But Hippias the Erythræan, in the second book of his Histories of his own Country, relating how the kingdom of Cnopus was subverted by the conduct of his flatterers, says this—"When Cnopus consulted the oracle about his safety, the god, in his answer, enjoined him to sacrifice to the crafty Mercury. And when, after that, he went to Delphi, they who were anxious to put an end to his kingly power in order to establish an oligarchy instead of it, (and those who wished this were Ortyges, and Irus, and Echarus, who, because they were most conspicuous in paying court to the princes, were called adorers and flatterers,) they, I say, being on a voyage in company with Cnopus, when they were at a distance from land, bound Cnopus and threw him into the sea; and then they sailed to Chios, and getting a force from the tyrants there, Amphiclus and Polytechnus, they sailed by night to Erythræ, and just at the same time the corpse of Cnopus was washed up on the sea-shore at Erythræ, at a place which is now called Leopodon. And while Cleonice, the wife of Cnopus, was busied about the offices due to the corpse, (and it was the time of the festival and assembly instituted in honour of Diana Stophea,) on a sudden there is heard the noise of a trumpet; and the city is taken by Ortyges and his troops, and many of the friends of Cnopus are put to death; and Cleonice, hearing what had happened, fled to Colophon. “But Ortyges and his companions, establishing themselves as tyrants, and having possessed themselves of the supreme power in Chios, destroyed all who opposed their proceedings, and they subverted the laws, and themselves managed the whole of the affairs of the state, admitting none of the popular party within the walls. And they established a court of justice outside the walls, before the gates; and there they tried all actions, sitting as judges, clothed in purple cloaks, and in tunics with purple borders, and they wore sandals with many slits in them during the hot weather; but in winter they always walked about in women's shoes; and they let their hair grow, and took great care of it so as to have ringlets, dividing it on the top of their head with fillets of yellow and purple. And they wore ornaments of solid gold, like women, and they compelled some of the citizens to carry their litters, and some to act as lictors to them, and some to sweep the roads. And they sent for the sons of some of the citizens to their parties when they supped together; and some they ordered to bring their own wives and daughters within. And on those who disobeyed they inflicted the most extreme punishment. And if any one of their companions died, then collecting the citizens with their wives and children, they compelled them by violence to utter lamentations over the dead, and to beat their breasts, and to cry out shrilly and loudly with their voices, a man with a scourge standing over them, who compelled them to do so—until Hippotes, the brother of Cnopus, coming to Erythræ with an army at the time of a festival, the people of Erythræ assisting him, set upon the tyrants, and having punished a great many of their companions, slew Ortyges in his flight, and all who were with him, and treated their wives and children with the very extremity of ill-usage, and delivered his country.”
Ἱππίας δ᾽ ὁ Ἐρυθραῖος ἐν τῇ δευτέρᾳ τῶν περὶ τῆς πατρίδος ἱστοριῶν διηγούμενος ὡς ἡ Κνωποῦ βασιλεία ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκείνου κολάκων κατελύθη φησὶν καὶ ταῦτα· Κνωπῷ μαντευομένῳ περὶ σωτηρίας ὁ θεὸς ἔχρησε θύειν Ἑρμῇ δολίῳ. καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ὁρμήσαντος αὐτοῦ εἰς Δελφοὺς οἱ τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ καταλῦσαι βουλόμενοι ἵν’ ὀλιγαρχίαν καταστήσωνται ἦσαν δ’ οὗτοι Ὀρτύγης καὶ Ἶρος καὶ Ἔχαρος, οἳ ἐκαλοῦντο διὰ τὸ περὶ τὰς θεραπείας εἶναι τῶν ἐπιφανῶν πρόκυνες καὶ κόλακες συμπλέοντες οὖν τῷ Κνωπῷ, ὡς ἤδη πόρρω τῆς γῆς ἦσαν, δήσαντες τὸν Κνωπὸν ἔρριψαν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος καὶ καταχθέντες εἰς Χίον καὶ δύναμιν παρὰ τῶν ἐκεῖ τυράννων λαβόντες Ἀμφίκλου καὶ Πολυτέκνου νυκτὸς κατέπλευσαν εἰς τὰς Ἐρυθράς, κατὰ τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ τὸ τοῦ Κνωποῦ σῶμα ἐξεβράσθη τῆς Ἐρυθραίας κατὰ τὴν ἀκτὴν ἣ νῦν Λεόποδον καλεῖται. τῆς δὲ γυναικὸς τοῦ Κνωποῦ Κλεονίκης περὶ τὴν τοῦ σώματος κηδείαν γινομένης ἦν δὲ ἑορτὴ καὶ πανήγυρις ἀγομένη Ἀρτέμιδι Στροφαίᾀ ἐξαίφνης ἀκούεται σάλπιγγος βοή· καὶ καταληφθέντος τοῦ ἄστεος ὑπὸ τῶν περὶ τὸν Ὀρτύγην πολλοὶ μὲν ἀναιροῦνται τῶν τοῦ Κνωποῦ φίλων καὶ ἡ Κλεονίκη μαθοῦσα φεύγει εἰς Κολοφῶνα. οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Ὀρτύγην τύραννοι ἔχοντες τὴν ἐκ Χίου δύναμιν τοὺς ἐνισταμένους αὐτῶν τοῖς πράγμασι διέφθειρον καὶ τοὺς νόμους καταλύσαντες αὐτοὶ διεῖπον τὰ κατὰ τὴν πόλιν ἐντὸς τείχους οὐδένα δεχόμενοι τῶν δημοτῶν ἔξω δὲ πρὸ τῶν πυλῶν δικαστήριον κατασκευάσαντες τὰς κρίσεις ἐποιοῦντο, ἁλουργὰ μὲν ἀμπεχόμενοι περιβόλαια καὶ χιτῶνας ἐνδεδυκότες περιπορφύρους. ὑπεδέδεντο δὲ καὶ πολυσχιδῆ σανδάλια τοῦ θέρους, τοῦ δὲ χειμῶνος ἐν γυναικείοις ὑποδήμασι διετέλουν περιπατοῦντες κόμας τε ἔτρεφον καὶ πλοκαμῖδας ἔχειν ἤσκουν, διειλημμένοι τὰς κεφαλὰς διαδήμασι μηλίνοις καὶ πορφυροῖς· εἶχον δὲ καὶ κόσμον ὁλόχρυσον ὁμοίως ταῖς γυναιξίν. ἠνάγκαζόν τε τῶν πολιτῶν τοὺς μὲν διφροφορεῖν, τοὺς δὲ ῥαβδουχεῖν, τοὺς δὲ τὰς ὁδοὺς ἀνακαθαίρειν καὶ τῶν μὲν τοὺς υἱεῖς εἰς τὰς κοινὰς συνουσίας μετεπέμποντο, τοῖς δὲ τὰς ἰδίας γυναῖκας καὶ τὰς θυγατέρας ἄγειν παρήγγελλον τοὺς δ’ ἀπειθοῦντας ταῖς ἐσχάταις τιμωρίαις περιέβαλλον. εἰ δέ τις τῶν ἐκ τῆς ἑταιρίας αὐτῶν ἀποθάνοι, συνάγοντες τοὺς πολίτας μετὰ γυναικῶν καὶ τέκνων ἠνάγκαζον θρηνεῖν τοὺς ἀποθανόντας καὶ στερνοτυπεῖσθαι μετὰ βίας καὶ βοᾶν ὀξὺ καὶ μέγα ταῖς φωναῖς ἐφεστηκότος μαστιγοφόρου τοῦ ταῦτα ποιεῖν ἀναγκάζοντος, ἕως Ἱππότης ὁ Κνωποῦ ἀδελφὸς μετὰ δυνάμεως ἐπελθὼν ταῖς Ἐρυθραῖς ἑορτῆς οὔσης τῶν Ἐρυθραίων προσβοηθούντων ἐπῆλθε τοῖς τυράννοις καὶ πολλοὺς αἰκισάμενος τῶν περὶ αὐτοὺς Ὀρτύγην μὲν φεύγοντα συνεκέντησε καὶ τοὺς μετὰ τούτου, τὰς δὲ γυναῖκας αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ τέκνα δεινῶς αἰκισάμενος τὴν πατρίδα ἠλευθέρωσεν.
Now from all this we may understand, my friends, of how many evils flattery is the cause in human life. For Theopompus, in the nineteenth book of his history of the Transactions of Philip, says, “Agathocles was a slave, and one of the Penestee in Thessaly, and as he had great influence with Philip by reason of his flattery of him, and because he was constantly at his entertainments dancing and making him laugh, Philip sent him to destroy the Perrhæbi, and to govern all that part of the country. And the Macedonian constantly had this kind of people about him, with whom he associated the greater part of his time, because of their fondness for drinking and buffoonery, and in their company he used to deliberate on the most important affairs.” And Hegesander the Delphian gives a similar account of him, and relates how he sent a large sum of money to the men who are assembled at Athens at the temple of Hercules in Diomea, and who say laughable things; and he ordered some men to write down all that was said by them, and to send it to him. And Theopompus, in the twenty-sixth book of his History, says “that Philip knowing that the Thessalians were an intemperate race, and very profligate in their way of living, prepared some entertainments for them, and endeavoured in every possible manner to make himself agreeable to them. For he danced and revelled, and practised every kind of intemperance and debauchery. And he was by nature a buffoon, and got drunk every day, and he delighted in those occupations which are consistent with such practices, and with those who are called witty men, who say and do things to provoke laughter. And he attached numbers of the Thessalians who were intimate with him to himself, still more by his entertainments than by his presents.” And Dionysius the Sicilian used to do very nearly the same thing, as Eubulus the comic poet tells us in his play entitled Dionysius;—But he is harsh and rigorous to the solemn,But most good-humour'd to all flatterers,And all who jest with freedom. For he thinksThose men alone are free, though slaves they be.
ἐκ τούτων οὖν ἁπάντων ἔστι συνιδεῖν, ἄνδρες φίλοι, ὅσων κακῶν αἰτία γίνεται κολακεία τῷ βίῳ καὶ Θεόπομπος γὰρ ἐν τῇ θ’ τῶν Φιλιππικῶν φησιν Ἀγαθοκλέα δοῦλον γενόμενον καὶ τῶν ἐκ Θετταλίας πενεστῶν Φίλιππος μέγα παρ’ αὐτῷ δυνάμενον διὰ τὴν κολακείαν καὶ ὅτι ἐν τοῖς συμποσίοις συνὼν αὐτῷ ὠρχεῖτο καὶ γέλωτα παρεσκεύαζεν ἀπέστειλε διαφθεροῦντα Περραιβοὺς καὶ τῶν ἐκεῖ πραγμάτων ἐπιμελησόμενον. τοιούτους δ’ εἶχεν ἀεὶ περὶ αὑτὸν ἀνθρώπους ὁ Μακεδών, οἷς διὰ φιλοποσίαν καὶ βωμολοχίαν πλείω χρόνον ὡς τὰ πολλὰ συνδιέτριβε καὶ συνήδρευε περὶ τῶν μεγίστων βουλευόμενος. ἱστορεῖ δὲ περὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ τάδε Ἡγήσανδρος ὁ Δελφὸς ὡς τοῖς Ἀθήνησιν εἰς τὸ Διομέων Ἡράκλειον ἀθροιζομένοις τοῖς τὰ γέλοια λέγουσιν ἀπέστελλεν ἰκανὸν κερμάτιον καὶ προσέτασσέ τισιν ἀναγράφοντας τὰ λεγόμενα ὑπ’ αὐτῶν ἀποστέλλειν πρὸς αὐτόν. Θεόπομπος δ’ ἐν ἕκτῃ καὶ εἰκοστῇ ἱστοριῶν τοὺς Θεσσαλούς, φησίν, εἰδὼς ὁ Φίλιππος ἀκολάστους ὄντας καὶ περὶ τὸν βίον ἀσελγεῖς συνουσίας αὐτῶν κατεσκεύαζε καὶ πάντα τρόπον ἀρέσκειν αὐτοῖς ἐπειρᾶτο, ὀρχούμενος καὶ κωμάζων καὶ πᾶσαν ἀκολασίαν ὑπομένων ἦν δὲ καὶ φύσει βωμολόχος καὶ καθ’ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν μεθυσκόμενος καὶ χαίρων τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων τοῖς πρὸς ταῦτα συντείνουσι καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῖς εὐφυέσι κάλουμένοις καὶ τὰ γέλοια λέγουσι καὶ ποιοῦσι· πλείους τε τῶν Θετταλῶν τῶν αὐτῷ πλησιασάντων ᾕρει μᾶλλον ἐν ταῖς συνουσίαις ἢ ταῖς δωρεαῖς. τὰ παραπλήσια ἐποίει καὶ ὁ Σικελιώτης Διονύσιος, ὡς Εὔβουλος ὁ κωμῳδιοποιὸς παρίστησιν ἐν τῷ τοῦ τυράννου ὁμωνύμῳ δράματι· ἀλλ’ ἔστι τοῖς σεμνοῖς μὲν αὐθαδέστερος καὶ τοῖς κόλαξι πᾶσι, τοῖς σκώπτουσι δὲ ἑαυτὸν εὐόργητος· ἡγεῖται δὲ δὴ τούτους μόνους ἐλευθέρους, κἂν δοῦλος ᾖ.
And indeed Dionysius was not the only person who encouraged and received those who had squandered their estates on drunkenness and gambling and all such debauchery as that, for Philip also did the same. And Theopompus speaks of such of them in the forty-ninth book of his History, where he writes as follows:—“Philip kept at a distance all men who were well regulated in their conduct and who took care of their property; but the extravagant and those who lived in gambling and drunkenness he praised and honoured. And therefore he not only took care that they should always have such amusements, but he encouraged them to devote themselves to all sorts of injustice and debauchery besides. For what disgraceful or iniquitous practices were there to which these men were strangers, or what virtuous or respectable habits were there which they did not shun? Did they not at all times go about shaven and carefully made smooth, though they were men? And did not they endeavour to misuse one another though they had beards? And they used to go about attended by two or three lovers at a time; and they expected no complaisance from others which they were not prepared to exhibit themselves. On which account a man might very reasonably have thought them not ἑταῖροι but ἑταῖραι, and one might have called them not soldiers, but prostitutes. For though they were ἀνδροφόνοι by profession, they were ἀνδρόπορνοι by practice. And in addition to all this, instead of loving sobriety, they loved drunkenness; and instead of living respectably they sought every opportunity of robbing and murdering; and as for speaking the truth, and adhering to their agreements, they thought that conduct quite inconsistent with their characters; but to perjure themselves and cheat, they thought the most venerable behaviour possible. And they disregarded what they had, but they longed for what they had not; and this too, though a great part of Europe belonged to them. For I think that the companions of Philip, who did not at that time amount to a greater number than eight hundred, had possession so far as to enjoy the fruits of more land than any ten thousand Greeks, who had the most fertile and large estates.” And he makes a very similar statement about Dionysius, in his twenty-first book, when he says, “Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily encouraged above all others those who squandered their property in drunkenness and gambling and intemperance of that sort. For he wished every one to become ruined and ready for any iniquity, and all such people he treated with favour and distinction.”
ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ τοὺς ἀποβάλλοντας τὰς οὐσίας εἰς μέθας καὶ κύβους καὶ τὴν τοιαύτην ἀκολασίαν οὐ μόνον ὁ Διονύσιος ἀνελάμβανεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ Φίλιππος, ἱστορεῖ δὲ περὶ ἑκατέρου Θεόπομπος ἐν μὲν τῇ ἐνάτῃ καὶ τεσσαρακοστῇ γράφων οὕτως· Φίλιππος τοὺς μὲν κοσμίους τὰ ἤθη καὶ τοὺς τῶν ἰδίων ἐπιμελουμένους ἀπεδοκίμαζε, τοὺς δὲ πολυτελεῖς καὶ ζῶντας ἐν κύβοις καὶ πότοις ἐπαινῶν ἐτίμα. τοιγαροῦν οὐ μόνον αὐτοὺς τοιαῦτ᾽ ἔχειν παρεσκεύαζεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἄλλης ἀδικίας καὶ βδελυρίας ἀθλητὰς ἐποίησεν. τί γὰρ τῶν αἰσχρῶν ἢ δεινῶν αὐτοῖς οὐ προσῆν ἢ τί τῶν καλῶν καὶ σπουδαίων οὐκ ἀπῆν; οὐχ οἱ μὲν ξυρούμενοι καὶ λεαινόμενοι διετέλουν ἄνδρες ὄντες, οἱ δ’ ἀλλήλοις ἐτόλμων ἐπανίστασθαι πώγωνας ἔχουσι; καὶ περιήγοντο μὲν δύο καὶ τρεῖς ἑταιρουμένους, αὐτοὶ δὲ τὰς αὐτὰς ἐκείνοις χρήσεις ἑτέροις παρεῖχον. ὅθεν δικαίως ἄν τις αὐτοὺς οὐχ ἑταίρους ἀλλ’ ἑταίρας ὑπέλαβεν οὐδὲ στρατιώτας ἀλλὰ χαμαιτύπας προσηγόρευσεν ἀνδροφόνοι γὰρ τὴν φύσιν ὄντες ἀνδρόπορνοι τὸν τρόπον ἦσαν. πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἀντὶ μὲν τοῦ νήφειν τὸ μεθύειν ἠγάπων, ἀντὶ δὲ τοῦ κοσμίως ζῆν ἁρπάζειν καὶ φονεύειν ἐζήτουν. καὶ τὸ μὲν ἀληθεύειν καὶ ταῖς ὁμολογίαις ἐμμένειν οὐκ οἰκεῖον αὑτῶν ἐνόμιζον, τὸ δ’ ἐπιορκεῖν καὶ φενακίζειν ἐν τῷ σεμνοτάτῳ ὑπελάμβανον. καὶ τῶν μὲν ὑπαρχόντων ἠμέλουν, τῶν δὲ ἀπόντων ἐπεθύμουν, καὶ ταῦτα μέρος τι τῆς Εὐρώπης ἔχοντες, οἴομαι γὰρ τοὺς ἑταίρους οὐ πλείονας ὄντας κατ’ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον ὀκτακοσίων οὐκ ἐλάττω καρπίζεσθαι γῆν ἢ μυρίους τῶν ʽ Ἑλλήνων τοὺς τὴν ἀρίστην καὶ πλείστην χώραν κεκτημένους. καὶ περὶ Διονυσίου δὲ τὰ παραπλήσια ἱστορεῖ ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ πρὸς ταῖς εἴκοσι· Διονύσιος ὁ Σικελίας τύραννος τοὺς ἀποβάλλοντας τὰς οὐσίας εἰς μέθας καὶ κύβους καὶ τὴν τοιαύτην ἀκολασίαν, ἠβούλετο γάρ ἅπαντας εἶναι διεφθαρμένους καὶ φαύλους· οὓς καὶ εὖ περιεῖπε.
And Demetrius Poliorcetes was a man very fond of mirth, as Phylarchus relates in the tenth book of his History. But in the fourteenth book he writes as follows:—“Demetrius used to allow men to flatter him at his banquets, and to pour libations in his honour, calling him Demetrius the only king, and Ptolemy only the prefect of the flee, and Lysimachus only a steward, and Seleucus only a superintendent of elephants, and in this way he incurred no small amount of hatred.” And Herodotus states that Amasis the king of the Egyptians was always a man full of tricks, and one who was used to turn his fellow feasters into ridicule; and when he was a private man he says he was very fond of feasting and of jesting, and he was not at all a serious man. And Nicolaus, in the twenty-seventh book of his History, says that Sylla the Roman general was so fond of mimics and buffoons, being a man very much addicted to amusement, that he gave such men several portions of the public land. And the satyric comedies which he wrote himself in his native language, show of how merry and jovial a temperament he was in this way.
καὶ Δημήτριος δ’ ὁ Πολιορκητὴς φιλόγελως ἦν, ὡς ἱστορεῖ Φύλαρχος ἐν τῇ δεκάτῃ τῶν ἱστοριῶν, ἐν δὲ τῇ τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτῃ γράφει οὕτως περιεώρα Δημήτριος τοὺς κολακεύοντας αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς συμποσίοις καὶ ἐπιχεομένους Δημητρίου μὲν μόνου βασιλέως, Πτολεμαίου δὲ ναυάρχου, Λυσιμάχου δὲ γαζοφύλακος, Σελεύκου δ’ ἐλεφαντάρχου. καὶ ταῦτα αὐτῷ οὐ τὸ τυχὸν συνῆγε μῖσος. Ἡρόδοτος δέ φησιν Ἄμασιν Αἰγυπτίων βασιλέα παιγνιήμονα ἐόντα σκώπτειν τοὺς συμπότας, καὶ ὅτε ἰδιώτης, φησίν, ἦν, φιλοπότης ὑπῆρχε καὶ φιλοσκώμμων καὶ οὐ κατεσπουδασμένος ἀνήρ. Νικόλαος δ’ ἐν τῇ ἑβδόμῃ καὶ ἑκατοστῇ τῶν ἱστοριῶν Σύλλαν φησὶ τὸν Ῥωμαίων στρατηγὸν οὕτω χαίρειν μίμοις καὶ γελωτοποιοῖς φιλόγελων γενόμενον, ὡς καὶ πολλὰ γῆς μέτρα αὐτοῖς χαρίζεσθαι τῆς δημοσίας, ἐμφανίζουσι δ’ αὐτοῦ τὸ περὶ ταῦτα ἱλαρὸν αἱ ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ γραφεῖσαι σατυρικαὶ κωμῳδίαι τῇ πατρίῳ φωνῇ.
And Theophrastus, in his treatise on Comedy, tells us that the Tirynthians, being people addicted to amusement, and utterly useless for all serious business, betook themselves once to the oracle at Delphi in hopes to be relieved from some calamity or other. And that the God answered them, “That if they sacrificed a bull to Neptune and threw it into the sea without once laughing, the evil would cease.” And they, fearing lest they should make a blunder in obeying the oracle, forbade any of the boys to be present at the sacrifice; however, one boy, hearing of what was going to be done, mingled with the crowd, and then when they hooted him and drove him away, “Why,” said he, “are you afraid lest I should spoil your sacrifice?” and when they laughed at this question of his, they perceived that the god meant to show them by a fact that an inveterate custom cannot be remedied. And Sosicrates, in the first book of his History of Crete, says that the Phæstians have a certain peculiarity, for that they seem to practise saying ridiculous things from their earliest childhood; on which account it has often happened to them to say very reasonable and witty things because of their early habituation: and therefore all the Cretans attribute to them preeminence in the accomplishment of raising a laugh.
Τιρυνθίους δέ φησι Θεόφραστος ἐν τῷ περὶ κωμῳδίας. κωμῳδίας φιλόγελως ὄντας, ἀχρείους δὲ πρὸς τὰ σπουδαιότερα τῶν πραγμάτων καταφυγεῖν ἐπὶ τὸ ἐν Δελφοῖς μαντεῖον ἀπαλλαγῆναι βουλομένους τοῦ πάθους, καὶ τὸν θεὸν ἀνελεῖν αὐτοῖς, ἢν θύοντες τῷ Ποσειδῶνι ταῦρον ἀγελαστὶ τοῦτον ἐμβάλωσιν εἰς τὴν θάλατταν, παύσεσθαι. οἱ δὲ δεδιότες μὴ διαμάρτωσι τοῦ λογίου τοὺς παῖδας ἐκώλυσαν παρεῖναι τῇ θυσίᾳ. μαθὼν οὖν εἷς καὶ συγκαταμιχθείς, ἐπείπερ ἐβόων ἀπελαύνοντες αὐτόν, τί δῆτ᾽; ἔφη· δεδοίκατε μὴ τὸ σφάγιον ὑμῶν ἀνατρέψω; γελασάντων δὲ ἔμαθον ἔργῳ τὸν θεὸν δείξαντα ὡς ἄρα τὸ πολυχρόνιον ἦθος ἀμήχανόν ἐστι θεραπευθῆναι Σωσικράτης δ’ ἐν αʹ Κρητικῶν ἴδιὸν τί φησι περὶ τοὺς Φαιστίους ὑπάρχειν. δοκοῦσι γὰρ ἀσκεῖν ἐκ παιδαρίων εὐθὺς τὸ γέλοια λέγειν διὸ καὶ συμβέβηκεν αὐτοὺς ἀποφθέγγεσθαι πολλάκις εὐκαίρως διὰ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς συνήθειαν. ὥστε πάντας τοὺς κατὰ Κρήτην τούτοις ἀνατιθέναι τὸ γέλοιον.
But after flattery, Anaxandrides the comic poet gives the next place to ostentation, in his Apothecary Prophet, speaking thus—Do you reproach me that I'm ostentatious?Why should you do so? for this qualityIs far beyond all others, only flatteryExcepted: that indeed is best of all.And Antiphanes speaks of what he calls a psomocolax, a flatterer for morsels of bread, in his Gerytades, when he says—You are call'd a whisperer and psomocolax.And Sannyrion says—What will become of you, you cursed psomocolaces.And Philemon says in his Woman made young again—The man is a psomocolax.And Philippides says in his Renovation—Always contending and ψωμοκολακεύων.But the word κόλαξ especially applies to these parasitical flatterers; for κόλον means food, from which come the words βουκόλος, and δύσκολος, which means difficult to be pleased and squeamish. And the word κοιλία means that part of the body which receives the food, that is to say, the stomach. Diphilus also uses the word ψωμοκόλαφος in his Theseus, saying—They call you a runaway ψωμοκόλαφος.
τῇ δ’ ἀλαζονείᾳ μετὰ τὴν κολακείαν χώραν δίδωσιν Ἀναξανδρίδης ὁ κωμῳδιοποιὸς ἐν Φαρμακομάντει λέγων οὕτως· ὅτι εἴμ’ ἀλαζὼν τοῦτ’ ἐπιτιμᾷς; ἀλλὰ τί; νικᾷ γὰρ αὕτη τὰς τέχνας πάσας πολὺ μετὰ τὴν κολακείαν ἥδε μὲν γὰρ διαφέρει. ψωμοκόλακος δὲ μνημονεύει Ἀριστοφάνης ἐν Γηρυτάδῃ οὕτως· ψίθυρός τ’ ἐκαλοῦ καὶ ψωμοκόλαξ. καὶ Σαννυρίων Ἰοῖ, φθείρεσθ᾽ πίτριπτοι ψωμοκόλακες. Φιλήμων Ἀνανεουμένῃ· ψωμοκόλαξ τ’ ἔσθ’ οὗτος. Φιλιππίδης δ’ ἐν Ἀνανεώσει· ψωμοκολακεύων καὶ παρεισιὼν ἀεί. κυρίως δὲ ὁ κόλαξ ἐπὶ τούτου κεῖται· κόλον γὰρ ἡ τροφή, ὅθεν καὶ ὁ βουκόλος καὶ ὁ δύσκολος, ὅς ἐστι δυσάρεστος καὶ σικχός, κοιλία τε ἡ τὴν τροφὴν δεχομένη, ψωμοκόλαφον δ’ εἴρηκε Δίφιλος ἐν Θησεῖ οὕτως· σὲ μὲν καλοῦσι ψωμοκόλαφον δραπέτην.
When Democritus had made this speech, and had asked for some drink in a narrow-necked sabrias, Ulpian said, And what is this sabrias? And just as Democritus was beginning to treat us all to a number of interminable stories, in came a troop of servants bringing in everything requisite for eating. Concerning whom Democritus, continuing his discourse, spoke as follows:—I have always, O my friends, marvelled at the race of slaves, considering how abstemious they are, though placed in the middle of such numbers of dainties; for they pass them by, not only out of fear, but also because they are taught to do so; I do not mean being taught in the Slave-teacher of Pherecrates, but by early habituation; and without its being necessary to utter any express prohibition respecting such matters to them, as in the island of Cos, when the citizens sacrifice to Juno. For Macareus says, in his third book of his treatise on Coan Affairs, that, when the Coans sacrifice to Juno, no slave is allowed to enter the temple, nor does any slave taste any one of the things which are prepared for the sacrifice. And Antiphanes, in his Dyspratus, says—'Tis hard to see around one savoury cakes,And delicate birds half eaten; yet the slavesAre not allow'd to eat the fragments even,As say the women.And Epicrates, in his Dyspratus, introduces a servant expressing his indignation, and saying—What can be worse than, while the guests are drinking,To hear the constant cry of, Here, boy, here!And this that one may bear a chamberpotTo some vain beardless youth; and see aroundHalf eaten savoury cakes, and delicate birds,Whose very fragments are forbidden strictlyTo all the slaves—at least the women say so;And him who drinks a cup men call a belly-god;And if he tastes a mouthful of solid foodThey call him greedy glutton:from the comparison of which iambics, it is very plain that Epicrates borrowed Antiphanes's lines, and transferred them to his own play.
τοσαῦτα τοῦ Δημοκρίτου εἰπόντος καὶ πιεῖν αἰτήσαντος ἐν τῷ Σαυρία βομβυλιῷ ὁ Οὐλπιανὸς ἔφη· καὶ τίς ὁ Σαυρίας οὗτος; καὶ μέλλοντος ἀπεραντολογίας πολλὰς διεξιέναι παρεφάνη πλῆθος οἰκετῶν τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἐδωδὴν εἰσκομίζοντες. περὶ ὧν πάλιν ὁ Δημόκριτος κατὰ τὸ ἀκόλουθον ἔφη·ἀεί ποτε ἐγώ, ἄνδρες φίλοι, τεθαύμακα τὸ τῶν δούλων γένος ὥς ἐστιν ἐγκρατὲς τοσαύταις ἐγκαλινδούμενον λιχνείαις. ταύτας γὰρ ὑπερορῶσιν οὐ μόνον διὰ φόβον ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ διδασκαλίαν, οὐ τὴν ἐν Δουλοδιδασκάλῳ Φερεκράτους, ἀλλὰ ἐθισθέντες· οὐχ ὡς ἀπειρημένου τοῦ τοιούτου, καθάπερ ἐν Κῷ τῇ νήσῳ ὅταν τῇ Ἥρᾳ θύωσι· φησὶ γὰρ Μακαρεὺς ἐν τῇ τρίτῃ Κῳακῶν ὅτι ὁπόταν τῇ Ἥρᾳ θύωσιν οἱ Κῷοι οὔτε εἴσεισιν εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν δοῦλος οὔτε γεύεταί τινος τῶν παρεσκευασμένων. καὶ Ἀντιφάνης δ’ ἐν Δυσπράτῳ φησίν· ὁρᾶν τε κείμενα ἄμητας ἡμιβρῶτας ὀρνίθειά τε, ὧν οὐδὲ λειφθέντων θέμις δούλῳ φαγεῖν, ὥς φασιν αἱ γυναῖκες. Ἐπικράτης δ’ ἐν Δυσπράτῳ ἀγανακτοῦντα ποιεῖ τινα τῶν οἰκετῶν καὶ λέγοντα·τί γὰρ ἔχθιον ἢ παῖ παῖ καλεῖσθαι παρὰ πότον, καὶ ταῦτ’ ἀγενείῳ μειρακυλλίῳ τινί, ἢ τὴν ἀμίδα φέρειν ὁρᾶν τε κείμενα ἄμητας ἡμιβρῶτας ὀρνίθειά τε, ὧν οὐδὲ λειφθέντων θέμις δούλῳ φαγεῖν, ὥς φασιν αἱ γυναῖκες, ὃ δὲ χολᾶν ποιεῖ, γάστριν καλοῦσι καὶ λάμυρον ὃς ἂν φάγῃ ἡμῶν τι τούτων.ἐκ τῆς παραθέσεως τῶν ἰαμβείων δῆλός ἐστιν ὁ Ἐπικράτης τὰ τοῦ Ἀντιφάνους μετενεγκών.
And Dieuchidas says, in his history of the Affairs of Megara—“Around the islands called Arææ (and they are between Cnidos and Syme) a difference arose, after the death of Triopas, among those who had set out with him on his expedition, and some returned home, and others remained with Phorbas, and came to Ialysus, and others proceeded with Periergus, and occupied the district of Cameris. And on this it is said that Periergus uttered curses against Phorbas, and on this account the islands were called Arææ. But Phorbas having met with shipwreck, he and Parthenia, the sister of Phorbas and Periergus, swam ashore to Ialysus, at the point called Schedia. And Thamneus met with them, as he happened to be hunting near Schedia, and took them to his own house, intending to receive them hospitably, and sent on a servant as a messenger to tell his wife to prepare everything necessary, as he was bringing home strangers. But when he came to his house and found nothing prepared, he himself put corn into a mill, and everything else that was requisite, and then ground it himself and feasted them. And Phorbas was so delighted with this hospitality, that when he was dying himself he charged his friends to take care that his funeral rites should be performed by free men. And so this custom continued to prevail in the sacrifice of Phorbas, for none but free men minister at this sacrifice. And it is accounted profanation for any slave to approach it” And since among the different questions proposed by Ulpian, there is this one about the slaves, let us now ourselves recapitulate a few things which we have to say on the subject, remembering what we have in former times read about it. For Pherecrates, in his Boors, says—For no one then had any Manes, no,Nor home-born slaves; but the free women themselvesDid work at everything within the house.And so at morn they ground the corn for bread,Till all the streets resounded with the mills.And Anaxandrides, in his Anchises, says—There is not anywhere, my friend, a stateOf none but slaves; but fortune regulatesAnd changes at its will th' estates of men.Many there are who are not free to day,But will to-morrow free-men be of Sunium,And the day after public orators;For so the deity guides each man's helm.
Διευχίδας δ’ ἐν τοῖς Μεγαρικοῖς … τὰς καλουμένας, φησίν, Ἀραιὰς μεταξὺ δὲ τῆς Κνιδίας καὶ τῆς Σύμης εἰσί γενομένης διαφορᾶς τοῖς συνεξορμήσασι τῷ Τριόπᾳ μετὰ τὸν ἐκείνου θάνατον, καὶ τῶν μὲν εἰς τὸ Δώτιον ἀναχωρησάντων, … οἱ μὲν μετὰ Φόρβαντος μείναντες εἰς Ἰηλυσὸν ἦλθον, οἱ δὲ μετὰ Περιέργου τὴν Καμιρίδα κατέσχον. τότε λέγεται καταράσασθαι τὸν Περίεργον τῷ Φόρβαντι καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὰς νήσους Ἀραιὰς κληθῆναι. ναυαγήσας δ’ ὁ Φόρβας καὶ Παρθενία ἡ τοῦ Φόρβαντος καὶ τοῦ Περιέργου ἀδελφὴ διενήξαντο εἰς Ἰηλυσὸν περὶ τὸν καλούμενον τόπον Σχεδίαν. καὶ αὐτοῖς περιτυχὼν Θαμνεύς, ὃς ἐτύγχανε κατὰ τὴν Σχεδίαν κυνηγετῶν, ἦγεν ὡς ξενίσων εἰς οἶκον καὶ τὸν οἰκέτην ἀπέστειλεν ἀπαγγελοῦντα τῇ γυναικὶ τἀπιτήδεια παρασκευάζειν τὸν σῖτον ἐπὶ τὸν ἀλετῶνα καὶ τἄλλα τἀκόλουθα ἐπιτελέσας ἐξένισεν αὐτούς. καὶ ὁ Φόρβας οὕτως ἐπὶ τῷ ξενισμῷ ἥσθη ὡς καὶ τὸν βίον τελευτῶν ἐπέσκηψε τοῖς φίλοις δι’ ἐλευθέρων τοὺς ἐναγισμοὺς ἐπιτελεῖν αὐτῷ καὶ τὸ ἔθος διαμένειν ἐν τῇ θυσίᾳ τοῦ Φόρβαντος. ἐλεύθεροι γάρ εἰσιν οἱ διακονοῦντες, δούλῳ δὲ προσελθεῖν οὔκ ἐστιν ὅσιον. ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ τοῦτ’ ἐστι τῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ Οὐλπιανοῦ προβεβλημένων, τὸ περὶ τοὺς οἰκέτας, φέρε εἴπωμέν τι καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀναπεμπασάμενοι περὶ αὐτῶν ἐξ ὧν πάλαι τυγχάνομεν ἀνεγνωκότες. Φερεκράτης μὲν γὰρ ἐν Ἀγρίοις φησίν οὐ γὰρ ἦν τότ’ οὔτε Μάνης οὔτε Σηκὶς οὐδενὶ δοῦλος, ἀλλ’ αὐτὰς ἔδει μοχθεῖν ἅπαντ’ ἐν οἰκίᾳ. εἶτα πρὸς τούτοισιν ἤλουν ὄρθριαι τὰ σιτία, ὥστε τὴν κώμην ὑπηχεῖν θιγγανουσῶν τὰς μύλας. καὶ Ἀναξανδρίδης δὲ ἐν Ἀγχίσῃ φησίν οὐκ ἔστι δούλων, ὦγάθ᾽, οὐδαμοῦ πόλις, τύχη δὲ πάντῃ μεταφέρει τὰ σώματα. πολλοὶ δὲ νῦν μὲν εἰσιν οὐκ ἐλεύθεροι, εἰς αὔριον δὲ Σουνιεῖς, εἶτ’ εἰς τρίτην ἀγορᾷ κέχρηνται. τὸν γὰρ οἴακα στρέφει δαίμων ἑκάστῳ.
And Posidonius, the stoic philosopher, says in the eleventh book of his History, "That many men, who are unable to govern themselves, by reason of the weakness of their intellect, give themselves up to the guidance of those who are wiser than themselves, in order that receiving from them care and advice, and assistance in necessary matters, they may in their turn requite them with such services as they are able to render. And in this manner the Mariandyni became subject to the people of Heraclea, promising to act as their subjects for ever, if they would supply them with what they stood in need of; having made an agreement beforehand, that none of them would sell anything out of the territory of Heraclea, but that they would sell in that district alone. And perhaps it is on this account that Euphorion the epic poet called the Mariandyni Bringers of Gifts, saying—And they may well be call'd Bringers of Gifts,Fearing the stern dominion of their kings.And Callistratus the Aristophanean says that "they called the Mariandyni δωροφόροι, by that appellation tang away whatever there is bitter in the name of servants, just as the Spartans did in respect of the Helots, the Thessalians in the case of the Penestæ, and the Cretans with the Clarotæ. But the Cretans call those servants who are in their houses Chrysoneti, and those whose work lies in the fields Amphamiotæ, being natives of the country, but people who have been enslaved by the chance of war; but they also call the same people Clarotæ, because they have been distributed among their masters by lot. And Ephorus, in the third book of his Histories, “The Cretans call their slaves Clarotæ, because lots have been drawn for them; and these slaves have some regularly recurring festivals in Cydonia, during which no freemen enter the city, but the slaves are the masters of everything, and have the right even to scourge the freemen.” But Sosicrates, in the second book of his History of Cretan Affairs, says, "The Cretans call public servitude μνοία, but the private slaves they call aphamiotæ; and the periœci, or people who live in the adjacent districts, they call subjects. And Dosiadas gives a very similar account in the fourth book of his history of Cretan Affairs.
Ποσειδώνιος δέ φησιν ὁ ἀπὸ τῆς στοᾶς ἐν τῇ τῶν ἱστοριῶν ἑνδεκάτῃ πολλούς τινας ἑαυτῶν οὐ δυναμένους προίστασθαι διὰ τὸ τῆς διανοίας ἀσθενὲς ἐπιδοῦναι ἑαυτοὺς εἰς τὴν τῶν συνετωτέρων ὑπηρεσίαν, ὅπως παρ’ ἐκείνων τυγχάνοντες τῆς εἰς τὰ ἀναγκαῖα ἐπιμελείας αὐτοὶ πάλιν ἀποδιδῶσιν ἐκείνοις δι’ αὑτῶν ἅπερ ἂν ὦσιν ὑπηρετεῖν δυνατοί, καὶ τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ Μαριανδυνοὶ μὲν Ἡρακλεώταις ὑπετάγησαν, διὰ τέλους ὑποσχόμενοι θητεύσειν παρέχουσιν αὐτοῖς τὰ δέοντα, προσδιαστειλάμενοι μηδενὸς αὐτῶν ἔσεσθαι πρᾶσιν ἔξω τῆς Ἡρακλεωτῶν χώρας, ἀλλ’ ἐν αὐτῇ μένειν τῇ ἰδίᾳ χώρᾳ. τάχ’ οὖν διὰ τοῦτο καὶ Εὐφορίων ὁ ἐποποιὸς τοὺς Μαριανδυνοὺς δωροφόρους κέκληκε· δωροφόροι καλεοίαθ’ ὑποφρίσσοντες ἄνακτας. λέγει δὲ καὶ Καλλίστρατος ὁ Ἀριστοφάνειος ὅτι τοὺς Μαριανδυνοὺς ὠνόμαζον μὲν δωροφόρους ἀφαιροῦντες τὸ πικρὸν τῆς ἐπί τῶν οἰκετῶν προσηγορίας, καθάπερ Σπαρτιᾶται μὲν ἐποίησαν ἐπὶ τῶν εἱλώτων, Θετταλοὶ δ’ ἐπὶ τῶν πενεστῶν, Κρῆτες δ’ ἐπὶ τῶν κλαρωτῶν. καλοῦσι δὲ οἱ Κρῆτες τοὺς μὲν κατὰ πόλιν οἰκέτας χρυσωνήτους, ἀμφαμιώτας δὲ τοὺς κατ’ ἀγρὸν ἐγχωρίους μὲν ὄντας, δουλωθέντας δὲ κατὰ πόλεμον διὰ τὸ κληρωθῆναι δὲ κλαρώτας. ὁ Ἔφορος δ’ ἐν γ᾽ ἱστοριῶν κλαρώτας, φησί, Κρῆτες καλοῦσι τοὺς δούλους ἀπὸ τοῦ γενομένου περὶ αὐτῶν κλήρου, τούτοις δ’ εἰσὶ νενομισμέναι τινὲς ἑορταὶ ἐν Κυδωνίᾳ, ἐν αἷς οὐκ εἰσίασιν εἰς τὴν πόλιν ἐλεύθεροι, ἀλλ’ οἱ δοῦλοι πάντων κρατοῦσι καὶ κύριοι μαστιγοῦν εἰσι τοὺς ἐλευθέρους Σωσικράτης δ’ ἐν δευτέρῳ Κρητικῶν τὴν μὲν κοινήν, φησί, δουλείανοἱ Κρῆτες καλοῦσι μνοίαν, τὴν δὲ ἰδίαν ἀφαμιώτας, τοὺς δὲ ὑπηκόους περιοίκους. τὰ παραπλήσια ἱστορεῖ καὶ Δωσιάδας ἐν δ# Κρητικῶν.
But the Thessalians call those Penestæ who were not born slaves, but who have been taken prisoners in war. And Theopompus the comic poet, misapplying the word, says—The wrinkled counsellors of a Penestan master.And Philocrates, in the second book of his history of the Affairs of Thessaly, if at least the work attributed to him is genuine, says that the Penestæ are also called Thessalœcetæ, or servants of the Thessalians. And Archemachus, in the third book of his history of the Affairs of Eubœa, says, "When the Bœotians had founded Arnæa, those of them who did not return to Bœotia, but who took a fancy to their new country, gave themselves up to the Thessalians by agreement, to be their slaves; on condition that they should not take them out of the country, nor put them to death, but that they should cultivate the country for them, and pay them a yearly revenue for it. These men, therefore, abiding by their agreement, and giving themselves up to the Thessalians, were called at that time Menestæ; but now they are called Penestæ; and many of them are richer than their masters. And Euri- pides, in his Phrixus, calls them latriæ, in these words—λάτρις πενέστης ἁμὸς ἀρχαίων δόμων.
Θετταλῶν δὲ λεγόντων πενέστας τοὺς μὴ γόνῳ δούλους, διὰ πολέμου, δ’ ἡλωκότας, Θεόπομπος ὁ κωμικὸς ἀποχρησάμενος τῇ φωνῇ φησι· δεσπότου πενέστου ῥυσὰ βουλευτήρια. Φιλοκράτης δ’ ἐν β’ Θετταλικῶν εἰ γνήσια τὰ συγγράμματα καλεῖσθαί φησι τοὺς πενέστας καὶ Θετταλοικέτας. Ἀρχέμαχος δ’ ἐν τῇ τρίτῃ Εὐβοικῶν Βοιωτῶν, φησίν, τῶν τὴν Ἀρναίαν κατοικησάντων οἱ μὴ ἀπάραντες εἰς τὴν Βοιωτίαν, ἀλλ’ ἐμφιλοχωρήσαντες παρέδωκαν ἑαυτοὺς τοῖς Θεσσαλοῖς δουλεύειν καθ’ ὁμολογίας, ἐφ᾽· ᾧ οὔτε ἐξάξουσιν αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῆς χώρας οὔτε ἀποκτενοῦσιν, αὐτοὶ δὲ τὴν χώραν αὐτοῖς ἐργαζόμενοι τὰς συντάξεις ἀποδώσουσιν οὗτοι οὖν οἱ κατὰ τὰς ὁμολογίας καταμείναντες καὶ παραδόντες ἑαυτοὺς ἐκλήθησαν τότε μὲν μενέσται, νῦν δὲ πενέσται. καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν κυρίων ἑαυτῶν εἰσιν εὐπορώτεροι. καὶ Εὐριπίδης δὲ ἐν Φρίξῳ λάτριας αὐτοὺς ὀνομάζει διὰ τούτων λάτρις πενέστης ἁμὸς ἀρχαίων δόμων.
And Timæus of Tauromenium, in the ninth book of his Histories, says, “It was not a national custom among the Greeks in former times to be waited on by purchased slaves;” and he proceeds to say, “And altogether they accused totle of having departed from the Locrian customs; said that it was not customary among the Locrians, nor among the Phocians, touse either maid-servants or house- servants till very lately. But the wife of Philomelus, who took Delphi, was the first woman who had two maids to follow her. And in a similar manner Mnason, the com- panion of Aristotle, was much reproached among the Pho- cians, for having purchased a thousand slaves; for they said that he was depriving that number of citizens of their neces- sary subsistence: for that it was a custom in their houses for the younger men to minister to the elder.”
Τίμαιος δ’ ὁ Ταυρομενίτης ἐν τῇ ἐνάτῃ τῶν ἱστοριῶν οὐκ ἦν, φησί, πάτριον τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὑπὸ ἀργυρωνήτων τὸ παλαιὸν διακονεῖσθαι, γράφων οὕτως· καθόλου δὲ ᾐτιῶντο τὸν Ἀριστοτέλη διημαρτηκέναι τῶν Λοκρικῶν ἐθῶν οὐδὲ γὰρ κεκτῆσθαι νόμον εἶναι τοῖς Λοκροῖς, ὁμοίως δὲ οὐδὲ Φωκεῦσιν, οὔτε θεραπαίνας οὔτε οἰκέτας πλὴν ἐγγύῃ τῶν χρόνων, ἀλλὰ πρώτῃ τῇ Φιλομήλου γυναικὶ τοῦ καταλαβόντος Δελφοὺς δύο θεραπαίνας ἀκολουθῆσαι. παραπλησίως δὲ καὶ Μνάσωνα τὸν Ἀριστοτέλους ἑταῖρον χιλίους οἰκέτας κτησάμενον διαβληθῆναι παρὰ τοῖς Φωκεῦσιν ὡς τοσούτους τῶν πολιτῶν τὴν ἀναγκαίαν τροφὴν ἀφῃρημένον. εἰθίσθαι γὰρ ἐν ταῖς οἰκειακαῖς διακονεῖν τοὺς νεωτέρους τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις.
And Plato, in the sixth book of the Laws, says,—"The whole question about servants is full of difficulty; for of all the Greeks, the system of the Helots among the Lacedæ- monians causes the greatest perplexity and dispute, some people affirming that it is a wise institution, and some con- sidering it as of a very opposite character. But the system of slavery among the people of Heraclea would cause less dis- pute than the subject condition of the Mariandyni; and so too would the condition of the Thessalian Penestæ. And if we con- sider all these things, what ought we to do with respect to the acquisition of servants? For there is nothing sound in the feelings of slaves; nor ought a prudent man to trust them in anything of importance. And the wisest of all poets says—Jove fix'd it certain that whatever dayMakes man a slave, takes half his worth away.And it has been frequently shown by facts, that a slave in an objectionable and perilous possession; especially in the fre- quent revolts of the Messenians, and in the case of those cities which have many slaves, speaking different languages, in which many evils arise from that circumstance. And also we may come to the same conclusion from the exploits and sufferings of all sorts of robbers, who infest the Italian coasts as piratical vagabonds. And if any one considers all these cir- cumstances, he may well doubt what course ought to be pursued with respect to all these people. Two remedies now are left to us—either never to allow, for the future, any person's slaves to be one another's fellow-countrymen, and, as far as possible, to prevent their even speaking the same language: and he should also keep them well, not only for their sake, but still more for his own; and he should behave towards them with as little insolence as possible. But it is right to chastise them with justice; not admonishing them as if they were free men, so as to make them arrogant: and every word which we address to slaves ought to be, in some sort, a command. And a man ought never to play at all with his slaves, or jest with them, whether they be male or female. And as to the very foolish way in which many people treat their slaves, allowing them great indulgence and great licence, they only make everything more difficult for both parties: they make obedience harder for the one to practise, and authority harder for the others to exercise.
Πλάτων δ’ ἐν ἕκτῳ Νόμων φησί·τὰ τῶν οἰκετῶν χαλεπὰ πάντῃ. σχεδὸν γὰρ πάντων Ἑλλήνων ἡ Λακεδαιμονίων εἱλωτεία πλείστην ἀπορίαν παράσχοιτ’ ἂν καὶ ἔριν τοῖς μὲν ὡς εὖ, τοῖς δ’ ὡς οὐκ εὖ γεγονυῖά ἐστιν ἐλάττω δὲ ἡ Ἡρακλεωτῶν δουλεία τῆς τῶν Μαριανδυνῶν καταδουλώσεως ἔριν ἂν ἔχοι, τὸ Θετταλῶν τ’ αὖ πενεστικὸν ἔθνος, εἰς ἃ καὶ πάντα ἀποβλέψαντας ἡμᾶς τί χρὴ ποιεῖν περὶ κτήσεως οἰκετῶν; οὐ γὰρ ὑγιὲς οὐδὲν ψυχῆς δούλης· οὐ δεῖ γὰρ οὐδὲν πιστεύειν αὐτοῖς τὸν νοῦν κεκτημένον. ὁ δὲ σοφώτατος τῶν ποιητῶν φησιν ἥμισυ γάρ τε νόου ἀπαμείρεται εὐρύοπα Ζεὺς ἀνδρῶν οὓς ἂν δὴ κατὰ δούλιον ἦμαρ ἕλῃσι. χαλεπὸν οὖν τὸ κτῆμα ἔργῳ πολλάκις ἐπιδέδεικται περί τε τὰς Μεσσηνίων συχνὰς ἀποστάσεις καὶ περὶ τὰς τῶν ἐκ μιᾶς φωνῆς πολλοὺς οἰκέτας κτωμένων πόλεις ὅσα κακὰ συμβαίνει, καὶ ἔτι τὰ τῶν λεγομένων περιδίνων περὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν παντοδαπὰ κλοπῶν ἔργα καὶ παθήματα· πρὸς ἅ τις ἂν πάντα βλέψας διαπορήσειε τί χρὴ δρᾶν περὶ ἁπάντων τῶν τοιούτων, δύο δὴ λείπεσθον μηχαναί, μὴ πατριώτας ἀλλήλων εἶναι τοὺς μέλλοντας δουλεύσειν ἀσυμφώνους τε ὅτι μάλιστα εἰς δύναμιν, τρέφειν δ’ αὐτοὺς ὀρθῶς μὴ μόνον ἐκείνων ἕνεκα, πλέον δ’ ἑαυτῶν προτιμῶντας ὑβρίζειν τε ἥκιστα εἰς αὐτούς. κολάζειν δὲ ἐν δίκῃ δούλους δεῖ καὶ μὴ νουθετοῦντας ὡς ἐλευθέρους θρύπτεσθαι ποιεῖν, τὴν δὲ οἰκέτου πρόσρησιν χρὴ σχεδὸν ἐπίταξιν πᾶσαν γίγνεσθαι, μὴ προσπαίζοντας μηδαμῇ μηδαμῶς οἰκέταις, μήτ’ οὖν θηλείαις μήτε ἄρρεσιν; ἃ δὴ πρὸς δούλους φιλοῦσι πολλοὶ σφόδρα ἀνοήτως θρύπτοντες χαλεπώτερον ἀπεργάζεσθαι τὸν βίον ἐκείνοις τε ἄρχεσθαι καὶ ἑαυτοῖς ἄρχειν.
Now of all the Greeks, I conceive that the Chians were the first people who used slaves purchased with money, as is related by Theopompus, in the seventeenth book of his Histories; where he says,—“The Chians were the first of the Greeks, after the Thessalians and Lacedæmonians, who used slaves. But they did not acquire them in the same manner as those others did; for the Lacedæmonians and the Thessalians will be found to have derived their slaves from Greek tribes, who formerly inhabited the country which they now possess: the one having Achean slaves, but the Thessalians having Perrhæbian and Magnesian slaves; and the one nation called their slaves Helots, and the others called them Penestæ. But the Chians have barbarian slaves, and they have bought them at a price.” Theopompus, then, has given this account. But I think that, on this account, the Deity was angry with the Chians; for at a subsequent period they were subdued by their slaves. Accordingly, Nymphodorus the Syracusan, in his Voyage along the Coast of Asia, gives this account of them:—"The slaves of the Chians deserted them, and escaped to the mountains; and then, collecting in great numbers, ravaged the country-houses about; for the island is very rugged, and much overgrown with trees. But, a little before our time, the Chians themselves relate, that one of their slaves deserted, and took up his habitation in the mountains; and, being a man of great courage and very prosperus in his warlike undertakings, he assumed the command o the runaway slaves, as a king would take the command of an army; and though the Chians often made expeditions against him, they were able to effect nothing. And when Drimacus (for that was the name of this runaway slave) found that they were being destroyed, without being able to effect anything, he addressed them in this language: 'O Chians! you who are the masters, this treatment which you are now receiving from your servants will never cease; for how should it cease, when it is God who causes it, in accordance with the prediction of the oracle? But if you will be guided by me, and if you will leave us in peace, then I will be the originator of much good fortune to you.'
πρώτους δ’ ἐγὼ τῶν Ἑλλήνων οἶδα ἀργυρωνήτοις δούλοις χρησαμένους Χίους, ὡς ἱστορεῖ Θεόπομπος ἐν τῇ ἑβδόμῃ καὶ δεκάτῃ τῶν ἱστοριῶν Χῖοι πρῶτοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων μετὰ Θετταλοὺς καὶ Λακεδαιμονίους ἐχρήσαντο δούλοις, τὴν μέντοι κτῆσιν αὐτῶν οὐ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ἐκείνοις.., Λακεδαιμόνιοι μὲν γὰρ καὶ Θετταλοὶ φανήσονται κατασκευασάμενοι τὴν δουλείαν ἐκ τῶν Ἑλλήνων τῶν οἰκούντων πρότερον τὴν χώραν ἣν ἐκεῖνοι νῦν ἔχουσιν, οἱ μὲν Ἀχαιῶν, Θετταλοὶ δὲ Περραιβῶν καὶ Μαγνήτων, καὶ προσηγόρευσαν τοὺς καταδουλωθέντας οἱ μὲν εἵλωτας, οἱ δὲ πενέστας. Χῖοι δὲ βαρβάρους κέκτηνται τοὺς οἰκέτας καὶ τιμὴν αὐτῶν καταβάλλοντες. ὁ μὲν οὖν Θεόπομπος ταῦθ’ ἱστόρησεν ἐγὼ δὲ τοῖς Χίοις ἡγοῦμαι διὰ τοῦτο νεμεσῆσαι τὸ δαιμόνιον χρόνοις γὰρ ὕστερον ἐξεπολεμήθησαν διὰ δούλους. Νυμφόδωρος γοῦν ὁ Συρακόσιος ἐν τῷ τῆς Ἀσίας Παράπλῳ τάδ’ ἱστορεῖ περὶ αὐτῶν·τῶν Χίων οἱ δοῦλοι ἀποδιδράσκουσιν αὐτοὺς καὶ εἰς τὰ ὄρη ὁρμώμενοι τὰς ἀγροικίας αὐτῶν κακοποιοῦσι πολλοὶ συναθροισθέντες· ἡ γὰρ νῆσός ἐστι τραχεῖα καὶ κατάδενδρος· μικρὸν δὲ πρὸ ἡμῶν οἰκέτην τινὰ μυθολογοῦσιν αὐτοὶ οἱ Χῖοι ἀποδράντα ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσι τὰς διατριβὰς ποιεῖσθαι, ἀνδρεῖον δέ τινα ὄντα καὶ τὰ πολέμια ἐπιτυχῆ· τῶν δραπετῶν ἀφηγεῖσθαι ὡς ἂν βασιλέα στρατεύματος, καὶ πολλάκις τῶν Χίων ἐπιστρατευσάντων ἐπ’ αὐτὸν καὶ οὐδὲν ἀνύσαι δυναμένων ἐπεὶ αὐτοὺς ἑώρα μάτην ἀπολλυμένους ὁ Δρίμακος τοῦτο γὰρ ἦν ὄνομα τῷ δραπέτῃ λέγει πρὸς αὐτοὺς τάδε· ὑμῖν, ὦ Χῖοί τε καὶ κύριοι, τὸ μὲν γινόμενον πρᾶγμα παρὰ τῶν οἰκετῶν οὐδέποτε μὴ παύσηται· πῶς γὰρ ὁπότε κατὰ χρησμὸν γίνεται θεοῦ δόντος; ἀλλ’ ἐὰν ἐμοὶ σπείσησθε καὶ ἐᾶτε ἡμᾶς ἡσυχίαν ἄγειν, ἐγὼ ὑμῖν ἔσομαι πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀρχηγός.
"Accordingly, the Chians, having entered into a treaty with him, and having made a truce for a certain time, Drimacus prepares measures and weights, and a private seal for himself; and, throwing it to the Chians, he said, Whatever I take from any one of you, I shall take according to these measures and these weights; and when I have taken enough, I will then leave the storehouses, having sealed them up with this seal. And as to all the slaves who desert from you, I will inquire what cause of complaint they have; and if they seem to me to have been really subject to any incurable oppression, which has been the reason of their running away, I will retain them with me; but if they have no sufficient or reasonable ground to allege, I will send them back to their masters.' Accordingly, the rest of the slaves, seeing that the Chians agreed to this state of things, very good-humouredly did not desert nearly so much for the future, fearing the judgment which Drimacus might pass upon them And the runaways who were with him feared him a great deal more than they did their own masters, and did everything that he required, obeying him as their general; for he punished the refractory with great severity: and he permitted no one to ravage the land, nor to commit any other crime of any sort, without his consent. And at the time of festivals, he went about, and took from the fields wine, and such animals for victims as were in good condition, and whatever else the masters were inclined or able to give him; and if he per- ceived that any one was intriguing against him, or laying any plot to injure him or overthrow his power, he chastised him.
σπεισαμένων οὖν τῶν Χίων πρὸς αὐτὸν καὶ ἀνοχὰς ποιησαμένων χρόνον τινὰ κατασκευάζεται μέτρα καὶ σταθμὰ καὶ σφραγῖδα ἰδίαν. καὶ δείξας τοῖς Χίοις εἶπε διότι λήψομαι ὅ τι ἂν παρά τινος ὑμῶν λαμβάνω τούτοις τοῖς μέτροις καὶ σταθμοῖς καὶ λαβὼν τὰ ἱκανὰ ταύτῃ τῇ σφραγῖδι τὰ ταμιεῖα σφραγισάμενος καταλείψω. τοὺς δ᾽ ἀποδιδράσκοντας ὑμῶν δούλους ἀνακρίνας τὴν αἰτίαν ἐὰν μέν μοι δοκῶσιν ἀνήκεστόν τι παθόντες ἀποδεδρακέναι, ἕξω μετ’ ἐμαυτοῦ, ἐὰν δὲ μηδὲν λέγωσι δίκαιον, ἀποπέμψω πρὸς τοὺς δεσπότας. ὁρῶντες οὖν οἱ λοιποὶ οἰκέται τοὺς Χίους ἡδέως τὸ πρᾶγμα προσδεξαμένους πολλῷ ἔλαττον ἀπεδίδρασκον φοβούμενοι τὴν ἐκείνου κρίσιν καὶ οἱ ὄντες δὲ μετ’ αὐτοῦ δραπέται πολὺ μᾶλλον ἐφοβοῦντο ἐκεῖνον ἢ τοὺς ἰδίους αὑτῶν δεσπότας καὶ πάντ’ αὐτῷ τὰ δέοντ’ ἐποίουν, πειθαρχοῦντες ὡς ἂν στρατηγῷ, ἐτιμωρεῖτό τε γὰρ τοὺς ἀτακτοῦντας καὶ οὐθενὶ ἐπέτρεπε συλᾶν ἀγρὸν οὐδ’ ἄλλο ἀδικεῖν οὐδὲ ἓν ἄνευ τῆς αὑτοῦ γνώμης. ἐλάμβανε δὲ ταῖς ἑορταῖς ἐπιπορευόμενος ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν οἶνον καὶ ἱερεῖα τὰ καλῶς ἔχοντα ὅσα μὴ αὐτοὶ δοίησαν οἱ κύριοι· καὶ εἴ τινα αἴσθοιτο ἐπιβουλεύοντα αὑτῷ ἢ ἐνέδρας κατασκευάζοντα ἐτιμωρεῖτο.
“Then (for the city had made a proclamation, that it would give a great reward to any one who took him prisoner, or who brought in his head,) this Drimacus, as he became older, calling one of his most intimate friends into a certain place, says to him, 'You know that I have loved you above all men, and you are to me as my child and my son, and as everything else. I now have lived long enough, but you are young and just in the prime of life. What, then, are we to do? You must show yourself a wise and brave man; for, since the city of the Chians offers a great reward to any one who shall kill me, and also promises him his freedom, you must cut off my head, and carry it to Chios, and receive the money which they offer, and so be prosperous.' But when the young man refused, he at last persuaded him to do so; and so he cut off his head, and took it to the Chians, and received from them the rewards which they had offered by proclamation: and, having buried the corpse of Drimacus, he departed to his own country. And the Chians, being again injured and plundered by their slaves, remembering the moderation of him who was dead, erected a Heroum in their country, and called it the shrine of the GENTLE HERO. And even now the runaway slaves bring to that shrine the first-fruits of all the plunder they get; and they say that Drimacus still appears to many of the Chians in their sleep, and informs them beforehand of the stratagems of their slaves who are plotting against them: and to whomsoever he appears, they come to that place, and sacrifice to him, where this shrine is.”
εἶτ’ ἐκήρυξε γὰρ ἡ πόλις χρήματα δώσειν πολλὰ τῷ αὐτὸν λαβόντι ἢ τὴν κεφαλὴν κομίσαντι οὗτος ὁ Δρίμακος πρεσβύτερος γενόμενος καλέσας τὸν ἐρώμενον τὸν ἑαυτοῦ εἴς τινα τόπον λέγει αὐτῷ ὅτι ἐγώ σε πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἠγάπησα μάλιστα καὶ σύ μοι εἶ καὶ παῖς καὶ υἱὸς καὶ τὰ ἄλλα πάντα· ἐμοὶ μὲν οὖν χρόνος ἱκανὸς βεβίωται, σὺ δὲ νέος εἶ καὶ ἀκμὴν ἔχεις τοῦ ζῆν. τί οὖν ἐστιν; ἄνδρα σε δεῖ γενέσθαι καλὸν καὶ ἀγαθόν· ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἡ πόλις τῶν Χίων δίδωσι τῷ ἐμὲ ἀποκτείναντι χρήματα πολλὰ καὶ ἐλευθερίαν ὑπισχνεῖται, δεῖ σε ἀφελόντα μου τὴν κεφαλὴν εἰς Χίον ἀπενεγκεῖν καὶ λαβόντα παρὰ τῆς πόλεως τὰ χρήματα εὐδαιμονεῖν. ἀντιλέγοντος δὲ τοῦ νεανίσκου πείθει αὐτὸν τοῦτο ποιῆσαι. καὶ ὃς ἀφελόμενος αὐτοῦ τὴν κεφαλὴν λαμβάνει παρὰ τῶν Χίων τὰ ἐπικηρυχθέντα χρήματα καὶ θάψας τὸ σῶμα τοῦ δραπέτου εἰς τὴν ἰδίαν ἐχώρησε. καὶ οἱ Χῖοι πάλιν ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκετῶν ἀδικούμενοι καὶ διαρπαζόμενοι μνησθέντες τῆς τοῦ τετελευτηκότος ἐπιεικείας ἡρῷον ἱδρύσαντο κατὰ τὴν χώραν καὶ ἐπωνόμασαν ἥρωος εὐμενοῦς· καὶ αὐτῷ ἔτι καὶ νῦν οἱ δραπέται ἀποφέρουσιν ἀπαρχὰς πάντων ὧν ἂν ὑφέλωνται. φασὶ δὲ καὶ καθ’ ὕπνους ἐπιφαινόμενον πολλοῖς τῶν Χίων προσημαίνειν οἰκετῶν ἐπιβουλάς· καὶ οἷς ἂν ἐπιφανῇ οὗτοι θύουσιν αὐτῷ ἐλθόντες ἐπὶ τὸν τόπον οὗ τὸ ἡρῷόν ἐστιν αὐτοῦ.
Nymphodorus, then, has given this account; but in many copies of his history, I have found that Drimachus is not mentioned by name. But I do not imagine that any one of you is ignorant, either of what the prince of all historians, Herodotus, has related of the Chian Panionium, and of what he justly suffered who castrated free boys and sold them. But Nicolaus the Peripatetic, and Posidonius the Stoic, in their Histories, both state that the Chians were enslaved by Mithridates, the tyrant of Cappadocia; and were given up by him, bound, to their own slaves, for the purpose of being transported into the land of the Colchians,—so really angry with them was the Deity, as being the first people who used purchased slaves, while most other nations provided for themselves by their own industry. And, perhaps, this s what the proverb originated in, “A Chian bought a master,” which is used by Eupolis, in his Friends.
ὁ μὲν οὖν Νυμφόδωρος ταῦτα ἱστόρησεν ἐν πολλοῖς δὲ ἀντιγράφοις ἐξ ὀνόματος αὐτὸν καλούμενον οὐχ εὗρον. οὐδένα δὲ ὑμῶν ἀγνοεῖν οἶμαι οὐδὲ ἃ ὁ καλὸς Ἡρόδοτος ἱστόρησε περὶ Πανιωνίου τοῦ Χίου καὶ ὧν ἐκεῖνος ἔπαθεν δικαίως ἐλευθέρων παίδων ἐκτομὰς ποιησάμενος καὶ τούτους ἀποδόμενος. ᾽ Νικόλαος δ’ ὁ περιπατητικὸς καὶ Ποσειδώνιος ὁ στωικὸς ἐν ταῖς ἱστορίαις ἑκάτερος τοὺς Χίους φασὶν ἐξανδραποδισθέντας ὑπὸ Μιθριδάτου τοῦ Καππάδοκος παραδοθῆναι τοῖς ἰδίοις δούλοις δεδεμένους, ἵν’ εἰς τὴν Κόλχων γῆν κατοικισθῶσιν οὕτως αὐτοῖς ἀληθῶς τὸ δαιμόνιον ἐμήνισε πρώτοις χρησαμένοις ὠνητοῖς ἀνδραπόδοις τῶν πολλῶν ὄντων κατὰ τὰς διακονίας. μήποτ’ οὖν διὰ ταῦτα καὶ ἡ παροιμία Χῖος δεσπότην ὠνήσατο, ᾗ κέχρηται Εὔπολις ἐν Φίλοις.