Antiphanes, that witty man, catalogues all the things which are peculiar to each city thus:—Cooks come from Elis, pots from Argos,Corinth blankets sends in barges,Phlius wine, and Sicyon fish,While cheese is a Sicilian dish.Aegium sends flute-playing maids;Perfumers ply their dainty tradesAt Athens, under Pallas' eye;Bœotia sends us eels to fry.And Hermippus says,Tell me, ye Muses, who th' Olympic heightCheer with your holy songs and presence bright;Tell me what blessings Bacchus gave to man,Since first his vessel o'er the waters ran.Ox-hides from Libya's coasts, and juicy kail:The narrow sea, still vocal with the wailOf lost Leander's bride, the tunny sends,And our first meal with kipper'd salmon mends.Groats come from Italy, and ribs of beef;While Thrace sends many a lie and many a thief.Still do the Spartans scratch their sides in vain,Mad with the itching of th' Odrysian pain.Then Syracuse gives cheese and well-fed pigs;Fair Athens olives sends, and luscious figs.Cursed of all islands let Corcyra be,Where no especial excellence we see.Sails come from Egypt, and this paper too;Incense from Syria; Crete upholds to viewThe cypress tall; and, dear to mighty Jove,In Paphlagonia grows the almond grove.The elephant sends its teeth from Afric's sands;Pears and fat sheep grow on Eubœa's lands;Rhodes sends us raisins, and beguiles the nightWith figs that make our dreams and slumbers lightFrom Phrygia slaves, allies from Area's land;The Pagas$ean ports their hirelings brand;Phœnicia sends us dates across the billows,??? nd Carthage, carpets rich, and well-stuft'd pillows.
ὅτι Ἀντιφάνης που ὁ χαρίεις τὰ ἐξ ἑκάστης πόλεως ἰδιώματα οὕτω καταλέγει· ἐξ Ἤλιδος μάγειρος, ἐξ Ἄργους λέβης, Φλιάσιος οἶνος, ἐκ Κορίνθου στρώματα, ἰχθῦς Σικυῶνος, Αἰγίου δ’ αὐλητρίδες, τυρὸς Σικελικός,, … μύρον ἐξ Ἀθηνῶν, ἐγχέλεις Βοιώτιαι. Ἕρμιππος δ’ οὕτως· ἕσπετε νῦν μοι, Μοῦσαι Ὀλύμπια δώματ’ ἔχουσαι, ἐξ οὗ ναυκληρεῖ Διόνυσος ἐπ᾽· οἴνοπα πόντον, ὅσσ’ ἀγάθ’ ἀνθρώποις δεῦρ’ ἤγαγε νηὶ μελαίνῃ. ἐκ μὲν Κυρήνης καυλὸν καὶ δέρμα βόειον ἐκ δ’ Ἑλλησπόντου σκόμβρους καὶ πάντα ταρίχη· ἐκ δ’ αὖ Θετταλίας χόνδρον καὶ πλευρὰ βόεια· καὶ παρὰ Σιτάλκου ψώραν Λακεδαιμονίοισι· καὶ παρὰ Περδίκκου ψεύδη ναυσὶν πάνυ πολλαῖς. αἱ δὲ Συράκουσαι σῦς καὶ τυρὸν παρέχουσι. καὶ Κερκυραίους ὁ Ποσειδῶν ἐξολέσειε ναυσὶν ἐπὶ γλαφυραῖς, ὁτιὴ δίχα θυμὸν ἔχουσι. ταῦτα μὲν ἐντεῦθεν· ἐκ δ’ Αἰγύπτου τὰ κρεμαστὰ ἱστία καὶ βίβλους· ἀπὸ δ’ αὖ Συρίας λιβανωτόν· ἡ δὲ καλὴ Κρήτη κυπάριττον τοῖσι θεοῖσιν, ἡ Λιβύη δ’ ἐλέφαντα πολὺν παρέχει κατὰ πρᾶσιν· ἡ ʽ Ῥόδος ἀσταφίδας τε καὶ ἰσχάδας ἡδυονείρους. αὐτάρ ἀπ’ Εὐβοίας ἀπίους καὶ ἴφια μῆλα· ἀνδράποδ’ ἐκ Φρυγίας, ἀπὸ δ’ Ἀρκαδίας ἐπικούρους. αἱ Παγασαὶ δούλους καὶ στιγματίας παρέχουσι. τὰς δὲ Διὸς βαλάνους καὶ ἀμύγδαλα σιγαλόεντα Παφλαγόνες παρέχουσι· τὰ γάρ τ’ ἀναθήματα δαιτός· Φοινίκη δ’ αὖ καρπὸν φοίνικος καὶ σεμίδαλιν Καρχηδὼν δάπιδας καὶ ποικίλα προσκεφάλαια.
Pindar too, in the Pythian ode addressed to Hiero, says,Give me the noble Spartan houndWith whose deep voice Eurotas' banks resound;While the dark rocksOf Scyrus give the choicest flocksOf milky goats; and, prompt at war's alarms,Brave Argos burnishes the well-proved arms,The Sicels build the rapid car,And the fierce Thebans urge the chariot to the war.Critias tells us—Know ye the land of the fair Proserpine,Where the cottabus splashes the ominous wine;Where the lightest and handsomest cars...And what can for tired limbs compareWith the soft and yielding Thessalian chair?But no town with Miletus viesIn the bridal bed's rich canopies.But none the golden bowl can chase,Or give to brass such varied grace,As that renowned hardy raceThat dwells by Arno's tide;Phœnicia, mother of the arts,Letters to learned men imparts;Thebes scaled the mountain's side,Bade the tough ash its trunk to yield,And fill'd with cars the battle-field;While Carians, masters of the seas,First launch'd the boat to woo the breeze.Offspring of clay and furnace bright,The choicest porcelain clear and lightBoasts, as its birth-place, of the towersWhich Neptune's and Minerva's powersFrom ills and dangers shield;Which beat back war's barbaric waveWhen Mede and Persian found a graveIn Marathon's undying field.And indeed the pottery of Attica is deservedly praised. But Eubulus says, “Cnidian pots, Sicilian platters, and Megarian jars.” And Antiphanes enumerates “mustard, and also scammony juice from Cyprus; cardamums from Miletus; onions from Samothrace; cabbages, kail, and assafœtida from Carthage; thyme from Hymettus, and marjoram from Tenedos.”
Πίνδαρος δ’ ἐν τῇ εἰς Ἱέρωνα Πυθικῇ ᾠδῇ ἀπὸ Ταϋγέτοιο μὲν Λάκαιναν ἐπὶ θηρσὶ κύνα τρέχειν πυκινώτατον ἑρπετόν. Σκύριαι δ’ ἐς ἄμελξιν γάλακτος αἶγες ἐξοχώταται· ὅπλα δ’ ἀπ’ Ἄργεος, ἅρμα Θηβαῖον, ἀλλ’ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀγλαοκάρπου Σικελίας ὄχημα δαιδάλεον ματεύειν. Κριτίας δὲ οὕτως· κότταβος ἐκ Σικελῆς ἐστι χθονὸς ἐκπρεπὲς ἔργον, ὃν σκοπὸν ἐς λατάγων τόξα καθιστάμεθα. εἶτα δ’ ὄχος Σικελὸς κάλλει δαπάνῃ τε κράτιστος. Θεσσαλικὸς δὲ θρόνος, γυίων τρυφερωτάτη ἕδρα. εὐναίου δὲ λέχους κάλλος ἔχει … Μίλητός τε Χίος τ’ ἔναλος πόλις Οἰνοπίωνος. Τυρσηνὴ δὲ κρατεῖ χρυσότυπος φιάλη καὶ πᾶς χαλκὸς ὅτις κοσμεῖ δόμον ἔν τινι χρείᾳ. Φοίνικες δ’ εὗρον γράμματα ἀλεξίλογα. Θήβη δ’ ἁρματόεντα δίφρον συνεπήξατο πρώτη· φορτηγοὺς δ’ ἀκάτους Κᾶρες ἁλὸς ταμίαι. τὸν δὲ τροχὸν γαίας τε καμίνου τ’ ἔκγονον εὗρε, κλεινότατον κέραμον, χρήσιμον οἰκονόμον, ἡ τὸ καλὸν Μαραθῶνι καταστήσασα τρόπαιον. καὶ ἐπαινεῖται ὄντως ὁ Ἀττικὸς κέραμος. Εὔβουλος δέ φησι Κνίδια κεράμια, Σικελικὰ βατάνια, Μεγαρικὰ πιθάκνια. Ἀντιφάνης δέ· καὶ νᾶπυ Κύπριον καὶ σκαμωνίας ὀπὸν καὶ κάρδαμον Μιλήσιον καὶ κρόμμυον Σαμοθρᾴχκιον καὶ καυλὸν ἐκ Καρχηδόνος καὶ σίλφιον θύμον τε τῶν Ὑμηττίων ὀρίγανόν τε Τενέδιον.
The Persian king used to drink no other wine but that called the Chalybonian, which Posidonius says is made in Damascus of Syria, from vines which were planted there by the Persians; and at Issa, which is an island in the Adriatic, Agatharchides says that wine is made which is superior to every other wine whatever. The Chian and Thasian wines are mentioned by Epilycus; who says that “the Chian and the Thasian wine must be strained.” And also,—For all the ills that men endure,Thasian is a certain cure;For any head or stomach ache,Thasian wine I always take,And think it, as I home am reeling,A present from the God of healing.Clearchus speaks of “Lesbian wine, which Maro himself appears to me to have been the maker of.” And Alexis says—All wise men thinkThe Lesbian is the nicest wine to drink.And again he says—His whole thoughts every day inclineTo drink what rich and rosy wineFrom Thasos and from Lesbos comes,And dainty cakes and sugarplums.And again—Hail, O Bacchus, ever dear,You who from Lesbos drove dull careWith sparkling rosy wine;He who would give one glass away,Too vile on cheerful earth to stay,Shall be no friend of mine.And Ephippus sings—Oh how luscious, oh how fineIs the Pramnian Lesbian wine!All who 're brave, and all who're wise,Much the wine of Lesbos prize.And Antiphanes—There is good meat, and plenteous dainty cheer;And Thasian wine, perfumes, and garlands here;Venus loves comfort; but where folks are poor,The merry goddess ever shuns their door.And Eubulus—In Thasian wine or Chian soak your throttle,Or take of Lesbian an old cobwebb'd bottle.He speaks too of Psithian wine—Give me some Psithian nectar, rich and neat,To cool my thirst, and quench the burning heat.And Anaxandrides mentions “a jar full of Psithian wine.”
ὅτι ὁ Περσῶν βασιλεὺς τὸν Χαλυβώνιον μόνον οἶνον ἔπινεν ὅν φησι Ποσειδώνιος κἀν Δαμασκῷ τῆς Συρίας γίνεσθαι, Περσῶν αὐτόθι καταφυτευσάντων τὰς ἀμπέλους. ἐν δὲ Ἴσσῃ τῇ κατὰ τὸν Ἀδρίαν νήσῳ Ἀγαθαρχίδης φησὶν οἶνον γίνεσθαι ὃν πᾶσι συγκρινόμενον καλλίω εὑρίσκεσθαι. Χίου δὲ οἴνου καὶ Θασίου μέμνηται Ἐπίλυκος· Χῖος καὶ Θάσιος ἠθημένος. καὶ Ἀντίδοτος δέ Θάσιον ἔγχει … ὁ γὰρ λαβών μου καταφάγῃ τὴν καρδίαν, ὅταν πίω τοῦδ᾽, εὐθὺς ὑγιὴς γίνεται· Ἀσκληπιὸς κατέβρεξε … οἶνος Λέσβιος, ὃν αὐτὸς ἐποίησεν ὁ Μάρων, μοι δοκῶ, φησὶ Κλέαρχος. Λεσβίου … πώματος οὐκ ἔστιν ἄλλος οἶνος ἡδίων πιεῖν, φησὶν Ἄλεξις. Θασίοις καὶ Λεσβίοις οἰναρίοις τῆς ἡμέρας τὸ λοιπὸν ὑποβρέχει μέρος καὶ νωγαλίζει. ὁ αὐτός· ἡδὺς γ’ ὁ Βρόμιος τὴν ἀτέλειαν Λεσβίου ποιῶν τὸν οἶνον εἰσάγουσιν ἐνθάδε ὃς ἂν εἰς ἑτέραν ληφθῇ δ’ ἀποστέλλων πόλιν κἂν κύαθον, ἱερὰν ἐγγράφων τὴν οὐσίαν. Ἔφιππος· φιλῶ γε πράμνιον οἶνον Λέσβιον..... πολλὴ δὲ Λεσβία σταγὼν ἐκπίνεται ἄγαν. Ἀντιφάνης· πάρεστιν ὄψον χρηστόν, ἐπαγωγὸν πάνυ, οἶνός τε Θάσιος καὶ μύρον καὶ στέμματα, ἐν πλησμονῇ γὰρ Κύπρις, ἐν δὲ τοῖς κακῶς πράσσουσιν οὐκ ἔνεστιν Ἀφροδίτη βροτοῖς. Εὔβουλος· Θάσιον ἢ Χῖον λαβὼν ἢ Λέσβιον γέροντα νεκταροσταγῆ. μέμνηται δὲ οὗτος καὶ ψιθίου οἴνου· οἶνον γάρ με Ψίθιον γεύσας ἡδὺν ἄκρατον, διψῶντα λαβὼν ὄξει παίει πρὸς τὰ στήθη. καὶ Ἀναξανδρίδης· χοῦς κεκραμένος ψιθίου.
Thesmophorius of Trœzene entitles the second θεσμοφοριάζουσαι of Aristophanes θεσμοφοριάσασαι.. In that play the poet speaks of Peparethian wine:—Shun, my boy, the Pramnian cup,Nor Thasian drink, nor Chian sup;Nor let your glass with Peparethian brighten—For bachelors that liquor's too exciting.Elbulus says—As sweet asWine from Leucas or Miletus.Archestratus, the author of “The Art of giving a Banquet,” says,—When a libation to the gods you make,Let your wine worthy be, and ripe and old;Whose hoary locks droop o'er his purple lake,Such as in Lesbos' sea-girt isle is sold.Phœnicia doth a generous liquor bear,But still the Lesbian I would rather quaff;For though through age the former rich appear,You'll find its fragrance will with use go off.But Lesbian is the true ambrosial juice,And so the gods, whose home's Olympus, think it;And if some rather the Phoenician choose,Let them, as long as they don't make you drink it.The Thasian isle, too, noble wine doth grow,When passing years have made its flavour mellow,And other places too; still all I knowIs that the Lesbian liquor has no fellow.I need not stop to tell you all the namesOf towns which in the generous contest vie,Each for itself the vict'ry hotly claims;But still the Lesbian wine beats all, say I.
ὅτι Ἀριστοφάνους τὰς δευτέρας Θεσμοφοριαζούσας Δημήτριος ὁ Τροιζήνιος Θεσμοφοριασάσας ἐπιγράφει. ἐν ταύτῃ ὁ κωμικὸς μέμνηται Πεπαρηθίου οἴνου· οἶνον δὲ πίνειν οὐκ ἐάσω πράμνιον, οὐ Χῖον, οὐχὶ Θάσιον, οὐ Πεπαρήθιον, οὐδ’ ἄλλον ὅστις ἐπεγερεῖ τὸν ἔμβολον. Εὔβουλος· ὁ Λευκάδιος πάρεστι καὶ μελίττιος οἰνίσκος οὕτω πότιμος. Ἀρχεστράτου τοῦ δειπνολόγου· εἶθ’ ὁπόταν πλήρωμα Διὸς σωτῆρος ἕλησθε, ἤδη χρὴ γεραόν, πολιὸν σφόδρα κρᾶτα φοροῦντα οἶνον, ὑγρὰν χαίταν λευκῷ πεπυκασμένον ἄνθει πίνειν, ἐκ Λέσβου περικύμονος ἐκγεγαῶτα. τὸν τ’ ἀπὸ Φοινίκης ἱερᾶς τὸν Βύβλινον αἰνῶ· οὐ μέντοι κείνῳ γε παρεξισῶ αὐτόν. ἐὰν γὰρ ἐξαίφνης αὐτοῦ γεύσῃ μὴ πρόσθεν ἐθισθείς, εὐώδης μέν σοι δόξει τοῦ Λεσβίου εἶναι μᾶλλον· ἔχει γὰρ τοῦτο χρόνου διὰ μῆκος ἄπλατον· πινόμενος δ’ ἥσσων πολλῷ. κεῖνος δὲ δοκήσει οὐκ οἴνῳ σοι ἔχειν ὅμοιον γέρας, ἀμβροσίᾳ, δέ. εἰ δέ τινες σκώπτουσιν ἀλαζονοχαυνοφλύαροι, ὡς ἅδιστος ἔφυ πάντων Φοινίκιος οἶνος, οὐ προσέχω τὸν νοῦν αὐτοῖς … ἐστὶ δὲ καὶ Θάσιος πίνειν γενναῖος, ἐὰν ᾖ πολλαῖς πρεσβεύων ἐτέων περικαλλέσιν ὥραις, οἶδα δὲ κἀξ ἄλλων πόλεων βοτρυοσταγῆ ἔρνη εἰπεῖν αἰνῆσαί τε καὶ οὔ με λέληθ’ ὀνομῆναι· ἀλλ’ οὐδὲν τἄλλ’ ἐστὶν ἁπλῶς πρὸς Λέσβιον οἶνον. ἀλλά τινες χαίρουσιν ἐπαινοῦντες τὰ παρ’ αὑτοῖς.
Ephippus, too, mentions the Phoenician wine, saying, “Nuts, pomegranates, dates, and other sweetmeats, and small casks of Phœnician wine.” And again,—A cask of good Phœnician wine was tapp'd.Xenophon, too, mentions it in his Anabasis. The Mendæan wine is mentioned by Cratinus:—When a man tastes Mendæan wine,How rich, says he, how sweet, how fine!I wonder where it can be bought, orWhat's the right quantity of water.And Hermippus somewhere introduces Bacchus as mentioning several different kinds of wine:—Mendæan wine such as the gods distil,And sweet Magnesian, cures for every ill,And Thasian, redolent of mild perfume;But of them all the most inviting bloomMantles above old Homer's Chian glass;That wine doth all its rivals far surpass.There is a wine, which Saprian they call,Soon as the seals from whose rich hogshead fall,Violets and roses mix their lovely scent,And hyacinths, in one rich fragrance blent;You might believe Jove's nectar sparkled there,With such ambrosial odour reeks the air.This is the wine I'll to my friends disclose;The Peparethian trash may suit my foes.And Phanias the Eresian poet says that the Mendæans are in the habit of syringing the grapes with opening medicine, even while still on the vine; and that this makes the wine soft.
φοινικίνου δὲ οἴνου μέμνηται καὶ Ἔφιππος· κάρυα, ῥόας, φοίνικας, ἕτερα νώγαλα, σταμνάριὰ τ’ οἴνου μικρὰ τοῦ φοινικίνου. καὶ πάλιν φοινικίνου βῖκός τις ὑπανεῴγνυτο. μνημονεύει αὐτοῦ καὶ Ξενοφῶν Ἀναβάσει. Μενδαίου δὲ Κρατῖνος·νῦν δ’ ἂν ἴδῃ Μενδαῖον ἡβῶντ’ ἀρτίως οἰνίσκον, ἕπεται κἀκολουθεῖ καὶ λέγει· οἴμ’ ὡς ἁπαλὸς καὶ λευκός· ἆρ’ οἴσει τρία;Ἕρμιππος δέ που ποιεῖ τὸν Διόνυσον πλειόνων μεμνημένον Μενδαίῳ … μὲν καὶ ἐνουροῦσιν θεοὶ αὐτοὶ στρώμασιν ἐν μαλακοῖς. Μάγνητα δὲ μειλιχόδωρον καὶ Θάσιον, τῷ δὴ μήλων ἐπιδέδρομεν ὀδμή, τοῦτον ἐγὼ κρίνω πολὺ πάντων εἶναι ἄριστον τῶν ἄλλων οἴνων μετ’ ἀμύμονα Χῖον ἄλυπον. ἔστι δέ τις οἶνος, τὸν δὴ σαπρίαν καλέουσι, οὗ καὶ ἀπὸ στόματος στάμνων ὑπανοιγομενάων ὄζει ἴων, ὄζει δὲ ῥόδων, ὄζει δ’ ὑακίνθου· ὀσμὴ θεσπεσία κατὰ πᾶν δ’ ἔχει ὑψερεφὲς δῶ, ἀμβροσία καὶ νέκταρ ὁμοῦ. τοῦτ’ ἐστὶ τὸ νέκταρ, τούτου χρὴ παρέχειν πίνειν ἐν δαιτὶ θαλείῃ τοῖσιν ἐμοῖσι φίλοις, τοῖς δ’ ἐχθροῖς ἐκ Πεπαρήθου. φησὶ δὲ Φαινίας ὁ Ἐρέσιος Μενδαίους τοὺς βότρυς ἐπὶ τῇ ἀμπέλῳ ῥαίνειν τῷ ἐλατηρίῳ· διὸ γίνεσθαι τὸν οἶνον μαλακόν.
Themistocles received from the king of Persia Lampsacus, to supply him with wine; Magnesia, for bread; Myus, for meat; and Percope and Palæscepsis were to provide him with bedclothes and garments. The king moreover enjoined him to wear a cloak such as is worn by the barbarians, as he had previously bade Demaratus do; and he gave him the same presents as he had formerly given to Demaratus, and added also a robe such as is worn by the sons-in-law of the king, on condition of his never reassuming the Greek attire. And Cyrus the Great gave Pytharchus of Cyzicus, being a friend of his, seven cities, as is related by Agathocles of Babylon; namely, Pedasus, and Olympius, and Cama, and Tium, and Sceptra, and Artypsus, and Tortyra. But he, being made insolent and having his head turned by this liberality, attempted to make himself tyrant of his country, and collected an army for that purpose. On which the people of Cyzicus went out to battle against him, and attacked him eagerly, and so preserved their liberties. Among the people of Lampsacus Priapus is held in high honour, being the same as Bacchus, and having this name Priapus only as an epithet, just as Thriambus and Dithyrambus are. The Mitylenæans have a sweet wine which they call πρόδρομος, and others call it πρότροπος.
ὅτι Θεμιστοκλῆς ὑπὸ βασιλέως ἔλαβε δωρεὰν τὴν Λάμψακον εἰς οἶνον, Μαγνησίαν δ’ εἰς ἄρτον, Μυοῦντα δ’ εἰς ὄψον, Περκώτην δὲ καὶ τὴν Παλαίσκηψιν εἰς στρωμνὴν καὶ ἱματισμόν. ἐκέλευσε δὲ τούτῳ στολὴν φορεῖν βαρβαρικήν, ὡς καὶ Δημαράτῳ, δοὺς τὰ πρότερον ὑπάρχοντα καὶ εἰς στολὴν Γάμβρειον προσθεὶς ἐφ’ ᾧ τε μηκέτι Ἑλληνικὸν ἱμάτιον περιβάληται. καὶ Κῦρος δὲ ὁ μέγας Πυθάρχῳ τῷ Κυζικηνῷ φίλῳ ὄντι ἐχαρίσατο ἑπτὰ πόλεις, ὥς φησιν ὁ Βαβυλώνιος Ἀγαθοκλῆς, Πήδασον, Ὀλύμπιον, Ἀκαμάντιον, Τίον, Σκῆπτρα, Ἀρτύψον, Τορτύρην. ὁ δ’ εἰς ὕβριν, φησί, καὶ ἄνοιαν προελθὼν τυραννεῖν ἐπεχείρησε τῆς πατρίδος στρατιὰν συναγαγών. καὶ οἱ Κυζικηνοὶ ἐξορμήσαντες ἐπ’ αὐτὸν ἐβοηδρόμουν, πρόκροσσοι φερόμενοι ἐπὶ τὸν κίνδυνον. τιμᾶται δὲ παρὰ Λαμψακηνοῖς ὁ Πρίηπος ὁ αὐτὸς ὢν τῷ Διονύσῳ, ἐξ ἐπιθέτου καλούμενος οὕτως, ὡς Θρίαμβος καὶ Διθύραμβος. ὅτι Μιτυληναῖοι τὸν παρ’ αὑτοῖς γλυκὺν οἶνον πρόδρομον καλοῦσι, ἄλλοι δὲ πρότροπον.
The Icarian wine, too, is held in high estimation, as Amphis says:—Thurium gives the olive juice,Lentils Gela's fields produce;Icarian wine well merits praise,And figs which the Cimolians raise.The Pramnian wine, too, according to Eparchides, is produced in Icarus. It is a peculiar kind of wine; and it is neither sweet nor thick, but dry and hard, and of extraordinary strength; and Aristophanes says that the Athenians did not like it, for that “the Athenian people did not like hard and sour poets, nor hard Pramnian wines, which contract the eyebrows and the stomach; but they prefer a fragrant wine, ripe, and flavoured like nectar.” For Semus says that there is in Icarus a rock called the Pramnian rock; and near it is a great mountain, from which the Pramnian wine has its name, and some call it a medicinal wine. Now Icarus used formerly to be called the Fishy Icarus, from the number of fish around it; just as the Echinades had their name from the sea-urchins, and the promontory Sepias from the number of cuttle-fish which are taken near it. And in like manner the Lagussæ islands are so called from λαγὼς, a hare, as being full of hares. And other islands are called Phycussæ, and Lopadussæ, for similar reasons. And according to Eparchides, the vine which produces the Icarian Pramnian wine, is called by the strangers the Holy vine, and by the people of Œnoe the Dionysiac vine. And Œnoe is a city in the island. But Didymus says that the Pramnian wine comes from a vine called Pramnian; and some say that the name means merely dark-coloured. But others affirm that it is a generic name for wine suitable for long keeping, as being παραμένιος, that is to say, such as can be kept. And some say that it is so called from πραΰνειν τὸ μένος, mollifying anger, because those who drink it become good-humoured.
θαυμάζεται δὲ καὶ ὁ Ἰκάριος οἶνος, ὡς Ἄμφις· ἐν Θουρίοις τοὔλαιον, ἐν Γέλᾳ φακοί, Ἰκάριος οἶνος, ἰσχάδες Κιμώλιαι. γίνεται δὲ ἐν Ἰκάρῳ, φησὶν Ἐπαρχίδης, ὁ πράμνιος. ἐστὶ δὲ οὗτος γένος τι οἴνου, καί ἐστιν οὗτος οὔτε γλυκὺς οὔτε παχύς, ἀλλ’ αὐστηρὸς καὶ σκληρὸς καὶ δύναμιν ἔχων διαφέρουσαν· οἵῳ Ἀριστοφάνης οὐχ ἥδεσθαι Ἀθηναίους φησί, λέγων τὸν Ἀθηναίων δῆμον οὔτε ποιηταῖς ἥδεσθαι σκληροῖς καὶ ἀστεμφέσιν οὔτε πραμνίοις οἴνοις συνάγουσι τὰς ὀφρῦς τε καὶ τὴν κοιλίαν, ἀλλ’ ἀνθοσμίᾳ καὶ πέπονι νεκταροσταγεῖ. εἶναι γὰρ ἐν Ἰκάρῳ φησὶ Σῆμος Πράμνιον πέτραν καὶ παρ’ αὐτῇ ὄρος μέγα, ἀφ’ οὗ τὸν Πράμνιον οἶνον, ὃν καὶ φαρμακίτην τινὰς καλεῖν. ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ ἡ Ἴκαρος πρότερον Ἰχθυόεσσα διὰ τὸ ἐν αὐτῇ τῶν ἰχθύων πλῆθος, ὡς καὶ Ἐχινάδες ἀπὸ τῶν ἐχίνων καὶ Σηπιὰς ἄκρα ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ αὐτὴν σηπιῶν καὶ Λαγοῦσσαι νῆσοι ἀπὸ τῶν ἐν αὐταῖς λαγωῶν καὶ ἕτεραι Φυκοῦσσαι καὶ Λοπαδοῦσσαι ἀπὸ τῶν παραπλησίων, προσαγορεύεται δέ, φησὶν Ἐπαρχίδης, ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ τὸν Ἰκάριον πράμνιον φέρουσα ὑπὸ τῶν ξένων μὲν ἱερά, ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν Οἰνοαίων Διονυσιάς. Οἰνόη δὲ πόλις ἐν τῇ νήσῳ ἐστί. Δίδυμος δὲ πράμνιόν φησιν οἶνον ἀπὸ πραμνίας ἀμπέλου οὕτω καλουμένης, οἱ δὲ ἰδίως τὸν μέλανα, ἔνιοι δὲ ἐν τῷ καθόλου τὸν πρὸς παραμονὴν ἐπιτήδειον οἱονεὶ παραμόνιον ὄντα· οἱ δὲ τὸν πραύνοντα τὸ μένος, ἐπεὶ οἱ πιόντες προσηνεῖς.
Amphis praises also the wine which comes from the city of Acanthus, saying,—A. Whence do you come, friend? speak.B. From Acanthus I.A. Acanthus? then I trow,Since you're a countryman of wine so strong,You must be fierce yourself;Your country's name is thorny, but I hopeYour manners are not quite so rough and prickly.And Alexis mentions Corinthian wine as a harsh wine—And foreign wine was there; for that from CorinthIs painful drinking.He speaks, too, of wine from Eubœa—Drinking deep draughts of harsh Eubœan wine.The Naxian wine is compared by Archilochus to nectar. And he says in some one of his poems—My spear finds corn, my spear finds wine,From Ismarus; on my spear I dine,And on it, when fatigued, recline.But Strattis praises the wine of Sciathus—The black Sciathian wine mix'd half and half,Invites the traveller to halt and quaff.And Achæus praises the Bibline wine—He pledged him in a cup of Bibline wine.While it has its name from some district which is called by a similar appellation. And Philyllius says,—I'll give you Lesbian, Chian wine,Thasian, Mendæan, and Bibline;Sweet wines, but none so strong and headyAs that you shall next day feel seedy. But Epicharmus says that it is named from some mountains of a similar name. And Armenidas says that there is a district of Thrace called the Biblian, the same which was afterwards called Tisara, and Œsyma. And it was very natural for Thrace to be admired as a country producing fine wines; and indeed all the adjacent country deserves the same character.Full of rich wine the ships from Lemnos came.But Hippias the Rhegian says that the wine called the creeper was also called Biblian; and that Pollis the Argive, who was king of Syracuse, was the first person who brought it to Syracuse from Italy. And if that be true, probably the sweet wine which among the Sicilians is called Pollian, is the same as the Bibline wine. There is an ancient oracle:—Drink wine where lees abound, since Fate has notPlaced you amid Anthedon's flowery plains,Or in the streets of sacred Hypera,Where purer wine abounds.And there was a vine among the people of Trœzene, (as Aris- totle says, in his book on their polity,) called Anthedonian, and another called Hyperian; from men of the name of Anthus and Hyperus, just as the Althephian vine is named after a man of the name of Althephias, one of the descendants of Alpheus. Aleman somewhere speaks of a wine as free from fire, and smelling of flowers, which is produced from the Five Hills, a place about seven furlongs from Sparta. And he mentions another wine which comes from Denthiades, a small fortress, and another from Œnus, and another from Onogle and Stathmi. And these places are all near Pitane. Accordingly, he says, “And wine from Œnus, or from Denthis, or from Carystus, or from Onoglæ, or from Stathmi.” The Carystian wine is that which comes from Carystus in Laconia, on the borders of Arcadia. And he calls it “free from fire” as not having been boiled; for they often used boiled wines. Polybius says that there was an admirable wine made at Capua; which was called ἀναδενδρίτης, to which no other wine was at all comparable. But Alciphron of the Mæander says, that there was a mountain village near the Ephesian territories, which was formerly called Latona's, but is now called Latorea, from Latorea the Amazon; and that there also Pramnian wine is made. Timachidas the Rhodian calls a wine made at Rhodes ὑπόχυτος, or the adulterated wine, being near akin to sweet wine. But that wine is called γλύξις which goes through no process of decoction. There is also a Rhodian wine, which Polyzelus calls αὐτίτης· and another which Plato the comic writer calls καπνίας; and this wine is made in the greatest perfection at Beneventum, a city in Italy. But the wine Amphis is spoken of as a very poor wine by Sosicrates. The ancients used also a certain wine made of spices, which they called τρίμμα. But Theophrastus, in his History of Plants, says, that a wine is made in Heræa in Arcadia which, when it is drunk, drives men out of their senses, and makes women inclined to preg- nancy: and that around Cerunia in Achaia there is a kind of vine, from which a wine is made which has a tendency to cause abortion in pregnant women; and if they eat the grapes too, says he, they miscarry;—and the Trœzenian wine, he says, makes those who drink it barren: and at Thasos, says he, they make a wine which produces sleep, and another which causes those who drink it to keep awake.
ἐπαινεῖ Ἄμφις καὶ τὸν ἐξ Ἀκάνθου πόλεως οἶνον λέγων ποδαπὸς εἶ; φράσον, β. Ἀκάνθιος. α. εἶτα πρὸς θεῶν οἴνου πολίτης ὢν κρατίστου στρυφνὸς εἶ καὶ τοὔνομ’ αὐτὸ τῆς πατρίδος ἐν τοῖς τρόποις ἔχεις, τὰ δ᾽· ἤθη τῶν πολιτῶν οὐκ ἔχεις; Κορινθίου οἴνου Ἄλεξις μνημονεύει ὡς σκληροῦ· οἶνος ξενικὸς παρῆν τὰ γὰρ Κορίνθια βασανισμός ἐστι. καὶ Εὐβοικοῦ δέ· πολὺν πιὼν Εὐβοικὸν οἶνον. Ἀρχίλοχος τὸν Νάξιον τῷ νέκταρι παραβάλλει ὃς καὶ πού φησιν ἐν δορὶ μέν μοι μᾶζα μεμαγμένη, ἐν δορὶ δ’ οἶνος Ἰσμαρικός· πίνω δ’ ἐν δορὶ κεκλιμένος. Στράττις δὲ τὸν Σκιάθιον ἐπαινεῖ· οἶνος κοχύζει τοῖς ὁδοιπόροις πιεῖν μέλας Σκιάθιος, ἴσον ἴσῳ κεκραμένος· Ἀχαιὸς δὲ τὸν Βίβλινον· ἐδεξιοῦτο Βίβλινον· μέθης ἐκπώματι. ἐκαλεῖτο δ’ οὕτως ἀπό τινος χωρίου οὕτω προσαγορευομένου. φησὶ δὲ Φιλύλλιος ὅτι παρέξω Λέσβιον, Χῖον σαπρόν, Θάσιον, Βίβλινον, Μενδαῖον, ὥστε μηδένα κραιπαλᾶν. Ἐπίχαρμος δὲ ἀπό τινων ὀρῶν Βιβλίνων φησὶν αὐτὸν ὠνομάσθαι. Ἀρμενίδας δὲ τῆς Θρᾴκης φησὶν εἶναι χώραν τὴν Βιβλίαν, ἣν ᾽ Ἀντισάρην καὶ Οἰσύμην προσαγορευθῆναι. ἐπιεικῶς δὲ ἡ Θρᾴκη ἐθαυμάζετο ὡς ἡδύοινος, καὶ συνόλως τὰ ἀπὸ πλησίον αὐτῆς χωρία· νῆες δ’ ἐκ Λήμνοιο παρέστασαν οἶνον ἄγουσαι. Ἵππυς δ’ ὁ Ῥηγῖνος τὴν εἰλεὸν καλουμένην ἄμπελον βιβλίαν φησὶ καλεῖσθαι, ἣν Πόλλιν τὸν Ἀργεῖον, ὃς ἐβασίλευσε Συρακουσίων, πρῶτον εἰς Συρακούσας κομίσαι ἐξ Ἰταλίας, εἴη ἂν οὖν ὁ παρὰ Σικελιώταις γλυκὺς καλούμενος Πόλλιος ὁ Βίβλινος οἶνος. χρησμός, ἐν τῷ χρησμῷ, φησίν, ὁ θεὸς ηὐτομάτισε· πῖν’ οἶνον τρυγίαν, ἐπεὶ οὐκ ᾽ Ἀνθηδόνα ναίεις οὐδ’ ἱερὰν Ὑπέραν, ὅθι γ᾽ ἄτρυγον οἶνον ἔπινες. ὠνομάζετο δὲ παρὰ Τροιζηνίοις, ὥς φησιν Ἀριστοτέλης ἐν τῇ αὐτῶν πολιτείᾳ, ἄμπελος Ἀνθηδονιὰς καὶ Ὑπερειὰς ἀπὸ Ἀλθηφίου τινὸς καὶ Ὑπέρου, ὡς καὶ Ἀλθηφιὰς ἀπὸ Ἀλθηφίου τινός, ἑνὸς τῶν Ἀλφειοῦ ἀπογόνων. ι Ἀλκμὰν δέ που ἄπυρον οἶνον καὶ ἄνθεος ὄσδοντά. φησι τὸν ἐκ Πέντε λόφων, ὅς ἐστι τόπος Σπάρτης ἀπέχων στάδια ἑπτά· καὶ τὸν ἐκ Δενθιάδων, ἐρύματός τινος, καὶ τὸν ἐξ Οἰνοῦντος καὶ τὸν ἐξ Ὀνόγλων καὶ Σταθμῶν. χωρία δὲ ταῦτα Λακωνικὰ πλησίον Πιτάνης. φησὶν οὖν οἶνον δ’ Οἰνουντιάδαν ἢ Δένθιν ἢ Καρύστιον ἢ Ὄνογλιν ἢ Σταθμίταν. καὶ τὸν ἐκ Καρύστου, ὅς ἐστι πλησίον Ἀρκαδίας, ἄπυρον δὲ εἶπε τὸν οὐχ ἡψημένον ἐχρῶντο γὰρ ἑφθοῖς οἴνοις. Πολύβιος δὲ διάφορον οἶνον ἐν Καπύῃ φησὶ γίνεσθαι τὸν ἀναδενδρίτην καλούμενον, ᾧ μηδένα συγκρίνεσθαι. Ἀλκίφρων δὲ ὁ Μαιάνδριος περὶ τὴν Ἐφεσίαν φησὶν εἶναι ὀρείαν κώμην τὴν πρότερον μὲν καλουμένην Λητοῦς, νῦν δὲ Λατώρειαν ἀπὸ Λατωρείας Ἀμαζόνος· ἐν ᾗ γίνεσθαι τὸν πράμνιον οἶνον. Τιμαχίδας δὲ ὁ ʽ Ῥόδιος ὑπόχυτὸν τινα οἶνον ἐν Ῥόδῳ καλεῖ παραπλήσιον τῷ γλεύκει. καὶ γλύξις δ’ οἶνος καλεῖται ὁ τὸ ἕψημα ἔχων. Πολύζηλος δ’ αὐτίτην καλεῖ οἶνον. Πλάτων δ’ ὁ κωμικὸς καπνίαν κάλλιστος δ’ οὗτος γίνεται ἐν Βενεβέντῳ πόλει Ἰταλίας, ἀμφίας δ’ οἶνος ὁ φαῦλος καλεῖται παρὰ Σωσικράτει. ἐχρῶντο δ’ οἱ ἀρχαῖοι καὶ πόματί τινι ἐξ ἀρωμάτων κατασκευαζομένῳ, ὃ ἐκάλουν τρίμμα. Θεόφραστος δὲ ἐν τῇ περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορίᾳ φησὶν ἐν Ἡραίᾳ τῆς Ἀρκαδίας γίνεσθαι οἶνον ὃς τοὺς μὲν ἄνδρας πινόμενος ἐξίστησι, τὰς δὲ γυναῖκας τεκνούσσας ποιεῖ. περὶ δὲ Κερυνίαν τῆς Ἀχαίας ἀμπέλου τι γένος εἶναι, ἀφ’ ἧς τὸν οἶνον ἐξαμβλοῦν ποιεῖν τὰς γυναῖκας τὰς ἐγκύμονας· κἂν τῶν βοτρύων δέ, φησί, φάγωσιν, ἐξαμβλοῦσιν. ὁ δὲ Τροιζήνιος οἶνος ἀγόνους, φησί, ποιεῖ τοὺς πίνοντας, ἐν Θάσῳ δὲ λέγει ὡς αὐτοὶ ποιοῦσιν οἶνόν τινα ὑπνωτικὸν καὶ ἕτερον ἀγρυπνεῖν ποιοῦντα τοὺς πίνοντας.
But concerning the manufacture of scented wine, Phanias of Eresus says, “There is infused into the wine one portion of sea-water to fifty of wine, and that becomes scented wine.” And again he says, “Scented wine is made stronger of young than of old vines;” and he subjoins, “Having trodden on the unripe grapes they put the wine away, and it becomes scented.” But Theophrastus says, that “the wine at Thasos, which is given in the prytaneum, is wonderfully delicious; for it is well seasoned; for they knead up dough with honey, and put that into the earthen jars; so that the wine receives fragrance from itself, and sweetness from the honey.” And he proceeds to say, “If any one mixes harsh wine which has no smell with soft and fragrant wine, such, for instance, as the Heraclean wine with that of Erythræ, softness is derived from the one, and wholesomeness from the other.” And the Myrtite or Myrrhine wine is spoken of by Posidippus:—A tasteless, dry, and foolish wineI consider the myrrhine.Hermes, too, is mentioned by Strattis as the name of a drink. And Chæreas says, that a wine is made in Babylon which is called nectar. The bard of Ceos says—'Tis not enough to mix your wine with taste,Unless sweet converse seasons the repast;And Bacchus' gifts well such regard deserve,That we should e'en the stones of grapes preserve.
περὶ δὲ τῆς τοῦ ἀνθοσμίου οἴνου σκευασίας Φαινίας ὁ Ἐρέσιός φησι τάδε· γλεύκει παραχεῖται παρὰ χοῦς πεντήκοντα εἷς θαλάσσης καὶ γίνεται ἀνθοσμίας. καὶ πάλιν ἀνθοσμίας γίνεται ἐκ νέων ἀμπέλων ἰσχυρότερος ἢ ἐκ παλαιῶν. ἑξῆς τέ φησι· τὰς ὀμφακώδεις συμπατήσαντες ἀπέθεντο καὶ ἀνθοσμίας ἐγένετο. Θεόφραστος δ’ ἐν Θάσῳ φησὶ τὸν ἐν τῷ πρυτανείῳ διδόμενον θαυμαστὸν εἶναι τὴν ἡδονὴν ἠρτυμένος γάρ ἐστιν. ἐμβάλλουσι γὰρ εἰς τὸ κεράμιον σταῖς μέλιτι φυράσαντες, ὥστε τὴν ὀσμὴν ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ, τὴν δὲ γλυκύτητα ἀπὸ τοῦ σταιτὸς λαμβάνειν τὸν οἶνον καὶ ἑξῆς δέ φησιν ἐάν τις κεράσῃ σκληρὸν καὶ εὔοσμον μαλακῷ καὶ ἀόσμῳ, καθάπερ τὸν Ἡρακλεώτην καὶ τὸν Ἐρυθραῖον, τοῦ μὲν τὴν μαλακότητα, τοῦ δὲ τὴν εὐοσμίαν παρεχομένου. μυρίνης δὲ οἶνος κεῖται παρὰ Ποσειδίππῳ· διψηρὸς ἄτοπος ὁ μυρίνης ὁ τίμιος. καὶ Ἑρμῆς δ’ εἶδος πόσεως παρὰ Στράττιδι. Χαιρέας δὲ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι οἶνόν φησι γίνεσθαι τὸν καλούμενον νέκταρ. ἦν ἄρ’ ἔπος τόδ’ ἀληθές, ὅ τ’ οὐ μόνον ὕδατος αἶσαν, ἀλλά τι καὶ χλεύης οἶνος ἔχειν ἐθέλει. οὐδὲν ἀπόβλητον Διονύσιον, οὐδὲ γίγαρτον, ὁ Κεῖός φησι ποιητής.
Now of wines some are white, some yellow, and some red. The white is the thinnest in its nature, diuretic, and warm; and being a promoter of digestion it causes a heat in the head; for it is a wine which has a tendency to move upwards. But of red wine that which is not sweet is very nutritious, and is astringent; but that which is sweet (as is the case with even white and yellow wine also) is the most nutrition of all: for it softens all the ducts and passages, and thickens the fluid parts of the body, and does not at all confuse the head. For in reality the nature of sweet wine lingers about the ribs, and engenders spittle, as Diodes and Praxagoras asset. But Mnesitheus the Athenian says, “Red wine is the mot nutritious; but white is the most diuretic and the thinnest; and the yellow is a dry wine, and that which most assists in the digestion of the food.” Now the wines which have been very carefully prepared with sea-water never cause headaches; and they open the bowels, and sometimes gripe the stomach, and produce flatulency, and assist in the digestion of food. Of this character is the Myndian wine, and that of Halicarnassus. And so Menippus the Cynic calls Myndus “brine-drinking.” The Coan wine too has a good deal of sea-water in it. The Rhodian has not so much sea-water; but a great deal of that wine is good for nothing. Wine made in the islands is very good to drink, and not at all ill-calculated for daily use. But Cnidian wine makes blood, is nutritious, and keeps the bowels in a healthy state; though if it is drunk in great quantities it relaxes the stomach. The Lesbian wine is less astringent, and more diuretic. But the Chian is a nicer wine; and of all the Chian wine, that called the Aryusian is the best. And of this there are three varieties: for there is a dry kind, and a sweet kind; and that the flavour of which is between the two is called autocratic, that is, self-mixed. Now the dry kind is pleasant to the taste, nutritious, and more diuretic than the others; but the sweet kind is nutritious, filling, and apt to soften the bowels. The autocratic wine in its effects also is something between the two. But, generally speaking, the Chian wine is digestible, nutritious, a producer of good blood, mild, and filling, inasmuch as it has a great deal of body. But the nicest of all wines are the Alban and Falernian wines of Italy; but these, if they have been kept a length of time and are old, acquire a medicinal effect, and rapidly produce a sensation of heaviness. But the wine called Adrian relieves any oppression of the breath, is very digestible, and wholly free from all unpleasant consequences; but these wines require to be made with rapidity, and then to be set in an open place, so as to allow the thicker portions of their body to evaporate. But the best wine to keep a length of time is the Corcyrean. The Zacynthian and Leucadian wines also are apt to be bad for the head, because they contain chalk. There is a wine from Cilicia, called Abates, which has no effect except that of relaxing the bowels. But hard water, such as that from springs, or from rain if it is filtered, and has stood some time, agrees very well with Coan and Myndian and Halicarnassian wine, and indeed with every wine which has plenty of salt-water in it. And accordingly these wines are of the greatest use at Athens and Sicyon, because the waters in these cities are harsh. But for those wines which have no sea-water, and which are of a more astringent nature, especially for the Chian and Lesbian wine, the purest water is the most suitable.Oh thou my tongue, whom silence long hath bound,How wilt thou bear this tale of thine t' unfold?Hard is their fate to whom compulsion sternLeaves no alternative; which now compels theeTo open what thy lord would fain conceal.These are the words of Sophocles.
τῶν οἴνων ὁ μὲν λευκός, ὁ δὲ κιρρός, ὁ δὲ μέλας. καὶ ὁ μὲν λευκὸς λεπτότατος τῇ φύσει, οὐρητικός, θερμὸς πεπτικός τε ὢν τὴν κεφαλὴν ποιεῖ διάπυρον ἀνωφερὴς γὰρ ὁ οἶνος. ὁ δὲ μέλας, ὁ μὴ γλυκάζων, τροφιμώτατος, στυπτικός· ὁ δὲ γλυκάζων καὶ τῶν λευκῶν καὶ τῶν κιρρῶν τροφιμώτατος. λεαίνει γὰρ κατὰ τὴν πάροδον καὶ παχύνων τὰ ὑγρὰ μᾶλλον κεφαλὴν ἧττον παρενοχλεῖ, ὄντως γὰρ ἡ τοῦ γλυκέος οἴνου φύσις ἐγχρονίζει περὶ τὰ ὑποχόνδρια καὶ πτυέλου ἐστὶν ἀναγωγός, ὡς Διοκλῆς καὶ Πραξαγόρας ἱστοροῦσι. Μνησίθεος δ’ ὁ Ἀθηναῖός φησιν ὁ μέλας οἶνός ἐστι θρεπτικώτατος, ὁ δὲ λευκὸς οὐρητικώτατος καὶ λεπτότατος, ὁ δὲ κιρρὸς ξηρὸς καὶ τῶν σιτίων πεπτικώτερος. οἱ δ’ ἐπιμελέστερον τεθαλαττωμένοι οἶνοι ἀκραίπαλοὶ τέ εἰσι καὶ κοιλίας λύουσιν ἐπιδάκνουσὶ τε τὸν στόμαχον ἐμφυσήσεις τε ἐνεργάζονται καὶ συγκατεργάζονται τὴν τροφήν. τοιοῦτος δ’ ἐστὶν ὅ τε Μύνδιος καὶ ὁ ἀπὸ Ἁλικαρνασσοῦ. ὁ γοῦν κυνικὸς Μένιππος ἁλμοπότιν τὴν Μύνδον φησίν. ἱκανῶς δὲ καὶ ὁ Κῷος τεθαλάττωται. καὶ ὁ Ῥόδιος δὲ ἐλάττονος μὲν κεκοινώνηκε θαλάσσης, ὁ δὲ πολὺς αὐτοῦ ἀχρεῖός ἐστιν. ὁ δὲ νησιώτης εἴς τε τοὺς πότους ἐστὶν εὖ πεφυκὼς καὶ πρὸς τὴν καθημερινὴν χρῆσιν οὐκ ἀνοίκειος. ὁ δὲ Κνίδιος αἵματος γεννητικός, τρόφιμος, κοιλίαν εὔλυτον κατασκευάζων πλείων δὲ πινόμενος ἐκλύει τὸν στόμαχον. ὁ δὲ Λέσβιος στῦψιν μικροτέραν ἔχει καὶ μᾶλλον οὐρεῖται. χαριέστατος δ’ ἐστὶν ὁ Χῖος καὶ τοῦ Χίου ὁ καλούμενος Ἀριούσιος. διαφοραὶ δὲ αὐτοῦ εἰσι τρεῖς· ὁ μὲν γὰρ αὐστηρὸς ἐστιν, ὁ δὲ γλυκάζων, ὁ δὲ μέσος τούτων τῇ γεύσει αὐτόκρατος καλεῖται. ὁ μὲν οὖν αὐστηρὸς εὔστομός ἐστι καὶ τρόφιμος καὶ μᾶλλον οὐρεῖται, ὁ δὲ γλυκάζων τρόφιμος, πλήσμιος, κοιλίας μαλακτικός, ὁ δ’ αὐτόκρατος τῇ χρείᾳ μέσος ἐστί. κοινῶς δ’ ὁ Χῖος πεπτικός, τρόφιμος, αἵματος χρηστοῦ γεννητικός, προσηνέστατος, πλήσμιος διὰ τὸ παχὺς εἶναι τῇ δυνάμει. τῶν δ’ οἴνων χαριέστατος ὁ κατὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν Ἀλβανὸς καὶ ὁ Φαλερνίτης. ὁ δὲ τούτων πεπαλαιωμένος καὶ κεχρονικὼς φαρμακώδης ὢν καροῖ λίαν ταχέως, ὁ δὲ Ἀδριανὸς καλούμενος εὔπνους, εὐανάδοτος, ἄλυπος τὸ σύνολον, οἰνοποιητέον δὲ αὐτοὺς πρό τινος χρόνου καὶ εἰς ἀναπεπταμένον τόπον θετέον εἰς τὸ διαπνεῦσαι τὸ παχὺ τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτῶν. χαριέστατος δ’ οἶνος εἰς παλαίωσιν ὁ Κερκυραῖος. ὁ δὲ Ζακύνθιος καὶ ὁ Λευκάδιος διὰ τὸ γύψον λαβεῖν καὶ κεφαλὴν ἀδικοῦσιν. ὁ δ’ ἀπὸ Κιλικίας Ἀβάτης καλούμενος κοιλίας μόνον ἐστὶ ᾽ μαλακτικός. Κῴῳ δὲ καὶ Μυνδίῳ καὶ Ἁλικαρνασσίῳ καὶ παντὶ τῷ ἱκανῶς τεθαλαττωμένῳ συνᾴδει τὰ σκληρὰ τῶν ὑδάτων οἷον κρηναῖα καὶ ὄμβρια, ἐὰν ᾖ διυλισμένα καὶ πλείονα χρόνον καθεσταμένα. χρήσιμοι δ᾽ εἰσὶν οὗτοι Ἀθήνησι καὶ Σικυῶνι· ἐν ταύταις γὰρ σκληρὰ τὰ ὕδατα, τοῖς δ’ ἀθαλάσσοις τῶν οἴνων καὶ τοῖς παρέχουσιν ἱκανωτέραν στύψιν, ἔτι δὲ τῷ Χίῳ καὶ Λεσβίῳ τὰ ἀποιότατα τῶν ὑδάτων εὐθετεῖ.
The Mareotic wine, which comes from Alexandria, had its name from a fountain in the district of Alexandria called Marea; and from a town of the same name which was close to it; which was formerly a place of great importance, but is now reduced to a petty village. And the fountain and town derived their name from Maro, who was one of the companions of Bacchus in his expedition. And there are many vines in that country, which produce grapes very good to eat when raw, and the wine which is made from them is excellent. For it is white, and sweet, and good for the breath, and digestible, and then, it never produces any ill effect on the head, and is diuretic. And still better than this is the wine called Tæniqtic. The word ταινία means a riband; and there is in that district a long narrow riband of land, the wines produced from which are of a slightly green colour, with something oily in them, which is quickly dissolved when it is mixed with water; just as the Attic honey is dissolved by the same process. This Tæniotic wine, in addition to being sweet, has something aromatic in it, of a slightly astringent character. But there are vines near the Nile in great quantities as far as the river extends; and there are many peculiarities in those vines, both a to their colour and as to their use. However, the best of all the wines made in that district is that made near the city of Antylla (which is not far from Alexandria), the revenues fro which the kings of those ages, both the Egyptian and Persian kings, used to give to their wives for pin-money. But the wine which is made in the Thebais, especially that near the city Coptos, is light, and easy of digestion, and also so great an assistant in the digestion of the rest of one's food, that it is given to people in fevers without injury.You praise yourself, as does Astydamas, woman!(Astydamas was a tragic poet.)
ὦ γλῶσσα, σιγήσασα τὸν πολὺν χρόνον, πῶς δῆτα τλήσῃ πρᾶγμ’ ὑπεξελθεῖν τόδε; ἦ τῆς ἀνάγκης οὐδὲν ἐμβριθέστερον, ὑφ’ ἧς τὸ κρυφθὲν ἐκφανεῖς ἀνακτόρων, φησὶ Σοφοκλῆς. αὐτὸς ἐμαυτοῦ Ἰόλεώς τε καὶ Ἀλκείδης γενήσομαι. ὅτι ὁ Μαρεώτης οἶνος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεωτικὸς τὴν μὲν προσηγορίαν ἔχει ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ λίμνης Μαρείας καὶ τῆς παρ’ αὐτὴν πόλεως ὁμωνύμου, ἣ πρότερον μὲν ἦν μεγίστη, νῦν δὲ κώμης περιείληφε μέγεθος, τὴν προσηγορίαν λαβοῦσα ἀπὸ Μάρωνος ἑνὸς τῶν μετὰ Διονύσου τὰς στρατείας πεποιημένων. πολλὴ δὲ ἡ περὶ τὴν γῆν ταύτην ἄμπελος, ἧς καὶ ἡ σταφυλὴ πάνυ βρωθῆναι εὔστομος καὶ ὁ γινόμενος οἶνος κάλλιστος· λευκός τε γὰρ καὶ ἡδύς, εὔπνους, εὐανάδοτος, λεπτός, κεφαλῆς οὐ καθικνούμενος, διουρητικός, τούτου δὲ καλλίων ὁ Ταινιωτικὸς καλούμενος, ταινία δ’ ἐστὶν ἐπιμήκης περὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς τόπους, ἀφ᾽· ἧς οἱ γινόμενοι οἶνοί εἰσι μὲν ἠρέμα ὑπόχλωροι, ἐμφαίνοντές τι ἐν αὑτοῖς λιπαρόν, ὃ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ ὕδατος κρᾶσιν ἀναλύεται κατὰ βραχύ, ὡς καὶ τὸ μέλι τὸ Ἀττικὸν ἀνακιρνάμενον. οὗτος ὁ Ταινιωτικὸς πρὸς τῷ ἡδὺς εἶναι ἔχει τι καὶ ἀρωματῶδες ἠρέμα ἐπιστῦφον. ἡ δὲ περὶ τὸν Νεῖλον ἄμπελος πλείστη μὲν αὐτή, ὅσος καὶ ὁ ποταμός, καὶ πολλαὶ τῶν οἴνων αἱ ἰδιότητες κατά τε τὰ χρώματα καὶ τὴν προσφοράν. τούτους δ’ ὑπερβάλλει ὁ κατὰ Ἄντυλλαν πόλιν οὐ μακρὰν οὖσαν Ἀλεξανδρείας, ἧς τοὺς φόρους οἱ τότε βασιλεῖς Αἰγύπτιοί τε καὶ Πέρσαι ταῖς γαμεταῖς ἐδίδοσαν εἰς ζώνας. ὁ δὲ κατὰ τὴν Θηβαίδα καὶ μάλιστα ὁ κατὰ τὴν Κόπτον πόλιν οὕτως ἐστὶ λεπτὸς καὶ εὐανάδοτος καὶ ταχέως πεπτικὸς ὡς καὶ τοῖς πυρεταίνουσι διδόμενος μὴ βλάπτειν. σαυτὴν ἐπαινεῖς ὥσπερ Ἀστυδάμας, γύναι. ἦν δὲ τραγικὸς ποιητὴς ὁ Ἀστυδάμας.
Theopompus the Chian says, that the vine is found at Olympia, near the Alpheus; and that there is a place about eight furlongs from Elis where the natives at the time of the Dionysian games close up three empty brazen vessels, and seal them in the presence of all the people round about; and at a subsequent time they open them and find them full of wine. But Hellanicus says, that the vine was first discovered in Plinthina, a city of Egypt; on which account Dion, the academic philosopher, calls the Egyptians fond of wine and fond of drinking: and also, that as subsidiary to wine, in the case of those who, on account of their poverty, could not get wine, there was introduced a custom of drinking beer made of barley; and moreover, that those who drank this beer were so pleased with it that they sung and danced, and did everything like men drunk with wine. Now Aristotle says, that men who are drunk with wine show it in their faces; but that those who have drunk too much beer fall back and go to sleep; for wine is stimulating, but beer has a tendency to stupefy.
ὅτι ὁ Θεόπομπος ὁ Χῖος τὴν ἄμπελον ἱστορεῖ εὑρεθῆναι ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ παρὰ τὸν Ἀλφειόν καὶ ὅτι τῆς Ἠλείας τόπος ἐστὶν ἀπέχων ὀκτὼ στάδια, ἐν ᾧ οἱ ἐγχώριοι κατακλείοντες τοῖς Διονυσίοις χαλκοῦς λέβητας τρεῖς κενοὺς παρόντων τῶν ἐπιδημούντων ἀποσφραγίζονται καὶ ὕστερον ἀνοίγοντες εὑρίσκουσιν οἴνου πεπληρωμένους. Ἑλλάνικος δέ φησιν ἐν τῇ Πλινθίνῃ πόλει Αἰγύπτου πρώτῃ εὑρεθῆναι τὴν ἄμπελον. διὸ καὶ Δίων ὁ ἐξ Ἀκαδημίας φιλοίνους καὶ φιλοπότας τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους γενέσθαι· εὑρεθῆναί τε βοήθημα παρ᾽· αὐτοῖς ὥστε τοὺς διὰ πενίαν ἀποροῦντας οἴνου τὸν ἐκ τῶν κριθῶν γενόμενον πίνειν· καὶ οὕτως ἥδεσθαι τοὺς τοῦτον προσφερομένους ὡς καὶ ᾄδειν καὶ ὀρχεῖσθαι καὶ πάντα ποιεῖν ὅσα τοὺς ἐξοίνους γινομένους. Ἀριστοτέλης δέ φησιν ὅτι οἱ μὲν ὑπ’ οἴνου μεθυσθέντες ἐπὶ πρόσωπον φέρονται, οἱ δὲ τὸν κρίθινον πεπωκότες ἐξυπτιάζονται τὴν κεφαλὴν ὁ μὲν γὰρ οἶνος καρηβαρικός, ὁ δὲ κρίθινος καρωτικός.
Now that the Egyptians really are fond of wine this is a proof, that they are the only people among whom it is a custom at their feasts to eat boiled cabbages before all the rest of their food; and even to this very time they do so. And many people add cabbage seed to potions which they prepare as preventives against drunkenness. And wherever a vineyard has cabbages growing in it, there the wine is weaker. On which account the citizens of Sybaris also, as Timmeus says, used to eat cabbages before drinking. And so Alexis says—Last evening you were drinking deep,So now your head aches. Go to sleep;Take some boil'd cabbage when you wake;And there's an end of your headache.And Eubulus says, somewhere or other—Wife, quick! some cabbage boil, of virtues healing,That I may rid me of this seedy feeling.For the ancients used to call cabbage ῥάφανος. And so Apollodorus of Carystus expressly says—We call it ῥάφανος, and strangers κράμβη;But sure to women they must both the same be.And Anaxandrides says—If you butter and cabbage eat,All distempers you will beat,Driving off all headaches horrid,And clouds which hover round your forehead.And Nicochares says—Instead of cabbage, acorns boil to-morrow,Which equally rid you of all your sorrow.And Amphis tells us—When one's been drunk, the best relief I knowIs stern misfortune's unexpected blow;For that at once all languor will dispel,As sure as cabbage.And Theophrastus also speaks of the effect which the cabbage produces, saying that the vine as long as it lives always turns away from the smell of cabbage.
ὅτι δὲ φίλοινοι Αἰγύπτιοι, σημεῖον καὶ τὸ παρὰ μόνοις αὐτοῖς ὡς νόμιμον ἐν τοῖς δείπνοις πρὸ πάντων ἐδεσμάτων κράμβας ἔσθειν ἑφθὰς καὶ μέχρι τοῦ δεῦρο παρασκευάζεσθαι. καὶ πολλοὶ εἰς τὰς κατασκευαζομένας ἀμεθύστους προσλαμβάνουσι τὸ τῆς κράμβης σπέρμα, καὶ ἐν ᾧ δ’ ἂν ἀμπελῶνι κράμβαι φύωνται, ἀμαυρότερος ὁ οἶνος γίνεται, διὸ καὶ Συβαρῖται, φησὶ Τίμαιος, πρὸ τοῦ πίνειν κράμβας ἤσθιον. Ἄλεξις· ἐχθὲς ὑπέπινες, εἶτα νυνὶ κραιπαλᾷς. κατανύστασον παύσῃ γάρ. εἶτά σοι δότω ῥάφανόν τις ἑφθήν. Εὔβουλος δὲ πού φησι· γύναι, ῥάφανόν με νομίσασ’ εἰς ἐμέ σου τὴν κραιπάλην μέλλεις ἀφεῖναι πᾶσαν, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖς. ὅτι δὲ τὴν κράμβην ῥάφανον ἐκάλουν οἱ παλαιοὶ Ἀπολλόδωρος δηλοῖ ὁ Καρύστιος· εἰ δ’ ὅτι καλοῦμεν ῥάφανον, ὑμεῖς δ’ οἱ ξένοι κράμβην, γυναιξὶ διαφέρειν οἴονται. Ἀναξανδρίδης· ἐὰν λούσησθε νῦν ῥάφανόν τε πολλὴν ἐντράγητε, παύσεται τὸ βάρος διασκεδᾷ τε τὸ προσὸν νῦν νέφος ἐπὶ τοῦ μετώπου, Νικοχάρης· εἰσαύριον.. ἀντὶ ῥαφάνων ἐψήσομεν βαλάνιον, ἵνα νῷν ἐξάγῃ τὴν κραιπάλην. Ἄμφις· οὐκ ἔστιν, ὡς ἔοικε, φάρμακον μέθης οὐδὲν τοιοῦτον ὡς τὸ προσπεσεῖν ἄφνω λύπην τιν᾽. οὕτως ἐξελαύνει γὰρ σφόδρα λῆρον ὥστε τὰς ῥαφάνους οὕτω δοκεῖν. περὶ δὲ τῆς δυνάμεως ταύτης ἣν ἡ κράμβη ποιεῖ ἱστορεῖ καὶ Θεόφραστος φεύγειν φάσκων καὶ ζῶσαν τὴν ἄμπελον τῆς ῥαφάνου τὴν ὀδμήν.