“Sea-urchins are tender, full of pleasant juice, with a strong smell, filling, and apt to turn on the stomach; but if eaten with sharp mead, and parsley, and mint, they are good for the stomach, and sweet, and full of pleasant juice. But the sweet-tasted are the red ones, and the apple-coloured, and the thickest, and those which if you scrape their flesh emit a milky liquid. But those which are found near Cephalenia and around Icaria, and in the Adriatic are—at least many of them are—rather bitter; but those which are taken on the rock of Sicily are very aperient to the bowels.” But Aristotle says that there are many kinds of sea-urchins: one of which is eaten, that, namely, in which is found what are called eggs. But the other two kinds are those which are called Spatangi, and those which are called Brysæ: and Sopron mentions the spatangi, and so does Aristophanes in his Olcades, using the following language:—Tearing up, and separating, and lickingMy spatange from the bottom.And Epicharmus, in his Marriage of Hebe, speaks o the sea-urchins, and says—Then came the crabs, sea-urchins, and all fishWhich know not how to swim in the briny sea,But only walk on foot along the bottom.And Demetrius the Scepsian, in the twenty-sixth book of his Trojan Preparation, says that a Lacedæmonian once being invited to a banquet, when some sea-urchins were put before him on the table, took one, not knowing the proper manner in which it should be eaten, and not attending to those who were in the company to see how they ate it. And so he put it in his mouth with the skin or shell and all, and began to crush the sea-urchin with, his teeth; and being exceedingly disgusted with what he was eating, and not perceiving how to get rid of the roughness of the taste, he said, “O what nasty food! I will not now be so effeminate as to eject it, but I will never take you again.” But the sea-urchins, and indeed the whole echinus tribe, whether living on land or sea, can take care of and protect themselves against those who try to catch them, putting out their thorns, like a sort of palisade. And to this Ion the Chian bears testimony in his Phœnix or in his C$aneus, saying—But while on land I more approve the conductOf the great lion, than the dirty tricksOf the sea-urchin; he, when he perceivesThe impending onset of superior foes,Rolls himself up, wrapped in his cloak of thorns,Impregnable in bristly panoply.
ἐχῖνοι δὲ ἁπαλοὶ μέν, εὔχυλοι, βρομώδεις, πλήσμιοι, εὔφθαρτοι, μετὰ δὲ ὀξυμέλιτος λαμβανόμενοι καὶ σελίνου καὶ ἡδυόσμου εὐστόμαχοι, γλυκεῖς τε καὶ εὔχυλοι. προσηνέστεροι δ’ αὐτῶν οἱ ἐρυθροὶ καὶ οἱ μήλινοι καὶ οἱ παχύτεροι καὶ οἱ ἐν τῷ ξύεσθαι τὴν σάρκα γαλακτῶδες τι ἀφιέντες. οἱ δὲ περὶ τὴν Κεφαλληνίαν γινόμενοι καὶ περὶ τὴν Ἰκαρίαν καὶ τὸν Ἀδρίαν … τινὲς αὐτῶν καὶ ὑπόπικροί εἰσιν οἱ δ’ ἐπὶ τοῦ σκοπέλου· τῆς Σικελίας κοιλίας λυτικοί. Ἀριστοτέλης δέ φησι τῶν ἐχίνων πλείω γένη εἶναι· ἓν μὲν τὸ ἐσθιόμενον, ἐν ᾧ τὰ καλούμενά ἐστιν ᾠά, ἄλλα δὲ δύο τό τε τῶν σπατάγγων καὶ τὸ τῶν καλουμένων βρυσῶν, μνημονεύει τῶν σπατάγγων καὶ Σώφρων καὶ Ἀριστοφάνης ἐν Ὁλκάσιν οὕτως· δαρδάπτοντα, μιστύλλοντα, διαλείχοντά μου τὸν κάτω σπατάγγην. καὶ Ἐπίχαρμος δὲ ἐν Ἥβας γάμῳ περὶ τῶν ἐχίνων φησί· καρκίνοι θ’ ἵκοντ’ ἐχῖνοὶ θ᾽, οἳ καθ’ ἁλμυρὰν ἅλα νεῖν μὲν οὐκ ἴσαντι, πεζᾷ δὲ ἐμπορεύονται μόνοι. Δημήτριος δ’ ὁ Σκήψιος ἐν ἕκτῳ καὶ εἰκοστῷ τοῦ Τρωικοῦ διακόσμου Λάκωνὰ φησί τινα κληθέντα ἐπὶ θοῖναν παρατεθέντων ἐπὶ τὴν τράπεζαν θαλαττίων ἐχίνων ἐπιλαβέσθαι ἑνός, οὐκ εἰδότα τὴν χρῆσιν τοῦ ἐδέσματος, ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ προσέχοντα τοῖς συνδειπνοῦσι πῶς ἀναλίσκουσιν ἐνθέντα δὲ εἰς τὸ στόμα σὺν τῷ κελύφει βρύκειν τοῖς ὀδοῦσι τὸν ἐχῖνον. δυσχρηστούμενον οὖν τῇ βρώσει καὶ οὐ συνιέντα τὴν ἀντιτυπίαν τῆς τραχύτητος εἰπεῖν· ὦ φάγημα μιαρόν, οὔτε μὴ νῦν σε ἀφέω μαλθακισθεὶς οὔτ’ αὖτις ἔτι κα λάβοιμι. ὅτι δὲ οἱ ἐχῖνοι, λέγω δὲ καὶ τοὺς χερσαίους καὶ τοὺς θαλαττίους, καὶ ἑαυτῶν εἰσι φυλακτικοὶ πρὸς τοὺς θηρῶντας, προβαλλόμενοι τὰς ἀκάνθας ὥσπερ τι χαράκωμα, Ἴων ὁ Χῖος μαρτυρεῖ ἐν Φοίνικι ἢ Καινεῖ λέγων οὕτως ἀλλ’ ἔν τε χέρσῳ τὰς λέοντος ᾔνεσα ἢ τὰς ἐχίνου μᾶλλον οἰζυρὰς τέχνας· ὃς εὖτ’ ἂν ἄλλων κρεισσόνων ὁπμὴν μάθῃ, στρόβιλος ἀμφάκανθον εἱλίξας δέμας κεῖται δακεῖν τε καὶ θιγεῖν ἀμήχανος.
“Of limpets,” says Diphilus, "some are very small, and some are like oysters. But they are hard, and give but little juice, and are not very sharp in taste. But they have a pleasant flavour, and are easily digested; and when boiled they are particularly nice. But the pinnæ are diuretic, nutritious, not very digestible, or manageable. And the ceryces are like them; the necks of which fish are good for the stomach, but not very digestible; on which account they are good for people with weak stomachs, as being strengthening; but they are difficult to be secreted, and they are moderately nutritious. Now the parts of them which are called the mecon, which are in the lower part of their bellies, are tender and easily digested; on which account they also are good for people who are weak in the stomach. But the purple-fish are something between the pinna and the ceryx; the necks of which are very juicy, and very pleasant to the palate; but the other parts of them are briny, and yet sweet, and easily digestible, and mix very well with other food. But oysters are generated in rivers, and in lakes, and in the sea. But the best are those which belong to the sea, when there is a lake or a river close at hand: for they are full of pleasant juice, and are larger and sweeter than others: but those which are near the shore, or near rocks, without any mixture of mud or water, are small, harsh, and of pungent taste. But the oysters which 'are taken in the spring, and those which are taken about the beginning of the summer, are better, and full, and have a sort of sea taste, not unmixed with sweetness, and are good for the stomach and easily secreted; and when boiled up with mallow, or sorrel, or with fish, or by themselves, they are nutritious, and good for the bowels.
τῶν δὲ λεπάδων, φησὶν ὁ Δίφιλος, τινὲς μέν εἰσι μικραί, τινὲς δὲ καὶ ὀστρέοις ἐοικυῖαι. εἰσὶ δὲ σκληροὶ καὶ ὀλιγόχυλοι καὶ οὐκ ἄγαν δριμεῖαι, εὔστομοι δὲ καὶ εὐκατέργαστοι, ἑφθαὶ δὲ ποσῶς εὔστομοι. αἱ δὲ πίνναι οὐρητικαί, τρόφιμοι, δύσπεπτοι, δυσανάδοτοι. ἐοίκασι δ’ αὐταῖς καὶ οἱ κήρυκες· ὧν οἱ μὲν τράχηλοι εὐστόμαχοι, δυσκατέργαστοι δέ· διὸ τοῖς ἀσθενοῦσι τὸν στόμαχον οἰκεῖοι· δυσέκκριτοί τε καὶ μέσως τρόφιμοι, τούτων δὲ αἱ μήκωνες λεγόμεναι πρὸς τοῖς πυθμέσιν ἁπαλαί, εὔφθαρτοι, διὸ τοῖς τὴν γαστέρα ἀσθενοῦσιν οἰκεῖαι. αἱ δὲ πορφύραι μεταξὺ πίννης εἰσὶ καὶ τοῦ κήρυκος· ὧν οἱ μὲν τράχηλοι πολύχυλοι, εὔστομοι, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν αὐτῶν ἁλυκὸν καὶ γλυκὺ καὶ εὐανάδοτον εἰς ἐπίκρασὶν τ’ ἐπιτήδειον. τὰ δὲ ὄστρεα γεννᾶται μὲν καὶ ἐν ποταμοῖς καὶ ἐν λίμναις καὶ ἐν θαλάσσῃ, κράτιστα δὲ τὰ θαλάττια, ὅταν λίμνη ἢ ποταμὸς παρακέηται. γίνεται γὰρ εὔχυλα καὶ μείζονα καὶ γλυκύτερα, τὰ δὲ πρὸς ᾐόσι καὶ πέτραις ἰλύος καὶ γλυκέος ὕδατος ἀμιγῆ μικρά, σκληρά, δηκτικά. τὰ δὲ ἐαρινὰ ὄστρεα καὶ τὰ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ θέρους ἀρχὴν κρείσσονα, πλήρη, θαλασσίζοντα μετὰ γλυκύτητος, εὐστόμαχα, εὐέκκριτα. τὰ δὲ συνεψόμενα μαλάχῃ ἢ λαπάθῳ ἢ ἰχθύσιν ἢ καθ’ αὑτὰ τρόφιμα καὶ εὐκοίλια.
But Mnesitheus the Athenian, in his treatise on Comestibles, says—"Oysters, and cockles, and mussels, and similar things, are not very digestible in their meat, because of a sort of saline moisture which there is in them, on which account, when eaten raw, they produce an effect on the bowels by reason of their saltness. But when boiled they get rid of all, or at all events of most, of their saltness, which they infuse into the water which boils them. On which account, the water in which any of the oyster tribe are boiled is very apt to have a strong effect in disordering the bowels. But the meat of the oysters when boiled, makes a great noise when it has been deprived of its moisture. But roasted oysters, when any one roasts them cleverly, are very free from any sort of inconvenience; for all the evil properties are removed by fire; on which account they are not as indigestible as raw ones, and they have all the moisture which is originally contained in them dried up; and the is the moisture which has too great an effect in relaxing the bowels. But every oyster supplies a moist and somewhat in digestible kind of nourishment, and they are not at all good as diuretics. But the sea-nettle, and the eggs of sea-urchins, and such things as that, give a moist nourishment, though not in any great quantity; but they have a tendency to relax the bowels, and they are diuretic.
Μνησίθεος δ’ ὁ Ἀθηναῖος ἐν τῷ περὶ ἐδεστῶν φησιν· ὄστρεα καὶ κόγχαι καὶ μύες καὶ τὰ ὅμοια τὴν μὲν σάρκα δυσκατέργαστά ἐστι διὰ τὴν ὑγρότητα τὴν ἐν αὐτοῖς ἁλυκήν. διόπερ ὠμὰ μὲν ἐσθιόμενα κοιλίας ἐστὶν ὑπακτικὰ διὰ τὴν ἁλυκότητα, τὰ δὲ ἑψόμενα ἀφίησιν ἤτοι πᾶσαν ἢ τὴν πλείστην ἅλμην εἰς τὴν συνέψουσαν αὐτὴν ὑγρότητα. διόπερ αἱ μὲν ὑγρότητες ἐν αἷς ἂν ἑψηθῇ τι τῶν ὀστρέων ταρακτικαὶ καὶ ὑπακτικαὶ κοιλίας εἰσίν, αἱ δὲ σάρκες τῶν ἑψομένων ὀστρέων ψόφους ποιοῦσιν ἐστερημέναι τῶν ὑγρῶν, τὰ δὲ ὀπτὰ τῶν ὀστρέων, ἐάν τις αὐτὰ καλῶς ὀπτήσῃ, ἀλυποτάτην ἔχει διάθεσιν πεπύρωται γάρ. διὸ οὐχ ὁμοίως τοῖς ὠμοῖς ἐστι δύσπεπτα, καὶ τὰς ὑγρότητας ἐν αὐτοῖς ἔχει κατεξηραμμένας δι’ ὧν ἔκλυτος ἡ κοιλία γίνεται, τροφήν τε δίδωσιν ὑγράν τε καὶ δύσπεπτον ἅπαν ὄστρεον καὶ πρὸς τὰς οὐρήσεις ἐστὶν οὐκ εὔοδα. ἀκαλήφη δὲ καὶ ἐχίνων ᾠὰ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα τροφὴν μὲν δίδωσιν ὑγρὰν καὶ μικράν, τῆς δὲ κοιλίας ἐστὶν λυτικὰ καὶ οὐρήσεως κινητικά.
Nicander the Colophonian, in his book on the Farm, enumerates all the following kinds of oysters—And all the oysters which the foaming brineBeneath its vasty bosom cherishes,The periwinkle, whilk, pelorias,The mussel, and the slimy tellina,And the deep shell which makes the pinna's hole.And Archestratus says, in his Gastronomy—Aenus has mussels fine, Abydus tooIs famous for its oysters; Parium producesCrabs, the bears of the sea, and Mitylene periwinkles;Ambracia in all kinds of fish abounds,And the boar-fish sends forth: and in its narrow straitMessene cherishes the largest cockles.In Ephesus you shall catch chemæ, which are not bad,And Chalcedon will give you oysters. But may JupiterDestroy the race of criers, both the fish born in the sea,And those wretches which infest the city forum;All except one man, for he is a friend of mine,Dwelling in Lesbos, abounding in grapes; and his name is Agatho.And Philyllius, or whoever is the author of the book called The Cities, says, “Chemæ, limpets, solens, mussels, pinnas and periwinkles from Methymna:” but ὄστρειον was the only form of the name for all these fish among the ancients. Cratinus says in his Archilochi—Like the pinna or the oyster (ὄστρειον).And Epicharmus says, in his Marriage of Hebe—Oysters which have grown together.Where he uses the same form ὄστρειον. But afterwards the form ὄστρεον like ὄρνεον began to be used. Plato, in his Phædrus, says, “bound together like oysters” (ὄστρεον). And in the tenth book of his Politia, he says, “oysters (ὄστρεα) stuck together;” “oysters (ὄστρεα) and seaweed.” But the peloris, or giant mussel, were so named from the word πελώριος, vast. For it is much larger than the cheme, and very different from it. But Aristotle says that they are generated in the sand. And Ion the Chian mentions the chema, in his Epidemiæ, and perhaps the shell-fish got the name of χήμη παρὰ τὸ κεχῃνέναι, from opening their mouths."
Νίκανδρος δ’ ὁ Κολοφώνιος ἐν Γεωργικοῖς τάδε τῶν ὀστρέων καταλέγει· ἠὲ καὶ ὄστρεα τόσσα βυθοὺς ἅτε βόσκεται ἅλμης, νηρῖται στρόμβοι τε πελωριάδες τε μύες τε, γλίσχρ’ Ἁλοσύδνης τέκνα καὶ αὐτῆς φωλεὰ πίνης. καὶ Ἀρχέστρατος δ’ ἐν Γαστρονομίᾳ φησί τοὺς μῦς Αἶνος ἔχει μεγάλους, ὄστρεια δ’ Ἄβυδος, τὰς ἄρκτους Πάριον, τοὺς δὲ κτένας ἡ Μιτυλήνη· πλείστους δὲ ᾽ Ἀμβρακία παρέχει καὶ ἄπλατα μετ᾽ αὐτῶν … Μεσσήνῃ δὲ πελωριάδας στενοπορθμίδι κόγχας κἀν Ἐφέσῳ λήψει τὰς λείας οὔ τι πονηράς. τήθεα Καλχηδών, τοὺς κήρυκας δ’ ἐπιτρίψαι ὁ Ζεύς, τούς τε θαλασσογενεῖς καὶ τοὺς ἀγοραίους, πλὴν ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου· κεῖνος δὲ μοί ἐστιν ἑταῖρος Λέσβον ἐριστάφυλον ναίων, Ἀγάθων δὲ καλεῖται. καὶ Φιλύλλιος δὲ ἢ ὅστις ἐστὶν ὁ ποιήσας τὰς Πόλεις φησί· χήμας, λεπάδας, σωλῆνας, μῦς, πίννας, κτένας ἐκ Μηθύμνης. ὄστρεια δὲ μόνως οὕτως ἔλεγον οἱ ἀρχαῖοι. Κρατῖνος Ἀρχιλόχοις· πίννῃσι καὶ ὀστρείοισιν ὁμοίη. καὶ Ἐπίχαρμος ἐν Ἥβας γάμῳ· ὄστρεια συμπεφυκότα. ὄστρεον δὲ ὡς ὄρνεον Πλάτων ἐν Φαίδρῳ· ὀστρέου τρόπον, φησί, δεδεσμευμένοι, καὶ ἐν Τιμαίῳ· τὸ τῶν ὀστρέων γένος συμπάντων, ἐν δὲ τῷ τῆς Πολιτείας δεκάτῳ ὄστρεια εἶπε· προσπεφυκέναι ὄστρειά τε καὶ φυκία. αἱ δὲ πελωρίδες ὠνομάσθησαν παρὰ τὸ πελώριον. μεῖζον γάρ ἐστι χήμης καὶ παρηλλαγμένον. Ἀριστοτέλης δέ φησι καὶ ἐν ἄμμῳ αὐτὰς γίνεσθαι. τῶν δὲ χημῶν μνημονεύει Ἴων ὁ Χῖος ἐν Ἐπιδημίαις. καὶ ἴσως οὕτως ὠνόμασται τὰ κογχύλια παρὰ τὸ κεχηνέναι.
But concerning the oysters which are grown in the Indian Ocean; (for it is not unreasonable to speak of them, on account of the use of pearls;) Theophrastus speaks in his treatise on Precious Stones, and says, “But among the stones which are much admired is that which is called the pearl, being transparent in its character; and they make very expensive necklaces of them. They are found in an oyster which is something like the pinna, only less. And in size the pearl resembles a large fish's eye.” Androsthenes, too, in his Voyage along the Coast of India, writes in thee terms— "But of strombi, and chærini, and other shell-fish, there are many different varieties, and they are very different from the shell-fish which we have. And they have the purple-fish, and a great multitude of other kinds of oysters. There is also one kind which is peculiar to those seas, which the natives call the berberi, from which the precious stone called the pearl comes. And this pearl is very expensive in Asia, being sold in Persia and the inland countries for its weight in gold. And the appearance of the oyster which contains it is much the same as that of the cteis oyster, only its shell is not indented, but smooth and shaggy. And it has not two ears as the cteis oyster has, but only one. The stone is engendered in the flesh of the oyster, just as the measles are in pork. And it is of a very golden colour, so as mot easily to be distinguished from gold when it is put by the side of it; but some pearls are of a silvery appearance, and some are completely white like the eyes of fish. But Chares of Mitylene, in the seventh book of his Histories of Alexander, Says—“There is caught in the Indian sea, and also off the coast of Armenia, and Persia, and Susiana, and Babylonia, a fish very like an oyster; and it is large and oblong, containing within the shell flesh which is plentiful and white, and very fragrant, from which the men pick out white bones which they call the pearl. And they make of them necklaces and chains for the hands and feet, of which the Persians are very fond, as are the Medes and all Asiatics, esteeming them as much more valuable than golden ornaments.”
περὶ δὲ τῶν κατὰ τὴν Ἰνδικὴν γινομένων ὀστρέων—οὐ γὰρ ἄκαιρον καὶ τούτων μνησθῆναι διὰ τὴν τῶν μαργαριτῶν χρῆσιν Θεόφραστος μὲν ἐν τῷ περὶ λίθων γράφει οὕτως· τῶν θαυμαζομένων δὲ λίθων ἐστὶν καὶ ὁ μαργαρίτης καλούμενος, διαφανὴς μὲν τῇ φύσει· ποιοῦσι δ’ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τοὺς πολυτελεῖς ὅρμους. γίνεται δὲ ἐν ὀστρέῳ τινὶ παραπλησίῳ ταῖς πίνναις, πλὴν ἐλάττονι. μέγεθος δὲ ἡλίκον ἰχθύος ὀφθαλμὸς εὐμεγέθης. Ἀνδροσθένης δ’ ἐν τῷ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς Παράπλῳ γράφει οὕτως· τῶν δὲ στρόμβων καὶ χοιρίνων καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν κογχυλίων ποικίλαι αἱ ἰδέαι καὶ πολὺ διάφοροι τῶν παρ’ ἡμῖν γίνονται δὲ πορφύραι τε καὶ ὀστρέων πολὺ πλῆθος τῶν λοιπῶν ἓν δὲ ἴδιον ὃ καλοῦσιν ἐκεῖνοι βέρβερι, ἐξ οὗ ἡ μαργαρῖτις λίθος γίνεται, αὕτη δ’ ἐστὶ πολυτελὴς κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν καὶ πωλεῖται περὶ Πέρσας τε καὶ τοὺς ἄνω τόπους πρὸς χρυσίον. ἐστὶ δ’ ἡ μὲν τοῦ ὀστρέου ὄψις παραπλησία τῷ κτενί, οὐ διέγλυπται δὲ ἀλλὰ λεῖον τὸ ὄστρακον ἔχει καὶ δασύ, οὐδὲ ὦτα ἔχει δύο ὥσπερ ὁ κτεὶς ἀλλὰ ἕν. ἡ δὲ λίθος γίνεται ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ τοῦ ὀστρέου, ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς συείοις ἡ χάλαζα, καί ἐστιν ἡ μὲν χρυσοειδὴς σφόδρα, ὥστε μὴ ῥᾳδίως διαγνῶναι ὅταν παρατεθῇ παρὰ τὸ χρυσίον, ἡ δὲ ἀργυροειδής, ἡ δὲ τελέως λευκή, ὁμοία τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς τῶν ἰχθύων. Χάρης δ᾽ ὁ Μιτυληναῖος ἐν ἑβδόμῃ τῶν περὶ Ἀλέξανδρον ἱστοριῶν φησι· θηρεύεται δὲ κατὰ τὴν Ἰνδικὴν θάλασσαν, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ κατὰ τὴν Ἀρμενίαν καὶ Περσικὴν καὶ Σουσιανὴν καὶ Βαβυλωνίαν, παρόμοιον ὀστρέῳ· τὸ δ’ ἐστὶν ἁδρὸν καὶ πρόμηκες, ἔχον ἐν αὑτῷ σάρκα καὶ μεγάλην καὶ λευκήν, εὐώδη σφόδρα, ἐξ ὧν ἐξαιροῦντες ὀστᾶ λευκὰ προσαγορεύουσι μὲν μαργαρίτας, κατασκευάζουσι δ’ ἐξ αὐτῶν ὁρμίσκους τε καὶ ψέλια περὶ τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τοὺς πόδας· περὶ ἃ σπουδάζουσιν Πέρσαι καὶ Μῆδοι καὶ πάντες Ἀσιανοὶ πολὺ μᾶλλον τῶν ἐκ χρυσίου γεγενημένων.
But Isidorus the Characene, in his Description of Parthia, says, that "in the Persian sea there is an island where a great number of pearls are found; on which account there are quantities of boats made of rushes all about the island, from which men leap into the sea, and die down twenty fathoms, and bring up two shells. And they say that when there is a long continuance of thunder-storms, and heavy falls of rain, then the pinna produces most young, and then, too, the greatest quantity of pearls is engendered, and those, too, of the finest size and quality. In the winter the pinna is accustomed to descend into chambers at the very bottom of the sea; but in summer they swim about all night with their shells open, which they close in the day-time: and as many as stick to the crags, or rocks, throw out roots, and remaining fixed there, they generate pearls. But they are supported and nourished by something which adheres to their flesh: and this also sticks to the mouth of the cockle, having talons and bringing it food: and it is something like a little crab, and is called the guardian of the pinna. And its flesh penetrates through the centre of the cockleshell, like a root: and the pearl being generated close to it, grows through the solid portion of the shell, and keeps growing as long as it continues to adhere to the shell. But when the flesh gets under the excrescence, and cutting its way onwards, gently separates the pearl from the shell, then when the pearl is surrounded by flesh, it is no longer nourished so far as to grow at all; but the flesh makes it smoother, and more transparent, and more pure. And so, too, the pinna, which lives at the bottom, engenders the most transparent sort of pearl; and it produces them also very pure and of large size. But that which keeps near the surface, and is constantly rising, is of a smaller size and a worse colour, because it is affected by the rays of the sun. But those who hunt for pearls are in danger when they hastily put their hand into the opening of the shell, for immediately the fish closes its shell, and very often their fingers are sawn off; and sometimes they die immediately. But all those who put in their hand sideways easily draw off the shells from the rock. And Menander makes mention of Emeralds also, in his Little Boy–There must be an emerald and a sardonyx.And the word for emerald is more correctly written μάραγδος, without a ς. For it is derived from the verb μαρμαίρω, to glisten, because it is a transparent stone.
Ἰσίδωρος δ’ ὁ Χαρακηνὸς ἐν τῷ τῆς Παρθίας Περιηγητικῷ κατὰ τὸ Περσικὸν πέλαγος νῆσόν φησιν εἶναί τινα, ἔνθα πλείστην μαργαρῖτιν εὑρίσκεσθαι. διόπερ σχεδίας καλαμίνας πέριξ εἶναι τῆς νήσου, ἐξ ὧν καθαλλομένους εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν ἐπ’ ὀργυιὰς εἴκοσιν ἀναφέρειν διπλοῦς κόγχους. φασὶ δ’ ὅταν βρονταὶ συνεχεῖς ὦσι καὶ ὄμβρων ἐκχύσεις, τότε μᾶλλον τὴν πίνναν κύειν, καὶ πλείστην γίγνεσθαι μαργαρῖτιν καὶ εὐμεγέθη, τοῦ δὲ χειμῶνος εἰς τὰς ἐμβυθίους θαλάμας δύνειν εἰώθασιν αἱ πίνναι· θέρους δὲ τὰς μὲν νύκτας κεχήνασι διανηχόμεναι, ἡμέρας δὲ μύουσιν. ὅσαι δὲ ἂν πέτραις ἢ σπιλάσι προσφυῶσι, ῥιζοβολοῦσι κἀνταῦθα μένουσαι τὴν μαργαρῖτιν γεννῶσι. ζῳογονοῦνται δὲ καὶ τρέφονται διὰ τοῦ προσπεφυκότος τῇ σαρκὶ μέρους, τοῦτο δὲ συμπέφυκε τῷ τοῦ κόγχου στόματι χηλὰς ἔχον καὶ νομὴν εἰσφέρον. ὃ δή ἐστιν ἐοικὸς καρκίνῳ μικρῷ καλούμενον πινοφύλαξ. διήκει δ’ ἐκ τούτου ἡ σὰρξ μέχρι μέσου τοῦ κόγχου οἱονεὶ ῥίζα, παρ’ ἣν ἡ μαργαρῖτις γεννωμένη αὔξεται διὰ τοῦ στερεοῦ τῆς κόγχης καὶ τρέφεται ὅσον ἂν ᾖ προσπεφυκυῖα χρόνον. ἐπειδὰν δὲ παρὰ τὴν ἔκφυσιν ὑποδυομένη ἡ σὰρξ καὶ μαλακῶς ἐντέμνουσα χωρίσῃ τὴν μαργαρῖτιν ἀπὸ τοῦ κόγχου, ἀμπέχουσα μὲν οὐκέτι τρέφει, λειοτέραν δ’ αὐτὴν καὶ διαυγεστέραν ποιεῖ καὶ καθαρωτέραν. ἡ μὲν οὖν ἐμβύθιος πίννα διαυγεστάτην καὶ καθαρωτάτην καὶ μεγάλην γεννᾷ μαργαρῖτιν, ἡ δὲ ἐπιπολάζουσα καὶ ἀνωφερὴς διὰ τὸ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου ἀκτινοβολεῖσθαι δύσχρους καὶ ἥσσων· κινδυνεύουσι δ’ οἱ θηρῶντες τοὺς μαργαρίτας, ὅταν εἰς κεχηνότα κόγχον κατ’ εὐθὺ ἐκτείνωσι τὴν χεῖρα· μύει γὰρ τότε, καὶ πολλάκις οἱ δάκτυλοι αὐτῶν ἀποπρίονται ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ παραχρῆμα ἀποθνῄσκουσιν. ὅσοι δ’ ἂν ἐκ πλαγίου ὑποθέντες τὴν χεῖρα τύχωσι, ῥᾳδίως τοὺς κόγχους ἀπὸ τοῦ λίθου ἀποσπῶσιν. Μαράγδων δὲ μνημονεύει Μένανδρος ἐν Παιδίῳ· μάραγδον εἶναι ταῦτ’ ἔδει καὶ σάρδια. ἄνευ δὲ τοῦ ς λεκτέον παρὰ γὰρ τὸ μαρμαίρειν ὠνόμασται τῷ διαυγὴς ὑπάρχειν.
After this conversation some dishes were set on the table, full of many kinds of boiled meat: feet, and head, and ears, and loins; and also entrails, and intestines, and tongues; as is the custom at the places which are called boiled meat shops at Alexandria. For, O Ulpian, the word ἑφθοπώλιον, a boiled meat shop, is used by Posidippus, in his Little Boy. And again, while they were inquiring who had ever named any of these dishes, one of the party said, Aristo- phanes mentions entrails as things which are eatable, in his Knights—I say that you are selling tripe and paunchesWhich to the revenue no tithe have paid.And presently after he adds—Why, my friend, hinder me from washing my paunches,And from selling my sausages? Why do you laugh at me?And again he says—But I, as soon as I have swallow'd downA bullock's paunch, and a dish of pig's tripe,And drunk some broth, won't stay to wash my hands,But will cut the throats of the orators, and will confuse Nicias.And again he says—But the Virgin Goddess born of the mighty FatherGives you some boiled meat, extracted from the broth,And a slice of paunch, and tripe, and entrails.And Cratinus, in his Pluti, mentions jawbones of meat—Fighting for a noble jawbone of beef.And Sophocles, in the Amycus, says—And he places on the table tender jawbones.And Plato, in his Timæus, writes, “And he bound up some jawbones for them, so as to give the appearance of a whole face.” And Xenophon says, in his book on Horsemanship, “A small jawbone closely pressed.” But some call it, not σιαγὼν, but ὑαγὼν, spelling the word with a v, saying that it is derived from the word ὑς. Epicharmus also speaks of tripe, χορδαὶ as we call it, but he calls it ὄρυαι, having given one of his plays the title of Orya. And Aristophanes, in his Clouds, writes—Let them prepare a dish of tripe, for meTo set before these wise philosophers.And Cratinus, in his Pytina, says—How fine, says he, is now this slice of tripe.And Eupolis speaks of it also, in his Goats. But Alexis, either in his Leucadia or in his Runaways, says—Then came a slice and good large help of tripe.And Antiphanes, in his Marriage, says—Having cut out a piece of the middle of the tripe.
μετὰ ταῦτα περιηνέχθησαν πίνακες ἔχοντες τῶν ἐξ ὕδατος κρεῶν πολλά, πόδας καὶ κεφαλὰς καὶ ὠτία καὶ σιαγόνας, ἔτι δὲ καὶ χορδὰς καὶ κοιλίας καὶ γλώσσας, ὥσπερ ἔθος ἐστὶν ἐν τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν λεγομένοις ἑφθοπωλίοις. εἴρηται γάρ, Οὐλπιανέ, καὶ τὸ ἑφθοπώλιον παρὰ Ποσειδίππῳ ἐν Παιδίῳ. καὶ πάλιν ζητούντων τοὺς ὀνομάσαντάς τι τούτων ὁ μέν τις ἔλεγε·τῶν ἐδωδίμων κοιλιῶν μνημονεύει Ἀριστοφάνης ἐν Ἱππεῦσι ᾽ φήσω σε ἀδεκατεύτους κοιλίας πωλεῖν καὶ ἑξῆς· τί μ᾽, ὦγάθ᾽, οὐ πλύνειν ἐᾷς τὰς κοιλίας πωλεῖν τε τοὺς ἀλλᾶντας, ἀλλὰ καταγελᾷς; καὶ πάλιν ἐγὼ δὲ ἤνυστρον βοὸς καὶ κοιλίαν ὑείαν καταβροχθίσας κἆτ’ ἐκπιὼν τὸν ζωμὸν ἀναπόνιπτος λαρυγγιῶ τοὺς ῥήτορας καὶ Νικίαν ταράξω, καὶ πάλιν· ἡ δ’ Ὀβριμοπάτρα γ’ ἑφθὸν ἐκ ζωμοῦ κρέας καὶ χόλικος ἠνύστρου τε καὶ γαστρὸς τόμον. σιαγόνος δὲ Κρατῖνος Πλούτοις· περὶ σιαγόνος βοείας μαχόμενος, καὶ Σοφοκλῆς Ἀμύκῳ· σιαγόνας τε δὴ μαλθακὰς τίθησι. Πλάτων δ’ ἐν Τιμαίῳ γράφει· καὶ τὰς σιαγόνας ἄκρας αὐτοῖς συνέδησεν ὑπὸ τὴν φύσιν τοῦ προσώπου. καὶ Ξενοφῶν ἐν τῷ περὶ ἱππικῆς σιαγόνα μικρὰν συνεσταλμένην οἱ δὲ διὰ τοῦ υ στοιχείου ἐκφέροντες κατ’ ἀναλογίαν λέγουσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ ὑός.χορδῶν τε μέμνηται Ἐπίχαρμος, ἃς ὀρύας ὀνομάζει, ἐπιγράψας τι καὶ τῶν δραμάτων Ὀρύαν. Ἀριστοφάνης ἐν Νεφέλαις· ἔκ μου χορδὴν τοῖς φροντισταῖς παραθέντων. Κρατῖνος ἐν Πυτίνῃ· ὡς λεπτός, ἦ δ’ ὅς, ἔσθ’ ὁ τῆς χορδῆς τόμος. καὶ Εὔπολις ἐν Αἰξίν. Ἄλεξις δ’ ἐν Λευκαδίᾳ ἢ Δραπέταις· χορδαρίου τόμος ἧκεν καὶ περικομμάτιον. Ἀντιφάνης ἐν Γάμοις ἐκτεμὼν χορδῆς μεσαῖον.
And as for feet, and ears, and even noses of beasts, they are all mentioned by Alexis, in his Crateua or the Physic-seller. And I will adduce a slight proof of that presently, which contains a good many of the names about which we are inquiring. Theophilus says, in his Pancratiast—A. There are here near three minas' weight of meatWell boiled.B. What nextA. There is a calf's nose, andA heel of bacon, and four large pig's-feet.B. A noble dish, by Hercules!A. And three calves-feet.And Anaxilas says, in his Cooks—A. I would much rather roast a little fish,Than here repeat whole plays of Aeschylus.B. What do you mean by little fish Do you intendTo treat your friends as invalids? 'Twere betterTo boil the extremities of eatable animals,Their feet and noses.And Anaxilas says, in the Circe—For having an unseemly snout of pig,My dear Cinesias.And in the Calypso—Then I perceived I bore a swine's snout.Anaxandrides has mentioned also ears in the Satyrus. And Axionicus says, in his Chalcis—I am making soup,Putting in well-warm'd fish, and adding to themSome scarce half-eaten fragments; and the pettitoesOf a young porker, and his ears; the which I sprinkleWith savoury assafœtida; and thenI make the whole into a well-flavour'd sausage,A meat most saleable. Then do I add a sliceOf tender tripe; and a snout soak'd in vinegar.So that the guests do all confess, the second dayHas beaten e'en the wedding-day itself.And Aristophanes says, in his Proagon—Wretch that I am, I've eaten tripe, my son:How can I bear to see a roasted snout?And Pheretrates says, in his Trifles—Is not this plainly now a porker's snout?And there is a place which is called ʽπ̔ύγχος, or Snout, near Stratos, in Aetolia, as Polybius testifies, in the sixth book of his Histories. And Stesichorus says, in his Boar Hunting—To hide the sharpened snout beneath the earth.And we have already said that the word ῥύγχος properly applies only to the snout of a swine; but that it is sometimes used for the nose of other animals, Archipphus has proved, saying in jest, in his Second Amphitryon, of the human face—And this, too, though you have so long a nose (ῥύγχος).And Araros says, in his Adonis—For the god turns his nose towards us.
ποδῶν δὲ καὶ ὠτίων, ἔτι δὲ ῥύγχους Ἄλεξις ἐν Κρατείᾳ ἢ Φαρμακοπώλῃ· τὸ δὲ μαρτύριον ὀλίγον ὕστερον ἐκθήσομαι, πολλὰ ἔχον τῶν ζητουμένων ὀνομάτων. Θεόφιλος Παγκρατιαστῇ· ἑφθῶν μὲν σχεδὸν τρεῖς μνᾶς. β. λέγ’ ἄλλο. α. ῥυγχίον, κωλῆν, πόδας τέτταρας ὑείους, β. Ἡράκλεις. α. βοὸς δὲ τρεῖς. Ἀναξίλας Μαγείροις· τῶν Αἰσχύλου πολὺ μᾶλλον εἶναί μοι δοκεῖ ἰχθύδι’ ὀπτᾶν. β. τί σὺ λέγεις; ἰχθύδια; συσσίτιον μέλλεις νοσηλεύειν. ὅσον ἀκροκώλι’ ἕψειν … ῥύγχη, πόδας. Ἀναξίλας δ’ ἐν Κίρκῃ· δεινὸν μὲν γὰρ ἔχονθ’ ὑὸς ῥύγχος, ὦ φίλε Κινησία. καὶ ἐν Καλυψοῖ· ῥύγχος φορῶν ὕειον ᾐσθόμην τότε. ᾽ ὠτάρια δ’ ὠνόμασε καὶ Ἀναξανδρίδης ἐν Σατυρίᾳ. ἀξιόνικος δὲ ἐν Χαλκιδικῷ φησιν ζωμὸν ποιῶ θερμὸν ἰχθὺν ἐπαναπλάττων, ἡμίβρωτα λείψανα συντιθείς, οἴνῳ διαίνων, ἔντερ’ ἁλὶ καὶ σιλφίῳ σφενδονῶν, ἀλλᾶντα τέμνων, παραφέρων χορδῆς τόμον, ῥύγχος εἰς ὄξος πιέζων, ὥστε πάντας ὁμολογεῖν τῶν γάμων κρείττω γεγονέναι τὴν ἕωλον ἡμέραν. Ἀριστοφάνης Προαγῶνι· ἐγευσάμην χορδῆς ὁ δύστηνος τέκνων πῶς ἐσίδω ῥύγχος περικεκαυμένον; Φερεκράτης Λήροις· ὡς οὐχὶ τουτὶ ῥύγχος ἀτεχνῶς ἐσθ’ ὑός; καὶ τόπος δέ τις οὕτω καλεῖται Ῥύγχος περὶ Στράτον τῆς Αἰτωλίας, ὥς φησι Πολύβιος ἐν σ’ ἱστοριῶν ᾽ Στησίχορός. τέ φησιν ἐν Συοθήραις· κρύψαι δὲ ῥύγχος ἄκρον γᾶς ὑπένερθεν. ὅτι δὲ κυρίως λέγεται ῥύγχος ἐπὶ τῶν συῶν προείρηται. ὅτι δὲ καὶ ἐπ’ ἄλλων ζῴων Ἄρχιππος Ἀμφιτρύωνι δευτέρῳ κατὰ παιδιὰν εἴρηκε καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ προσώπου οὕτως· καὶ ταῦτ’ ἔχων τὸ ῥύγχος οὑτωσὶ μακρόν, καὶ Ἀραρὼς Ἀδώνιδι· ὁ γὰρ θεὸς τὸ ῥύγχος ὡς ἡμᾶς στρέφει.
And Aristophanes makes mention of the extremities of animals as forming a common dish, in his Aeolosicon—And of a truth, plague take it, I have boil'dFour tender pettitoes for you for dinner.And in his Gerytades he says—Pig's pettitoes, and bread, and crabs.And Antiphanes says, in his Corinthia—A. And then you sacrifice a pig's extremitiesTo Venus,—what a joke!B. That is your ignorance;For she in Cyprus is so fond of pigs,O master, that she drove away the herdOf swine from off the dunghill where they fed,And made the cows eat dirt instead of them.But Callimachus testifies that, in reality, a pig is sacrificed to Venus; or perhaps it is Zenodotus who says so in his Historic Records, writing thus, “The Argives sacrifice a pig to Venus, and the festival at which this takes place is called Hysteria.” And Pherecrates says, in his Miners—But whole pig's feet of the most tender flavourWere placed at hand in dishes gaily adorned,And boil'd ears, and other extremities.And Alexis says, in his Dice Players—But when we had nearly come to an end of breakfast,And eaten all the ears and pettitoes.And he says again, in his Pannuchis or in his Wool-waavers—This meat is but half roasted, and the fragmentsAre wholly wasted; see this conger eel,How badly boiled; and as for the pettitoes,They now are wholly spoilt.And Pherecrates also speaks of boiled feet, in his Slave-master—A. Tell us, I pray you now then, how the supperWill be prepared.B. Undoubtedly I will.In the first place, a dish of well-minced eel;Then cuttle-fish, and lamb, a slice of richWell-made black pudding; then some pig's feet boil'd;Some liver, and a loin of mutton,And a mighty number of small birds; and cheeseIn honey steep'd, and many a slice of meat.And Antiphanes says, in his Parasite—A. The well-warm'd legs of pigs.'B. A noble dish,I swear by Vesta.A. Then some boiled cheeseBubbled upon the board.And Ecphantides says, in his Satyrs—It is no great hardship, if it must be so,To buy and eat the boil'd feet of a pig.And Aristophanes speaks of tongue as a dish, in his Tryers, ill the following words—I've had anchovies quite enough; for IAm stretch'd almost to bursting while I eatSuch rich and luscious food. But bring me somethingWhich shall take off the taste of all these dainties.Bring me some liver, or a good large sliceOf a young goat. And if you can't get that,Let me at least have a rib or a tongue,Or else the spleen, or entrails, or the tripeOf a young porker in last autumn born;And with it some hot rolls.
ἀκροκωλίων δὲ μέμνηται Ἀριστοφάνης Αἰολοσίκωνι καὶ μὴν τὸ δεῖν᾽, ἀκροκώλια δή σοι τέτταρα ἥψησα τακερά. καὶ ἐν Γηρυτάδῃ· ἀκροκώλι᾽, ἄρτοι, κάραβοι. Ἀντιφάνης Κορινθίᾳ· ἔπειτα κἀκροκώλιον ὕειον Ἀφροδίτῃ; γελοῖον. β. ἀγνοεῖς· ἐν τῇ Κύπρῳ δ’ οὕτω φιληδεῖ ταῖς ὑσίν, ὦ δέσποθ᾽, ὥστε σκατοφαγεῖν ἀπεῖρξε τὸ ζῷον, τοὺς δὲ βοῦς ἠνάγκασεν. ὅτι δ’ ὄντως Ἀφροδίτῃ ὗς θύεται μαρτυρεῖ Καλλίμαχος ἢ Ζηνόδοτος ἐν ἱστορικοῖς ὑπομνήμασι γράφων ὧδε· Ἀργεῖοι Ἀφροδίτῃ ὗν θύουσι, καὶ ἡ ἑορτὴ καλεῖται Ὑστήρια. Φερεκράτης δ’ ἐν Μεταλλεῦσι· σχελίδες δ’ ὁλόκνημοι πλησίον τακερώταται ἐπὶ πινακίσκοις καὶ δίεφθ’ ἀκροκώλια. Ἄλεξις Κυβευταῖς· ἠριστηκότων σχεδόν τι δ’ ἡμῶν ἐξ ἀκροκωλίου τινός, κἀν Παννυχίδι ἢ Ἐρίθοισιν ι ἡμίοπτα μὲν τὰ κρεᾴδι’ ἐστί, τὸ περίκομμ’ ἀπόλλυται, ὁ γόγγρος ἑφθός, τὰ δ’ ἀκροκώλι’ οὐδέπω. τῶν δ’ ἑφθῶν ποδῶν μνημονεύει Φερεκράτης ἐν Δουλοδιδασκάλῳ· ὅπως παρασκευάζεται τὸ δεῖπνον εἴπαθ’ ἡμῖν. β. καὶ δῆθ’ ὑπάρχει τέμαχος ἐγχέλειον ὑμῖν, τευθίς, ἄρνειον κρέας, φύσκης τόμος, ποὺς ἑφθός, ἧπαρ, πλευρόν, ὀρνίθεια πλήθει πολλά, τυρὸς ἐν μέλιτι, μερὶς κρεῶν. Ἀντιφάνης Παρασίτῳ·· χοιρίων σκέλη καπύρ᾽. β. ἀστεῖόν γε, νὴ τὴν Ἑστίαν, ἄριστον. α. ἑφθὸς τυρὸς ἐπεδόνει πολύς. Ἐκφαντίδης δ’ ἐν Σατύροις· πόδας ἐπεὶ δέοι πριάμενον καταφαγεῖν ἑφθοὺς ὑός. γλώσσης δὲ μέμνηται Ἀριστοφάνης ἐν Ταγηνισταῖς διὰ τούτων ἅλις ἀφύης μοι· παρατέταμαι γὰρ τὰ λιπαρὰ κάπτων. ἀλλὰ φέρετ’ ἀπόβασιν ἡπάτιον ἢ καπριδίου νέου κόλλοπὰ τιν’ εἰ δὲ μή, πλευρὸν ἢ γλῶτταν ἢ σπληνὸς ἢ νῆστιν ἢ δέλφακος ὀπωρινῆς ἠτριαίαν φέρετε δεῦρο μετὰ κολλάβων χλιαρῶν.
Now when all this conversation had taken place on these subjects, the physicians who were present would not depart without taking their share in it. For Dionysiocles said, Mnesitheus the Athenian, in his book about Comestibles, has said, “The head and feet of a pig have not a great deal in them which is rich and nutritious.” And Leonidas writes, "Demon, in the fourth book of his Attica, says that Thymœtes, his younger brother, slew Apheidas, who was king of Athens, he himself being a bastard, and usurped the kingdom. And in his time, Melanthus the Messenian was banished from his country, and consulted the Pythia as to where he should dwell: and she said wherever he was first honoured by gifts of hospitality, when men set before him feet and a head for supper. And this happened to him at Eleusis; for as the priestesses happened at the time to be solemnizing one of their national festivals, and to have con- sumed all the meat, and as nothing but the head and feet of the victim were left, they sent them to Melanthius.
τοσούτων λεχθέντων καὶ περὶ τούτων οὐδὲ τῶν ἰατρῶν οἱ παρόντες ἀσύμβολοι μετειλήφασιν. ἔφη γὰρ ὁ Διονυσοκλῆς·Μνησίθεος ὁ Ἀθηναῖος ἐν τῷ περὶ ἐδεστῶν ἔφη· κεφαλὴ καὶ πόδες ὑὸς οὐ πολὺ τὸ τρόφιμον καὶ λιπαρὸν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἔχουσι.καὶ ὁ Λεωνίδης·δήμων ἐν δ’ Ἀτθίδος Ἀφείδαντα, φησί, βασιλεύοντα Ἀθηνῶν Θυμοίτης ὁ νεώτερος ἀδελφὸς νόθος ὢν ἀποκτείνας αὐτὸς ἐβασίλευσεν. ἐφ’ οὗ Μέλανθος Μεσσήνιος ἐκπεσὼν τῆς πατρίδος ἐπήρετο τὴν Πυθίαν ὅπου κατοικήσει, ἡ δὲ ἔφη, ἔνθα ἂν ξενίοις πρῶτον τιμηθῇ τοὺς πόδας αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἐπὶ τῷ δείπνῳ παραθέντων. καὶ τοῦτ’ ἐγένετο αὐτῷ ἐν Ἐλευσῖνι· τῶν ἱερειῶν γὰρ τότε πάτριόν τινα ἑορτὴν ἐπιτελουσῶν καὶ πάντα τὰ κρέα κατανηλωκυιῶν, τῶν δὲ ποδῶν καὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς ὑπολοίπων ὄντων ταῦτα τῷ Μελάνθῳ ἀπέστειλαν.
Then a paunch was brought in, which may be looked upon as a sort of metropolis, and the mother of the sons of Hippocrates, whom I know to have been turned into ridicule by the comic poets on account of their swinish disposition. And Ulpian, looking upon it, said,—Come now, my friends, whom does the paunch lie with? For we have now been minding the belly long enough, and it is time for us now to have some real conversation. And as for these cynics, I bid them be silent, now that they have eaten abundantly, unless they like to gnaw some of the cheeks, and heads, and bones, which no one will grudge their enjoying like dogs, as they are; for that is what they are, and what they are proud of being called.The remnants to the dogs they're wont to throw,Euripides says, in his Cretan Women. For they wish to eat and drink everything, never considering what the divine Plato says in his Protagoras, “That disputing about poetry, is like banquets of low and insignificant persons. For they, because they are unable in their drinking parties to amuse one another by their own talents, and by their own voices and conversation, by reason of their ignorance and stupidity, make female flute-players of great consequence, hiring at a high price sounds which they cannot utter themselves, I mean the music of flutes, and by means of this music they are able to get on with one another. But where the guests are gentlemanly, and accomplished, and well educated, you will not see any flute-playing women, or dancing women, or female harpers, but they are able themselves to pass the time with one another agreeably, without all this nonsense and trifling, by means of their own voices, speaking and hearing one another in turn with all decency, even if they drink a great deal of wine.” And this is what all you Cynics do, O Cynulcus; you drink, or rather you get drunk, and then, like flute-players and dancing-women, you prevent all the pleasure of conversation: “living,” to use the words of the same Plato which he utters in his Philebus, “not the life of a man, but of some mollusk, or of some other marine animal which has life in a shell-encased body.”
μήτρα ἑξῆς ἐπεισηνέχθη, μητρόπολίς τις ὡς ἀληθῶς οὖσα καὶ μήτηρ τῶν Ἱπποκράτους υἱῶν, οὓς εἰς ὑωδίαν κωμῳδουμένους οἶδα. εἰς ἣν ἀποβλέψας ὁ Οὐλπιανὸς ἄγε δή, ἔφη, ἄνδρες φίλοι, παρὰ τίνι κεῖται ἡ μήτρα; ἱκανῶς γὰρ γεγαστρίσμεθα καὶ καιρὸς ἤδη ᾽ στὶ καὶ λέγειν ἡμᾶς. τοῖς δὲ κυνικοῖς τοῦτο παρακελεύομαι σιωπᾶν κεχορτασμένοις ἀφειδῶς, πλὴν εἰ μὴ καὶ τῶν σιαγόνων καὶ τῶν κεφαλῶν κατατρῶξαι βούλονται καὶ τὰ ὀστᾶ, ὧν οὐδεὶς φθόνος αὐτοῖς ἀπολαύειν ὡς κυσί τοῦτο γάρ εἰσι καὶ εὔχονται καλεῖσθαι. νόμος δὲ λείψαν’ ἐκβάλλειν κυσίν, ἐν Κρήσσαις ὁ Εὐριπίδης ἔφη. πάντα γὰρ ἐσθίειν καὶ πίνειν θέλουσιν, ἐπὶ νοῦν οὐ λαμβάνοντες ὅπερ ὁ θεῖος Πλάτων ἔφη ἐν Πρωταγόρᾳ· τὸ περὶ ποιήσεως διαλέγεσθαι ὁμοιότατον εἶναι τοῖς συμποσίοις τοῖς τῶν φαύλων καὶ ἀγοραίων ἀνθρώπων. καὶ γὰρ οὗτοι διὰ τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι ἀλλήλοις δι’ αὑτῶν συνεῖναι ἐν τῷ πότῳ μηδὲ διὰ τῆς ἑαυτῶν φωνῆς καὶ λόγων τῶν ἑαυτῶν ὑπὸ ἀπαιδευσίας τιμίας ποιοῦσι τὰς αὐλητρίδας, πολλοῦ μισθούμενοι ἀλλοτρίαν φωνὴν τὴν τῶν αὐλῶν, καὶ διὰ τῆς ἐκείνων φωνῆς ἀλλήλοις ξύνεισιν. ὅπου δὲ καλοὶ καὶ ἀγαθοὶ ξυμπόται καὶ πεπαιδευμένοι εἰσίν, οὐκ ἂν ἴδοις οὔτε αὐλητρίδας οὔτε ὀρχηστρίδας οὔτε ψαλτρίας, ἀλλ’ αὐτοὺς ἑαυτοῖς ἱκανοὺς ὄντας συνεῖναι ἄνευ τῶν λήρων τε καὶ παιδιῶν τούτων διὰ τῆς ἑαυτῶν φωνῆς, λέγοντάς τε καὶ ἀκούοντας ἐν μέρει ἑαυτῶν κοσμίως, κἂν πάνυ πολὺν οἶνον πίωσι. τοῦτο δ’ ὑμεῖς ποιεῖτε, ὦ Κύνουλκε· πίνοντες, μᾶλλον δ’ ἐκπίνοντες, αὐλητρίδων καὶ ὀρχηστρίδων δίκην ἐμποδίζετε τὴν διὰ τῶν λόγων ἡδονήν, ζῶντες κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν Πλάτωνα, ὃς ἐν τῷ Φιλήβῳ φησίν, οὐκ ἀνθρώπου βίον, ἀλλά τινος πλεύμονος ἢ τῶν ὅσα θαλάττια μετ’ ὀστρεΐνων ἔμψυχά ἐστι σωμάτων.
And Cynulcus, being very angry, said,—You glutton of a man, whose god is your belly, you know nothing else yourself, nor are you able to keep up an uninterrupted conversation, nor to recollect any history, nor to begin anything which may tend to throw a charm on any discussion. But you have been wasting all the time with questions of this sort, “Is there such and such a statement? Is there not? Has such and such a thing been said? Has it not been said?” And you attack and examine closely everything which occurs in anything which is said, collecting all your thorns—living continuallyAs if among thistles, or plants of rough borage—-never collecting any sweet flowers. Are you not the person who call that which is called by the Romans strena, being so named in accordance with some national tradition, and which is accustomed to be given to friends, epinomis? And if you do this in imitation of Plato, we should be glad to learn it; but if you find that any one of the ancients has ever spoken in such a manner, tell us who it is who has. For I know that there is some part of a trireme which is called epinomis, as Apollonius states in his treatise on what relates to Triremes. Are not you the man who called your new stout cloak, which had never yet been used by you, (for the proper name of it, my friend, is really φαινόλης,) useless? saying—“My slave Leucus, give me that useless cloak.” And once going to the bath, did not you say to a man who asked you, Whither now? I am going, said you, ἀπολούμενος (pronouncing the word as if it meant to kill yourself rather than to bathe). And that very day your beautiful garment was purloined from you by some bath robbers; so that there was great laughter in the bath, at this useless cloak being hunted for. At another time too, O my dear friends, (for the plain truth shall be told you,) he tripped against a stone and dislocated his knees. And when he was cured he again came into public: and when men asked him, What is the matter, O Ulpian? he said it was a black eye. And I (for I was with him at the time) being then unable to restrain my laughter, got anointed under the eyes with some thick ointment by a physician who was a friend of mine, and then said to those who asked me, What is the matter with you, that I had hurt my leg.
καὶ ὁ Κύνουλκος ὀργισθεὶς γάστρων, ἔφη, καὶ κοιλιόδαιμον ἄνθρωπε, οὐδὲν ἄλλο σὺ οἶσθα, οὐ λόγους διεξοδικοὺς εἰπεῖν, οὐχ ἱστορίας μνησθῆναι, οὐ τῆς ἐν λόγοις χάριτος ἀπάρξασθαί ποτε, ἀλλὰ τὸν χρόνον ἅπαντα περὶ ταῦτα κατετρίβης ζητῶν, κεῖται, οὐ κεῖται; εἴρηται, οὐκ εἴρηται; ἐξονυχίζεις τε πάντα τὰ προσπίπτοντα τοῖς συνδιαλεγομένοις τὰς ἀκάνθας συνάγων, ὡς ἀν’ ἐχινόποδας καὶ ἀνὰ τρηχεῖαν ὄνωνιν ἀεὶ διατρίβων, ἀνθέων τῶν ἡδίστων μηδὲν συναθροίζων. ἢ οὐ σὺ εἶ ὁ καὶ τὴν ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων καλουμένην στρήναν κατά τινα πατρίαν παράδοσιν λεγομένην καὶ διδομένην τοῖς φίλοις ἐπινομίδα καλῶν; καὶ εἰ μὲν τὴν Πλάτωνος ζηλώσας, μαθεῖν βουλόμεθα· … εἰ δὲ παρά τινι οὕτως εὑρὼν λεγομένην, ἐμφάνισον τὸν εἰπόντα. ἐγὼ γὰρ οἶδα ἐπινομίδα καλουμένην καὶ μέρος τι τῆς τριήρους, ὡς Ἀπολλώνιος ἐν Τριηρικῷ παρατέθειται. οὐ σὺ εἶ ὁ καὶ τὸν καινὸν καὶ οὐδέπω ἐν χρείᾳ γενόμενον φαινόλην εἴρηται γάρ, ὦ βέλτιστε, καὶ ὁ φαινόλης εἰπών παῖ Λεῦκε, δός μοι τὸν ἄχρηστον φαινόλην εἰς βαλανεῖον δέ ποτε πορευόμενος οὐκ ἔφης πρὸς τὸν πυνθανόμενον ποῖ δή; ἀπολούμενος, ἦν δ’ ἐγώ, ἐπείγομαι;᾽ κἀκείνης σοι τῆς ἡμέρας ὁ καλὸς κανυσῖνος ὑπὸ λωποδυτῶν ἀνηρπάσθη, ὡς γέλωτα πάμπολυν ἐν τῷ βαλανείῳ γενέσθαι ἀχρήστου ζητουμένου φαινόλου. ἄλλοτε δέ, ὦ ἑταῖροι φίλτατοι—πρὸς γὰρ ὑμᾶς εἰρήσεται τἀληθῆ προσέπταισε λίθῳ καὶ τὴν κνήμην ἔλυσε· θεραπευθεὶς οὖν προῄει καὶ πρὸς τοὺς πυνθανομένους τί τοῦτο, Οὐλπιανέ; ὑπώπιον ἔλεγε. κἀγὼ ξυνῆν γὰρ αὐτῷ τότε τὸν γέλωτα φέρειν οὐ δυνάμενος παρά τινι τῶν φίλων ἰατρῷ ὑπαλειψάμενος τὰ ὑπὸ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς παχεῖ φαρμάκῳ πρὸς τοὺς πυνθανομένους τί δὲ σύ; πρόσκομμα ἔφασκον.
There is also another imitator of the same wisdom, Pompeianus the Philadelphian; a man not destitute of shrewdness, but still a terrible wordcatcher: and he, conversing with his servant, calling him by name with a loud voice, said—“Strombichides, bring me to the gymnasium those intolerable slippers (he used the word ἀφορήτους, intending it to mean what he had never worn) and my useless (he used the word ἄχρηστος, by which he meant which he had never used) cloak. For I, as soon as I have bound up my beard, shall address my friends. For I have got some roast fish. And bring me a cruet of oil. For first of all we will be crushed (he used the word συντριβησόμεθον, meaning to say we will rub ourselves well), and then we will be utterly destroyed (his word was ἀπολούμεθον, and he meant to say we will have a bath).” And this same sophist, in the month of February, as the Romans call it, (and Juba the Mauritanian says that this month has its name from the terrors caused by the spirits under the earth, and from the means used to get rid of those fears, at which season the greatest severity of winter occurs, and it is the custom of them to offer libations for many days to those who are dead:) in the month of February, I say, he said to one of his friends—“It is a long time since you have seen me, because of the heat.” And when the festival of the Panathenæa was being celebrated, during which the courts of justice do not assemble, he said— “This is the birthday of the virgin goddess Minerva,” (but he pronounced the word ἀλέκτορος, as if he had meant of the cock of Minerva,) “and this day is unjust,” (for he called it ἄδικος, though he meant the word to have the sense of being a holiday for the courts of law). And once he called a companion of ours who came back from Delphi without having received an answer from the god, ἄχρηστον, (which never means anything but useless, but he used the word for unanswered). And once when he was making a public display of his eloquence, and going through a long panegyric on the Queen of cities, he said, Most admirable is the Roman dominion, and ἀνυπόστατος (he meant irresistible). Such now, my friends, are Ulpian's companions, the sophists; men who call even the thing which the Romans call miliarium, that is to say, a vessel designed to prepare boiling water in, ἰπνολέβης, an oven-kettle; being manufac- turers of many names, and far outrunning by many para-sangs the Sicilian Dionysius: who called a virgin μένανδρος (from μένω and ἀνὴρ), because she is waiting for a husband; and a pillar μενεκράτης (from μένω and κράτος), because it remains and is strong. And a javelin he called βαλλάντιον, because (ἄντιον βάλλεται) it is thrown against something; and mouse-holes he called μυστήρια, mysteries, (from τηρεῖν τοὺς μῦς because they keep the mice. And Athanis, in the first book of his History of the Affairs of Sicily, says that the same Dionysius gave an ox the name of γαρότας; and a pig he called ἴακχος. And Alexarchus was a man of the same sort, the brother of Cassander, who was king of Macedonia, who built the city called Uranopolis. And Heraclides Lembus speaks concerning him in the seventh book of his Histories, and says, “Alexarchus, who founded the city Uranopolis, imported many peculiar words and forms of speaking into the language: calling a cock ὀρθροβόας, or he that crows in the morn; and a barber βροτοκέρτης, or one who cuts men; and a drachm he called ἀργυρὶς, a piece of silver; and a chœnix he called, ἡμεροτροφὶς, what feeds a man for a day; and a herald he called ἀπύτης, a bawler. And once he wrote a letter to the magistrates of the Cassandrians in this form: —Ἀλέξαρχος ὁ μάρμων πρόμοις γαθεῖν. τοὺς ἡλιοκρεῖς οἰῶν οἶδα λιποῦσα θεωτῶν ἔργων κρατήτορας μορσίμῳ τύχᾳ κεκυρωμένας θεοῦ πόγαις χυτλώσαντες αὐτοὺς, καὶ φύλακας ὀριγένεις.” But what that letter means think that even the Pythian Apollo himself could hardly tell. For, as Antiphanes says, in his Cleophanes,—What is it then to be a tyrant, (orWhat would you call pursuing serious things,)In the Lyceum with the sophists; by Jove,They are but thin and hungry joyless men.And say the thing does not exist if nowIt is produced; for that is not as yet,Nor can already be produced, which nowIs caused afresh. Nor if it did existBefore, can it be now made to exist.For there is nothing which has no existence.And that which never yet has taken place,Is not as if it had, since it has not.For it exists from its existence; butIf there is no existence, what is thereFrom which it can exist? The thing's impossible;And if it's self-existent, it will notExist again. And one perhaps may say,Let be; whence now can that which has no beingExist, what can become of it? What all this meansI say that e'en Apollo's self can't tell.
τῆς δὲ αὐτῆς ταύτης σοφίας καὶ ἕτερός ἐστι ζηλωτής, Πομπηιανὸς ὁ Φιλαδελφεύς, ἄνθρωπος οὐκ ἀπάνουργος, ὀνοματοθήρας δὲ καὶ αὐτός, ὅστις πρὸς τὸν οἰκέτην διαλεγόμενος μεγάλῃ τῇ φωνῇ καλέσας τοὔνομα ᾽ Στρομβιχίδη, ᾽ ἔφη, κόμιζέ μοι ἐπὶ τὸ γυμνάσιον τὰς βλαύτας τὰς ἀφορήτους καὶ τὴν ἐφεστρίδα τὴν ἄχρηστον. ἐγὼ γὰρ ὑποδησάμενος τὸν πώγωνα προσαγορεύσω τοὺς ἑταίρους· ὀπτὸς γάρ ἐστί μοι Λάριχος. κόμιζε δὲ τοῦ ἐλαίου τὴν λήκυθον πρότερον γὰρ συντριβησόμεθον, ἔπειθ’ οὕτως ἀπολούμεθον ὁ δ᾽ αὐτὸς οὗτος σοφιστὴς Φεβρουαρίῳ μηνί, ὡς Ῥωμαῖοι λέγουσι—τὸν δὲ μῆνα τοῦτον κληθῆναί φησιν ὁ Μαυρούσιος Ἰόβας ἀπὸ τῶν κατουδαίων φόβων κατ’ ἀναίρεσιν τῶν δειμάτων—ἐν ᾧ τοῦ χειμῶνός ἐστι τὸ ἀκμαιότατον, καὶ ἔθος τότε τοῖς κατοιχομένοις τὰς χοὰς ἐπιφέρειν πολλαῖς ἡμέραις, πρός τινα τῶν φίλων ᾽ οὐκ εἶδές με, ᾽ ἔφη, πολλῶν ἡμερῶν διὰ τὰ καύματα.᾽ τῆς δὲ τῶν Παναθηναίων ἑορτῆς ἐπιτελουμένης, δι’ ἧς καὶ τὰ δικαστήρια οὐ συνάγεται, ἔφη ‘γενέθλιός ἐστι τῆς ἀλέκτορος Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ ἄδικος ἡ τῆτες ἡμέρα.’ ἐκάλεσε δέ ποτε καὶ τὸν ἐκ Δελφῶν ἐπανελθόντα ἡμῶν ἑταῖρον οὐδὲν αὐτῷ χρήσαντος τοῦ θεοῦ ἄχρηστον. δεῖξιν δέ ποτε λόγων δημοσίᾳ ποιούμενος καὶ ἐγκώμιον διεξερχόμενος τῆς βασιλευούσης πόλεως ἔφη ᾽ θαυμαστὴ δ’ ἡ ʽ Ῥωμαίων ἀρχὴ ἡ ἀνυπόστατος.᾽ τοιοῦτοὶ τινὲς εἰσιν, ὦ ἑταῖροι, οἱ Οὐλπιάνειοι σοφισταί, οἱ καὶ τὸ μιλιάριον καλούμενον ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων, τὸ εἰς θερμοῦ ὕδατος κατεργασίαν κατασκευαζόμενον, ἰπνολέβητα ὀνομάζοντες, πολλῶν ὀνομάτων ποιηταὶ καὶ πολλοῖς παρασάγγαις ὑπερδραμόντες τὸν Σικελιώτην Διονύσιον, ὃς τὴν μὲν παρθένον ἐκάλει μένανδρον, ὅτι μένει τὸν ἄνδρα, καὶ τὸν στῦλον μενεκράτην, ὅτι μένει καὶ κρατεῖ, βαλάντιον δὲ τὸ ἀκόντιον, ὅτι ἐναντίον βάλλεται, καὶ τὰς τῶν μυῶν διεκδύσεις μυστήρια ἐκάλει, ὅτι τοὺς μῦς τηρεῖ. Ἄθανις δ’ ἐν αʹ Σικελικῶν τὸν αὐτόν φησι Διονύσιον καὶ τὸν βοῦν γαρόταν καλεῖν καὶ τὸν χοῖρον ἴακχον. τοιοῦτος ἦν καὶ Ἀλέξαρχος ὁ Κασσάνδρου τοῦ Μακεδονίας βασιλεύσαντος ἀδελφός, ὁ τὴν Οὐρανόπολιν καλουμένην κτίσας. ἱστορεῖ δὲ περὶ αὐτοῦ ʽ Ἡρακλείδης ὁ Λέμβος ἐν τῇ τριακοστῇ ἑβδόμῃ τῶν ἱστοριῶν λέγων οὕτως· ‘Ἀλέξαρχος ὁ τὴν Οὐρανόπολιν κτίσας διαλέκτους ἰδίας εἰσήνεγκεν, ὀρθροβόαν μὲν τὸν ἀλεκτρυόνα καλέων καὶ βροτοκέρτην τὸν κουρέα καὶ τὴν δραχμὴν ἀργυρίδα, τὴν δὲ χοίνικα ἡμεροτροφίδα καὶ τὸν κήρυκα ἀπύτην. καὶ τοῖς Κασσανδρέων δὲ ἄρχουσι τοιαῦτὰ ποτ’ ἐπέστειλε· Ἀλέξαρχος Ὁμαιμέων πρόμοις γαθεῖν. τοὺς ἡλιοκρεῖς οἰῶν οἶδα λιπουσαθεωτων ἔργων κρατιτορας μορσίμῳ τύχᾳ κεκυρωμένας θεουπογαις χυτλώσαντες αὐτοὺς καὶ φύλακας ὀριγενεῖς. τί δὲ ἡ ἐπιστολὴ αὕτη δηλοῖ νομίζω ᾽ γὼ μηδὲ τὸν Πύθιον ἂν διαγνῶναι.’ κατὰ γὰρ τὸν Ἀντιφάνους Κλεοφάνη· τὸ δὲ τυραννεῖν ἐστιν; ἢ τί ποτε τὸν σπουδαῖον ἀκολουθεῖν ἐρεῖς ἐν τῷ Λυκείῳ μετὰ σοφιστῶν, νὴ Δία, λεπτῶν, ἀσίτων, συκίνων, λέγονθ’ ὅτι τὸ πρᾶγμα τοῦτ’ οὐκ ἔστιν, εἴπερ γίνεται, οὐδ’ ἔστι γάρ πω γινόμενον ὃ γίνεται, οὐτ’ εἰ πρότερον ἦν, ἔστιν ὅ γε νῦν γίνεται, ἔστιν γὰρ οὐκ ὂν οὐδέν ὃ δὲ μὴ γέγονέ πω, οὐκ ἔσθ’ ἕωσπερ γέγονε, ὅ γε μή γέγονέ πω. ἐκ τοῦ γὰρ εἶναι γέγονεν εἰ δ’ οὐκ ἦν ὅθεν, πῶς ἐγένετ’ ἐξ οὐκ ὄντος; οὐχ οἷόν τε γάρ. εἰ δ’ αὖ ποθέν ποι γέγονεν, οὐκ ἔσται κηποι δεποτις εἴη, πόθεν γενήσεται τοὐκ ὂν εἰς οὐκ ὂν εἰς οὐκ ὂν γὰρ οὐ δυνήσεται. ταυτὶ δ’ ὅ τι ἐστὶν οὐδ’ ἂν Ἀπόλλων μάθοι.
I know too that Simonides the poet, somewhere or other, has called Jupiter Ἀρίσταρχος, (meaning ἄριστος ἄρχων, best of rulers;) and Aeschylus calls Pluto Ἀγησίλαος, (from ἄγειν τὸν λαὸν, collecting the people;) and Nicander the Colophonian called the asp, the animal, ἰοχέαιρα, poisonous, (from ἰὸς, poison, and χέω, to emit; though the word is usually applied to Diana in the sense of shooting arrows, because ἰὸς also means an arrow.) And it is on account of these tricks and others like them that the divine Plato, in his Politics, after having said that some animals live on the dry land, and others in the water, and also, that there are some classes which are fed on dry food, others on moist food, and others which graze, giving the names of ξηροβατικὰ and ὑγροβατικὰ, and again, of ξηροτροφικὰ, ὑγροτροφικὰ and ξηρονομικὰ to the different minds of animals, according as they live on the land, or in the water, or in the air—adds, by way of exhortation to those manufacturers of names to guard against novelty, the following sentence, word for word:—“And if you take care not to appear too anxious in making new names you will continue to old age with a greater reputation for prudence.” But I know that Herodes Atticus, a rhetorician, named the piece of wood which was put through his wheels when he was going in his chariot down steep places, τροχοπέδης, (as a fetter to the wheels.) Although Simaristus, in his Synonymes, had already given this piece of wood the name of ἐποχλεὺς, or the drag. And Sophocles the poet, in some one of his works, called a guardian a bolt, saying—Be of good cheer, I am a mighty boltTo keep this fear away from you.And, in another place, he has given an anchor the name of ἰσχὰς or the holder, because it κατέχει, holds the ship—And the sailors let out the holder of the ship.And Demades the orator said that Aegina was the “eyesore of the Peiræus,” and that Samos was “a fragment broken off from the city.” And he called the young men “the spring of the people;” and the wall he called “the garment of the city;” and a trumpeter he entitled “the common cock of the Athenians.” But this word-hunting sophist used all sorts of' far more far-fetched expressions. And whence, O Ulpian, did it occur to you to use the word κεχορτασμένος for satiated, when κορέω is the proper verb for that meaning, and χορτάζω means to feed?
οἶδα δ’ ὅτι καὶ Σιμωνίδης που ὁ ποιητὴς ἀρίσταρχον εἶπε τὸν Δία καὶ Αἰσχύλος τὸν Ἅιδην ἀγησίλαον, Νίκανδρος δὲ ὁ Κολοφώνιος ἰοχέαιραν τὴν ἀσπίδα τὸ ζῷον. διὰ ταῦτα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ὁ θαυμασιώτατος Πλάτων ἐν τῷ Πολιτικῷ εἰπὼν ξηροβατικά τινα ζῷα καὶ ἀεροβατικὰ.,. ἄλλα, ξηροτροφικόν τε καὶ ὑγροτροφικὸν καὶ ἀερονομικὸν ἐπὶ ζῴων χερσαίων καὶ ἐνύγρων καὶ ἐναερίων ἐπιλέγει, ὥσπερ παρακελευόμενος τούτοις τοῖς ὀνοματοποιοῖς φυλάττεσθαι τὴν καινότητα, γράφων καὶ κατὰ λέξιν τάδε· κἂν διαφυλάξῃς τὸ μὴ σπουδάζειν ἐπὶ τοῖς ὀνόμασι, πλουσιώτερος καὶ εἰς γῆρας ἀναφανήσῃ φρονήσεως οἶδα δὲ καὶ Ἡρῴδην τὸν Ἀττικὸν ῥήτορα ὀνομάζοντα τροχοπέδην τὸ διαβαλλόμενον ξύλον διὰ τῶν τροχῶν, ὅτε κατάντεις ὁδοὺς ὀχούμενος ἐπορεύετο, καίτοι Σιμαρίστου ἐν τοῖς Συνωνύμοις ἐποχέα τὸ ξύλον τοῦτο ἐπονομάσαντος. καὶ Σοφοκλῆς δὲ που ὁ ποιητὴς τὸν φύλακα μοχλὸν φόβου ὠνόμασεν ἐν τούτοις· θάρσει, μέγας σοι τοῦδ’ ἐγὼ φόβου μοχλός. κἀν ἄλλοις δὲ τὴν ἄγκυραν ἰσχάδα κέκληκεν διὰ τὸ κατέχειν τὴν ναῦν ναῦται δ’ ἐμηρύσαντο νηὸς ἰσχάδα. καὶ Δημάδης δὲ ὁ ῥήτωρ ἔλεγε τὴν μὲν Αἴγιναν εἶναι λήμην τοῦ Πειραιῶς, τὴν δὲ Σάμον ἀπορρῶγα τῆς πόλεως, ἔαρ δὲ τοῦ δήμου τοὺς ἐφήβους, τὸ δὲ τεῖχος ἐσθῆτα τῆς πόλεως, τὸν δὲ σαλπικτὴν κοινὸν Ἀθηναίων ἀλέκτορα. ὁ δ᾽ ὀνοματοθήρας οὗτος σοφιστὴς καὶ ἀκάθαρτον ἔφη γυναῖκα ἧς ἐπεσχημένα ἦν τὰ γυναικεῖα, πόθεν δέ σοι, ὦ Οὐλπιανέ, καὶ κεχορτασμένοι εἰπεῖν ἐπῆλθε, δέον τῷ κορεσθῆναι χρήσασθαι;