There is also the saurus, or lizard. Alexis mentions this fish, in his Leuce. It is a cook who is speaking:—A. Do you know how you ought to dress a lizard?B. I shall, when you have taught me.A. First of allTake off the gills, then wash him, then cut offThe spines all round, and split him open neatly;Then when you've laid him flat, anoint him wellAnd thoroughly with assafœetida;Sprinkle him then with cheese, and salt, and marjoram.And Ephippus, in his Cydon, gives a list of many other fishes, and among them he mentions the lizard, in the following lines:—Slices of tunny, and of glanis,Of shark, and rhine, and of conger,Cephalus, perch, and lizard too,And phycis, brinchus, also mullet,Sea-cuckoo, phagrus, myllus, sparus,Lebias, æolias, and sea-swallow,Thritta, and squid, and cuttle-fish,Sea-sparrow, and dracænides.The polypus, the squid, and orphus,The tench, th' anchovy, and the cestres,And last of all the needle-fish.And Innesimachus, in his Horse-breeder, says—Of fish with teeth serrated, you may eatThe grim torpedo, the sea-frog, the perch,The lizard, and the trichias, and the phycis,The brinchus, and the mullet, and sea-cuckoo.There is also the scepinus; and this fish is mentioned by Dorion, in his treatise on Fish; and he says that it is also called the attageinus, or sea-woodcock.
σαῦρος. τούτου μνημονεύει Ἄλεξις ἐν Λεύκῃ· μάγειρος δ’ ἐστὶν ὁ λέγων ἐπίστασαι τὸν σαῦρον ὡς δεῖ σκευάσαι; β. ἀλλ’ ἂν διδάσκῃς. α. ἐξελὼν τὰ βράγχια, πλύνας, περικόψας τὰς ἀκάνθας τὰς κύκλῳ παράσχισον χρηστῶς διαπτύξας θ’ ὅλον τῷ σιλφίῳ μάστιξον εὖ τε καὶ καλῶς τυρῷ τε σάξον ἁλσὶ τ’ ἠδ’ ὀριγάνῳ. Ἔφιππος δ’ ἐν Κύδωνι πολλῶν καὶ ἄλλων ἰχθύων κατάλογον ποιούμενος καὶ τοῦ σαύρου μνημονεύει διὰ τούτων θύννου τεμάχη, γλάνιδος, γαλεοῦ, ῥίνης, γόγγρου, κεφάλου, πέρκης, σαῦρος, φυκίς, βρίγκος, τρίγλη, κόκκυξ, φάγρος, μύλλος, λεβίας, σπάρος, αἰολίας, θρᾷττα, χελιδών, καρίς, τευθίς, ψῆττα, δρακαινίς, πουλυπόδειον, σηπία, ὀρφώς, κωβιός, ἀφύαι, βελόναι, κεστρεῖς. Μνησίμαχος δ’ ἐν Ἱπποτρόφῳ τῶν καρχαριῶν νάρκη, βάτραχος, πέρκη, σαῦρος, τριχίας, φυκίς, βρίγκος, τρίγλη, κόκκυξ. σκεπινός. τούτου μνημονεύων Δωρίων ἐν τῷ περὶ ἰχθύων καλεῖσθαί φησιν αὐτὸν ἀτταγεινόν.
There is also the sciæna. Epicharmus, in his Hebe's Wedding, says—Aeoliæ were there, and plotes too,And cynoglossi and sciathides.But Numenius calls this fish the Sciadeus, saying—Use then this bait, and you perhaps may catch,If such your wish, a mighty synodon,Or the quick leaping hippurus, or the phagrusProud with his high-raised crest, or in a shoalOf trusty comrades, the fresh sciadeus.There is also the syagris; and this fish is mentioned by Epicharmus, in his Hebe's Wedding, and also in his Earth and Sea.
σκίαινα. Ἐπίχαρμος Ἥβας γάμῳ· αἰολίαι πλῶτές τε κυνόγλωσσοὶ τ᾽, ἐνῆν δὲ σκιαθίδες. Νουμήνιος δὲ σκιαδέα αὐτὸν καλεῖ ἐν τούτοις· τοῖσί κε θηρήσαιο λαβεῖν λελιημένος ἰχθὺν ἠὲ μέγαν συνόδοντα ἢ ἀρνευτὴν ἵππουρον ἠὲ φάγρον λοφίην, ὁτὲ δ’ ἀγρόμενον σκιαδῆα. συαγρίδες. τούτων μνημονεύει Ἐπίχαρμος ἐν Ἥβας γάμῳ καὶ ἐν Γᾷ καὶ Θαλάσσᾳ.
Then there is the sphuræna, or hammer-fish; and these fish, Icesius says, are more nutritious than the congers, but very unpleasant and unpalatable to the taste; and, as to their juicy qualities, they are tolerable. But Dorion says— “The sphuræna, which they call the cestra.” And Epicharmus, in his Muses, having named the cestra, does not after that mention the sphuræna, thinking them the same fish—The chalcides, the sea-dog, and the cestra,And perch with variegated back.And Sophron, in his Male Farces, says—“The cestræ, which cat the botis.” But Speusippus, in the second book of his treatise on Things which resemble one another, puts down the cestra, the needle-fish, and the sea-lizard as very nearly like one another. And the Attic writers in general call the sphuræna the cestra, and do not so often use the name of sphuræna. Accordingly, Strattis, in his Macedonians, when some Athenian asks the question, as being ignorant of the name, and saying,But what is the sphuræna?The other replies,You, O Athenians, do call it the cestra.And Antiphanes, in his Euthydicus, says—A. The sphuræna is a common fish.B. You should say cestra, in strict Attic Greek.And Nicophon, in his Pandora, says—The cestra and the pike.And Epicharmus, in his Hebe's Wedding, says—The cestra and the variegated perch.
Σφύραιναι. ταύτας φησὶν Ἱκέσιος τροφιμωτέρας εἶναι τῶν γόγγρων, ἀπειθεῖς δὲ τὴν γεῦσιν καὶ ἀστόμους, εὐχυλίᾳ δὲ μέσους. ὁ δὲ Δωρίων σφύραιναν, φησίν, ἣν καλοῦσι κέστραν. Ἐπίχαρμος δ’ ἐν Μούσαις κέστραν ὀνομάσας οὐκ ἔτι σφυραίνας ὀνομάζει ὡς ταὐτὸν οὔσας χαλκίδας τε καὶ κύνας κέστρας τε πέρκας τ’ αἰόλας. καὶ Σώφρων ἐν ἀνδρείοις κέστραι βότιν κάπτουσαι. Σπεύσιππος δὲ ἐν δευτέρῳ Ὁμοίων ὡς παραπλήσια ἐκτίθεται κέστραν, βελόνην, σαυρίδα. καὶ οἱ Ἀττικοὶ δὲ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ τὴν σφύραιναν καλοῦσι κέστραν, σπανίως δὲ τῷ τῆς σφυραίνης ὀνόματι ἐχρήσαντο. Στράττις γοῦν ἐν Μακεδόσιν ἐρομένου τινὸς Ἀττικοῦ ὡς ἀγνοοῦντος τὸ ὄνομα καὶ λέγοντος· ἡ σφύραινα δ’ ἐστὶ τίς; φησὶν ὁ ἕτερος· κέστραν μὲν ὔμμες ὡττικοὶ κικλήσκετε. Ἀντιφάνης ἐν Εὐθυδίκῳ· πάνυ συχνὴ σφύραινα. β. κέστραν ἀττικιστὶ δεῖ λέγειν. Νικοφῶν δ’ ἐν Πανδώρᾳ· κέστραι τε καὶ λάβρακες. Ἐπίχαρμος Ἥβας γάμῳ· κέστρας τε πέρκας τ’ αἰόλας.
The cuttle-fish is often mentioned. Aristophanes says, in his Danaides,—And when I have the cuttle-fish and polypus.And the penultima of this word has the acute accent like that in the word αἰτία, as Philemon tells us; like these words, παιδία, ταινία, οἰκία. But Aristotle says that the cuttle-fish has eight feet, of which the two lowest are the largest; and that it has two proboscises, and between them it has its eyes and mouth placed. And it has two teeth, one above and one below; and what is called a shell on its back. And the ink is contained in what is called the mutis, which answers to the liver; and it lies near its mouth, being something like a bladder. Its belly is wide and smooth, like the paunch of an ox. And the little cuttle-fish feed on small fish, extending their proboscises like fishermen's lines, and catching their prey with them. It is said, too, that when a storm comes, they seize hold of the rocks with their proboscises, as if they were anchors, and so fix themselves firm. And when the cuttle-fish is pursued, it discharges its ink, and is hidden in it, making it appear as if it were flying forwards. And it is also said, that when the female is struck by a harpoon, the male fish come to its assistance, dragging it on; but if the male fish be taken, the female fish flees away. But the cuttlefish does not live more than a year, as neither does the polypus. But, in the fifth book of his Parts of Animals, Aristotle says—“The cuttle-fish and the squids swim together, being united together at the mouths, and also touching one another with their feelers, so as to join in that manner; and they also join proboscis to proboscis. But of all the molluscous fish, the cuttle-fish is the earliest in the spring to bring forth its young; and they do not bring forth at every season. But they go with young fifteen days; and when they lay their eggs, the male follows the female, and breathes upon the eggs and makes them firm. And they move in pairs; and the male is more variegated than the female, and blacker on the back.”
σηπία. Ἀριστοφάνης Δαναίσι· καὶ ταῦτ’ ἔχοντα σηπίας καὶ πουλύπους. ὡς αἰτίας ἡ παραλήγουσα παροξύνεται, ὡς Φιλήμων ἱστορεῖ, ὁμοίως καὶ ταῦτα· τηλία, ταινία, οἰκία, τὴν σηπίαν δὲ Ἀριστοτέλης πόδας ἔχειν ὀκτώ, ὧν τοὺς ὑποκάτω δύο μεγίστους, προβοσκίδας δύο καὶ μεταξὺ αὐτῶν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς καὶ τὸ στόμα, ἔχει δὲ καὶ ὀδόντας δύο τὸν μὲν ἄνω, τὸν δὲ κάτω καὶ τὸ λεγόμενον ὄστρακον ἐν τῷ νώτῳ. ἐν δὲ τῇ μύτιδι ὁ θολός ἐστιν αὕτη δὲ κεῖται παρ’ αὐτὸ τὸ στόμα κύστεως τρόπον ἐπέχουσα. ἐστὶ δ’ ἡ κοιλία πλακώδης καὶ λεία, ὁμοία τοῖς τῶν βοῶν ἠνύστροις. τρέφονται δ’ αἱ μικραὶ σηπίαι τοῖς λεπτοῖς ἰχθυδίοις, ἀποτείνουσαι τὰς προβοσκίδας ὥσπερ ὁρμιὰς καὶ ταύταις θηρεύουσαι. λέγεται δ’ ὡς ὅταν ὁ χειμὼν γένηται τῶν πετριδίων ὥσπερ ἀγκύραις ταῖς προβοσκίσι λαμβανόμεναι ὁρμοῦσι. διωκομένη τε ἡ σηπία τὸν θολὸν ἀφίησι καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ κρύπτεται ἐμφήνασα φεύγειν εἰς τοὔμπροσθεν. λέγεται δὲ ὡς καὶ θηρευθείσης τῆς θηλείας τριόδοντι οἱ ἄρρενες ἐπαρήγουσιν ἀνθέλκοντες αὐτὴν ἂν δ’ οἱ ἄρρενες ἁλῶσιν, αἱ θήλειαι φεύγουσιν. οὐ διετίζει δ’ ἡ σηπία, καθάπερ οὐδ’ ὁ πολύπους. ἐν δὲ πέμπτῳ ζῴων μορίων αἱ σηπίαι, φησί, καὶ αἱ τευθίδες νέουσιν ἅμα καὶ συμπεπλεγμέναι, τὰ στόματα καὶ τὰς πλεκτάνας ἐφαρμόττουσαι καταντικρὺ ἀλλήλαις· ἐφαρμόττουσιν δὲ καὶ τὸν μυκτῆρα εἰς τὸν μυκτῆρα. τῶν τε μαλακίων τίκτουσιν πρῶται τοῦ ἔαρος αἱ σηπίαι καὶ τίκτουσι πᾶσαν ὥραν καὶ κυίσκονται πεντεκαίδεκα ἡμέραις. ὅταν δέ τέκωσι τὰ ᾠά, ὁ ἄρρην παρακολουθῶν καταφυσᾷ καὶ στιφρᾷ. βαδίζουσι δὲ κατὰ ζυγά. καί ἐστιν ὁ ἄρρην τῆς θηλείας ποικιλώτερός τε καὶ μελάντερος τὸν νῶτον.
And Epicharmus, in his Hebe's Wedding, says—The polypus, likewise the cuttle-fish,And the swift-moving squid. And we must also take notice of this, with reference to Speu- sippus, who says that the cuttle-fish and the squid are the same fish. But when Hipponax, in his Iambics, uses the words σηπίης ὑπόσφαγμα, the interpreters have explained the expression as meaning “the ink of the cuttle-fish.” But the word ὑπόσφαγμα is, properly speaking, equivalent to ὑπότριμμα, a dish compounded of various ingredients, as Erasistratus tells us, in his Cookery Book. And he writes as follows—“But ὑπόσφαγμα is made with roast meat and blood stirred up and compounded with cheese, and salt, and cummin, and assafœtida; but the meat may also be boiled.” And Glaucus the Locrian, in his Cookery Book, writes as follows— “ʽὑπόσφαγμα is blood boiled, and assafœtida, and boiled lees of wine; or sometimes honey and vinegar, and milk and cheese, and sweet-smelling herbs are shred and mixed together in it.” And Archestratus, that man of the most varied learning, says—The cuttle-fish of Abdera and the middle of Maronea.And Aristophanes, in his Thesmophoriazuss, says—Has any fish or cuttle-fish been bought?And in the Danaides he says—Osmulia, mœnidea, and cuttle-fish.Theopompus, in his Aphrodite, says—... But eat, my friend,This cuttle-fish, and this small polypus.But concerning the boiling of the small polypus, Alexis, in his Wicked Woman, introduces a cook speaking as follows—Now these three cuttle-fish I have just boughtFor one small drachma. And when I 've cut offTheir feelers and their fins, I then shall boil them.And cutting up the main part of their meatInto small dice, and rubbing in some salt,After the guests already are sat down,I then shall put them in the frying-pan,And serve up hot towards the end of supper.
Ἐπίχαρμος δ’ ἐν Ἥβας γάμῳ φησί· πώλυποι τε σηπίαι τε καὶ ποταναὶ τευθίδες. τοῦτο δὲ σημειωτέον πρὸς Σπεύσιππον λέγοντα εἶναι ὅμοια σηπίαν τευθίδα. Ἱππώνακτος δ’ ἐν τοῖς ἰάμβοις εἰπόντος σηπίης ὑπόσφαγμα οἱ ἐξηγησάμενοι ἀπέδωκαν τὸ τῆς σηπίας μέλαν. ἐστὶ δὲ τὸ ὑπόσφαγμα, ὡς Ἐρασίστρατός φησιν ἐν Ὀψαρτυτικῷ, ὑπότριμμα. γράφει δὲ οὕτως· ὑπόσφαγμα δ’ εἶναι κρέασιν ὀπτοῖς ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος τεταραγμένου μέλιτι, τυρῷ, ἁλί, κυμίνῳ, σιλφίῳ, ὄξει ἑφθὸν. καὶ Γλαῦκος δ’ ὁ Λοκρὸς ἐν Ὀψαρτυτικῷ οὕτως γράφει· ὑπόσφαγμα δ’ αἷμα ἑφθὸν καὶ σίλφιον καὶ ἕψημα ἢ μέλι καὶ ὄξος καὶ γάλα καὶ τυρὸς καὶ φύλλα εὐώδη τετμημένα ὁ δὲ πολυμαθέστατος Ἀρχέστρατός φησιν σηπίαι Ἀβδήροις τε Μαρωνείᾳ τ’ ἐνὶ μέσσῃ. Ἀριστοφάνης Θεσμοφοριαζούσαις· ἰχθὺς ἐώνηταί τις ἢ σηπίδιον; καὶ ἐν Δαναίσιν ὀσμύλια καὶ μαινίδια καὶ σηπίδια. Θεόπομπος Ἀφροδίτῃ· ἀλλ’ ἔντραγε τὴν σηπίαν τηνδὶ λαβοῦσα καὶ τοδὶ τὸ πουλυπόδειον. περὶ δὲ ἑψήσεως σηπιδίων Ἄλεξις ἐν Πονήρᾳ παράγει μάγειρον τάδε λέγοντα· σηπίας τόσας δραχμῆς μιᾶς τρίς τῶν δὲ τὰς μὲν πλεκτάνας καὶ τὰ πτερύγια συντεμὼν ἑφθὰς ποῶ. τὸ δ’ ἄλλο σῶμα κατατεμὼν πολλοὺς κύβους σμήσας τε λεπτοῖς ἁλσὶ δειπνούντων ἅμα ἐπὶ τὸ τάγηνον σίζον ἐπεισιὼν φέρω.
The next fish is the mullet; and τρίγλη is like κίχλη, ending in η. For the feminine nouns which end in λα require another λ before the λα;; as σκύλλα, τελέσιλλα. But all the words which have γ united to λ end in η; as τρώγλη, αἴγλη, ζεύγλη. But Aristotle, in the fifth book of his Parts of Animals, says that the mullet brings forth three times in the year; and states that the fishermen have adopted this opinion from the spawn being seen three times a-year in certain localities. And perhaps it is from the word τρὶς (three times) that it has its name; just as the fish called ἀμία has its name from its being a fish which does not go about by itself, but in shoals (ἅμα). And the σκάρος is so called from σκαίρω (to leap); as also is the καρίς. And the ἀφύη is so named as being ἀφυὴς, which is equivalent to δυσφυὴς, that is to say, slowly propagated. Then θύννος has its name from θύω (to rush), because it is an impetuous fish, from being driven about by its fly in the head at the time of the rising of the Dog-star. But it is a fish with serrated teeth, gregarious, and spotted all over, and also carnivorous: and when it has had young three times it becomes barren; for some little worms are engendered in its womb, which devour the young as soon as they are conceived. And from the actual facts, Epicharmus calls them hump-backed, in his Hebe's Wedding, where he says—He brought the hump-back'd mullet too,And the ungrateful bæones.But Sophron, in his Male Farces, speaks of a fish which he calls τρίγολη, saying,The trigola which cuts the navel string.And in another place he says—The trigola which loves calm weather.And in his play called Pædica he says—... trigola....But, in his Affairs of Women, he says—The bearded mullet (τρίγλη).But Diocles, in his books addressed to Plistarchus, says that the mullet is a fish of hard flesh; and Speusippus says that the sea-cuckoo, the sea-swallow, and the mullet are all alike; on which account Tryphon says, in his treatise on Animals, that some people think that the trigola is the sea-cuckoo, from its likeness to it, and from the dryness of its hindquarters; which Sophron indicates, when he says—The fat mullets and the hinder parts of the trigola.
τρίγλῃ, κίχλη διὰ τοῦ η. τὰ γὰρ εἰς λα λήγοντα θηλυκὰ ἕτερον αἰτεῖ λάβδα, Σκύλλα, Τελέσιλλα· ὅσα δ’ ἐπιπλοκὴν ἔχει τοῦ γ εἰς γ λήγει, τρώγλη, αἴγλη, ζεύγλη. τὴν δὲ τρίγλην φησὶν Ἀριστοτέλης τρὶς τίκτειν τοῦ ἔτους ἐν πέμπτῳ μορίων, τεκμαίρεσθαι λέγων τοὺς ἁλιεῖς τοῦτο ἐκ τοῦ γόνου τρὶς φαινομένου περί τινας τόπους, μήποτ’ οὖν ἐντεῦθέν ἐστι καὶ τὸ τῆς ὀνομασίας, ὡς ἀμίαι ὅτι οὐ κατὰ μίαν φέρονται, ἀλλ’ ἀγεληδόν, σκάρος δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ σκαίρειν καὶ καρίς, ἀφύαι δ’ ὡς ἂν ἀφυεῖς οὖσαι, τουτέστιν δυσφυεῖς· θύω, θύννος ὁ ὁρμητικός, διὰ τὸ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ κυνὸς ἐπιτολὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς οἴστρου ἐξελαύνεσθαι. ἐστὶ δὲ καρχαρόδους, συναγελαστική, παντόστικτος, ἔτι δὲ σαρκοφάγος, τὸ δὲ τρίτον τεκοῦσα ἄγονός ἐστι· γίνεται γάρ τινα σκωλήκια αὐτῇ ἐν τῇ ὑστέρᾳ ἃ τὸν γόνον τὸν γινόμενον κατεσθίει. ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος Ἐπίχαρμος ὀνομάζει αὐτὰς κυφὰς ἐν Ἥβας γάμῳ διὰ τούτων ἆγε δὴ τρίγλας τε κυφὰς κἀχαρίστους βαιόνας. σώφρων δ’ ἐν τοῖς ἀνδρείοις τριγόλας τινὰς ἐν τούτοις ὀνομάζει· τριγόλᾳ ὀμφαλοτόμῳ καὶ τριγόλαν τὸν εὐδιαῖον. ἐν δὲ τῷ ἐπιγραφομένῳ Παιδικὰ ποιφυξεῖς φησί· τρίγλας μὲν γένηον, τριγόλα δ’ ὀπισθίδια. κἀν τοῖς γυναικείοις δὲ ἔφη· τρίγλαν γενεᾶτιν. Διοκλῆς δ’ ἐν τοῖς πρὸς Πλείσταρχον σκληρόσαρκον εἶναί φησι τὴν τρίγλαν. Σπεύσιππος δ’ ἐμφερῆ φησιν εἶναι κόκκυγα, χελιδόνα, τρίγλαν. ὅθεν Τρύφων φησὶν ἐν τοῖς περὶ ζῴων τὸν τριγόλαν τινὰς οἴεσθαι κόκκυγα εἶναι διά τε τὸ ἐμφερὲς καὶ τὴν τῶν ὀπισθίων ξηρότητα, ἣν σεσημείωται ὁ Σώφρων λέγων τρίγλας μὲν γένηον, ὁ τριγόλα δ’ ὀπισθίδια.
But Plato, in his Phaon, says—The mullet is not wholesome for the nerves,For it is sacred to the chaste Diana,And all excitement hates.But the mullet is attributed to Hecate as her fish, on account of the common derivation of their names; for Hecate is called τριοδῖτις, as presiding over places where three roads met, and τρίγληνος, as having three eyes; and also they provide her a banquet on the thirtieth day of each month (ταῖς τριακάσι). And, on similar principles, they assign to Apollo the fish κίθαρος, from κιθάρα (the harp); and the βόαξ to Mercury, from βοάω (to speak); and the κιττὸς to Bacchus, from κισσὸς(ivy); and the φάλαρις to Venus, as Aristophanes in his Birds says, from the similarity of its name to the word φαλλός. And so the bird called the νῆσσα (or duck), they call Neptune's bird; and the sea production which we call ἀφυὰ, and others ἀφρύα, and which is more generally called ἀφρὸς (foam), they also give to him; though they say that this also is very dear to Venus, because she herself was born of foam. But Apollodorus, in his books concerning the Gods, says that the mullet is sacrificed to Hecate on account of the resemblance of their names; for that the goddess is τρίμορφος, of a triple form. But Melanthus, in his treatise on the Eleusinian Mysteries, says that both the τρίγλη and the μαινὶς (or sprat), are sacred to Hecate, because Hecate is also a goddess of the sea. But Hegesander the Delphian says that the mullet is accustomed to be carried about in the Artemisia, because it is accustomed diligently to hunt out and destroy the sea-hares, which are poisonous animals; on which account, as it does this to the great benefit of mankind, the mullet as a huntress is considered sacred to the goddess who is also a huntress. And Sophron has called the mullet “bearded,” because those which have beards are better flavoured than those which have not. And there is a place at Athens called τρίγλα, and there there is a shrine to ʽἑκάτη τριγανθίνη; on which account Chariclides, in his Chain, says—O mistress Hecate, Trioditis,With three forms (τρίμορφε) and three faces (τριπρόσωπε),Propitiated with mullets (τρίγλαις).
Πλάτων δ’ ἐν Φάωνί φησι· τρίγλη δ’ οὐκ ἐθέλει νεύρων ἐπιήρανος εἶναι· παρθένου Ἀρτέμιδος γὰρ ἔφυ καὶ στύματα μισεῖ, τῇ δὲ Ἑκάτῃ ἀποδίδοται ἡ τρίγλη διὰ τὴν τῆς ὀνομασίας κοινότητα· τριοδῖτις γὰρ καὶ τρίγληνος, καὶ ταῖς τριακάσι δ’ αὐτῇ τὰ δεῖπνα φέρουσι. κατὰ τὸ παραπλήσιον δ’ οἰκειοῦσιν Ἀπόλλωνι μὲν κίθαρον, Ἑρμῇ δὲ βόακα, Διονύσῳ δὲ κιττὸν καὶ ᾽ Ἀφροδίτῃ φαλαρίδα, ὡς Ἀριστοφάνης ἐν Ὄρνισι, κατὰ συνέμφασιν τοῦ φαλλοῦ. καὶ τὴν νῆτταν δὲ καλουμένην Ποσειδῶνί τινες οἰκειοῦσι. καὶ τὸν θαλάττιον γόνον, ὃν ἡμεῖς μὲν ἀφύην, ἄλλοι δὲ ἀφρῖτιν ὀνομάζουσιν, οἱ δὲ ἀφρὸν προσφιλέστατον δ’ εἶναι καὶ τοῦτον Ἀφροδίτῃ διὰ τὸ καὶ αὐτὴν ἐξ ἀφροῦ γεννηθῆναι. Ἀπολλόδωρος δ’ ἐν τοῖς περὶ θεῶν τῇ Ἑκάτῃ φησὶ θύεσθαι τρίγλην διὰ τὴν τοῦ ὀνόματος οἰκειότητα· τρίμορφος γὰρ ἡ θεός, Μελάνθιος δ’ ἐν τῷ περὶ τῶν ἐν Ἐλευσῖνι μυστηρίων καὶ τρίγλην καὶ μαινίδα, ὅτι καὶ θαλάττιος ἡ Ἑκάτη. Ἡγήσανδρος δὲ ὁ Δελφὸς τρίγλην παραφέρεσθαι ἐν τοῖς Ἀρτεμισίοις διὰ τὸ δοκεῖν τοὺς θαλασσίους λαγὼς θανασίμους ὄντας θηρεύειν ἐπιμελῶς καὶ καταναλίσκειν. διόπερ ὡς ἐπ’ ὠφελείᾳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῦτο ποιοῦσα τῇ κυνηγετικῇ θεῷ ἡ κυνηγέτις ἀνάκειται. γενεᾶτιν δὲ ἔφη τὴν τρίγλην Σώφρων, ἐπεὶ αἱ τὸ γένειον ἔχουσαι ἡδίονές εἰσι μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων. Ἀθήνησι δὲ καὶ τόπος τις Τρίγλα καλεῖται, καὶ αὐτόθι ἐστὶν ἀνάθημα τῇ Ἑκάτῃ Τριγλανθίνῃ. διὸ καὶ Χαρικλείδης ἐν Ἁλύσει φησί δέσποιν’ Ἑκάτη τριοδῖτι, τρίμορφε, τριπρόσωπε, τρίγλαις κηλευμένα.
And if the mullet, while alive, be choked with wine, and then a man drinks the wine, he will no longer be able to indulge in the pleasures of Venus, as Terpsicles tells us in his book on Amatory Pleasures. And if a woman drinks this same wine, she never becomes pregnant. Birds, too, are affected in the same manner. But Archestratus, that very learned man, after he has praised the Milesian mullet which are found at Teichius, proceeds to say—If you at Thasos are, then buy a mullet;You ne'er will get a worse, unless indeedYou go to Tius; but even those are fair:But at Erythræ they are caught in shoreAnd are most excellent.And Cratinus, in his Trophonius, says—And do not eat a red-flesh'd mullet hard,Brought from Aexona; nor of any turtle,Or mighty melanurus from those seas.But Nausicrates, the comic poet, praises the mullets from Aexona, in his Captains of Ships, saying—Those yellow fleshed fish, which the high waveThat beats Aexona brings towards the shore,The best of fish; with which we venerateThe light-bestowing daughter of great Jove;When sailors offer gifts of feasts to heaven.B. You mean the mullet.
ἐὰν δ’ ἐναποπνιγῇ τρίγλη ζῶσα ἐν οἴνῳ καὶ τοῦτο ἀνήρ πίῃ, ἀφροδισιάζειν οὐ δυνήσεται, ὡς Τερψικλῆς ἱστορεῖ ἐν τῷ περὶ ἀφροδισίων, κἂν γυνὴ δὲ πίῃ τοῦ αὐτοῦ οἴνου, οὐ κυίσκεται. ὁμοίως δὲ οὐδὲ ὄρνις, ὁ δὲ πολυίστωρ Ἀρχέστρατος ἐπαινέσας τὰς κατὰ Τειχιοῦντα τῆς Μιλησίας τρίγλας ἑξῆς φησι· κἀν Θάσῳ ὀψώνει τρίγλην κοὐ χείρονα λήψῃ ταύτης· ἐν δὲ Τέῳ χείρω, κεδνὴ δὲ καὶ αὐτή· ἐν δ’ Ἐρυθραῖς ἀγαθὴ θηρεύεται αἰγιαλῖτις. Κρατῖνος δ’ ἐν Τροφωνίῳ φησὶν οὐδ’ Αἰξωνίδ᾽ ἐρυθρόχρων ἐσθίειν ἔτι τρίγλην οὐδὲ τρυγόνος οὐδὲ δεινοῦ φυὴν μελανούρου. Ναυσικράτης δ’ ὁ κωμῳδιοποιὸς ἐπαινεῖ τὰς Αἰξωνικὰς τρίγλας ἐν Ναυκλήροις λέγων οὕτως· μετ’ αὐτῶν δ’ εἰσὶν ἐκπρεπεῖς φύσιν αἱ ξανθοχρῶτες, αἷς κλύδων Αἰξωνικὸς πασῶν ἀρίστας ἐντόπους παιδεύεται· αἷς καὶ θεὰν τιμῶσι φωσφόρον κόρην, δείπνων ὅταν πέμπωσι δῶρα ναυτίλοι. β. τρίγλας λέγεις.
There is, too, the tænia; and this is mentioned by Epicharmus:—The most belovèd tænia, which are thin,But highly flavour'd, and need little fire.And Mithæcus, in his Cookery Book, says—“Having taken out the entrails of the tænia, and cut off its head, and washed it, and having cut it into slices, sprinkle over it cheese and oil.” But this fish is found in the greatest number and in the finest condition off Canopus, which is near Alexandria; and also off Seleucia, which is close to Antioch. But when Eupolis, in his Prospaltii, says—His mother was a Thracian woman,A seller of tænie;he then means by the word ταινία, not the fish, but those pieces of woven work and girdles with which women bind their waists.
Ταινίαι. καὶ τούτων Ἐπίχαρμος μέμνηται· καὶ ταὶ φίνταται ταινίαι λεπταὶ μέν, ἁδῆαι δὲ κὠλίγου πυρός. Μίθαικος δ’ ἐν Ὀψαρτυτικῷ ταινίαν, φησίν, ἐκκοιλίξας, τὰν κεφαλὰν ἀποταμών, ἀποπλύνας καὶ ταμὼν τεμάχεα κατάχει τυρὸν καὶ ἔλαιον. πλεῖσται δὲ γίνονται καὶ κάλλισται κατὰ τὸν πρὸς τῇ Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ Κάνωπον καὶ ἐν Σελευκείᾳ τῇ πρὸς Ἀντιοχείᾳ, ὅταν δ’ Εὔπολις ἐν Προσπαλτίοις λέγῃ· μήτηρ τις αὐτῷ Θρᾷττα ταινιόπωλις, τὴν ἐπὶ τῶν ὑφασμάτων λέγει καὶ τῶν ζωνῶν αἷς αἱ γυναῖκες περιδέονται.
Another fish is the trachurus, or rough-tail. Diodes mentions this as a dry fish. And Numenius, in his Art of Fishing, says—The aconia and the wagtail too,And the... trachurus. There is also the taulopias. Concerning this fish, A chestratus says—When it is summer buy a good-sized headOf fresh taulopias, just when PhaethonIs driving his last course. Dress it with speed.Serve it up hot, and some good seasoning with it,Then take its entrails, spit and roast them too.
τράχουροι. τούτων ὡς ξηροτέρων μέμνηται Διοκλῆς. Νουμήνιος δ’ ἐν Ἁλιευτικῷ φησιν ἀλκύονας κίγκλους τε καὶ ἀπλοΐῃ τράχουρον. ταυλωπίας. περὶ τούτου Ἀρχέστρατος ἱστορεῖ· καὶ νεαροῦ μεγάλου τ’ αὐλωπία ἐν θέρει ὠνοῦ κρανί’ ὅταν Φαέθων πυμάτην ἁψῖδα διφρεύῃ· καὶ παράθες θερμὸν ταχέως καὶ τρίμμα μετ’ αὐτοῦ. ὄπτα δ’ ἀμφ’ ὀβελίσκον ἑλὼν ὑπογάστριον αὐτοῦ.
There is also the τευθὶς, [which is a kind of cuttle-fish, different from the σηπίο.] Aristotle says that this also is a gregarious fish, and that it has a great many things in com- mon with the sepia; such as the same number of feet, and the two proboscises: but of this kind the lower feet are the smaller, and the upper feet the larger; and of the proboscises, that on the right side is the thickest: and the whole body is delicate, and of a more oblong shape than the sepia. And the teuthis also has ink in its mutis, which, however, is not black, but of a pale colour. And its shell is very small, and cartilaginous. There is also the teuthus; and the only difference between the teuthus and the teuthis is in size: and the teuthus is of the size of three spans; and it is of a reddish colour. And of its two teeth, the lower one is the smallest, and the upper one is the largest; and both of them are black, and like a hawk's beak. And when it is slit open, it has a paunch like a pig's paunch. Aristotle, in the fifth book of his Parts of Animals, says that both the teuthus and the sepia are short-lived fish. And Archestratus, who travelled and sailed over the whole earth, for the sake of gratifying his greedy appetite, says,—The best of all the teuthides are thoseCaught near Pierian Dium, near the streamOf Baphyras. And in Ambracia's portYou will see mighty shoals of this same fish.And Alexis, in his Eretrian, introduces a cook speaking in this way—Teuthides, thornbacks, rays, and fatAnchovies, lumps of meat, and paunches too.I took the teuthides, cut off their fins,Adding a little fat; I then did sprinkleSome thin shred herbs o'er all for seasoning.There is also a sort of cake or confectionary called τευθὶς, which is mentioned by Iatrocles, in his book on the Art of making Bread, as Pamphilus quotes.
Τευθὶς. Ἀριστοτέλης εἶναί φησι καὶ ταύτην τῶν συναγελαζομένων ἔχειν τε τὰ πλεῖστα τῆς σηπίας, τὸν τῶν ποδῶν ἀριθμόν, τὰς προβοσκίδας. τῶν δὲ ταύτης ποδῶν οἱ μὲν κάτω μικροὶ εἰσιν, οἱ δ’ ἄνω μείζους· καὶ τῶν προβοσκίδων ἡ δεξιὰ παχυτέρα, καὶ τὸ ὅλον σωμάτιον τρυφερὸν καὶ ὑπομηκέστερον. ἔχει δὲ καὶ θολὸν ἐν τῇ μύτιδι οὐ μέλανα ἀλλ’ ὠχρὸν καὶ τὸ ὄστρακον μικρὸν λίαν καὶ χονδρῶδες. τεῦθος. ὁ δὲ τεῦθος μόνῳ τούτῳ διαφέρει, τῷ μεγέθει· γίνεται δὲ καὶ τριῶν σπιθαμῶν, τὸ δὲ χρῶμά ἐστιν ὑπέρυθρος καὶ τῶν ὀδόντων τὸν μὲν κάτω ἐλάττονα ἔχει, τὸν δὲ ἄνω μείζονα, ἄμφω δὲ μέλανας καὶ ὁμοίους ῥύγχει ἱέρακος. ἀναπτυχθεὶς δὲ κοιλίαν ἔχει ὁμοίαν ταῖς ὑείαις. ἐν δὲ εʹ μορίων βραχύβιά φησιν εἶναι τὸν τεῦθον καὶ τὴν σηπίαν, Ἀρχέστρατος δ’ ὁ πᾶσαν γῆν καὶ θάλασσαν διὰ γαστριμαργίαν περιελθών φησι· τευθίδες ἐν Δίῳ τῷ Πιερικῷ παρὰ χεῦμα Βαφύρα· καὶ ἐν Ἀμβρακίᾳ παμπληθέας ὄψει. Ἄλεξις δὲ ἐν Ἐρετρικῷ τάδε ποιεῖ λέγοντα μάγειρον τευθίδες, σπίναι, βατίς, χῆμος, ἀφύαι, κρεᾴδι’, ἐντερίδια· ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν τευθίδας, τὰ πτερύγι’ αὐτῶν συντεμών, στεατίου μικρὸν παραμίξας, περιπάσας ἡδύσμασι λεπτοῖσι χλωροῖς ὠνθύλευσα. καὶ πέμμα δέ τι τευθίδα ὀνομάζειν Ἰατροκλέα ἐν Ἀρτοποιικῷ φησι Πάμφιλος.
Then there is the sea-pig. Epicharmus, in his Hebe's Wedding, says—There were hyænides, buglossi,There was the harp-fish too in numbers.And he also calls them not only ὑαινίδες, but also ὕες in the following lines—There were too chalcides and sea-pigs (ὕες),And sea-hawks, and the fat sea-dog.Unless, indeed, when he uses the word ὗς here, he means the same animal which is also called κάπρος, the sea-boa. But Numenius, in his Art of Fishing, enumerates plainly enough some sort of ὕαινα or plaice, when he says—The cantharis, hyæna, and the mullet.And Dionysius, in his Cookery Book, also speaks of the hyæna or plaice. And Archestratus, that prince of cooks and epicures says,—At Aenus or at Potus buy the sea-pig,Which some men call the digger of the sand,Then boil his head, adding no seasoning,But only water, stirring it full often,And add some pounded hyssop; if you wantAnything more, pour on some pungent vinegar;Steep it in that, then eat it with such hasteAs if your object were to choke yourself.But roast its neck, and all its other parts.And perhaps it is the sea-pig which Numenius, in his Art of Fishing, calls the psamathis, or sand-fish, when he says—Sometimes the fierce carcharias, and sometimesThe psamathis, delighting in the surf.
ὗες. Ἐπίχαρμος ἐν Ἥβας γάμῳ· ἦν δ’ ὑαινίδες τε βούγλωσσοί τε καὶ κίθαρος ἐνῆς. λέγει δέ τινας καὶ ὕας διὰ τούτων χαλκίδες θ’ ὕες τε ἱέρακές τε χὠ πίων κύων, εἰ μὴ ἄρα οὗτοι οἱ αὐτοί εἰσι τῷ κάπρῳ. Νουμήνιος δ’ ἐν τῷ Ἁλιευτικῷ ἄντικρυς ὕαινάν τινα καταριθμεῖται ἐν τούτοις· κανθαρίδα προφανεῖσαν ὕαινάν τε τρίγλην τε. καὶ Διονύσιος δ’ ἐν Ὀψαρτυτικῷ τῆς ὑαίνης μνημονεύει. Ἀρχέστρατος δ’ ὁ ὀψοδαίδαλος· ἐν δ’ Αἴνῳ καὶ τῷ Πόντῳ τὴν ὗν ἀγόραζε, ἣν καλέουσί τινες θνητῶν ψαμμῖτιν ὀρυκτήν. τούτου τὴν κεφαλὴν ἕψειν μηδὲν προσενεγκὼν ἥδυσμ᾽, ἀλλ’ ἐς ὕδωρ μόνον ἐνθεὶς καὶ θαμὰ κινῶν ὕσσωπον παράθες τρίψας, κἂν ἄλλο τι χρῄζῃς, δριμὺ διεὶς ὄξος· κᾆτ’ ἔμβαπτ’ εὖ καὶ ἐπείγου οὕτως ὡς πνίγεσθαι ὑπὸ σπουδῆς καταπίνων. τὴν λοφιὰν δ’ ὀπτᾶν αὐτῆς καὶ τἄλλα τὰ πλεῖστα. μήποτ’ οὖν καὶ ὁ Νουμήνιος ἐν τῷ Ἁλιευτικῷ τὴν ὗν ψαμαθῖδα καλεῖ ἐπὰν λέγῃ· ἄλλοτε καρχαρίην, ὁτὲ δὲ ῥόθιον ψαμαθῖδα.
Then there is the hyces. Callimachus, in his epigrams, calls the hyces the sacred fish, in these lines—And he does deem the sacred hyces god.And Numenius, in his Art of Fishing, says—The spar, or the gregarious hyces;Or phagrus, ever wand'ring near the rocks.And Timæus, in the thirteenth book of his Histories, speaking of the town in Sicily, (I mean the town of Hyccara,) says that this town derived its name from the circumstance of the first man who arrived at the place finding abundance of the fish called hyces, and those too in a breeding condition; and they, taking this for an omen, called the place Hyccarus. But Zenodotus says that the Cyrenæans call the hyces the erythrinus. But Hermippus of Smyrna, in his essay on Hipponax, when he speaks of the hyces, means the iulis; and says that it is very hard to catch; on which account Philetas says—Nor was the hyces the last fish who fled.
υκαι. καὶ τὸν ὕκην Καλλίμαχος ἐν ἐπιγράμμασιν ἱερὸν ἰχθὺν καλεῖ διὰ τούτων θεὸς δὲ οἱ ἱερὸς ὕκης. Νουμήνιος δ’ ἐν Ἁλιευτικῷ· ἢ σπάρον ἢ ὕκας ἀγεληίδας ἢ ἐπὶ φάγρον πέτρῃ ἀλωόμενον. Τίμαιος δ’ ἐν τῇ ιγ’ τῶν ἱστοριῶν περὶ τοῦ Σικελικοῦ πολιχνίου λέγω δὲ τῶν Ὑκάρων διαλεγόμενος προσαγορευθῆναί φησι τὸ πολίχνιον διὰ τὸ τοὺς πρώτους τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐλθόντας ἐπὶ τὸν τόπον ἰχθῦς εὑρεῖν τοὺς καλουμένους ὕκας καὶ τούτους ἐγκύους· δι’ οὓς οἰωνισαμένους Ὕκαρον ὀνομάσαι τὸ χωρίον. Ζηνόδοτος δέ φησι Κυρηναίους τὸν ὕκην ἐρυθρῖνον καλεῖν. Ἕρμιππος δὲ ὁ Σμυρναῖος ἐν τοῖς περὶ Ἱππώνακτος ὕκην ἀκούει τὴν ἰουλίδα· εἶναι δ’ αὐτὴν δυσθήρατον, διὸ καὶ Φιλίταν φάναι· οὐδ’ ὕκης ἰχθὺς ἔσχατος ἐξέφυγε.
There is also the phagrus. Speusippus, in the second book of his Things resembling one another, says that the phagrus, the erythrinus, and the hepatus, are very much alike. And Numenius also has mentioned it in the lines which have been quoted not long ago. But Aristotle says that he is a carnivorous and solitary fish; and that he has a heart of a triangular shape, and that he is in season in the spring. And Epicharmus, in his Hebe's Wedding, speaks of theAones, and the phagri, and the pikes.And Metagenes also mentions them in his Thurio-Persæ. And Ameipsias says in his Connus—A food for orphi and selachia,And for the greedy phagri.And Icesius says—“The phagrus, and the chromis, and the anthias, and the acharnanes, and the orphi, and the synodons, and the synagrides, are all very nearly akin to one another; for they are sweet and astringent, and nutritious, but in the same proportion they are hard of digestion. And those of them which are fleshy, and which are caught nearer land, are the most nutritious, and those also which have the least fat.” But Archestratus says—'Tis when the dogstar rises in the skyThat you should eat the phagrus; speciallyIf you in Delos or Eretria are,Or other favouring harbours of the sea;But, if you can, purchase his head alone,And tail; and bring no more within your doors.Strattis also mentions the phagrus in his Lemnomeda—Eating a number of large phagri.And in his Philoctetes he says—Then, going to the market, they will buyA great abundance of large phagri, andSlices of tender round Copaic eel.There is also a kind of stone called the phagrus. For the whetstone is called so among the Cretans, as Simmias testifies.
φάγρος. Σπεύσιππος ἐν δευτέρῳ Ὁμοίων παραπλήσιά φησιν εἶναι φάγρον, ἐρυθρῖνον, ἥπατον. ἐμνημόνευσε δ’ αὐτοῦ καὶ Νουμήνιος ἐν τοῖς προκειμένοις. Ἀριστοτέλης δὲ σαρκοφάγον φησὶν αὐτῶν εἶναι καὶ μονήρη καρδίαν τε ἔχειν τρίγωνον ἀκμάζειν τε ἔαρος. Ἐπίχαρμος δ’ ἐν Ἥβας γάμῳ φησὶν ἀόνες φάγροι τε καὶ λάβρακες. μνημονεύει δ’ αὐτῶν καὶ Μεταγένης ἐν Θουριοπέρσαις. Ἀμειψίας δ’ ἐν Κόννῳ· ὀρφῷσι σελαχίοις τε καὶ φάγροις βοράν. Ἱκέσιος δέ φησι· φάγροι καὶ χρόμις καὶ ἀνθίας καὶ ἀκαρνᾶνες καὶ ὀρφοὶ καὶ συνόδοντες καὶ συναγρίδες τῷ μὲν γένει παραπλήσιοι ὑπάρχουσιν γλυκεῖς τε γὰρ καὶ παραστύφοντες καὶ τρόφιμοι· κατὰ λόγον δὲ καὶ δυσέκκριτοι. τροφιμώτεροι δ’ αὐτῶν οἱ σαρκώδεις καὶ γεωδέστεροι ἐλάττονά τε πιμελὴν ἔχοντες. Ἀρχέστρατος δέ φησι Σειρίου ἀντέλλοντος δεῖν τὸν φάγρον ἐσθίειν Δήλῳ τ’ Εἰρετρίᾳ τε κατ’ εὐλιμένους ἁλὸς οἴκους. τὴν κεφαλὴν δ’ αὐτοῦ μόνον ὠνοῦ καὶ μετ’ ἐκείνης οὐραῖον τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ δόμον, φίλε, μηδ’ ἐσενέγκῃς. μνημονεύει τοῦ φάγρου καὶ Στράττις ἐν Λημνομέδᾳ· πολλοὺς ἥδη μεγάλους τε φάγρους ἐγκάψας. καὶ ἐν Φιλοκτήτῃ· κᾆτ’ εἰς ἀγορὰν ἐλθόντες ἁδροὺς ὀψωνοῦσιν μεγάλους τε φάγρους καὶ Κωπᾴδων ἁπαλῶν τεμάχη στρογγυλοπλεύρων. ἐστὶ δὲ καὶ γένος λίθου φάγρος. ἡ γὰρ ἀκόνη κατὰ Κρῆτας φάγρος, ὥς φησι Σιμίας.
There is also the channa. Epicharmus, in his Hebe's Wedding, says—The channa, with large mouth, and then the cod,With deep and spacious belly.Numenius, in his Art of Fishing, says—The channas and the eel, and pitinus,Who only roams by night.Dorion also mentions him in his treatise on Fishes. But Aristotle, in his book on Animals, calls the channa a fish variegated with red and black; and he calls it also ποικιλόγραμμος, because it is marked with black lines.
χάνναι. Ἐπίχαρμος ἐν Ἥβας γάμῳ· μεγαλοχάσμονάς τε χάννας κἠκτραπελογάστορας ὄνους. Νουμήνιος ἐν Ἁλιευτικῷ· χάννους τ’ ἐγχέλυάς τε καὶ ἐννυχίην πύτινον. μνημονεύει δ’ αὐτοῦ καὶ Δωρίων ἐν τῷ περὶ ἰχθύων. Ἀριστοτέλης δὲ ἐν τῷ περὶ ζωικῶν ποικιλερυθρομέλαιναν αὐτὴν ὀνομάζει καὶ ποικιλόγραμμον διὰ τὸ μελαίναις γραμμαῖς πεποικίλθαι.
There is the chromis; this also is spoken of by Epicharmus, who says—There is the sword-fish and the chromias,Who, in the spring, as Ananius says,Is of all fish the daintiest.And Numenius, in his Art of Fishing, says—The hyces, or the beautiful callicthys,Or else the chromis, and sometimes the orphus.And Archestratus says—You may catch noble chromises in Pella,And they are fat when it is midsummer;And in Ambracia likewise they abound.
Χρόμις. καὶ τούτου μνημονεύει Ἐπίχαρμος λέγων καὶ σκιφίας χρόμις θ᾽, ὃς ἐν τῷ ἦρι κὰτ τὸν Ἀνάνιον ἰχθύων πάντων ἄριστος. Νουμήνιος δ’ ἐν Ἁλιευτικῷ· ὕκην ἢ κάλλιχθυν, ὁτὲ χρόμιν, ἄλλοτε δ’ ὀρφόν. καὶ Ἀρχέστρατος· τὸν χρόμιν ἐν Πέλλῃ λήψῃ μέγαν ἐστὶ δὲ πίων ἂν θέρος ᾖ καὶ ἐν Ἀμβρακίᾳ.
There is also the chrysophrys. Archippus says in his Fishes—The chrysophrys, sacred to Cytherean Venus.And Icesius says that these fish are the best of all fish in sweetness, and also in delicacy of flavour in other respects. They are also most nutritious. They produce their young, as Aristotle says, in a manner similar to the cestres, wherever there are flowing rivers. Epicharmus mentions them in his Muses; and Dorion also, in his book on Fishes. And Eupolis, in his Flatterers, says—I spent a hundred drachmas upon fish,And only got eight pike, and twelve chrysophryes.But the wise Archestratus, in his Suggestions, says—Pass not the chrysophrys from EphesusUnheeded by; which the Ephesians callThe ioniscus. Take him eagerly,The produce of the venerable Selinus;Wash him, and roast him whole, and serve him up,Though he be ten full cubits long.
χρύσοφρυς. Ἄρχιππος ἐν Ἰχθύσιν· ἱεροὺς Ἀφροδίτης χρυσόφρυς Κυθηρίας. τοὺς δ’ ἰχθῦς τούτους φησὶν Ἱκέσιος καὶ τῇ γλυκύτητι καὶ τῇ ἄλλῃ εὐστομίᾳ πάντων εἶναι ἀρίστους, εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ τροφιμώτατοι. τίκτουσι δέ, ὥς φησιν Ἀριστοτέλης, ὁμοίως τοῖς κεστρεῦσιν οὗ ἂν ποταμοὶ ῥέωσιν. μνημονεύει δ’ αὐτῶν καὶ Ἐπίχαρμος ἐν Μούσαις καὶ Δωρίων ἐν τῷ περὶ ἰχθύων. Εὔπολις δ’ ἐν Κόλαξί φησιν ` δραχμῶν ἑκατὸν ἰχθῦς ἐώνημαι μόνον ὀκτὼ λάβρακας, χρυσόφρυς δὲ δώδεκα. ὁ δὲ σοφὸς Ἀρχέστρατος ἐν ταῖς ὑποθήκαις λέγει· χρύσοφρυν ἐξ Ἐφέσου τὸν πίονα μὴ παράλειπε, ὃν κεῖνοι καλέουσιν ἰωνίσκον λαβὲ δ’ αὐτὸν θρέμμα Σελινοῦντος σεμνοῦ, πλῦνον δέ νιν ὀρθῶς, εἶθ’ ὅλον ὀπτήσας παράθες, κἂν ᾖ δεκάπηχυς.
There is a fish, too, called the chalcis; and others which resemble it, namely, the thrissa, the trichis, and the eritimus. Icesius says, the fish called the chalcis, ad the sea-goat, and the needle-fish, and the thrissa, are like chaff destitute alike of fat and of juice. And Epicharmus, in his Hebe's Wedding, says—The chalcides, the sea-pig too,The sea-hawk, and the fat sea-dog.But Dorion calls it the chalcidice. And Numenius says,—But you would thus harpoon, in the same way,That chalcis and the little tiny sprat.But the χαλκεὺς is different from the χαλκὶς; and the χαλκεὺς is mentioned by Heraclides, in his Cookery Book; and by Euthydemus, in his book on Cured Fish, who says that they are bred in the country of the Cyzicenes, being a round and circular fish. But the thrissa is mentioned by Aristotle in his book on Animals and Fishes, in these words—“The following are stationary fish: the thrissa, the encrasicholus, the membras anchovy, the coracinus, the erythrinus, and the trichis.” And Eupolis mentions the trichis in his Flatterers;—He was a stingy man, who once in his lifeBefore the war did buy some trichides;But in the Samian war, a ha'p'orth of meat.And Aristophanes, in his Knights, says—If trichides were to be a penny a hundred.But Dorion, in his treatise on Fishes, speaks also of the river Thrissa; and calls the trichis trichias. Nicochares, in his Lemnian Women, says—The trichias, and the premas tunny too,Placed in enormous quantities for supper.(But there was a kind of tunny which they used to call premnas. Plato, in his Europa, has these lines—He once, when fishing, saw one of such sizeA man could scarcely carry it, in a shoalOf premnades, and then he let it go,Because it was a boax.)And Aristotle, in the fifth book of his Parts of Animals, calls it a trichias also, but in the book which is entitled ζωϊκὸν, he calls it trichis. And it is said that this fish is delighted with dancing and singing, and that when it hears music it leaps up out of the sea. Dorion also mentions the eritimi, saying, that they are much the same as the chalcides, and that they are very nice in forced meat. And Epænetus, in his book upon Fishes, says—“The sea-weasel; the smaris, which some call the dog'sbed; the chalcides, which they also call sardini; the eritimi, the sea-hawk, and the sea-swallow.” And Aristotle, in the fifth book of his Parts of Animals, calls them sardines. And Callimachus, in his Names used by different Nations, writes thus—“The encrasicholus, the eritimus, are names used by the Chalcedonians; the trichidia, the chalcis, the ictar, the atherina.” And in another part, giving a list of the names of fishes, he says—“The ozæna, the osmylnion, are names used by the Thurians; the iopes, the eritimi, are names used by the Athenians.” And Nicander mentions the iopes in his Bœotian,—But as when round a shoal of newly bornlopes, phagri, or fierce scopes roam,Or the large orphus.And Aristophanes, in his Ships of Burden, says—O wretched fish, the first of trichidesTo be immersed in pickle.For they used to steep in pickle all the fish which were proper to be dressed on the coals. And they called pickle, Thasian brine; as also the same poet says in his Wasps,—For before that it twice drank in the brine.
χαλκίδες καὶ τὰ ὅμοια, θρίσσαι, τριχίδες, ἐρίτιμοι. ἱκέσιός φησιν αἱ λεγόμεναι χαλκίδες καὶ οἱ τράγοι καὶ αἱ ῥαφίδες καὶ αἱ θρίσσαι ἀχυρώδεις καὶ ἀλιπεῖς καὶ ἄχυλοι. Ἐπίχαρμος δ’ ἐν Ἥβας γάμῳ· χαλκίδες θ’ ὕες τε ἱέρακές τε χὠ πίων κύων. Δωρίων δὲ χαλκιδικὰς αὐτὰς ὀνομάζει. Νουμήνιος δέ φησι· σὺ δ’ ἂν καὶ χαλκίδ’ ἐκείνῃ αὕτως ἀμπείραις ὀλίγην καὶ μαινίδα. διαφέρει δὲ τῆς χαλκίδος ὁ χαλκεύς, οὗ μνημονεύει Ἡρακλείδης ἐν Ὀψαρτυτικῷ καὶ Εὐθύδημος ἐν τῷ περὶ ταρίχων λέγων αὐτοὺς γίνεσθαι ἐν τῇ Κυζικηνῶν χώρᾳ περιφερεῖς τε εἶναι καὶ κυκλοειδεῖς. θρισσῶν δὲ μέμνηται Ἀριστοτέλης ἐν τῷ περὶ ζῴων καὶ ἰχθύων ἐν τούτοις· μόνιμα θρίσσα, ἐγκρασίχολος, μεμβράς, κορακῖνος, ἐρυθρῖνος, τριχίς. τριχίδων δὲ Εὔπολις ἐν Κόλαξιν ἐκεῖνος ἦν φειδωλός, ὃς ἐπὶ τοῦ βίου πρὸ τοῦ πολέμου μὲν τριχίδας ὠψώνησ’ ἅπαξ, ὅτε τἀν Σάμῳ δ’ ἦν, ἡμιωβελίου κρέα. Ἀριστοφάνης Ἱππεῦσι· αἱ τριχίδες εἰ γενοίαθ’ ἑκατὸν τοὐβολοῦ. Δωρίων δ’ ἐν τῷ περὶ ἰχθύων καὶ τῆς ποταμίας μέμνηται θρίσσης καὶ τὴν τριχίδα τριχίαν ὀνομάζει. Νικοχάρης Λημνίαις· τριχίας δὲ καὶ τὰς πρημνάδας τὰς θυννίδας ἐπὶ δεῖπνον ἡκούσας ὑπερπληθεῖς … πρημνάδας δὲ τὰς θυννίδας ἔλεγον. Πλάτων Εὐρώπῃ· ἁλιευόμενός ποτ’ αὐτὸν εἷλον ἀνδράχνῃ μετὰ πρημνάδων κἄπειτ’ ἀφῆχ’ ὅτι ἦν βόαξ. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης ἐν πέμπτῳ ζῴων μορίων ἐν δὲ τῷ ἐπιγραφομένῳ περὶ ζωικῶν τριχίδα. τῶν δὲ λεγομένων ἐσθ’ ὅτι ἥδεται ὀρχήσει καὶ ᾠδῇ καὶ ἀκούσασα ἀναπηδᾷ ἐκ τῆς θαλάσσης, τῶν δ’ ἐριτίμων μέμνηται Δωρίων ἐν τῷ περὶ ἰχθύων λέγων κατὰ τὸ αὐτὸ ποιεῖν ταῖς χαλκίσιν, ἡδεῖς δ’ εἶναι τὰς ἐν ὑποτρίμματι. Ἐπαίνετος δέ φησι γαλῆν, σμαρίδα, ἢν ἔνιοι καλοῦσι κυνὸς εὐναί, χαλκίδας, ἃς καλοῦσι καὶ σαρδίνους, ἐριτίμους, ἱέρακα, χελιδόνα. Ἀριστοτέλης δ’ ἐν πέμπτῳ ζῴων ἱστορίας σαρδίνους αὐτὰς καλεῖ. Καλλίμαχος δ’ ἐν ἐθνικαῖς ὀνομασίαις γράφει οὕτως· ἐγκρασίχολος, ἐρίτιμος Χαλκηδόνιοι. τριχίδια, χαλκίς, ἴκταρ, ἀθερίνη Ἀθηναῖοι. ἐν ἄλλῳ δὲ μέρει καταλέγων ἰχθύων ὀνομασίας φησὶν ὄζαινα, ὀσμύλιον Θούριοι, ἴωπες, ἐρίτιμοι Ἀθηναῖοι. τῶν δὲ ἰώπων μνημονεύει Νίκανδρος ἐν β’ Οἰταικῶν· ὡς δ’ ὁπότ’ ἀμφ’ ἀγέλῃσι νεηγενέεσσιν ἰώπων ἢ φάγροι ἢ σκῶπες ἀρείονες ἠὲ καὶ ὀρφός. Ἀριστοφάνης δ’ ἐν Ὁλκάσιν ὦ κακοδαίμων ὅστις ἐν ἅλμῃ πρῶτον τριχίδων ἀπεβάφθη. τοὺς γὰρ εἰς τὸ ἀπανθρακίζειν ἐπιτηδείους ἰχθῦς εἰς ἅλμην ἀπέβαπτον ἣν καὶ Θασίαν ἐκάλουν ἅλμην. ὡς καὶ ἐν Σφηξὶν ὁ αὐτός φησιν ποιητής ι καὶ γὰρ πρότερον δὶς ἀνθρακίδων ἅλμην πιών.
There is also a fish called the thratta. And since we have brought the discussion to this point, and have also discussed the thrissa; let us now examine what the thratta are, which are mentioned by Archippus, in his play called the Fishes. For in that play, in the treaty between the Fishes and the Athenians, he introduces the following sentences—And it is agreed on furtherThat both the high contracting partiesShall restore all they now do holdOf each other's property.We shall give up thus the Thrattæ,And the flute-playing Atherina,And Thyrsus's daughter Sepia,And the mullet, and Euclides,Who was archon t'other day,And the coraciontes too,Who from Anagyrus come;And the offspring of the tench,Who swims round sacred Salamis;And the frog who's seated near,From the marshes of Oreum.Now in these lines, perhaps a man may ask what sort of thrattæ among the fishes are meant here, which the fish agree to give up to the men. And since I have got some private things written out on this subject, I will now recite to you that portion of them which bears most on the subject. The thratta, then, is really a genuine sea-fish; and Mnesimachus, in his Horse-breeder, mentions it; and Mnesimachus is a poet of the middle comedy. And he speaks thus—The mullet, and the lebias, and the sparus,The bright æolias, and the thratta too,The sea-swallow, the cars, and the cuttlefish.But Dorotheus of Ascalon, in the hundred and eighth book of his collection of Words, writes this name θέττα, either because he fell in with a copy of the drama with an incorrect text, or because, as he himself was unused to the word, he altered it so before he published it. But the name thetta does absolutely never occur in any Attic writer whatever. But that they were used to call a sea-fish by the name of thratta, that Anaxandrides establishes, speaking in this manner in his play called Lycurgus,—And sporting with the little coracini,With little perches, and the little thrattæ.And Antiphanes says in his Etrurian—A. He is of the Halæa borough. This is allThat now is left me, to be abused unjustly.B. Why so?A. He will (you'll see) bestow on meSome thratta. or sea-sparrow, or some lamprey,Or some enormous other marine evil.
Θρᾶιτται. ἐπεὶ δ’ ἐνταῦθα τοῦ λόγου ἐσμὲν προδιειλέγμεθά τε περὶ θρισσῶν, φέρε εἴπωμεν τίνες εἰσὶν αἱ παρὰ Ἀρχίππῳ ἐν Ἰχθύσι τῷ δράματι θρᾷτται. κατά τὰς συγγραφὰς γὰρ τῶν ἰχθύων καὶ Ἀθηναίων ταυτὶ πεποίηκεν ἀποδοῦναι δ’ ὅσα ἔχομεν ἀλλήλων, ἡμᾶς μὲν τὰς Θρᾴττας καὶ Ἀθερίνην τὴν αὐλητρίδα καὶ Σηπίαν τὴν Θύρσου καὶ τοὺς Τριγλίας καὶ Εὐκλείδην τὸν ἄρξαντα καὶ Ἀναγυρουντόθεν τοὺς Κορακίωνας καὶ Κωβιοῦ τοῦ Σαλαμινίου τὸν τόκον καὶ Βάτραχον τὸν πάρεδρον τὸν ἐξ ᾽ Ὠρεοῦ. ἐν τούτοις ἄν τις ζητήσειε ποίας θρᾴττας παρὰ τοῖς ἰχθύσιν εἶναι συμβέβηκεν, τοῖς ἀποδοῦναι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις συντίθενται· ἐπεὶ οὖν ἰδίᾳ μοι συγγέγραπταί τι περὶ τούτου, αὐτὰ τὸ καιριώτατα νῦν λέξω. ἰχθύδιον οὖν ἐστιν ἀληθῶς ἡ θρᾷττα θαλάττιον. καὶ μνημονεύει αὐτοῦ Μνησίμαχος ἐν Ἱπποτρόφῳ ποιητὴς δ’ ἐστὶν οὗτος τῆς μέσης κωμῳδίας· λέγει δ’ οὕτως· μύλλος, λεβίας, σπάρος, αἰολίας, θρᾷττα χελιδών, καρίς, τευθίς. Δωρόθεος δ’ ὁ Ἀσκαλωνίτης ἐν τῷ ὀγδόῳ πρὸς τοῖς ἑκατὸν τῆς λέξεων συναγωγῆς θέτταν γράφει, ἤτοι ἡμαρτημένῳ περιτυχὼν τῷ δράματι ἢ διὰ τὸ ἄηθες τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτὸς διορθώσας ἐξήνεγκεν. ὅλως δ’ οὐδ’ ἔστι τὸ τῆς θέττης ὄνομα παρὰ οὐδενὶ τῶν Ἀττικῶν, ὅτι δὲ θρᾷτταν ἔλεγον τὸ θαλάττιον ἰχθύδιον καὶ Ἀναξανδρίδης παρίστησιν ἐν Λυκούργῳ λέγων οὕτως· καὶ συμπαίζει καριδαρίοις μετὰ περκιδίων καὶ θρᾳττιδίων. καὶ Ἀντιφάνης ἐν Τυρρηνῷ· δήμου δ’ Ἁλαιεύς ἐστιν. β. ἓν γὰρ τοῦτό μοι κατάλοιπόν ἐστιν, καὶ κακῶς ἀκούσομαι. α. τί δῆτα τοῦτο; β. θρᾷτταν ἢ ψῆττὰν τιν’ ἢ μύραιναν ἢ κακὸν τί μοι δώσει μέγα θαλάττιον.
We come now to the sea-sparrow. Diodes enumerates this fish among the drier kinds. But Speusippus, in the second book of his Things resembling one another, says that the sea-sparrow and the buglossus and the tænia are very much alike. But Aristotle, in the fifth book of his Parts of Animals, writes—“And in the same manner the greater number of the small fish have young once a year; such as those which are called chyti, which are surrounded by a net, namely, the chromis, the sea-sparrow, the tunny, the pelamys, the cestreus, the chalcis, and others of the same sort.” And in his treatise on Animals he says—“These fish are cartilaginous, the sea-cow, the turtle, the torpedo, the ray, the sea-frog, the buglossa, the sea-sparrow, the mussel.” But Dorion, in his book on Fishes, says—“But of flat fish there is the buglossus, the sea-sparrow, the escharus, which they also call the coris.” The buglossi are mentioned also by Epicharmus in his Hebe's Wedding—Hyænides, buglossi, and a citharus.And Lynceus the Samian, in his Letters, says that the finest sea-sparrows are procured near Eleusis, in Attica. And Archestratus says—Remember then to get a fine sea-sparrow,And a rough-skinn'd buglossus, near the portOf sacred ChalcisBut the Romans call the sea-sparrow rhombus; which, how- ever, is a Greek name. And Nausicrates, in his Sea Captains, having first mentioned the sea-grayling, proceeds in this manner—A. Those yellow-fleshed fish, which the high waveThat beats Aexona brings towards the shore,The best of fish; with which we venerateThe light-bestowing daughter of great Jove;When sailors offer gifts of feasts to heaven.B. You mean the muller, with its milky colour,Which the Sicilian multitude calls rhombus.
ψῆτται. ταύτας Διοκλῆς ἐν τοῖς ξηροτέροις καταριθμεῖται. Σπεύσιππος δ’ ἐν β’ Ὁμοίων παραπλήσιά φησιν εἶναι ψῆτταν, βούγλωσσον, ταινίαν. Ἀριστοτέλης δ’ ἐν εʹ ζῴων μορίων γράφει· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῶν ἰχθύων οἱ πλεῖστοι ἅπαξ τίκτουσιν, οἷον οἱ χυτοὶ οἱ τῷ δικτύῳ περιεχόμενοι, χρόμις, ψῆττα, θύννος, πηλαμύς, κεστρεύς, χαλκίδες καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα. ἐν δὲ τῷ περὶ ζωικῶν σελάχη, φησί, βοῦς, τρυγών, νάρκη, βατίς, βάτραχος, βούγλωττος, ψῆττα, μῦς. Δωρίων δὲ ἐν τῷ περὶ ἰχθύων γράφει· τῶν δὲ πλατέων βούγλωττον, ψῆτταν, ἔσχαρον, ὃν καλοῦσι καὶ κόριν. βουγλώσσους δ’ ὀνομάζει καὶ Ἐπίχαρμος ἐν Ἥβας γάμῳ ὑαινίδες τε βούγλωσσοί τε καὶ κίθαρος. Λυγκεὺς δ’ ὁ Σάμιος ἐν ἐπιστολαῖς τὰς καλλίστας γίνεσθαί φησι ψήττας περὶ Ἐλευσῖνα τῆς Ἀττικῆς. Ἀρχέστρατος δέ φησιν εἶτα λαβεῖν ψῆτταν μεγάλην καὶ τὴν ὑπότρηχυν βούγλωσσον, ταύτην δὲ θέρευς, περὶ Χαλκίδα κεδνήν. Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ καλοῦσι τὴν ψῆτταν ῥόμβον, καί ἐστι τὸ ὄνομα Ἑλληνικόν. Ναυσικράτης ἐν Ναυκλήροις· προειπὼν δὲ περὶ γλαύκου τοῦ ἰχθύος ἐπιφέρει· αἱ ξανθοχρῶτες, ἃς κλύδων Αἰξωνικὸς πασῶν ἀρίστας ἐντόπους παιδεύεται· αἷς καὶ θεὰν τιμῶσι φωσφόρον κόρην, δείπνων ὅταν πέμπωσι δῶρα ναυτίλοι. β. τρίγλαν λέγεις γαλακτοχρῶτα Σικελὸς ὃν πήγνυσοχλος ῥόμβος.
So now, having given you, O Timocrates, the whole of the conversation which took place among the Deipnosophists on the subject of fish, we may conclude our book here; and unless you want some other kind of food, we will end by setting before you what Eubulus has said in his Lacedæmonians, or Leda;—Besides all this you now shall haveA slice of tunny, a slice of pork,Some paunch of kid, some liver of goat,Some ram, the entrails of an ox,A lamb's head, and a kid's intestines;The belly of a hare, a pudding,Some tripe, black-puddings, and a sausage.Being sated, therefore, with all this, let us now take due care of our bodies, in order to be able to feed comfortably on what is coming next.
πεπληρωκότες τὴν περὶ ἰχθύων γενομένην τοῖς δειπνοσοφισταῖς ἀδολεσχίαν, ὦ Τιμόκρατες, αὐτοῦ τὸν λόγον καταπαύσαντες, εἰ μή τι καὶ ἄλλων σοι δεῖ βρωμάτων, παραθήσομέν σοι καὶ ἃ Εὔβουλος εἴρηκεν ἐν Λάκωσιν ἢ Λήδᾳ· πρὸς τούτοισιν δὲ παρέσται σοι θύννου τέμαχος, κρέα δελφακίων χορδαὶ τ’ ἐρίφων ἧπάρ τε κάπρου κριοῦ τ’ ὄρχεις χόλικές τε βοὸς κρανία τ’ ἀρνῶν νῆστις τ’ ἐρίφου γαστήρ τε λαγώ, φύσκη, χορδή, πνεύμων ἀλλᾶς τε. ἐμφορηθεὶς οὖν καὶ τούτων ἔασον ἡμᾶς καὶ τοῦ σωματίου ἐπιμέλειαν ποιήσασθαι, ἵνα δυνηθῇς τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα εὐλόγως σιτεῖσθαι.