---
title: "History · Res gestae"
author: "Ammianus Marcellinus"
translator: "John C. Rolfe"
languages: [la, en]
shelf: "Classical Latin"
section: 37 of 52
url: https://scriptura.si/works/ammianus-marcellinus-res-gestae/37/
cite: "Ammianus Marcellinus, tr. John C. Rolfe, History · Res gestae, section 37. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/ammianus-marcellinus-res-gestae/37/"
---

# History · Res gestae

*Ammianus Marcellinus, tr. John C. Rolfe*

The last great Latin history of Rome, by a Greek soldier: the emperor Julian, the Persian wars and the Goths’ victory at Adrianople in AD 378.

> Latin: ed. John C. Rolfe, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-latinLit, stoa0023.stoa001, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: John C. Rolfe, from the Perseus Digital Library (stoa0023.stoa001.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (books, chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 37. Book XXVII · chapters 1–7

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/ammianus-marcellinus-res-gestae/37/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/ammianus-marcellinus-res-gestae/37/#p-N

[¶0] 1.1. While throughout the Orient the changing course of events was developing as we have narrated, the Alamanni, after the sad losses and wounds which they had suffered from their frequent battles with Julianus Caesar, having at last renewed their strength (which yet did not equal its old vigour), and being an object of dread for the reasons which we have mentioned above, were already overleaping the frontiers of Gaul. And immediately after the first of January, while throughout those icebound regions the grim season of winter bristled, they hurried forth in divisions, and, without restraint a host was ranging everywhere.

> Latin: 1.1. Dum per eoum orbem haec, quae narravimus, diversi rerum expediunt casus, Alamanni post aerumnosas iacturas et vulnera, quae congressi saepe Iuliano Caesari pertulerunt, viribus tandem resumptis, licet imparibus pristinis, ob causam expositam supra Gallicanos limites formidati iam persultabant. Statimque post Kalendas Ianuarias, cum per glaciales tractus hiemis rigidum inhorresceret sidus, cuneatim egressa, multitudo multitude licentius vagabatur.

[¶1] 1.2. Charietto, who was then commanding general throughout both Germanies, along with soldiers eager for war, set out to meet their first division, taking as a partner in the campaign Severianus, who was also a general, an aged and feeble man, who at Cabillona commanded the Divitenses and Tungricani.

> Latin: 1.2. Horum portioni primae Charietto, tunc tune per utramque Germaniam comes, occursurus cum milite egreditur ad bella ineunda promptissimo, adscito in societatem laboris Severiano itidem comite, invalido et longaevo, qui apud Cabillona Divitensibus praesidebat et Tungricanis.

[¶2] 1.3. Accordingly, when the force had been more closely united in one, and with the speed of haste they had built a bridge over a small stream, the Romans, on seeing the savages at a distance, assailed them with arrows and other light missiles, which the enemy vigorously returned throw for throw.

> Latin: 1.3. Proinde confertius agmine in unum coacto, ponteque brevioris aquae festina celeritate transmisso, visos eminus barbaros, Romani sagittis aliisque levibus iaculis incessebant, quae illi reciprocis iactibus valide contorquebant.

[¶3] 1.4. But when the forces came to close quarters and fought with drawn swords, our men’s lines were broken by the foe’s fiercer onset, and found no means either of resisting or of acting bravely. And when they Severianus, who had been thrown from his horse and pierced through by a missile, they were all terrified and put to flight.

> Latin: 1.4. Ubi vero turmae congressae strictis conflixere mucronibus, nostrorum acies impetu hostium acriore concussa nec resistendi nec faciendi fortiter copiam repperit, cunctis metu compulsis in fugam, cum Severianum vidissent equo deturbatum, missilique telo perfossum.

[¶4] 1.5. Lastly Charietto himself, by boldly opposing his body and by reproachful words, held back his retreating men, and by confidence caused by his long stand, tried to wipe out shame and disgrace; but fell pierced by a fatal shaft.

> Latin: 1.5. Ipse denique Charietto, dum cedentes obiectu corporis et vocis obiurgatorio sonu audentius retinet, pudendumque diluere dedecus fiducia diu standi conatur, oppetit telo letali confossus.

[¶5] 1.6. After his death the standard of the Eruli and Batavians was taken, which the barbarians with insulting cries and dancing with joy frequently raised on high and displayed, until after hard struggles it was recovered.

> Latin: 1.6. Post cuius interitum, Erulorum Batavorumque vexillum direptum, quod insultando tripudiantes barbari crebro sublatum altius ostendebant, post certamina receptum est magna.

[¶6] 2.1. The news of this disaster was received with extreme grief, and Dagalaifus was sent from Paris to make good the defeat; but since he delayed for a long time under pretext that it was impossible for him to attack the barbarians while they were scattered over various places, he was recalled a little later in order to receive the consular insignia with Gratianus, who was still a private citizen. Then Jovinus, commander of the cavalry, was appointed to the task, and after being most thoroughly equipped and prepared, carefully guarding both wings of his army, he arrived near a place called Scarponna; there he suddenly fell upon a great throng of the savages, took them by surprise before they could arm themselves, and in a short time utterly annihilated them.

> Latin: 2.1. Qua clade cum ultimo maerore comperta, correcturus secius sequius gesta, Dagalaifus a Parisiis mittitur. Eoque diu cunctante, causanteque diffusos per varia barbaros semet adoriri non posse, accitoque paulo postea ut cum Gratiano, etiam tum privato, susciperet insignia consulatus, Iovinus equitum magister accingitur, et instructus paratusque cautissime, observans utrumque sui agminis latus, venit prope locum Scarponna, ubi inopinus maiorem barbarorum plebem antequam armaretur, temporis brevi puncto praeventam ad internecionem exstinxit.

[¶7] 2.2. Then he led on his soldiers, rejoicing in the glory of this bloodless victory, to destroy the second division of the enemy; and the glorious leader was advancing slowly, when he learned from a trustworthy scouting party, that after plundering the neighbouring farmhouses a predatory band was resting near the river. On coming nearer, and being hidden in a valley concealed by a thick growth of trees, he saw that some were bathing, others were reddening their hair after their national custom, and still others were drinking.

> Latin: 2.2. Exsultantes innoxii proelii gloria milites, ad alterius globi perniciem ducens, sensimque incedens rector eximius, speculatione didicit fida, direptis propius villis, vastatoriam manum quiescere prope flumen, iamque adventans, abditusque in valle densitate arbustorum obscura, videbat lavantes alios, quosdam comas rutilantes ex more, potantesque non nullos.

[¶8] 2.3. So taking advantage of this most favourable time, he suddenly gave the signal with the clarions and broke into the robbers’ camp, while on the other hand the Germans, merely uttering boastfully vain threats and shouts, were pressed so hard by the victor that they could not gather up their arms, which were lying about here and there, nor form in line, nor rally for a stout resistance. Therefore most of them fell, run through by pikes and swords, except such as took to their heels and found shelter on the winding and narrow paths.

> Latin: 2.3. Et nanctus horam impendio tempestivam, signo repente per lituos dato, latrocinalia castra perrupit, contraque Germani, nihil praeter inefficaces minas iactanter sonantes et fremitum, nec expedire arma dispersa, nec componere aciem, nec resurgere in vires permittebantur urguente instanter victore. Quocirca forati pilis et gladiis, cecidere complures, absque his quos versos in pedes texere flexuosi tramites et angusti.

[¶9] 2.4. His confidence now increased by this successful stroke, the result of both valour and good fortune, Jovinus led on his soldiers, sending ahead an efficient scouting party, and hastily advanced against the remaining third division; and when by a rapid march he came near Châlons, he found the enemy fully ready for battle.

> Latin: 2.4. Hoc prospero rerum effectu, quem virtus peregerat et fortuna, aucta fiducia, Iovinus militem ducens, diligenti speculatione praemissa, in tertium cuneum qui restabat, propere castra commovit, et maturato itinere omnem prope Catelaunos invenit, ad congrediendum promptissimum.

[¶10] 2.5. Having measured off a stockade to suit the conditions, and refreshed his men with food and sleep, so far as time allowed, at the first coming of dawn he drew up his line of battle in the open plain; and he extended it with such skilful art, that the Romans, who were inferior in number (though equal in strength), by occupying a greater space appeared to be as numerous as the enemy.

> Latin: 2.5. Et vallo opportune metato, suisque pro temporis copia cibo recreatis et somno, primo aurorae exortu, in aperta planitie composuit aciem, dilatatam arte sollerti, ut spatiis amplioribus occupatis, aequiperare Romani hostium multitudinem apparerent, inferiores numero (licet viribus pares).

[¶11] 2.6. And so, when the signal had been given by the trumpet and they began to engage at close quarters, the Germans stood amazed, terrified by the fearful sight of the gleaming standards. For a while their ardour was blunted, but they quickly recovered and prolonged the fighting to the end of the day; and our vigorously attacking soldiers would have gained the fruit of victory without loss, had not Balchobaudes, tribune of the heavy-armed guard, a man by nature both boastful and cowardly, withdrawn in disorder at the approach of evening. And if the rest of the cohorts had followed his example and left the field, the affair would have come to such a sad ending that not one of our number could have survived to tell what had happened.

> Latin: 2.6. Signo itaque per bucinas dato, cum pede collato res agi coepisset, saeva vexillorum splendentium facie territi, stetere Germani. Quibus hebetatis parumper, reparatisque confestim, ad usque diei extimum concertatione protenta, validius imminens miles, fructum rei bene gestae sine dispendio quaesisset, ni Balchobaudes armaturarum tribunus, magniloquentia socordi coalitus, propinquante iam vespera, cessisset incondite. Quem si secutae residuae cohortes abissent, ad tristes exitus eo usque negotium venerat, ut nec nee acta nuntiaturus quisquam posset superesse nostrorum.

[¶12] 2.7. But the soldiers resisted with bold energy and courage, and were so superior in strength that they wounded 4000 of the enemy and killed 6000 more, while they themselves lost not more than 1200, and had only 200 wounded.

> Latin: 2.7. Sed resistens animorum acri robore miles, ita lacertis eminuit, ut hostium quattuor milibus sauciis, sex alia interficeret milia, ipse vero non amplius mille ducentis amitteret, ducentis tantummodo vulneratis.

[¶13] 2.8. When therefore the battle was now broken off by the coming of night, and the wearied soldiers had recovered their strength, their distinguished general towards daybreak led forward his army in square formation; and finding that the savages had slipped away under cover of darkness, free from worry about ambuscades he followed them over the open and easy plains, trampling underfoot the dying, and the contracted bodies of those whom, since the severity of the cold had drawn their wounds together, the extreme pain had taken off.

> Latin: 2.8. Noctis itaque adventu proelio iam dirempto, refectisque viribus fessis, prope confinia lucis ductor egregius, in agminis quadrati figuram producto exercitu, cum comperisset occultantibus tenebris barbaros lapses, securus insidiarum per aperta camporum sequebatur et mollia, calcando semineces et constrictos, quos, vulneribus frigorum asperitate contractis, dolorum absumpserat magnitudo.

[¶14] 2.9. Then, after advancing farther but returning on finding none of the enemy, he learned that the Ascarii (whom he himself had sent by another route to plunder the tents of the Alamanni) had captured a king of the hostile army with a few of his followers, and had gibbeted him. Angered at this, he decided to punish the tribune who had ventured to take this action without consulting higher authority; and he would have condemned him to death, if it had not been clear from convincing evidence that the cruel deed had been committed through passion to which soldiers are prone.

> Latin: 2.9. Exin progressus ulterius, revertens ubi nullum reppererat, didicit regem hostilium agminum cum paucis captum, ab Ascariis (quos ipse per iter aliud ad diripienda tentoria miserat Alamannica) suffixum patibulo. Ideoque iratus, in tribunum animadvertere statuit, ausum hoc inconsulta potestate superiore fecisse, eumque damnasset, ni militari impetu commissum facinus atrox documentis evidentibus constitisset.

[¶15] 2.10. When Jovinus returned to Paris after these brilliant victories, Valentinian went out joyfully to meet him, and shortly afterwards made him consul; and, you may be sure it added to his great happiness that he had received at that same time the head of Procopius, sent to him by Valens.

> Latin: 2.10. Ei post haec redeunti Parisios post claritudinem recte gestorum, imperator laetus occurrit, brevique postea consulem designavit, illo videlicet ad gaudii cumulum accedente, quod eisdem diebus Procopii susceperat caput, a Valente transmissum.

[¶16] 2.11. Besides these battles, many others less worthy of mention were fought in various parts of Gaul, which it would be superfluous to describe, both because their results led to nothing worth while, and because it is not fitting to spin out a history with insignificant details.

> Latin: 2.11. Praeter haec alia multa narratu minus digna conserta sunt proelia, per tractus varios Galliarum, quae superfluum est explicare, cum neque operae pretium aliquod eorum habuere proventus, nec historiam producere per minutias ignobiles decet.

[¶17] 3.1. At this time or a little earlier a new form of portent appeared in Annonarian Tuscany, and how it would turn out even those who were skilled in interpreting prodigies were wholly at a loss to know. For in the town of Pistoria, at about the third hour of the day, in the sight of many persons, an ass mounted the tribunal and was heard to bray persistently, to the amazement both of all who were present and of those who heard of it from the reports of others; and no one could guess what was to come, until later the portended event came to pass.

> Latin: 3.1. Hoc tempore vel paulo ante, nova portenti species per Annonariam apparuit Tusciam, idque quorsum evaderet, prodigialium rerum periti penitus ignorarunt. In oppido enim Pistoriensi, prope horam diei tertiam, spectantibus multis, asinus tribunali escenso audiebatur destinatius rugiens, et stupefactis omnibus, qui aderant quique didicerant referentibus aliis, nulloque coniectante ventura postea quod portendebatur evenit.

[¶18] 3.2. For one Terentius, born in that city, a fellow of low origin and a baker by trade, by way of reward because he had brought Orfitus, an ex-prefect, into court on the charge of embezzlement, held the position of governor in that province. Emboldened by this, he proceeded to stir up many disturbances, and being convicted of cheating in a matter of business with some ship-captains, as was reported, he met death at the hands of the executioner when Claudius was city-prefect.

> Latin: 3.2. Terentius enim, humili genere in urbe natus et pistor, ad vicem praemii, quia peculatus reum detulerat Orfitum ex praefecto, hanc eandem provinciam correctoris administraverat potestate. Eaque confidentia deinceps inquietius agitans multa, in naviculariorum negotio falsum admisisse convictus, ut ferebatur, perit carnificis manu, regente Claudio Romam.

[¶19] 3.3. However, long before this happened, Apronianus was succeeded by Symmachus, a man worthy to be classed among the conspicuous examples of learning and moderation, through whose efforts the sacred city enjoyed an unusual period of quiet and prosperity, and prides itself on a handsome bridge, which Symmachus himself, by the decision of our mighty emperors, dedicated, and to the great joy of the citizens, who proved ungrateful, as the result most clearly showed.

> Latin: 3.3. Multo tamen antequam hoc contingeret, Symmachus Aproniano successit, inter praecipua nominandus exempla doctrinarum atque modestiae. Quo instante urbs sacratissima otio copiisque abundantius solito fruebatur, et ambitioso ponte exsultat quem ipse, iudicio principum maximorum, et magna civium laetitia dedicavit, ingratorum, ut res docuit apertissima.

[¶20] 3.4. For after some years had passed, they set fire to Symmachus’ beautiful house in the Transtiberine district, spurred on by the fact that a common fellow among the plebeians had alleged, without any informant or witness, that the prefect had said that he would rather use his own wine for quenching lime-kilns than sell it at the price which the people hoped for.

> Latin: 3.4. Qui consumptis aliquot annis, domum eius in Transtiberino tractu pulcherrimam incenderunt, ea re perciti, quod vilis quidam plebeius finxerat, illum ilium dixisse sine indice ullo vel teste, libenter se vino proprio calcarias exstincturum, quam id venditurum pretiis quibus sperabant.

[¶21] 3.5. Symmachus was succeeded as prefect of the city by Lampadius, a former praetorian prefect, a man who took it very ill if even his manner of spitting was not praised, on the ground that he did that also with greater skill than anyone else; but yet he was sometimes strict and honest.

> Latin: 3.5. Advenit post hunc urbis moderator Lampadius, ex praefecto praetorio, homo indignanter admodum sustinens, si (etiam cum spueret) non laudaretur, ut id quoque prudenter praeter alios faciens, sed non numquam severus et frugi.

[¶22] 3.6. When this man, in his praetorship, gave magnificent games and made very rich largesses, being unable to endure the blustering of the commons, who often urged that many things should be given to those who were unworthy of them, in order to show his generosity and his contempt of the mob, he summoned some beggars from the Vatican and presented them with valuable gifts.

> Latin: 3.6. Hic cum magnificos praetor ederet ludos, et uberrime largiretur, plebis nequiens tolerare tumultum, indignis multa donari saepe urgentis, ut et liberalem se et multitudinis ostenderet contemptorem, accitos a Vaticano quosdam egentes, opibus ditaverat magnis.

[¶23] 3.7. But of his vanity, not to digress too far, it will suffice to give this single instance, insignificant indeed, but something to be shunned by high officials. For through all quarters of the city which had been adorned at the expenses of various emperors, he had his own name inscribed, not as the restorer of old buildings, but as their founder. From this fault the emperor Trajan also is said to have suffered, and for that reason he was jestingly called “wall-wort.”

> Latin: 3.7. Vanitatis autem eius exemplum, ne latius evagemur, hoc unum sufficiet poni, leve quidem, sed cavendum iudicibus. Per omnia enim civitatis membra, quae diversorum principum exornarunt impensae, nomen proprium inscribebat, non ut veterum instaurator, sed conditor. Quo vitio laborasse et Traianus dicitur princeps, unde eum herbam parietinam iocando cognominarunt.

[¶24] 3.8. As prefect, Lampadius was disturbed by frequent outbreaks, the greatest of all being when a mob, composed of the dregs of the populace, by throwing fire-brands and fire-darts upon his house near the Baths of Constantine would have burned it, had not his friends and neighbours quickly rushed to the spot and driven them off by pelting them with stones and tiles from the house-tops.

> Latin: 3.8. Hic praefectus exagitatus est motibus crebris, uno omnium maximo, cum collecta plebs infima domum eius prope Constantinianum lavacrum iniectis facibus incenderat et malleolis, ni vicinorum et familiarum veloci concursu a summis tectorum culminibus petita saxis et tegulis abscessisset.

[¶25] 3.9. He himself, terrified by such violence in the first stages of a growing tumult, fled to the Mulvian bridge — which the elder Scaurus is said to have built—as though to wait there for the cessation of the tumult, which a serious cause had aroused.

> Latin: 3.9. Eaque vi territus ipse, primitiis crebrescentis seditionis in maius, secessit ad Mulvium pontem, quem struxisse superior dicitur Scaurus, ut lenimenta ibidem tumultus opperiens, quem causa concitaverat gravis.

[¶26] 3.10. For when preparing to erect new buildings or restoring old ones, he did not order materials to be obtained from the usual taxes, but if there was need of iron, lead, bronze, or anything of the kind, attendants were set on, in order that they might, under pretence of buying the various articles, seize them without paying anything. In consequence, he was barely able by swift flight to avoid the anger of the incensed poor, who had repeated losses to lament.

> Latin: 3.10. Aedificia erigere exordiens nova, vel vetusta quaedam instaurans, non ex titulis solitis parari iubebat impensas, sed si ferrum quaerebatur, aut plumbum, aut aes aut quicquam simile, apparitores immittebantur, qui velut ementes diversas raperent species, nulla pretia persolvendo, unde accensorum iracundiam pauperum, damna deflentium crebra, aegre potuit celeri vitare digressu.

[¶27] 3.11. As his successor came Viventius, a former court-chancellor, a just and prudent man of Pannonia, whose administration was quiet and mild, and rich in an abundance of everything. But he, too, was alarmed by sanguinary outbreaks of the factions of the people, which were caused by the following affair.

> Latin: 3.11. Advenit successor eius ex quaesitore palatii, Viventius, integer et prudens Pannonius, cuius administratio quieta fuit et placida, copia rerum omnium affluente. Sed hunc quoque discordantis populi seditiones terruere cruentae, quas tale negotium excitarat.

[¶28] 3.12. Damasus and Ursinus, burning with a superhuman desire of seizing the bishopric, engaged in bitter strife because of their opposing interests; and the supporters of both parties went even so far as conflicts ending in bloodshed and death. Since Viventius was able neither to end nor to diminish this strife, he was compelled to yield to its great violence, and retired to the suburbs.

> Latin: 3.12. Damasus et Ursinus supra humanum modum ad rapiendam episcopi sedem ardentes, scissis studiis asperrime conflictabantur, ad usque mortis vulnerumque discrimina adiumentis utriusque progressis, quae nec corrigere sufficiens Viventius nec mollire, coactus vi magna, secessit in suburbanum.

[¶29] 3.13. And in the struggle Damasus was victorious through the efforts of the party which favoured him. It is a well-known fact that in the basilica of Sicininus, where the assembly of the Christian sect is held, in a single day a hundred and thirty-seven corpses of the slain were found, and that it was only with difficulty that the long-continued frenzy of the people was afterwards quieted.

> Latin: 3.13. Et in concertatione superaverat Damasus, parte quae ei favebat instante. Constatque in basilica Sicinini, ubi ritus Christiani est conventiculum, uno die centum triginta septem reperta cadavera peremptorum, efferatamque diu plebem aegre postea delenitam.

[¶30] 3.14. Bearing in mind the ostentation in city life, I do not deny that those who are desirous of such a thing ought to struggle with the exercise of all their strength to gain what they seek; for when they attain it, they will be so free from care that they are enriched from the offerings of matrons, ride seated in carriages, wearing clothing chosen with care, and serve banquets so lavish that their entertainments outdo the tables of kings.

> Latin: 3.14. Neque ego abnuo, ostentationem rerum considerans urbanarum, huius rei cupidos ob impetrandum quod appetunt, omni contentione laterum iurgare debere, cum id adepti, futuri sint ita securi, ut ditentur oblationibus matronarum, procedantque vehiculis insidentes, circumspecte vestiti, epulas curantes profusas, adeo ut eorum convivia regales superent mensas.

[¶31] 3.15. These men might be truly happy, if they would disregard the greatness of the city behind which they hide their faults, and live after the manner of some provincial bishops, whose moderation in food and drink, plain apparel also, and gaze fixed upon the earth, commend them to the Eternal Deity and to his true servants as pure and reverent men. But this will be a sufficient digression; let me now return to the course of events.

> Latin: 3.15. Qui esse poterant beati re vera, si magnitudine urbis despecta, quam vitiis opponunt, ad imitationem antistitum quorundam provincialium viverent, quos tenuitas edendi potandique parcissime, vilitas etiam indumentorum, et supercilia humum spectantia, perpetuo numini, verisque eius cultoribus, ut puros commendant, et verecundos. Hactenus deviasse sufficiet, nunc ad rerum ordines revertamur.

[¶32] 4.1. While the above-mentioned events were taking place in Gaul and Italy, a new campaign was set on foot in Thrace. For Valens, in accordance with the desire of his brother, whom he consulted and by whose will he was guided, took up arms against the Goths, influenced by a just reason, namely, that they had sent aid to Procopius, when he began his civil war. It will be fitting, then, to sketch hastily in a brief digression the early history and the topography of those regions.

> Latin: 4.1. Dum aguntur ante dicta per Gallias et Italiam, novi per Thracias exciti sunt procinctus. Valens enim ut consulto placuerat fratri, cuius regebatur arbitrio, arma concussit in Gothos, ratione iusta permotus, quod auxilia misere Procopio, civilia bella coeptanti. Ergo conveniet pauca super harum origine regionum et situ transcurrere, per brevem excessum.

[¶33] 4.2. A description of Thrace would be easy, if the pens of the earlier writers agreed; but since their obscurity and their differences lend no aid to a work whose aim is truth, it will suffice to set forth what I myself remember to have seen.

> Latin: 4.2. Erat Thraciarum descriptio facilis, si veteres concinerent stili, quorum obscura varietas, quoniam opus veritatem professum non iuvat, sufficiet ea quae vidisse meminimus expedire.

[¶34] 4.3. That this land formerly consisted of a boundless expanse of gentle plains and lofty mountains, we know from the immortal testimony of Homer, who imagines that the north and west winds begin to blow from there; but this is either a fable, or else in former times the widely extended tracts marked out to be the home of barbarian tribes were all included under the name of Thrace.

> Latin: 4.3. Has terras immensa quondam camporum placiditate aggerumque altitudine fuisse porrectas, Homeri perennis auctoritas docet, aquilonem et zephyrum ventos exinde flare fingentis, quod aut fabulosum est, aut tractus antehac diffusi latissime, destinatique nationibus feris, cuncti Thraciarum vocabulo censebantur.

[¶35] 4.4. A part of these were inhabited by the Scordisci, who are now widely separated from those same provinces: a people formerly cruel and savage, and, as ancient history declares, accustomed to offer up their prisoners as victims to Bellona and Mars, and from their hollowed skulls greedily to drink human blood. By their savageness the Roman state was often sorely troubled and after many lamentable calamities finally lost a whole army with its commander.

> Latin: 4.4. Et partem earum habitavere Scordisci, longe nunc ab eisdem provinciis disparati, saevi quondam et truces, et (ut antiquitas docet), hostiis captivorum Bellonae litantes et Marti, humanumque sanguinem in ossibus capitum cavis bibentes avidius, quorum asperitate post multiplices pugnarum aerumnas saepe res Romana vexata postremo omnem amisit exercitum, cum rectore.

[¶36] 4.5. But, as we now see them, those same places, formed in the shape of a crescent moon, present the appearance of a beautiful theatre. At its western summit are the steep mountains through which the narrow pass of Succi opens, separating Thrace from Dacia.

> Latin: 4.5. Sed (ut nunc cernimus), eadem loca, formata in cornuti sideris modum, effingunt theatri faciem speciosam. Cuius in summitate occidentali montibus praeruptis densitate densetae Succorum patescunt angustiae, Thracias dirimentes et Daciam.

[¶37] 4.6. The left side, towards the northern stars, is shut in by the lofty heights of Mount Haemus and the Hister, which, where it washes Roman soil, borders on many cities, fortresses, and castles.

> Latin: 4.6. Partem vero sinistram, arctois obnoxiam stellis, Haemimontanae celsitudines claudunt, et Hister, qua Romanum caespitem lambit, urbibus multis et castris contiguus et castellis.

[¶38] 4.7. On the right, which is the south side, extend the cliffs of Rhodope, and where the morning star rises it is bounded by the strait which flows with an abundance of water from the Euxine, and going on with alternating current to the Aegaean, opens a narrow cleft between the lands.

> Latin: 4.7. Per dextrum (quod australe est) latus, scopuli tenduntur Rhodopes, unde eoum iubar exsurgit, finitur in fretum; cui undosius ab Euxino ponto labenti, pergentique fluctibus reciprocis ad Aegaeum, discidium panditur terrarum angustum.

[¶39] 4.8. But on the eastern corner the land is connected with the frontiers of Macedonia by a steep and narrow pass, which is called Acontisma. Next to this is the postingstation of Arethusa, in which is to be seen the tomb of Euripides, noted for his lofty tragedies, and Stagira, known as the birthplace of Aristotle, who, as Cicero says, poured forth a golden stream.

> Latin: 4.8. Ex angulo tamen orientali, Macedonicis iungitur collimitiis, per artas praecipitesque vias, quae cognominantur Acontisma: cui proxima Arethusa cursualis est statio, in qua visitur Euripidis sepulcrum, tragoediarum sublimitate conspicui, et Stagira, ubi Aristotelem (ut Tullius ait), fundentem aureum flumen, accipimus natum.

[¶40] 4.9. These regions also were occupied in former times by barbarians, who differed from one another in customs and language. Of these the Odrysae are noted for their savage cruelty beyond all others, being so habituated to the shedding of human blood that when there were no enemies at hand, at their feasts, after a satiety of food and drink they plunged the sword into the bodies of their own countrymen, as if they were those of foreigners.

> Latin: 4.9. Haec quoque priscis temporibus loca barbari tenuere, morum sermonumque varietate dissimiles, e quibus praeter alios ut immaniter efferati memorantur Odrysae, ita humanum fundere sanguinem assueti, ut cum hostium copia non daretur, ipsi inter epulas post cibi satietatem et potus, suis velut alienis corporibus imprimerent ferrum.

[¶41] 4.10. But when our country increased in power, and the rule of consuls was in full sway, Marcus Didius, with great determination, checked these tribes that before had been always invincible and were roaming about without civilization or laws. Drusus confined them within their own bounds. Minucius utterly defeated them in a battle near the river Hebrus, which flows from the high mountains of the Odrysae, and after these the survivors were completely annihilated by the proconsul Appius Claudius in a hot fight. Indeed, the Roman fleets took possession of the towns situated on the Bosphorus and the Propontis.

> Latin: 4.10. Verum aucta re publica, dum consulare vigeret imperium, has gentes antehac semper indomitas, vagantesque sine cultu vel legibus, Marcus Didius ingenti destinatione repressit, Drusus intra fines continuit proprios, Minucius prope amnem Hebrum a celsis Odrysarum montibus defluentem, superatas proelio stravit, post quos residui ab Appio Claudio pro consule sunt infesta concertatione deleti. Oppida enim in Bosporo sita et Propontide classes optinuere Romanae.

[¶42] 4.11. After these came General Lucullus, who was the first of all to encounter the savage tribe of the Bessi and in the same onslaught overcame the Haemimontani in spite of their stout resistance. While he threatened that region, all parts of Thrace passed under the sway of our forefathers, and in this way, after dangerous campaigns, six provinces were won for the republic.

> Latin: 4.11. Advenit post hos imperator Lucullus, qui cum durissima gente Bessorum conflixit omnium primus, eodemque impetu Haemimontanos acriter resistentes oppressit. Quo imminente, Thraciae omnes in dicionem veterum transiere nostrorum, hocque modo post procinctus ancipites, rei publicae sex provinciae sunt quaesitae.

[¶43] 4.12. The first of these on the side bordering on Illyricum is called Thrace in the narrower sense, and is adorned by the splendid cities of Philippopolis, formerly Eumolpias, and Beroea. After this, Haemimontus has Hadrianopolis, also once called Uscudama, and Anchialos, both great and rich cities. Then comes Mysia, with Marcianopolis (so name from the sister of the emperor Trajan). Dorostorus, Nicopolis, and Odessus. Hard by is Scythia, in which the more famous towns are Dionysopolis, Tomi, and Callatia. Europa, the remotest province of all, in addition to various towns, is conspicuous for two cities, Apri and Perinthus, in later times called Heraclea.

> Latin: 4.12. Inter quas prima ex fronte, quae Illyriis est confinis, Thracia speciali nomine appellatur: quam Philippopolis, Eumolpias vetus, et Beroea, amplae civitates exornant. Post hanc Haemimontus Hadrianopolim habet (quae dicebatur Uscudama), et Anchialon, civitates magnas et opulentas. Dein Mysia, ubi Marcianopolis est, a sorore Traiani principis ita cognominata, et Dorostorus et Nicopolis et Odessus, iuxtaque Scythia, in qua celebriora sunt aliis oppida Dionysopolis et Tomi et Calatis Callatia. Europa omnium ultima, praeter municipia urbibus nitet duabus, Apris et Perintho, quam Heracleam posteritas dixit.

[¶44] 4.13. Rhodopa, next to this, has Maximianopolis, Maronea and Aenus, which Aeneas founded and abandoned, and after long wanderings under continued good auspices, reached Italy.

> Latin: 4.13. Rhodopa huic annexa, Maximianopolim habet et Maroneam et Aenum, qua condita et relicta, Aeneas Italiam auspiciorum prosperitate perpetua, post diuturnos occupavit errores.

[¶45] 4.14. Now it is well known, as constant reports have spread abroad, that almost all the country folk who dwell in the high mountains throughout the lands just described surpass us in health and strength, and in the prerogative (so to speak) of prolonging life; and it is thought that this is due to abstinence from a conglomeration of diet and from hot baths, and a lasting freshness knits their bodies through cold sprinklings with dew; and they enjoy the sweetness of a purer air; further they are first of all to feel the rays of the sun, which are by their own nature life-giving, before they are infected with any stains from human affairs. After having thus given an account of these matters, let us return to our task.

> Latin: 4.14. Constat autem (ut vulgavere rumores assidui), omnes paene agrestes, qui per regiones praedictas montium circumcolunt altitudines, salubritate virium, et praerogativa quadam vitae longius propagandae, nos anteire, idque inde contingere arbitrantur, quod colluvione ciborum abstinent calidisque, et perenni viriditate roris asperginibus gelidis corpora constringente, aurae purioris dulcedine potiuntur, radiosque solis, suapte natura vitales, primi omnium sentiunt, nullis adhuc maculis rerum humanarum infectos. His ita digestis, pedem referamus ad coepta.

[¶46] 5.1. After Procopius had been vanquished in Phrygia, and the source of internal strife lulled to rest, Victor, commander of the cavalry, was sent to the Goths, in order to get clear information why a people friendly to the Romans and bound by the treaties of a long-continued peace had lent support to a usurper who was making war on the legitimate emperors. They, in order to excuse their action by a strong defence, presented a letter from the said Procopius, in which he asserted that he had assumed the sovereignty that was due him as nearly related to the family of Constantine; and they maintained that their error was pardonable.

> Latin: 5.1. Procopio superato in Phrygia, internarumque dissensionum materia consopita, Victor magister equitum ad Gothos est missus, cogniturus aperte, quam ob causam gens amica Romanis, foederibusque longae pacis obstricta, tyranno dederat adminicula, bellum principibus legitimis inferenti. Qui ut factum firma defensione purgarent, litteras eiusdem obtulere Procopii, ut generis Constantiniani propinquo, imperium sibi debitum sumpsisse commemorantis, veniaque dignum asserentes errorem.

[¶47] 5.2. When this was learned from the report of the aforesaid Victor, Valens, taking little account of so trivial an excuse, marched against the Goths, who already knew of the coming activity. Getting his army together at the beginning of spring, he measured off a camp near the fortress called Daphne; and having made a bridge of planks over the gangways of ships, he crossed the river Hister without any opposition.

> Latin: 5.2. Quibus eodem referente Victore compertis, Valens parvi ducens excusationem vanissimam, in eos signa commovit motus adventantis iam praescios, et pubescente vere, quaesito in unum exercitu, prope Daphnen nomine munimentum, est castra metatus, ponteque contabulato supra navium foros, flumen transgressus est Histrum, resistentibus nullis.

[¶48] 5.3. And now he was exalted in confidence, since, as he hastened hither and thither, he found no one whom he could conquer or terrify; for all had been struck with fear at the approach of the soldiers with their splendid equipment, and made for the mountains of the Serri, which are lofty and inaccessible except to those who are thoroughly familiar with them.

> Latin: 5.3. Iamque sublatus fiducia, cum ultro citroque discurrens, nullum inveniret quem superare poterat vel terrere: omnes enim formidine perciti militis cum apparatu ambitioso propinquantis, montes petivere Serrorum, arduos et inaccessos, nisi perquam gnaris.

[¶49] 5.4. Therefore, to avoid wasting the whole summer and returning without accomplishing anything, he sent Arintheus, commander of the infantry, with plundering bands and seized some of the families which could be captured before they reached the steep and winding mountainregions and while they were still wandering over the level plains. And after having attained only this, which was what chance offered him, he returned harmlessly with his men, without having inflicted or suffered serious harm.

> Latin: 5.4. Ne igitur aestate omni consumpta, sine ullo remearet effectu, Arintheo magistro peditum misso cum praedatoriis globis, familiarum rapuit partem, quae antequam ad dirupta venirent et flexuosa, capi potuerunt, per plana camporum errantes. Hocque tantum, quod fors dederat, impetrato, redit cum suis innoxius, nec illato gravi vulnere nec accepto.

[¶50] 5.5. In the following year, having attempted with equal energy to invade the enemy’s territory, he was prevented by extensive floods of the Danube and remained inactive, near a village of the Carpi in a permanent camp which he had made, until the end of autumn. And since he was cut off by the extent of the waters from doing anything, he returned from there to Marcianopolis for winter quarters.

> Latin: 5.5. Anno secuto, ingredi terras hostiles pari alacritate conatus, fusius Danubii gurgitibus evagatis, impeditus mansit immobilis prope Carporum vicum, stativis castris ad usque autumnum locatis emensum. Unde quia nihil agi potuit dirimente magnitudine fluentorum, Marcianopolim ad hiberna discessit.

[¶51] 5.6. With like persistence in the third year also he made a bridge of boats to cross the river at Novidunum and forced his way into the barbarian territory; and after continuous marches he attacked the warlike people of the Greuthungi, who lived very far off, and after some slight contests Athanaricus, at that time their most powerful ruler, who dared to resist with a band which he believed to be more than sufficient for himself, was forced to flee, in fear of utter destruction. Then he himself with all his men returned to Marcianopolis as a suitable place (considering that region) for passing the winter.

> Latin: 5.6. Simili pertinacia, tertio quoque anno, per Novidunum navibus ad transmittendum amnem conexis, perrupto barbarico, continuatis itineribus longius agentes Greuthungos bellicosam gentem aggressus est, postque leviora certamina, Athanaricum ea tempestate iudicem potentissimum, ausum resistere, cum manu quam sibi crediderit abundare, extremorum metu coegit in fugam, ipseque cum omnibus suis Marcianopolim redivit ad hiemem agendam (ut in illis tractibus) habilem.

[¶52] 5.7. After the many vicissitudes of these three years timely opportunities arose for ending the war. First, because the long stay of the emperor was increasing the enemy’s fears; secondly, because the savages, since commerce was cut off, were so distressed by extreme scarcity of the necessities of life that they often sent suppliant deputations to beg for pardon and peace.

> Latin: 5.7. Aderant post diversos triennii casus finiendi belli materiae tempestivae. Prima quod ex principis diuturna permansione metus augebatur hostilis, dein quod commerciis vetitis ultima necessariorum inopia barbari stringebantur, adeo ut, legatos supplices saepe mittentes, venialem poscerent pace.

[¶53] 5.8. The emperor was indeed inexperienced, but very reasonable as yet in his judgment of conditions, until he was led astray by the fatal blandishments of his flatterers and inflicted on his country losses ever to be lamented; therefore, consulting for the common welfare, he decided that peace ought to be granted.

> Latin: 5.8. Quibus imperator rudis quidem, verum spectator adhuc aequissimus rerum, antequam adulationum perniciosis illecebris captus rem publicam funeribus perpetuo deflendis affligeret, in commune consultans pacem dari oportere decrevit.

[¶54] 5.9. Accordingly, he in his turn sent as envoys Victor and Arintheus, of whom one then commanded the cavalry and the other the infantry, and when their trustworthy report had informed him that the Goths agreed to the conditions which he offered, a convenient place was appointed for concluding peace. But since Athanaricus declared that he was bound by an oath accompanied by a fearful imprecation, and thus prevented by his father’s orders from ever setting foot on Roman soil, and since he could not be induced to do so, and it was unbecoming and degrading for the emperor to cross to him, it was decided by those of good judgment that ships should be rowed into mid-stream, one carrying the emperor with his guard, the other the Gothic ruler with his men, and that thus a treaty of peace should be struck, as had been agreed.

> Latin: 5.9. Missique vicissim Victor et Arintheus, qui tunc equestrem curabant militiam et pedestrem, cum propositis condicionibus assentiri Gothos docuissent litteris veris, praestituitur componendae paci conveniens locus. Et quoniam asserebat Athanaricus, sub timenda exsecratione iuris iurandi se esse obstrictum, mandatisque prohibitum patris, ne solum calcaret aliquando Romanum, et adigi non poterat, indecorumque erat et vile ad eum imperatorem transire: recte noscentibus placuit navibus remigio directis in medium flumen, quae vehebant cum armigeris principem, gentisque iudicem inde cum suis, foederari, ut statutum est, pacem.

[¶55] 5.10. When this had been arranged and hostages received, Valens returned to Constantinople, where later Athanaricus, driven from his native land by a faction of his kinsmen, died a natural death and was buried after our fashion with splendid rites.

> Latin: 5.10. Hocque composito, et acceptis obsidibus, Valens Constantinopolim redit, ubi postea Athanaricus proximorum factione genitalibus terris expulsus, fatali sorte decessit et ambitiosis exsequiis ritu sepultus est nostro.

[¶56] 6.1. Meanwhile, when Valentinian was attacked by a severe illness and was at the point of death, the Gauls who were at court in the emperor’s service, at a secret conference demanded that Rusticus Julianus, then master of the rolls, should be made emperor: a man who, as if smitten by a blast of madness, was as greedy for human blood as a wild beast, as he showed when governing Africa with proconsular power.

> Latin: 6.1. Inter haec Valentiniano magnitudine quassato morborum, agitanteque extrema, colloquio occultiore Gallorum, qui aderant in commilitio principis, ad imperium Rusticus Iulianus, tunc magister memoriae, poscebatur, quasi afflatu quodam furoris, bestiarum more humani sanguinis avidus, ut ostenderat cum proconsulari potestate regeret Africam.

[¶57] 6.2. For as prefect of the city, in the administration of which office he died, through fear of the precarious situation of the tyrant, through whose choice he had risen to that high position as if for the lack of worthy men, he was compelled to assume the appearance of mildness and clemency.

> Latin: 6.2. In praefectura enim urbana, quam adhuc administrans exstinctus est, tempus anceps metuens tyrannidis, cuius arbitrio, tamquam inter dignorum inopiam, ad id escenderat columen, lenis videri cogebatur et mollior.

[¶58] 6.3. Against these Gauls some with higher aims strove in the cause of Severus, then commander of the infantry, as a man fitted for attaining that rank; and, although he was strict and feared, yet he was more endurable and in every way to be preferred to the aforenamed aspirant.

> Latin: 6.3. Contra hos nitebantur aliqui studiis altioribus in favorem Severi, magistri tunc tune peditum, ut apti ad hoc impetrandum, qui licet asper esset et formidatus, tolerabilior tamen fuit, et praeferendus modis omnibus ante dicto.

[¶59] 6.4. But while these designs were being agitated to no purpose, the emperor was restored with the help of numerous remedies; and observing that he was hardly yet rescued from the danger of death, he purposed to bestow the imperial insignia upon his son Gratianus, who had by this time nearly reached the age of puberty.

> Latin: 6.4. Sed dum haec cogitantur in cassum, imperator remediis multiplicibus recreatus, vixque se mortis periculo contemplans extractum, Gratianum filium suum, adulto iam proximum, insignibus principatus ornare meditabatur.

[¶60] 6.5. And when everything was ready, when the soldiers had been won over to accept this with willing minds, and Gratianus had appeared, the emperor advanced into the plain and mounted the tribunal; then, surrounded by a brilliant assemblage of men of high rank, he took the boy by the hand, led him into their midst, and commended the future emperor to the army in the following public address:— “It is a propitious sign of your devotion to me that I parade this robe of imperial rank, by which I have been judged preferable to other men, many and distinguished; so taking you as partners in my plans and favourers of my wishes, I shall proceed to an act of dutiful affection, which is timely since the god, through whose eternal aid the Roman state will endure unshaken, now promises success.”

> Latin: 6.5. Et paratis omnibus militeque firmato, ut animis id acciperet promptis, cum Gratianus venisset, progressus in campum, tribunal escendit, splendoreque nobilium circumdatus potestatum, dextra puerum apprehensum, productumque in medium, oratione contionaria destinatum imperatorem exercitui commendabat. “Faustum erga me vestri favoris indicium, hunc loci principalis circumferens habitum, quo potior aliis iudicatus sum, multis et claris: consiliorum sociis votorumque auspicibus vobis, pietatis officium aggrediar tempestivum, prospera deo spondente, cuius sempiternis auxiliis stabit Romana res inconcussa.”

[¶61] 6.7. “Therefore, my valiant men, accept I pray you with friendly minds my heart’s desire, convinced that we have wished this action, which the duties of affection sanction, not only to be brought to your knowledge, but also to be confirmed by your approval as agreeable to you and likely to be advantageous.”

> Latin: 6.7. “Accipite igitur, quaeso, placidis mentibus, viri fortissimi, desiderium nostrum, id reputantes, quod haec quae fieri caritatis sanciunt iura, non tantum transire voluimus per conscientiam vestram, verum etiam probata firmari, ut congrua vobis et profutura.”

[¶62] 6.8. “This son of mine, Gratianus, now become a man, has long lived among your children, and you love him as a tie between you and me; therefore, in order to secure the public peace on all sides, I plan to take him as my associate in the imperial power, if the propitious will of the god of heaven and of your dignity shall support what a father’s love suggests. He has not been, as we have been, brought up in a severe school from his very cradle, nor trained in the endurance of adversity, and (as you see) he is not yet able to endure the dust of Mars; but, in harmony with the glory of his family and the great deeds of his forefathers, he will forthwith rise (I speak with moderation, in fear of Nemesis) to greater heights.”

> Latin: 6.8. “Gratianum hunc meum adultum, quem diu versatum inter liberos vestros, commune diligitis pignus, undique muniendae tranquillitatis publicae causa, in augustum assumere commilitium paro, si propitia caelestis numinis vestraeque maiestatis voluntas parentis amorem iuverit praeeuntem: non rigido cultu ab incunabulis ipsis (ut nos) educatum, nec tolerantia rerum coalitum asperarum, nec capacem adhuc Martii pulveris, ut videtis, sed familiae suae laudibus, maiorumque factis praestantibus, concinentem—parcius invidiae metu dicitur—protinus surrecturum.”

[¶63] 6.9. “For as I am wont to think, when I consider, as I often do, his character and his inclinations, although they are not yet fully developed: when he enters on the years of youth, since he has been instructed in the liberal arts and in the pursuit of skilful accomplishments, he will weigh with impartial justice the value of right and wrong actions; he will so conduct himself that good men will know that he understands them; he will rush forward to noble deeds and cling close to the military standards and eagles; he will endure sun and snow, frost and thirst, and wakeful hours; he will defend his camp, if necessity ever requires it; he will risk his life for the companions of his dangers; and, what is the first and highest duty of loyalty, he will know how to love his country as he loves the home of his father and grandfather.”

> Latin: 6.9. “Ut enim mihi videri solet mores eius et appetitus, licet nondum maturos, saepe pensanti: ineunte adulescentia, quoniam humanitate et studiis disciplinarum sollertium est expolitus, librabit suffragiis puris merita recte secusve factorum: faciet, ut sciant se boni intellegi: in pulchra facinora procursabit, signis militaribus et aquilis adhaesurus: solem nivesque et pruinas et sitim perferet et vigilias: castris (si necessitas adegerit aliquotiens) propugnabit: salutem pro periculorum sociis obiectabit: et quod pietatis summum primumque munus est, rem publicam ut domum paternam diligere poterit, et avitam.”

[¶64] 6.10. The emperor had not yet ended his address when his words were received with joyful acclaim, and the soldiers, each according to his rank and feeling, striving to outdo the others, as though sharers in this prosperity and joy, hailed Gratianus as Augustus, with loud shouts mingled with the favouring clash of arms.

> Latin: 6.10. Nondum finita oratione, dictis cum assensu laeto auditis, pro suo quisque loco et animo, milites alius alium anteire festinans, tamquam utilitatis et gaudiorum participes, Gratianum declararunt Augustum, clamorum amplissimo sonu blandum fragorem miscentes armorum.

[¶65] 6.11. On perceiving this, Valentinian, filled with greater joy and confidence, adorned his son with the crown and the robes of supreme rank, and kissed him; then, resplendent as Gratianus was and listening attentively to his father’s words, Valentinian addressed him as follows:— “Behold, my dear Gratian, you now wear, as we have all hoped, the imperial robes, bestowed upon you under favourable auspices by my will and that of our fellow-soldiers.

> Latin: 6.11. Quo viso maiore fiducia Valentinianus exultans, corona indumentisque supremae fortunae ornatum, filium osculatus, iamque fulgore conspicuum, alloquitur advertentem quae dicebantur.

[¶66] 6.12. Therefore prepare yourself, considering the weight of your urgent duties, to be the colleague of your father and your uncle and accustom yourself fearlessly to make your way with the infantry over the ice of the Danube and the Rhine, to keep your place close beside your soldiers, to give your life’s blood, with all thoughtfulness, for those under your command, and to think nothing alien to your duty, which affects the interests of the Roman empire.”

> Latin: 6.12. “En,” inquit, “habes, mi Gratiane, amictus, ut speravimus omnes, augustos, meo commilitonumque nostrorum arbitrio, delatos ominibus faustis. Accingere igitur pro rerum urgentium pondere, ut patris patruique collega, et assuesce impavidus penetrare cum agminibus peditum gelu pervios Histrum et Rhenum, armatis tuis proximus stare, sanguinem spiritumque considerate pro his impendere quos regis, nihil alienum putare, quod ad Romani imperii pertinet statum.”

[¶67] 6.13. “This will suffice for the present by way of admonition; for the future I shall not cease to advise you. Now for the rest I turn to you, great defenders of our country, whom I beg and implore with firm affection to watch over your emperor, not yet grown up, thus entrusted to your loyalty.”

> Latin: 6.13. “Haec pro tempore praecepisse sufficiet, cetera monere non desinam. Nunc reliqui vos estis, rerum maximi defensores, quos rogo et obtestor, ut accrescentem imperatorem fidei vestrae commissum, servetis affectione fundata.”

[¶68] 6.14. After these words had been ratified with all solemnity, Eupraxius, a Moor of Caesariensis, then master of the rolls, was the first of all to cry out: “The house of Gratianus is worthy of this”; whereupon he was at once advanced to the quaestorship. He was a man who left many proofs of noble self-confidence worthy of imitation by sensible men, one who never deviated from the principles of a fearless nature, but was always firm andresembled the laws, which, as we know, in the manifold cases in court speak with one and the same voice; and he then remained truer to the side of justice which he had espoused, even when the emperor, becoming arbitrary, assailed him with threats when he gave him good advice.

> Latin: 6.14. His dictis sollemnitate omni firmatis, Eupraxius (Caesariensis Maurus) magister ea tempestate memoriae, primus omnium exclamavit: “Familia Gratiani hoc meretur” statimque promotus quaestor multa et prudentibus aemulanda bonae fiduciae reliquit exempla, nusquam a statu naturae discedens intrepidae, sed constans semper legumque similis, quas omnibus una eademque voce loqui in multiplicibus advertimus causis: qui tunc magis in suscepta parte iustitiae permanebat, cum eum recta monentem, exagitaret minax imperator et nimius.

[¶69] 6.15. After this, all rose up to praise the elder and the younger emperor, and especially the boy, who was recommended by the fierier gleam of his eyes, the delightful charm of his face and his whole body, and the noble nature of his heart; these qualities would have completed an emperor fit to be compared with the choicest rulers of the olden time, had this been allowed by the fates and by his intimates, who, by evil actions, cast a cloud over his virtue, which was even then not firmly steadfast.

> Latin: 6.15. Consurrectum est post haec in laudes maioris principis et novelli, maximeque pueri, quem oculorum flagrantior lux commendabat, vultusque et reliqui corporis iucundissimus nitor, et egregia pectoris indoles: quae imperatorem implesset cum veterum lectissimis comparandum, si per fata proximosque licuisset, qui virtutem eius etiam tum instabilem obnubilarunt actibus pravis.

[¶70] 6.16. However, in this affair Valentinian overstepped the usage established of old, in that he named his brother and his son, not Caesar, but Augustus, generously enough. For before that no one had appointed a colleague of equal power with himself except the emperor Marcus, who made his adopted brother Verus his partner, but without any impairment of his own imperial majesty.

> Latin: 6.16. In hoc tamen negotio, Valentinianus morem institutum antiquitus supergressus, non Caesares sed Augustos germanum nuncupavit et filium, benevole satis. Nec enim quisquam antehac adscivit sibi pari potestate collegam, praeter principem Marcum, qui Verum, adoptivum fratrem, absque diminutione aliqua maiestatis imperatoriae, socium fecit.

[¶71] 7.1. Scarcely had a few days passed since these affairs were settled according to the desire of the emperor and the soldiers, when Mamertinus, the praetorian prefect, on his return from Rome, to which he had gone to correct certain abuses, was charged with peculation by Avitianus, a former deputy governor.

> Latin: 7.1. His ex sententia rectoris et militum ordinatis, vix dies intercessere pauci cum Mamertinum, praefectum praetorio, ab urbe regressum, quo quaedam perrexerat correcturus, Avitianus ex vicario peculatus detulerat reum.