2.21. The people of Mende used to meet the expenses of administration from harbor and other duties, but refrained from collecting the imposts on land and on houses. They kept, however, a register of the owners, and when the state was in need of funds, they collected the arrears. Meanwhile the owners had the advantage of trafficking with their whole property undiminished by any payment of percentages. The same city being at war with Olynthus and needing funds, passed a resolution that all the slaves they possessed, with the exception of one male and one female apiece, should be sold on behalf of the State, which was thus enabled to raise a loan from private citizens.
2.21. Μενδαῖοι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἀπὸ λιμένων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τελῶν αὐτοῖς προσπορευόμενα ἐχρῶντο εἰς διοίκησιν τῆς πόλεως, τὰ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς καὶ οἰκιῶν τέλη οὐκ ἔπραττον, ἀλλʼ ἀνέγραφον τοὺς ἔχοντας· ὁπότε δὲ δεηθεῖεν χρημάτων, ἀπεδίδοσαν ⟨οι⟩ ὀφείλοντες· ἐκέρδαινον οὖν τὸν παρεληλυθότα χρόνον ἀτόκοις τοῖς χρήμασιν ἀποκεχρημένοι. πολεμοῦντες ⟨τὲ⟩ πρὸς Ὀλυνθίους καὶ δεόμενοι χρημάτων, ὄντων αὐτοῖς ἀνδραπόδων, ἐψηφίσαντο καταλειπομένων ἑνὶ ἑκάστῳ θήλεος καὶ ἄρρενος τὰ ἄλλα ἀποδόσθαι τῇ πόλει, ὡς ἐκδανεῖσαι τοὺς ἰδιώτας χρήματα.
2.22. Callistratus, when in Macedonia, caused the harbor-dues, which were usually sold for twenty talents, to produce twice as much. For noticing that only the wealthier men were accustomed to buy them because the sureties for the twenty talents were obliged to show talent for talent, he issued a proclamation that anyone might buy the dues on furnishing securities for one-third of the amount, or as much more as could be procured in each case.
2.22. Καλλίστρατος ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ πωλουμένου τοῦ ἐλλιμενίου ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ εἴκοσι ταλάντων, ἐποίησεν εὑρεῖν τὸ διπλάσιον· κατιδὼν γὰρ ὠνουμένους τοὺς εὐπορωτέρους ἀεὶ διὰ τὸ δεῖν ταλαντιαίους καθιστάναι τοὺς ἐγγύους τῶν εἴκοσι ταλάντων, προεκήρυξεν ὠνεῖσθαι τὸν βουλόμενον καὶ τοὺς ἐγγύους καθιστάναι τοῦ τρίτου μέρους καὶ καθʼ ὁπόσον ἕκαστος δύνηται πείθειν.
2.23. Timotheus of Athens during his campaign against Olynthus was short of silver, and issued to his men a copper coinage instead. On their complaining, he told them that all the merchants and retailers would accept it in lieu of silver. But the merchants he instructed to buy in turn with the copper they received such produce of the land as was for sale, as well as any booty brought to them; such copper as remained on their hands he would exchange for silver. During the campaign of Corcyra this same Timotheus was reduced to sore straits. His men demanded their pay; refused to obey his orders; and declared they would desert to the enemy. Accordingly he summoned a meeting and told them that the stormy weather was delaying the arrival of the silver he expected; meanwhile, as he had on hand such abundance of provisions, he would charge them nothing for the three months’ ration of grain already advanced. The men, unable to believe that Timotheus would have sacrificed so large a sum to them unless he was in truth expecting the money, made no further claim for pay until he had completed his dispositions. At the siege of Samos, Timotheus sold the crops and other country property to the besieged Samians themselves, and thus obtained plenty of money to pay his men. But finding the camp was short of provisions owing to the arrival of reinforcements, he forbade the sale of milled corn, or of any measure less than 1 1/2 bushels of corn or 8 1/2 gallons of wine or oil. Accordingly the officers bought supplies wholesale and issued them to their men; the reinforcements thenceforth brought their own provisions, and sold any surplus on their departure. In this way the needs of the soldiers were satisfactorily met.
2.23. Τιμόθεος Ἀθηναῖος πολεμῶν πρὸς Ὀλυνθίους καὶ ἀπορούμενος ἀργυρίου, κόψας χαλκὸν διεδίδου τοῖς στρατιώταις. ἀγανακτούντων δὲ τῶν στρατιωτῶν ἔφη αὐτοῖς τοὺς ἐμπόρους τε καὶ ἀγοραίους ἅπαντα ὡσαύτως πωλήσειν. τοῖς δʼ ἐμπόροις προεῖπεν, ὃν ἄν τις λάβῃ χαλκόν, τούτου πάλιν ἀγοράζειν τά τʼ ἐκ τῆς χώρας ὤνια καὶ τὰ ἐκ τῶν λειῶν ἀγόμενα· ὃς δʼ ἂν περιλειφθῇ αὐτοῖς χαλκός, πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀναφέροντας ἀργύριον λαμβάνειν. περὶ Κέρκυραν δὲ πολεμῶν καὶ ἀπόρως διακείμενος καὶ τῶν στρατιωτῶν αἰτούντων τοὺς μισθοὺς καὶ ἀπειθούντων αὐτῷ καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ὑπεναντίους φασκόντων ἀποπορεύεσθαι, ἐκκλησίαν συναγαγὼν ἔφησεν οὐ δύνασθαι διὰ τοὺς χειμῶνας παραγενέσθαι αὑτῷ ἀργύριον, ἐπεὶ τοσαύτην εἶναι περὶ αὑτὸν εὐπορίαν, ὥστε τὴν προδεδομένην τριμήνου σιταρχίαν δωρεὰν αὐτοῖς διδόναι· οἱ δὲ ὑπολαβόντες οὐκ ἄν ποτε προέσθαι τοσαῦτα χρήματα τὸν Τιμόθεον αὐτοῖς, εἰ μὴ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ προσδόκιμα ἦν τὰ χρήματα πρὸς αὐτόν, ἡσυχίαν εἶχον ὑπὲρ τῶν μισθῶν ἕως ἐκεῖνος διῳκήσατο ἃ ἐβούλετο. Σάμον δὲ πολιορκῶν τοὺς καρποὺς καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν ἀπεδίδοτο αὐτοῖς τοῖς Σαμίοις, ὥστε εὐπόρησε χρημάτων εἰς μισθοὺς τοῖς στρατιώταις. τῶν τε ἐπιτηδείων ἐπεὶ σπάνις ἦν ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ διὰ τοὺς ἀφικνουμένους, ἀπηγόρευσε μὴ πωλεῖν σῖτον ἀληλεσμένον μηδὲ μέτρον ἔλασσον ἢ μέδιμνον, μηδὲ τῶν ὑγρῶν μηθὲν ἔλαττον ἢ μετρητήν. οἱ μὲν οὖν ταξίαρχοί τε καὶ λοχαγοὶ ἀγοράζοντες ἀθρόα διεδίδοσαν τοῖς στρατιώταις, οἱ δὲ εἰσαφικνούμενοι ἦγον αὑτοῖς τὰ ἐπιτήδεια· ὁπότε δὲ ἀπαλλάττοιντο, εἴ τι περίλοιπον εἴη αὐτοῖς, ἐπώλουν. ὥστε συνέβαινεν εὐπορεῖσθαι τοὺς στρατιώτας τῶν ἐπιτηδείων.
2.24. Didales the Persian was able to provide for the daily needs of his mercenaries from the enemy’s country; but had no coined money to give them. When their pay became due, and they demanded it, he had recourse to the following trick. He called a meeting, and told the men that he had plenty of money, but that it was stored in a certain fortress, which he named. He then broke up his encampment and marched in that direction. On reaching the neighborhood of the fortress, he himself went on ahead, and entering the place seized all the silver vessels in the temples. He then loaded his mules in such a way that this plate was exposed, thus suggesting that silver formed the entire load; and so continued his march. The soldiers, beholding the plate and supposing that they convoyed a full load of silver, were cheered by the expectation of their pay. They were informed however by Didales that they would have to take it to Amisus to be coined—a journey of many days, and in the winter season. And during all this time, he continued to employ the army without giving it more than its necessary rations. Moreover, all the craftsmen in the army, and the hucksters who traded with the soldiers by barter, were under his personal control, and enjoyed a complete monopoly.
2.24. Διδάλης Πέρσης ἔχων στρατιώτας τὰ μὲν καθʼ ἡμέραν πορίζειν ἐδύνατο ἐκ τῆς πολεμίας αὐτοῖς, νόμισμα δὲ οὐκ ἔχων διδόναι, ἀπαιτούμενος δέ, χρόνου γενομένου οὗ ὤφειλε, τεχνάζει τοιόνδε. ἐκκλησίαν συναγαγὼν ἔφη οὐκ ἀπορεῖσθαι χρημάτων, ἀλλʼ εἶναι αὑτῷ ἐν χωρίῳ τινί, λέγων ἐν ᾧ εἴη. καὶ ἀναζεύξας ἐβάδιζεν ἐπʼ αὐτό· εἶτα, ὡς ἐγγὺς τοῦ χωρίου ἐγένετο, προελθὼν εἰς αὐτὸ ἔλαβεν ἐκ τῶν ἐνόντων ἱερῶν ὅσος ἐνῆν κοῖλος ἄργυρος· εἶτʼ ἐπισκευάσας τὰς ἡμιόνους ὡς ἀγούσας ἀργύριον παραφαινούσας τε ταῦτα ἐβάδιζεν. ἰδόντες δὲ οἱ στρατιῶται καὶ νομίσαντες ἅπαντα εἶναι ἄργυρον τὰ ἀγόμενα, ἐθάρρησαν ὡς κομιούμενοι τὸν μισθόν. ὁ δὲ ἔφη δεῖν εἰς Ἀμισὸν ἐλθόντας ἐπισημήνασθαι· ἦν δʼ εἰς τὴν Ἀμισὸν ὁδὸς πολλῶν τε ἡμερῶν καὶ χειμέριος· τὸν δὴ χρόνον τοῦτον ἀπεχρᾶτο τῷ στρατοπέδῳ τὰ ἐπιτήδεια μόνον διδούς. τούς ⟨τε⟩ τεχνίτας τοὺς ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ αὐτὸς εἶχε καὶ τοὺς καπήλους τοὺς μεταβαλλομένους τι· ἄλλῳ δὲ οὐκ ἦν οὐθενὶ οὐθὲν τούτων ποιεῖν.
2.25. When Taos, king of Egypt, needed funds for an expedition he was making, Chabrias of Athens advised him to inform the priests that to save expense it was necessary to suppress some of the temples together with the majority of the attendant priests. On hearing this, each priesthood, being anxious to retain their own temple, offered him money from their private possessions 〈as well as from the temple funds〉. When the king had thus received money from them all, Chabrias bade him tell the priests to spend on the temple-service and on their own maintenance one-tenth of what they formerly spent, and lend him the remainder until he had made peace with the King 〈of Persia〉. Moreover, each inhabitant was to contribute a stated proportion of his household and personal possessions; and when grain was sold, buyer and seller were each to contribute, apart from the price, one obol per artabe; while a tax of one tenth was to be imposed on profits arising from ships and workshops and other sources of gain. Again, when Taos was on the point of setting out from Egypt, Chabrias advised him to make requisition of all uncoined gold and silver in the possession of the inhabitants; and when most of them complied, he bade the king make use of the bullion, and refer the lenders to the governors of his provinces for compensation out of the taxes.
2.25. Χαβρίας Ἀθηναῖος Ταῲ τῷ Αἰγυπτίων βασιλεῖ ἐκστρατεύοντι καὶ δεομένῳ χρημάτων συνεβούλευε τῶν τε ἱερῶν τινα καὶ τῶν ἱερέων τὸ πλῆθος φάναι πρὸς τοὺς ἱερεῖς δεῖν παραλυθῆναι διὰ τὴν δαπάνην. ἀκούσαντες δὲ οἱ ἱερεῖς καὶ τὸ ἱερὸν παρʼ αὑτοῖς ἕκαστοι βουλόμενοι εἶναι, καὶ ἴδια αὐτοῖς οἱ ἱερεῖς ἐδίδοσαν χρήματα. ἐπεὶ δὲ παρὰ πάντων εἰλήφει, προστάξαι αὐτοῖς ἐκέλευσεν εἰς μὲν τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ εἰς αὑτὸν τῆς δαπάνης ἧς πρότερον ἐποιοῦντο τὸ δέκατον μέρος ποιεῖσθαι, τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ αὑτῷ δανεῖσαι, ἕως ὁ πόλεμος ὁ πρὸς βασιλέα διαλυθῇ. ἀπʼ οἰκίας δὲ ἑκάστης κελεῦσαι ἅπαντας εἰσενέγκαι τάξαντα ὃ δεῖ, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος ὡσαύτως· τοῦ σίτου τε πωλουμένου χωρὶς τῆς τιμῆς διδόναι τὸν πωλοῦντα καὶ ὠνούμενον ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρτάβης τὸν ὀβολόν· ἀπό τῶν πλοίων τε καὶ ἐργαστηρίων καὶ τῶν ἄλλην τινὰ ἐργασίαν εχόντων τῆς ἐργασίας μέρος τὸ δέκατον κελεῦσαι ἀποτελεῖν. ἐκστρατεύειν δʼ αὐτῷ μέλλοντι ἐκ τῆς χώρας, εἴ τίς τι ἔχει ἄσημον ἀργύριον ἢ χρυσίον, κελεῦσαι ἐνέγκαι πρὸς αὑτόν· ἐνεγκάντων δὲ τῶν πλείστων, ἐκέλευσε τούτῳ μὲν ἐκεῖνον χρῆσθαι, τοὺς δὲ δανείσαντας συστῆσαι τοῖς νομάρχαις, ὥστʼ ἐκ τῶν φόρων αὐτοῖς ἀποδοῦναι.
2.26. Iphicrates of Athens provided Cotys with money for a force which he had collected in the following manner. He bade him order 〈each〉 of his subjects to sow for him a piece of land bearing 4 1/2 bushels. A large quantity of grain was thus gathered, from the price of which, when brought to the depots on the coast, the king obtained as much money as he wanted.
2.26. Ἰφικράτης Ἀθηναῖος, Κότυος συναγαγόντος στρατιώτας, ἐπόρισεν αὐτῷ χρήματα τρόπον τοιοῦτον. ἐκέλευσε τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὧν ἦρχε προστάξαι κατασπεῖραι αὐτῷ γῆν τριῶν μεδίμνων· τούτου δὲ πραχθέντος συνελέγη σίτου πολὺ πλῆθος. καταγαγὼν οὖν ἐπὶ τὰ ἐμπόρια ἀπέδοτο, καὶ εὐπόρησε χρημάτων.
2.27. Cotys of Thrace asked the people of Peirinthus for a loan to enable him to raise an army. On their refusing, he begged them at any rate to let him have some of their citizens to garrison certain fortresses, and release for active service the men who were there on duty. They readily complied, thinking thus to obtain control of the fortresses. But Cotys placed in custody the men they sent, and told the citizens that they might have them back when they had sent him the amount of the loan he desired.
2.27. Κότυς Θρᾷξ παρὰ Περινθίων ἐδανείζετο χρήματα εἰς τοὺς στρατιώτας συναγαγεῖν· οἱ δὲ Περίνθιοι οὐκ ἐδίδοσαν αὐτῷ. ἠξίωσεν οὖν αὐτοὺς ἄνδρας γε τῶν πολιτῶν φρουροὺς δοῦναι εἰς χωρία τινά, ἵνα τοῖς ἐκεῖ στρατιώταις νῦν φρουροῦσι σχῇ ἀποχρήσασθαι. οἱ δὲ τοῦτο ταχέως ἐποίησαν, οἰόμενοι τῶν χωρίων κύριοι ἔσεσθαι. ὁ δὲ Κότυς τοὺς ἀποσταλέντας εἰς φυλακὴν ποιήσας τὰ χρήματα αὐτοὺς ἐκέλευσεν ἀποστείλαντας, ἃ ἐδανείζετο παρʼ αὐτῶν, κομίσασθαι.
2.28. Mentor of Rhodes, after taking Hermias prisoner and seizing his fortresses, left in their various districts the officials appointed by him. By this means he restored their confidence, so that they all took again to themselves the property they had hidden or had sent secretly out of the country. Then Mentor arrested them and stripped them of all they had.
2.28. Μέντωρ Ῥόδιος Ἑρμείαν συλλαβὼν καὶ τὰ χωρία αὐτοῦ κατασχὼν τοὺς ἐπιμελητὰς εἴασε κατὰ χώραν τοὺς ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἑρμείου καθεστηκότας. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐθάρρησάν τε ἅπαντες καί, εἴ τί ποτʼ ἦν αὐτοῖς ἀποκεκρυμμένον ἢ ὑπεκκείμενον, μεθʼ αὑτῶν εἶχον, συλλαβὼν αὐτοὺς πάντα παρείλετο ἃ εἶχον.
2.29. Memnon of Rhodes, on making himself master of Lampsacus, found he was in need of funds. He therefore assessed upon the wealthiest inhabitants a quantity of silver, telling them that they should recover it from the other citizens. But when the other citizens made their contributions, Memnon said they must lend him this money also, fixing a certain date for its repayment. Again being in need of funds, he asked for a contribution, to be recovered, as he said, from the city revenues. The citizens complied, thinking that they would speedily reimburse themselves. But when the revenue payments came in, he declared that he must have these also, and would repay the lenders subsequently with interest. His mercenary troops he requested to forgo six days’ pay and rations each year, on the plea that on those days they were neither on garrison duty nor on the march nor did they incur any expense. (He referred to the days omitted from alternate months. ) Moreover, being accustomed previously to issue his men’s rations of corn on the second day of the month, in the first month he postponed the distribution for three days, and in the second month for five; proceeding in this fashion until at length it took place on the last day of the month.
2.29. Μέμνων Ῥόδιος κυριεύσας Λαμψάκου δεηθεὶς χρημάτων ἐπέγραψε τοῖς πλουσιωτάτοις αὐτῶν πλῆθός τι ἀργυρίου, τούτοις δὲ τὴν κομιδὴν ἔσεσθαι παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων πολιτῶν ἔφησεν· ἐπεὶ δὲ οἱ ἄλλοι πολῖται εἰσήνεγκαν, ἐκέλευσε καὶ ταῦτα αὑτῷ δανεῖσαι ἐν χρόνῳ διειπάμενος ἐν ᾧ πάλιν αὐτοῖς ἀποδώσει. πάλιν τε δεηθεὶς χρημάτων ἠξίωσεν αὐτοὺς εἰσενέγκαι, κομίσασθαι δὲ ἐκ τῶν προσόδων· οἳ δʼ εἰσήνεγκαν ὡς διὰ ταχέων αὐτοῖς ἐσομένης τῆς κομιδῆς· ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ αἱ καταβολαὶ τῶν προσόδων παρῆσαν, ἔφησεν ἐπʼ αὐτῷ χρείαν εἶναι καὶ τούτων, ἐκείνοις δὲ ὕστερον ἀποδώσειν σὺν τόκῳ. τῶν τε στρατευομένων παρʼ αὐτῷ παρῃρεῖτο τὰς σιταρχίας καὶ τοὺς μισθοὺς ἓξ ἡμερῶν τὸν ἐνιαυτόν, φάσκων ταύταις ταῖς ἡμέραις οὔτε φυλακὴν αὐτοῖς οὐδεμίαν οὔτε πορείαν οὔτε δαπάνην ποιεῖσθαι, τὰς ἐξαιρεσίμους λέγων. τόν τε πρὸ τοῦ χρόνον διδοὺς τοῖς στρατιώταις τῇ δευτέρᾳ τῆς νουμηνίας τὴν σιταρχίαν, τῷ μὲν πρώτῳ μηνὶ παρέβη τρεῖς ἡμέρας, τῷ δʼ ἐχομένῳ πέντε. τοῦτον δὲ τὸν τρόπον προῆγεν, ἕως εἰς τὴν τριακάδα ἦλθεν.
2.30. Charidemus of Oreus, being in occupation of certain fortress-towns in Aeolis, and threatened with an attack by Artabazus, was in need of money to pay his troops. After their first contributions, the inhabitants declared they had no more to give. Charidemus then issued a proclamation to the town he deemed wealthiest, bidding the inhabitants send away to another fortress all the coin and valuables they possessed, under convoy which he would provide. He himself openly set the example with his own goods, and prevailed on them to comply. But when he had conducted them a little way out of the town, he made an inventory of their goods, took all he wanted, and led them home again. He had also issued a proclamation in the cities he governed forbidding anyone to keep arms in his house, under pain of a stated fine. At first, however, he took no care to enforce it, nor did he make any inquisition; so that the people treated his proclamation as nugatory, and made no attempt to get rid of what arms each possessed. Then Charidemus unexpectedly ordered a search to be made from house to house, and exacted the penalty from those who were found in possession of arms.
2.30. Χαρίδημος Ὠρείτης ἔχων τῆς Αἰολίδος τινὰ χωρία, ἐπιστρατεύοντος ἐπʼ αὐτὸν Ἀρταβάζου χρημάτων ἐδεῖτο εἰς τοὺς στρατιώτας. τὸ μὲν οὖν πρῶτον εἰσέφερον αὐτῷ, εἶτα οὐκέτι ἔφασαν ἔχειν· ὁ δὲ Χαρίδημος, ὃ ᾤετο χωρίον εὐπορώτατον εἶναι, ἐκέλευσεν [καὶ] εἴ τι νόμισμα ἔχουσιν ἤ τι ἄλλο σκεῦος ἀξιόλογον, εἰς ἕτερον χωρίον ἀποστέλλειν, παραπομπὴν δὲ δώσειν· ἅμα δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς τοῦτο ποιῶν φανερὸς ἦν. πεισθέντων δὲ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, προαγαγὼν αὐτοὺς τῆς πόλεως μικρὸν καὶ ἐρευνήσας ἃ εἶχον, ἔλαβεν ὅσων ἐδεῖτο, ἐκείνους δὲ πάλιν εἰς τὸ χωρίον ἀπῆγεν. κήρυγμά τε ποιησάμενος ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν, ὧν ἦρχε, μηδένα μηδὲν ὅπλον κεκτῆσθαι ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ, εἰ δὲ μή, ἀποτείσειν ἀργύριον ὃ ἐπεκήρυξεν, ἠμέλει καὶ οὐδεμίαν ἐπιστροφὴν ἐποιεῖτο. τῶν δὲ ἀνθρώπων οἰομένων τὸ κήρυγμα μάτην αὐτὸν πεποιῆσθαι, εἶχον ἃ ἔτυχον ἕκαστοι κεκτημένοι κατὰ χώραν. ὁ δʼ ἔρευναν ἐξαίφνης ποιησάμενος τῶν οἰκιῶν, παρʼ οἷς εὗρεν ὅπλον τι, ἐπράττετο τὸ ἐπιτίμιον.
2.31. A Macedonian named Philoxenus, who was governor of Caria, being in need of funds proclaimed that he intended to celebrate the festival of Dionysus. The wealthiest inhabitants were selected to provide the choruses, and were informed what they were expected to furnish. Noticing their disinclination, Philoxenus sent to them privately and asked what they would give to be relieved of the duty. They told him they were prepared to pay a much larger sum than they expected to spend 〈on the choruses〉 in order to avoid the trouble and the interruption of their business. Philoxenus accepted their offers, and proceeded to enrol a second levy. These also paid; and at last he received what he desired from each company.
2.31. Φιλόξενός τις Μακεδὼν Καρίας σατραπεύων δεηθεὶς χρημάτων Διονύσια ἔφασκε μέλλειν ἄγειν, καὶ χοραγοὺς προέγραψε τῶν Καρῶν τοὺς εὐπορωτάτους καὶ προσέταττεν αὐτοῖς ἃ δεῖ παρασκευάζειν. ὁρῶν δʼ αὐτοὺς δυσχεραίνοντας, ὑποπέμπων τινὰς ἠρώτα, τί βούλονται δόντες ἀπαλλαγῆναι τῆς λειτουργίας. οἱ δὲ πολλῷ πλέον ἢ ὅσον ᾤοντο ἀναλώσειν ἔφασαν δώσειν τοῦ μὴ ὀχλεῖσθαι καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἰδίων ἀπεῖναι. ὁ δὲ παρὰ τούτων λαβὼν ὃ ἐδίδοσαν ἑτέρους κατέγραψεν, ἕως ἔλαβε παρὰ τούτων ἃ ἐβούλετο καὶ προσῆν παρʼ ἑκάστοις.
2.32. Euaises the Syrian, when governor of Egypt, received information that the local governors were meditating rebellion. He therefore summoned them to the palace and proceeded to hang them all, sending word to their relations that they were in prison. These accordingly made offers, each on behalf of his own kinsman, seeking by payment to secure their release. Euaises agreed to accept a certain sum for each, and when it had been paid returned to the relations the dead body.
2.32. Εὐαίσης Σύρος Αἰγύπτου σατραπεύων, ἀφίστασθαι μελλόντων τῶν νομαρχῶν ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ αἰσθόμενος, καλέσας αὐτοὺς εἰς τὰ βασίλεια ἐκρέμα ἅπαντας· πρὸς δὲ τοὺς οἰκείους ἐκέλευσε λέγειν ὅτι ἐν φυλακῇ εἰσιν. ἕκαστος οὖν τῶν οἰκείων ἔπραττον ὑπὲρ ἑκάστου, καὶ χρημάτων ἐξεωνοῦντο τοὺς συνειλημμένους. ὁ δὲ διομολογησάμενος ὑπὲρ ἑκάστου καὶ λαβὼν τὰ ὁμολογηθέντα ἀπέδωκεν ἑκάστοις τὸν νεκρόν.
2.33. While Cleomenes of Alexandria was governor of Egypt, at a time when there was some scarcity in the land, but elsewhere a grievous famine, he forbade the export of grain. On the local governors representing that if there were no export of grain they would be unable to pay in their taxes, he allowed the export, but laid a heavy duty on the corn. By this means he obtained a large amount of duty from a small amount of export, and at the same time deprived the officials of their excuse. When Cleomenes was making a progress by water through the province where the crocodile is worshipped, one of his servants was carried off. Accordingly, summoning the priests, he told them that he intended to retaliate on the crocodiles for this unprovoked aggression; and gave orders for a battue. The priests, to save the credit of their god, collected all the gold they could, and succeeded in putting an end to the pursuit. King Alexander had given Cleomenes command to establish a town near the island of Pharus, and to transfer thither the market hitherto held at Canopus. Sailing therefore to Canopus he informed the priests and the men of property there that he was come to remove them. The priests and residents thereupon contributed money to induce him to leave their market where it was. He took what they offered, and departed; but afterwards returned, when all was ready to build the town, and proceeded to demand an excessive sum; which represented, he said, the difference the change of site would make to him. They however declared themselves unable to pay it, and were accordingly removed. On another occasion he sent an agent to make a certain purchase for him. Learning that the agent had made a good bargain, but intended to charge him a high price, he proceeded to inform the man’s associates that he had been told he had purchased the goods at an excessive price, and that therefore he did not intend to recognize the transaction; denouncing at the same time with feigned anger the fellow’s stupidity. They on hearing this asked him not to believe what was said against the agent until he himself arrived and rendered his account. On the man’s arrival, his associates told him what Cleomenes had said. He, desirous of winning their approval as well as that of Cleomenes, debited the latter with the actual price he had given. At a time when the price of grain in Egypt was ten drachmae 〈a measure〉, Cleomenes sent for the growers and asked them at what price they would contract to supply him with their produce. On their quoting a price lower than what they were charging the merchants, he offered them the full price they were accustomed to receive from others; and taking over the entire supply, sold it at a fixed rate of thirty-two drachmae 〈for the same measure〉. He also sent for the priests, and told them that the expenditure on the temples was very unevenly distributed in the country; and that some of these, together with the majority of the attendant priests, must accordingly be suppressed. The priests, supposing him to be in earnest, and wishing each to secure the continuance of his own temple and office, gave him money individually from their private possessions as well as collectively from the temple funds.
2.33. Κλεομένης Ἀλεξανδρεὺς Αἰγύπτου σατραπεύων, λιμοῦ γενομένου ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις τόποις σφόδρα, ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ δὲ μετρίως, ἀπέκλεισε τὴν ἐξαγωγὴν τοῦ σίτου. τῶν δὲ νομαρχῶν φασκόντων οὐ δυνήσεσθαι τοὺς φόρους ἀποδοῦναι τῷ μὴ ἐξάγεσθαι τὸν σῖτον, ἐξαγωγὴν μὲν ἐποίησε, τέλος δὲ πολὺ τῷ σίτῳ ἐπέβαλεν, ὥστε συνέβαινεν αὐτῷ, εἰ μὴ …, ἐξαγομένου ὀλίγου πολὺ τέλος λαμβάνειν, αὐτούς τε τοὺς νομάρχας πεπαῦσθαι τῆς προφάσεως. διαπλέοντος δʼ αὐτοῦ τὸν νομόν, οὗ ἐστι θεὸς ὁ κροκόδειλος, ἡρπάσθη τις τῶν παίδων αὐτοῦ. καλέσας οὖν τοὺς ἱερεῖς ἔφη πρότερος ἀδικηθεὶς ἀμύνεσθαι τοὺς κροκοδείλους, καὶ προσέταξε θηρεύειν αὐτούς. οἱ δὲ ἱερεῖς, ἵνα μὴ ὁ θεὸς αὐτῶν καταφρονηθῇ, συναγαγόντες ὅσον ἠδύναντο χρυσίον ἔδοσαν αὐτῷ καὶ οὕτως ἐπαύσατο. Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ βασιλέως ἐντειλαμένου αὐτῷ οἰκίσαι πόλιν πρὸς τῇ Φάρῳ καὶ τὸ ἐμπόριον τὸ πρότερον ὂν ἐπὶ τοῦ Κανώβου ἐνταῦθα ποιῆσαι, καταπλεύσας εἰς τὸν Κάνωβον πρὸς τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τοὺς κτήματα ἔχοντας ἐκεῖ ἐπὶ τούτῳ ἥκειν ἔφη ὥστε μετοικίσαι αὐτούς. οἱ ⟨δὲ⟩ ἱερεῖς καὶ οἱ κάτοικοι εἰσενέγκαντες χρήματα ἔδωκαν, ἵνʼ ἐᾷ κατὰ χώραν αὐτοῖς τὸ ἐμπόριον. ὁ δὲ λαβὼν τότε μὲν ἀπηλλάγη, εἶτα δὲ καταπλεύσας, ἐπεὶ ἦν εὐτρεπῆ αὐτῷ τὰ πρὸς τὴν οἰκοδομίαν, ᾔτει αὐτοὺς χρήματα ὑπερβαλὼν τῷ πλήθει· τοῦτο γὰρ αὑτῷ τὸ διάφορον εἶναι, τὸ αὐτοῦ εἶναι τὸ ἐμπόριον καὶ μὴ ἐκεῖ. ἐπεὶ δʼ οὐκ ἂν ἔφασαν δύνασθαι δοῦναι, μετῴκισεν αὐτούς. ἀποστείλας τέ τινα ἐπʼ ἀγοράσμά τε καὶ αἰσθόμενος ὅτι εὐώνων ἐπιτετύχηκεν, αὐτῷ δὲ μέλλει ἐκτετιμημένα λογίζεσθαι, πρὸς τοὺς συνήθεις τοῦ ἀγοραστοῦ ἔλεγεν ὅτι ἀκηκοὼς εἴη τὰ ἀγοράσματα αὐτὸν ὑπερτίμια ἠγορακέναι· αὐτὸς οὖν οὐ προσέξειν· καὶ ἅμα τὴν ἀβελτερίαν αὐτοῦ ἐλοιδόρει μετʼ ὀργῆς προσποιητοῦ. οἱ δὲ ταῦτα ἀκούοντες οὐκ ἔφασαν δεῖν πιστεύειν αὐτὸν τοῖς λέγουσί τι κατʼ ἐκείνου, ἕως αὐτὸς παραγενόμενος τὸν λόγον αὐτῷ δῷ. ἀφικομένου δὲ τοῦ ἀγοραστοῦ ἀπήγγειλαν αὐτῷ τὰ παρὰ τοῦ Κλεομένους· ὁ δʼ ἐκείνοις τε βουλόμενος ἐνδείξασθαι καὶ τῷ Κλεομένει, ἀνήνεγκε τὰς τιμὰς ὧνπερ ἦν ἠγορακώς. τοῦ τε σίτου πωλουμένου ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ δεκαδράχμου, καλέσας τοὺς ἐργαζομένους ἠρώτα, πόσου βούλονται αὑτῷ ἐργάζεσθαι· οἱ δʼ ἔφασαν ἐλάσσονος ἢ ὅσου ἂν τοῖς ἐμπόροις ἐπώλουν. ὁ δʼ ἐκείνους μὲν ἐκέλευσεν αὑτῷ παραδιδόναι ὅσουπερ ἐπώλουν τοῖς ἄλλοις· αὐτὸς δὲ τάξας τριάκοντα καὶ δύο δραχμὰς τοῦ σίτου τιμὴν οὕτως ἐπώλει. τούς τε ἱερεῖς καλέσας ἔφησε πολὺ τὸ ἀνώμαλον ἀνάλωμα ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ γίνεσθαι εἰς τὰ ἱερά· δεῖν οὖν καὶ τῶν ἱερῶν τινα καὶ τῶν ἱερέων τὸ πλῆθος καταλυθῆναι. οἱ δὲ ἱερεῖς καὶ ἰδίᾳ ἕκαστος καὶ κοινῇ τὰ ἱερὰ χρήματα ἐδίδοσαν, οἰόμενοί τε αὐτὸν τῇ ἀληθείᾳ μέλλειν τοῦτο ποιεῖν, καὶ ἕκαστος βουλόμενος τό τε ἱερὸν τὸ αὑτοῦ μείναι κατὰ χώραν καὐτὸς ἱερεύς.
2.34. Antimenes of Rhodes, who was appointed by Alexander superintendent of highways in the province of Babylon, adopted the following means of raising funds. An ancient law of the country imposed a tax of one-tenth on all imports; but this had fallen into total abeyance. Antimenes kept a watch for all governors and soldiers whose arrival was expected, and upon the many ambassadors and craftsmen who were invited to the city, but brought with them others who dwelt there unofficially; and also upon the multitude of presents that were brought 〈to these persons〉, on which he exacted the legal tax of a tenth. Another expedient was this. He invited the owners of any slaves in the camp to register them at whatever value they desired, undertaking at the same time to pay him eight drachmae a year. If the slave ran away, the owner was to recover the registered value. Many slaves were thus registered, and a large sum of money was paid 〈in premiums〉. And when a slave ran away, Antimenes instructed the governor of the 〈province〉 where the camp lay either to recover the man or to pay his master his value.
2.34. Ἀντιμένης Ῥόδιος ἡμιόδιος γενόμενος Ἀλεξάνδρου περὶ Βαβυλῶνα ἐπόρισε χρήματα ὧδε. νόμου ὄντος ἐν Βαβυλωνίᾳ παλαιοῦ δεκάτην εἶναι τῶν εἰσαγομένων, χρωμένου δὲ αὐτῷ οὐθενός, τηρήσας τούς τε σατράπας ἅπαντας προσδοκίμους ὄντας καὶ στρατιώτας, οὐκ ὀλίγους τε πρέσβεις καὶ τεχνίτας κλητοὺς ἄλλους τοὺς ἄγοντας καὶ ἰδίᾳ ἀποδημοῦντας, καὶ δῶρα πολλὰ ἀναγόμενα, τὴν δεκάτην ἔπρασσε κατὰ τὸν νόμον τὸν κείμενον. πάλιν τε πορίζων τἀνδράποδα τὰ ἐπὶ στρατοπέδῳ ὄντα ἐκέλευσε τὸν βουλόμενον ἀπογράφεσθαι ὁπόσου θέλοι, μέλλειν δὲ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ὀκτὼ δραχμάς ἀποτίσαι, ἂν δὲ ἀποδρᾷ τὸ ἀνδράποδον, κομίζεσθαι τὴν τιμὴν ἧς ἀνεγράψατο. ἀπογραφέντων οὖν πολλῶν ἀνδραπόδων οὐκ ὀλίγον συνετελεῖ ἀργύριον. εἰ δέ τι ἀποδρῴη ἀνδράποδον, ἐκέλευε τὸν σατράπην τῆς … ἐν ᾗ ἐστι τὸ στρατόπεδον, ἀνασῴζειν ⟨ἢ⟩ τὴν τιμὴν τῷ κυρίῳ ἀποδοῦναι.
2.35. Ophellas of Olynthus appointed an officer to superintend the revenues of the Province of Athribis. The local governors came to him, and told him they were willing to pay a much larger amount in taxes; but asked him to remove the present superintendent. Ophellas inquired if they were really able to pay what they promised; and on their assuring him that they were, left the superintendent in office and instructed him to demand from them the amount of tax which they themselves had assessed. And so, without being chargeable either with discountenancing the officer he had appointed, or with taxing the governors beyond their own estimate, he obtained from the latter many times his previous revenue.
2.35. Ὀφέλας Ὀλύνθιος καταστήσας ἐπιμελητὴν εἰς τὸν νομὸν τὸν Ἀθριβίτην, ἐπεὶ προσελθόντες αὐτῷ οἱ νομάρχαι οἱ ἐκ τοῦ τόπου τούτου ἔφασαν βούλεσθαι πλείω αὐτοὶ πολὺ φέρειν, τὸν δʼ ἐπιμελητὴν τὸν νῦν καθεστηκότα ἀπαλλάξαι αὐτὸν ἠξίουν, ἐπερωτήσας αὐτοὺς εἰ δυνήσονται συντελεῖν ἅπερ ἐπαγγέλλονται, φησάντων αὐτῶν, τὸν μὲν ἐπιμελητὴν κατὰ χώραν εἴα, τοὺς δὲ φόρους πράσσεσθαι ἐκέλευεν ὅσους αὐτοὶ ὑπετιμήσαντο. οὔτε οὖν ὃν κατέστησεν ἀτιμάσαι ἐδόκει οὔτʼ ἐκείνοις πλείους φόρους ἐπιβαλεῖν ἢ αὐτοὶ ἔταξαν, χρήματα δὲ πολλαπλάσια αὐτὸς ἐλάμβανεν.
2.36. Pythocles the Athenian recommended his fellow-countrymen that the State should take over from private citizens the lead obtained from the mines of Laurium at the price of two drachmae 〈per talent〉 which they were asking, and should itself sell it at the fixed price of six drachmae.
2.36. Πυθοκλῆς Ἀθηναῖος Ἀθηναίοις συνεβούλευσε τὸν μόλυβδον τὸν ἐκ τῶν Λαυρίων παραλαμβάνειν παρὰ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν τὴν πόλιν, ὥσπερ ἐπώλουν, δίδραχμον, εἶτα τάξαντας αὐτοὺς τιμὴν ἑξαδράχμου οὕτω πωλεῖν.
2.37. Chabrias had levied crews for a hundred and twenty ships to serve King Taos. Finding that Taos needed only sixty ships, he gave the crews of the superfluous sixty their choice between providing those who were to serve with two months’ rations, and themselves taking their place. Desiring to remain at their business, they gave what he demanded.
2.37. Χαβρίας πληρωμάτων τε κατειλεγμένων εἰς ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι ναῦς, τῷ δὲ Ταῲ ἑξήκοντα μόνον οὔσης χρείας, προσέταξε τοῖς ἐκ τῶν ἑξήκοντα νεῶν αὐτοῦ τῶν ὑπομενουσῶν τοὺς πλέοντας εἰς δίμηνον σιτηρεσιάσαι, ἢ αὐτοὺς πλέειν. οἱ δὲ βουλόμενοι ἐπὶ τῶν ἰδίων μεῖναι ἔδωκαν ἃ προσέταξεν.
2.38. Antimenes bade the governors of the provinces replenish, in accordance with the law of the country, the magazines along the royal highways. Whenever an army passed through the country or any other body of men unaccompanied by the king, he sent an officer to sell them the contents of the magazines.
2.38. Ἀντιμένης τούς τε θησαυροὺς τοὺς παρὰ τὰς ὁδοὺς τὰς βασιλικὰς ἀναπληροῦν ἐκέλευε τοὺς σατράπας κατὰ τὸν νόμον τὸν τῆς χώρας· ὁπότε δὲ διαπορεύοιτο στρατόπεδον ἢ ἕτερος ὄχλος ἄνευ τοῦ βασιλέως, πέμψας τινὰ παρʼ αὑτοῦ ἐπώλει τὰ ἐκ τῶν θησαυρῶν.
2.39. Cleomenes, as the beginning of the month approached when his soldiers’ allowance became due, deliberately sailed away down the river; and not till the month was advanced did he return and distribute the allowance. For the coming month, he omitted the distribution altogether until the following month began. Thus the men were quieted by the recent distribution, and Cleomenes, passing over a month each year, docked his troops of a month’s pay.
2.39. Κλεομένης προσπορευομένης τε τῆς νουμηνίας καὶ δέον τοῖς στρατιώταις σιταρχίαν δοῦναι, κατέπλευσεν ἐξεπίτηδες· προπορευομένου δὲ τοῦ μηνὸς ἀναπλεύσας διέδωκε τὴν σιταρχίαν, εἶτα τοῦ εἰσιόντος μηνὸς διέλιπεν ἕως τῆς νουμηνίας. οἱ μὲν οὖν στρατιῶται διὰ τὸ νεωστὶ εἰληφέναι τὴν σιταρχίαν ἡσυχίαν εἶχον, ἐκεῖνος δὲ παραλλάξας ἕνα μῆνα παρὰ τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν ἀφῄρει μισθὸν ἀεὶ μηνός.
2.40. Stabelbius, king of the Mysians, lacking pay to give his troops, summoned a meeting of the officers, and declared that he no longer needed the private soldiers, but only the officers. When he required troops, he would entrust a sum of money to each officer and send him to collect mercenaries; but that meanwhile he preferred to give the officers the pay he would otherwise have to give the men. Accordingly he bade each dismiss the men who were on his own muster-roll. The officers, scenting a source of gain for themselves, dismissed their men, as they were bidden. Shortly afterwards, Stabelbius called them together and informed them that a conductor without his chorus and an officer without his men were alike useless; wherefore let them depart from his country.
2.40. Σταβέλβιος ὁ Μυσῶν … στρατιώταις μισθὸν συγκαλέσας … ἔφησεν αὑτῷ τῶν μὲν ἰδιωτῶν οὐδεμίαν χρείαν εἶναι, τῶν δὲ ἡγεμόνων, ὅταν ⟨δὲ⟩ δέηται στρατιωτῶν, ἐκείνων ἑκάστῳ δοὺς ἀργύριον ἀποστέλλειν ἐπὶ ξενολογίαν, τούς τε μισθοὺς οὓς δεῖ ἐκείνοις δοῦναι, τοῖς ἡγεμόσιν ἂν ἥδιον διδόναι· ἐκέλευεν οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀποστέλλειν ἕκαστον τοὺς αὑτῶν καταλόγους ἐκ τῆς χώρας. τῶν δὲ ἡγεμόνων ὑπολαβόντων χρηματισμὸν αὑτοῖς ἔσεσθαι, ἀπέστειλαν τοὺς στρατιώτας, καθάπερ ἐκεῖνος προσέταξε. διαλιπὼν δὲ ὀλίγον χρόνον καὶ συναγαγὼν αὐτοὺς οὔτε αὐλητὴν ἄνευ χοροῦ οὔτε ἡγεμόνας ἄνευ ἰδιωτῶν οὐδὲν ἔφη χρησίμους εἶναι· ἐκέλευεν οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀπαλλάττεσθαι ἐκ τῆς χώρας.
2.41. When Dionysius was making a tour of the temples, wherever he saw a gold or silver table set, he bade them fill a cup“in honor of the good spirit,” and then had the table carried away. Wherever, again, he saw a precious bowl set before one of the images, he would order its removal, with the words “I accept it.” He also stripped the images of their golden raiment and garlands, and declaring he would give them lighter and more fragrant wear, arrayed them in robes of white 〈linen〉 and garlands of white socks.
2.41. Διονύσιος τά ἱερὰ περιπορευόμενος, εἰ μὲν τράπεζαν ἴδοι παρακειμένην χρυσῆν ἢ ἀργυρᾶν, ἀγαθοῦ δαίμονος κελεύσας ἐγχέαι ἐκέλευεν ἀφαιρεῖν, ὅσα δὲ τῶν ἀγαλμάτων φιάλην εἶχε προτετακότα, εἴπας ἂν ὅτι δέχομαι, ἐξαιρεῖν ἐκέλευε. τά θʼ ἱμάτια τά τε χρυσᾶ καὶ τοὺς στεφάνους ⟨τοὺς⟩ … περιῄρει τῶν ἀγαλμάτων φάσκων αὐτὸς καὶ κουφότερα καὶ εὐωδέστερα δοῦναι· εἶτα ἱμάτια μὲν λευκά, στεφάνους δὲ λευκοΐνους περιετίθει.