de more elogio, revocari iussisse, quod inexorabiles irexorabiles quoque principes factitarunt. Et exitiale hoc vitium, quod in aliis non numquam intepescit, in illo aetatis progressu effervescebat, obstinatum eius propositum accendente adulatorum cohorte.

[¶46] 5.6. Prominent among these was the state secretary Paulus, a native of Spain, a kind of viper, whose countenance concealed his character, but who was extremely clever in scenting out hidden means of danger for others. When he had been sent to Britain to fetch some officers who had dared to conspire with Magnentius, since they could make no resistance he autocratically exceeded his instructions and, like a flood, suddenly overwhelmed the fortunes of many, making his way amid manifold slaughter and destruction, imprisoning freeborn men and even degrading some with handcuffs; as a matter of fact, he patched together many accusations with utter disregard of the truth, and to him was due an impious crime, which fixed an eternal stain upon the time of Constantius.

> Latin: 5.6. Inter quos Paulus eminebat notarius, ortus in Hispania coluber quidam sub vultu latens, odorandi vias periculorum occultas perquam sagax. Is in Britanniam missus, ut militares quosdam perduceret, ausos conspirasse Magnentio, cum reniti non possent, iussa licentius supergressus, fluminis modo fortunis complurium sese repentinus infudit, et ferebatur per strages multiplices ac ruinas, vinculis membra ingenuorum affligens, et quosdam obterens manicis, crimina scilicet multa consarcinando, a veritate longe discreta. Unde admissum est facinus impium impilm, quod Constanti tempus nota inusserat sempiterna.

[¶47] 5.7. Martinus, who was governing those provinces as substitute for the prefects, deeply deplored the woes suffered by innocent men; and after often begging that those who were free from any reproach should be spared, when he failed in his appeal he threatened to retire, in the hope that, at least through fear of this, that malevolent man-hunter might finally cease to expose to open danger men naturally given to peace.

> Latin: 5.7. Martinus agens illas provincias pro praefectis, aerumnas innocentium graviter gemens, saepeque obsecrans, ut ab omni culpa immunibus parceretur, cum non impetraret, minabatur se discessurum; ut saltem id metuens, perquisitor malivolus tandem desineret quieti coalitos homines in aperta pericula proiectare.

[¶48] 5.8. Paulus thought that this would interfere with his profession, and being a formidable artist in devising complications, for which reason he was nicknamed “The Chain,” since the substitute continued to defend those whom he was appointed to govern, Paulus involved even him in the common peril, threatening to bring him also in chains to the emperor’s court, along with the tribunes and many others. Thereupon Martinus, alarmed at this threat, and thinking swift death imminent, drew his sword and attacked that same Paulus. But since the weakness of his hand prevented him from dealing a fatal blow, he plunged the sword which he had already drawn into his own side. And by that ignominious death there passed from life a most just ruler, who had dared to lighten the unhappy lot of many.

> Latin: 5.8. Per hoc minui studium suum existimans Paulus, ut erat in complicandis negotiis artifex dirus, unde ei Catenae indutum est cognomentum, vicarium ipsum eos quibus praeerat adhuc defensantem dfensantem, ad sortem periculorum communium traxit. Et instabat ut eum quoque cum tribunis et aliis pluribus, ad comitatum imperatoris vinctum perduceret; quo percitus ille, exitio urgente abrupto, ferro eundem adoritur Paulum. Et quia languente dextera letaliter ferire non potuit, iam destrictum mucronem in proprium latus impegit. hocque Hoccque deformi genere mortis, excessit e vita iustissimus rector, ausus miserabiles casus levare multorum.

[¶49] 5.9. After perpetrating these atrocious crimes, Paulus, stained with blood, returned to the emperor’s camp, bringing with him many men almost covered with chains and in a state of pitiful filth and wretchedness. On their arrival, the racks were made ready and the executioner prepared his hooks and other instruments of torture. Many of the prisoners were proscribed, others driven into exile; to some the sword dealt the penalty of death. For no one easily recalls the acquittal of anyone in the time of Constantius when an accusation against him had even been whispered.

> Latin: 5.9. Quibus ita sceleste patratis, Paulus cruore perfusus, reversusque ad principis castra, multos coopertos paene catenis adduxit, in squalorem deiectos atque maestitiam, quorum adventu intendebantur eculei, uncosque parabat carnifex et tormenta. Et ex his proscripti sunt plures, actique in exsilium alii, non nullos gladii consumpsere poenales. Nec enim quisquam facile meminit sub Constantio, ubi susurro tenus haec movebantur, quemquam absolutum.

[¶50] 6.1. Meanwhile Orfitus was governing the eternal city with the rank of Prefect, and with an arrogance beyond the limits of the power that had been conferred upon him. He was a man of wisdom, it is true, and highly skilled in legal practice, but less equipped with the adornment of the liberal arts than became a man of noble rank. During his term of office serious riots broke out because of the scarcity of wine; for the people, eager for an unrestrained use of this commodity, are roused to frequent and violent disturbances.

> Latin: 6.1. Inter haec Orfitus praefecti potestate regebat urbem aeternam, ultra modum delatae dignitatis sese efferens insolenter, vir quidem prudens, et forensium negotiorum oppido gnarus, sed splendore liberalium doctrinarum minus quam nobilem de, uerat institutus. Quo administrante seditiones sunt concitatae graves ob inopiam vini, cuius avidis usibus vulgus intentum, ad motus asperos excitatur et crebros.

[¶51] 6.2. Now I think that some foreigners who will perhaps read this work (if I shall be so fortunate) may wonder why it is that when the narrative turns to the description of what goes on at Rome, I tell of nothing save dissensions, taverns, and other similar vulgarities. Accordingly, I shall briefly touch upon the reasons, intending nowhere to depart intentionally from the truth.

> Latin: 6.2. Et quoniam mirari posse quosdam peregrinos peregriaos existimo, haec lecturos forsitan (si contigerit), quam ob rem cum oratio ad ea monstranda deflexerit quae Romae geruntur, nihil praeter seditiones narrator et tabernas et vilitates harum similis alias, summatim causas perstringam, nusquam a veritate sponte propria digressurus.

[¶52] 6.3. At the time when Rome first began to rise into a position of world-wide splendour, destined to live so long as men shall exist, in order that she might grow to a towering stature, Virtue and Fortune, ordinarily at variance, formed a pact of eternal peace; for if either one of them had failed her, Rome had not come to complete supremacy.

> Latin: 6.3. Tempore quo primis auspiciis in mundanum fulgorem surgeret victura dum erunt homines Roma, ut augeretur sublimibus incrementis, foedere pacis aeternae Virtus convenit atque Fortuna, plerumque dissidentes, quarum si altera defuisset, ad perfectam non venerat summitatem.

[¶53] 6.4. Her people, from the very cradle to the end of their childhood, a period of about three hundred years, carried on wars about her walls. Then, entering upon adult life, after many toilsome wars, they crossed the Alps and the sea. Grown to youth and manhood, from every region which the vast globe includes, they brought back laurels and triumphs. And now, declining into old age, and often owing victory to its name alone, it has come to a quieter period of life.

> Latin: 6.4. Eius populus ab incunabulis primis ad usque pueritiae tempus extremum, quod annis circumcluditur fere trecentis, circummurana pertulit bella; deinde aetatem ingressus adultam, post multiplices bellorum aerumnas, Alpes transcendit et fretum; in iuvenem erectus et virum, ex omni plaga quam orbis ambit immensus, reportavit laureas et triumphos; iamque vergens in senium, et nomine solo aliquotiens vincens vincins, ad tranquilliora vitae discessit.

[¶54] 6.5. Thus the venerable city, after humbling the proud necks of savage nations, and making laws, the everlasting foundations and moorings of liberty, like a thrifty parent, wise and wealthy, has entrusted the management of her inheritance to the Caesars, as to her children.

> Latin: 6.5. Ideo urbs venerabilis, post superbas efferatarum gentium cervices oppressas, latasque leges, fundamenta libertatis et retinacula sempiterna, velut frugi parens et prudens et dives, Caesaribus tamquam liberis suis regenda patrimonii iura permisit.

[¶55] 6.6. And although for some time the tribes have been inactive and the centuries at peace, and there are no contests for votes but the tranquillity of Numa’s time has returned, yet throughout all regions and parts of the earth she is accepted as mistress and queen; everywhere the white hair of the senators and their authority are revered and the name of the Roman people is respected and honoured.

> Latin: 6.6. Et olim licet otiosae sint tribus, pacataeque centuriae, et nulla suffragiorum certamina, sed Pompiliani redierit securitas temporis, per omnes tamen quot orae sunt partesque terrarum, ut domina suscipitur et regina, et ubique patrum reverenda cum auctoritate canities, populique Romani nomen circumspectum et verecundum.