---
title: "The Deipnosophists · Δειπνοσοφισταί"
author: "Athenaeus"
translator: "Charles Duke Yonge"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
section: 59 of 78
url: https://scriptura.si/works/athenaeus-deipnosophists/59/
cite: "Athenaeus, tr. Charles Duke Yonge, The Deipnosophists · Δειπνοσοφισταί, section 59. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/athenaeus-deipnosophists/59/"
---

# The Deipnosophists · Δειπνοσοφισταί

*Athenaeus, tr. Charles Duke Yonge*

The Learned Banqueters: a dinner party in Rome stretched over fifteen books of talk about food, wine, courtesans, music and books, quoting hundreds of lost Greek authors.

> Greek: ed. Charles Burton Gulick, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0008.tlg001, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Charles Duke Yonge, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0008.tlg001.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (books, chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 59. Book XII · chapters 18–37

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/athenaeus-deipnosophists/59/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/athenaeus-deipnosophists/59/#p-N

[¶0] But it seems to me, that besides the fact of the riches of the Sybarites, the very natural character of their country,— since there are no harbours on their coasts, and since, in consequence, nearly all the produce of the land is consumed by the citizens themselves,—and to some extent also an oracle of the God, has excited them all to luxury, and has cased them to live in practices of most immoderate dissoluteness. But their city lies in a hollow, and in summer is liable to excess of cold both morning and evening, but in the middle of the day the heat is intolerable, so that the greater part of them believe that the rivers contribute a great deal to the health of the inhabitants; on which account it has been said, that “an man who, living at Sybaris, wishes not to die before his time, ought never to see the sun either rise or set.” And once they sent to the oracle to consult the God (and one of the ambassadors was named Amyris), and to ask how long their prosperity should last; and the priestess of Delphi answered them—
You shall be happy, Sybarite,—very happy,
And all your time in entertainments pass,
While you continue to th' immortal gods
The worship due: but when you come, at length,
To honour mortal man beyond the gods,
Then foreign war and intestine sedition
Shall come upon you, and shall crush your city.
When they had heard this they thought the God had said to them that they should never have their luxury terminated; for that there was no chance of their ever honouring a man more than God. But in agreement with the oracle they experienced a change of fortune, when one of them flogging one of his slaves, continued to beat him after he had sought an asylum in a temple; but when at last he fled to the tomb of his father, he let him go, out of shame. But their whole revenues were dissipated by the way in which then rivalled one another in luxury. And the city also rivalled all other cities in luxury. And not long after this circumstance, when many omens of impending destruction, which it is not necessary to allude to further at present, had given them notice, they were destroyed.

> Greek: δοκεῖ δὲ μέγα τῆς εὐδαιμονίας αἴτιον· εἶναι ὅτι ἐκ τῆς χώρας, ἀλιμένου τῆς θαλάσσης παρηκούσης καὶ τῶν καρπῶν σχεδὸν ἁπάντων ὑπὸ τῶν πολιτῶν καταναλισκομένων, ὅ τε τῆς πόλεως τόπος καὶ ὁ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ χρησμὸς συμπαροξῦναι πάντας ἐκτρυφῆσαι καὶ ποιῆσαι ζῆσαι ὑπὲρ τὸ μέτρον ἐκλελυμένως. ἡ δὲ πόλις αὐτῶν ἐν κοίλῳ κειμένη τοῦ μὲν θέρους ἕωθέν τε καὶ πρὸς ἑσπέραν ψῦχος ὑπερβάλλον ἔχει, τὸ δὲ μέσον τῆς ἡμέρας καῦμα ἀνύποιστον ὥστε τοὺς πλείστους αὐτῶν ὑπειληφέναι πρὸς ὑγίειαν διαφέρειν τοὺς πότους· ὅθεν καὶ ῥηθῆναι ὅτι τὸν βουλόμενον ἐν Συβάρει μὴ πρὸ μοίρας ἀποθανεῖν οὔτε δυόμενον οὔτε ἀνίσχοντα τὸν ἥλιον ὁρᾶν δεῖ. ἔπεμψαν δέ ποτε καὶ εἰς θεοῦ τοὺς χρησομένους, ὧν ἦν εἷς Ἄμυρις, πυνθανόμενοι μέχρι τίνος εὐδαιμονήσουσι. καὶ ἡ Πυθία ἔφη· εὐδαίμων, Συβαρῖτα, πανευδαίμων σὺ μὲν αἰεὶ ἐν θαλίῃσιν ἔσῃ, τιμῶν γένος αἰὲν ἐόντων. εὖτ’ ἂν δὲ πρότερον θνητὸν θεοῦ ἄνδρα σεβίσσῃς, τηνίκα σοι πόλεμός τε καὶ ἔμφυλος στάσις ἥξει. τούτων ἀκούσαντες ἔδοξαν λέγειν αὐτοῖς τὸν θεὸν ὡς οὐδέποτε παύσοιντο τρυφῶντες· οὐδέποτε γὰρ τιμήσειν ἄνθρωπον μᾶλλον θεοῦ. ἐγένετ’ οὖν αὐτοῖς τῆς τύχης ἡ μεταβολὴ ἐπεί τις τῶν οἰκετῶν τινα μαστιγῶν τοῦτον καταφυγόντα εἰς τὰ ἱερὰ πάλιν ἐμαστίγου· ὡς δὲ τὸ τελευταῖον κατέδραμεν ἐπὶ τὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ μνήματα, ἀφῆκεν αἰδεσθείς. ἐξαναλώθησαν δὲ φιλοτιμούμενοι πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς τρυφαῖς, καὶ ἡ πόλις δὲ πρὸς ἁπάσας τὰς ἄλλας ἡμιλλᾶτο περὶ τρυφῆς. εἶτα μετ’ οὐ πολὺ γινομένων αὐτοῖς σημείων πολλῶν τῆς ἀπωλείας, περὶ ἧς οὐ κατεπείγει λέγειν, διεφθάρησαν.

[¶1] But they had carried their luxury to such a pitch that they had taught even their horses to dance at their feasts to the music of the flute. Accordingly the people of Crotona, knowing this, and being at war with them, as Aristotle relates in his History of the Constitution of Sybaris, played before their horses the air to which they were accustomed to dance; for the people of Crotona also had fluteplayers in military uniform. And as soon as the horses heard them playing on the flute, they not only began to dance, but ran over to the army of the Crotonians, carrying their riders with them. And Charon of Lampsacus tells a similar story about the Cardians, in the second book of his Annals, writing as follows:—“The Bisaltæ invaded the territory of the Cardians, and conquered them. But the general of the Bisaltæ was Onaris; and he, while he was a boy, had been sold as a slave in Cardia; and having lived as a slave to one of the Cardians, he had been taught the trade of a barber. And the Cardians had an oracle warning them that the Bisaltæ would some day invade them; and they very often used to talk over this oracle while sitting in this barber's shop. And Onaris, escaping from Cardia to his own country, prompted the Bisaltæ to invade the Cardians, and was himself elected general of the Bisaltæ. But all the Cardians had been in the habit of teaching their horses to dance at their feasts to the music of the flute; and they, standing on their hind feet, used to dance with their fore feet in time to the airs which they had been taught. Onaris then, knowing these things, got a female fluteplayer from among the Cardians. And this female fluteplayer coming to the Bisaltæ, taught many of their fluteplayers; and when they had learnt sufficiently, he took them in his army against the Cardians. And when the battle took place, he ordered the fluteplayers to play the airs which they had learnt, and which the horses of the Cardians knew. And when the horses heard the flute, they stood up on their hind feet, and took to dancing. But the main strength of the Cardians was in their cavalry, and so they were conquered.” And one of the Sybarites, once wishing to sail over to Crotona, hired a vessel to carry him by himself, on condition that no one was to splash him, and that no one else was to be taken on board, and that he might take his horse with him. And when the captain of the ship had agreed to these terms, he put his horse on board, and ordered some straw to be spread under the horse. And afterwards he begged one of those who had accompanied him down to the vessel to go with him, saying, “I have already stipulated with the captain of the ship to keep along the shore.” But he relied, “I should have had great difficulty in complying with your wishes if you had been going to walk along the seashore, much less can I do so when you are going to sail along the land.”

> Greek: εἰς τηλικοῦτον δ’ ἦσαν τρυφῆς ἐληλακότες ὡς καὶ παρὰ τὰς εὐωχίας τοὺς ἵππους ἐθίσαι πρὸς αὐλὸν ὀρχεῖσθαι. τοῦτ’ οὖν εἰδότες οἱ Κροτωνιᾶται ὅτε αὐτοῖς ἐπολέμουν, ὡς καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης ἱστορεῖ διὰ τῆς Πολιτείας αὐτῶν, ἐνέδοσαν τοῖς ἵπποις τὸ ὀρχηστικὸν μέλος· συμπαρῆσαν γὰρ αὐτοῖς καὶ αὐληταὶ ἐν στρατιωτικῇ σκευῇ· καὶ ἅμα αὐλούντων ἀκούοντες οἱ ἵπποι οὐ μόνον ἐξωρχήσαντο, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἀναβάτας ἔχοντες ηὐτομόλησαν πρὸς τοὺς Κροτωνιάτας. τὰ ὅμοια ἱστόρησε καὶ περὶ Καρδιανῶν ὁ Λαμψακηνὸς Χάρων ἐν δευτέρῳ ῝ Ὥρων γράφων οὕτως· Βισάλται εἰς Καρδίην ἐστρατεύσαντο καὶ ἐνίκησαν. ἡγεμὼν δὲ τῶν Βισαλτέων ἦν ὁ Νάρις. οὗτος δὲ παῖς ὢν ἐν τῇ Καρδίῃ ἐπράθη καί τινι Καρδιηνῷ δουλεύσας κορσωτεὺς ἐγένετο. Καρδιηνοῖς δὲ λόγιον ἦν ὡς Βισάλται ἀπίξονται ἐπ’ αὐτούς, καὶ πυκνὰ περὶ τούτου διελέγοντο ἐν τῷ κορσωτηρίῳ ἱζάνοντες. καὶ ἀποδρὰς ἐκ τῆς Καρδίης εἰς τὴν πατρίδα τοὺς Βισάλτας ἔστειλεν ἐπὶ τοὺς Καρδιηνοὺς ἀποδειχθεὶς ἡγεμὼν ὑπὸ τῶν Βισαλτέων. οἱ δὲ Καρδιηνοὶ πάντες τοὺς ἵππους ἐδίδαξαν ἐν τοῖς συμποσίοις ὀρχεῖσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν αὐλῶν, καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ὀπισθίων ποδῶν ἱστάμενοι τοῖς προσθίοις ὥσπερ χειρονομέοντες ὠρχοῦντο ἐξεπιστάμενοι τὰ αὐλήματα. ταῦτ’ οὖν ἐπιστάμενος ὁ Νάρις ἐκτήσατο ἐκ τῆς Καρδίης αὐλητρίδα, καὶ ἀφικομένη ἡ αὐλητρὶς εἰς τοὺς Βισάλτας ἐδίδαξε πολλοὺς αὐλητάς· μεθ’ ὧν δὴ καὶ στρατεύεται ἐπὶ τὴν Καρδίην. καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἡ μάχη συνειστήκει, ἐκέλευσεν αὐλεῖν τὰ αὐλήματα ὅσα οἱ ἵπποι τῶν Καρδιηνῶν ἐξεπισταίατο. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἤκουσαν οἱ ἵπποι τοῦ αὐλοῦ, ἔστησαν ἐπὶ τῶν ὀπισθίων ποδῶν καὶ πρὸς ὀρχησμὸν ἐτράποντο· τῶν δὲ Καρδιηνῶν ἡ ἰσχὺς ἐν τῇ ἵππῳ ἦν, καὶ οὕτως ἐνικήθησαν. Συβαριτῶν δέ τις εἰς Κρότωνά ποτε διαπλεῦσαι βουληθεὶς ἐκ τῆς Συβάρεως ἰδιόστολον ἐναυλώσατο πλοῖον, ἐφ’ ᾧ οὔτε ῥαντισθήσεται οὔτ’ ἐμβήσεται ἕτερος καὶ ἐφ’ ᾧ τὸν ἵππον ἀναλήψεται. τοῦ δ’ οὕτως συμφωνήσαντος ἐνεβίβασέν τε τὸν ἵππον καὶ ὑποστορέσαι τῷ ζῴῳ ἐκέλευσεν. ἔπειτα τινὸς τῶν προπεμπόντων ἐδεῖτο συμπλεῦσαι αὐτῷ, λέγων ὅτι προδιεστειλάμην τῷ πορθμεῖ ἵνα παρὰ τὴν γῆν πλέῃ, ὁ δὲ ἀπεκρίνατο ὅτι μόλις ἄν σου ὑπήκουσα εἰ παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν ἔμελλες πεζεύειν καὶ μὴ παρὰ τὴν γῆν πλεῖν.

[¶2] But Phylarchus, in the twenty-fifth book of his History, (having said that there was a law at Syracuse, that the women should not wear golden ornaments, nor garments embroidered with flowers, nor robes with purple borders, unless they professed that they were public prostitutes; and that there was another law, that a man should not adorn his person, nor wear any extraordinarily handsome robes, different from the rest of the citizens, unless he meant to confess that he was. an adulterer and a profligate: and also, that a freewoman was not to walk abroad when the sun had set, unless she was going to commit adultery; and even by day they were not allowed to go out without the leave of the regulators of the women, and without one female servant following them,)— Phylarchus, I say, states, that “the Sybarites, having given loose to their luxury, made a law that women might be invited to banquets, and that those who intended to invite them to sacred festivities must make preparation a year before, in order that they might have all that time to provide themselves with garments and other ornaments in a suitable manner worthy of the occasion, and so might come to the banquet to which they were invited. And if any confectioner or cook invented any peculiar and excellent dish, no other artist was allowed to make this for a year; but he alone who invented it was entitled to all the profit to be derived from the manufacture of it for that time; in order that others might be in- duced to labour at excelling in such pursuits. And the same way, it was provided that those who sold eels were not to be liable to pay tribute, nor those who caught them either. And in the same way the laws exempted from all burdens those who dyed the marine purple and those who imported it.”

> Greek: Φύλαρχος δ’ ἐν τῇ πέμπτῃ καὶ εἰκοστῇ τῶν Ἱστοριῶν εἰπὼν ὅτι παρὰ Συρακοσίοις νόμος ἦν τὰς γυναῖκας μὴ κοσμεῖσθαι χρυσῷ μηδ’ ἀνθινὰ φορεῖν μηδ’ ἐσθῆτας ἔχειν πορφυρᾶς ἐχούσας παρυφάς ἐὰν μή τις αὐτῶν συγχωρῇ ἑταίρα εἶναι κοινή, καὶ ὅτι ἄλλος ἦν νόμος τὸν ἄνδρα μὴ καλλωπίζεσθαι μηδ’ ἐσθῆτι περιέργῳ χρῆσθαι καὶ διαλλαττούσῃ, ἐὰν μὴ ὁμολογῇ μοιχεύειν ἢ κίναιδος εἶναι, καὶ τὴν ἐλευθέραν μὴ ἐκπορεύεσθαι ἡλίου δεδυκότος, ἐὰν μὴ μοιχευθησομένην ἐκωλύετο δὲ καὶ ἡμέρας ἐξιέναι ἄνευ τῶν γυναικονόμων ἀκολουθούσης αὐτῇ μιᾶς θεραπαινίδος. Συβαρῖται, φησίν, ἐξοκείλαντες εἰς τρυφὴν ἔγραψαν νόμον τὰς γυναῖκας εἰς τὰς ἑορτὰς καλεῖν καὶ τοὺς εἰς τὰς θυσίας καλοῦντας πρὸ ἐνιαυτοῦ τὴν κλῆσιν ποιεῖσθαι, ἵνα ἀξίως ποιούμεναι τοῦ χρόνου τὴν παρασκευὴν τῶν τε ἱματίων καὶ τοῦ λοιποῦ κόσμου προάγωσιν οὕτως εἰς τὰς κλήσεις. εἰ δέ τις τῶν ὀψοποιῶν ἢ μαγείρων ᾽ἴδιον εὕροι βρῶμα καὶ περιττόν, ἐξουσίαν μὴ εἶναι χρήσασθαι τούτῳ ἕτερον πρὸ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἀλλ’ αὐτῷ τῷ εὑρόντι, τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον ὅπως ὁ πρῶτος εὑρὼν καὶ τὴν ἐργασίαν ἔχῃ, πρὸς τὸ τοὺς ἄλλους φιλοπονοῦντας αὑτοὺς ὑπερβάλλεσθαι τοῖς τοιούτοις. ὡσαύτως δὲ μηδὲ τοὺς τὰς ἐγχέλεις πωλοῦντας τέλος ἀποτίνειν μηδὲ τοὺς θηρεύοντας, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ τοὺς τὴν πορφύραν τὴν θαλαττίαν βάπτοντας καὶ τοὺς εἰσάγοντας ἀτελεῖς ἐποίησαν.

[¶3] They, then, having carried their luxury and insolence to a great height, at last, when thirty ambassadors came to them from the people of Crotona, slew them all, and threw their bodies down over the wall, and left them there to be eaten by beasts. And this was the beginning of great evils to them, as the Deity was much offended at it. Accordingly, a few days afterwards all their chief magistrates appeared to see the same vision on one night; for they thought that they saw Juno coming into the midst of the market-place, and vomiting gall; and a spring of blood arose in her temple. But even then they did not desist from their arrogance, until they were all destroyed by the Crotonians. But Heraclides of Pontus, in his treatise on Justice, says,—“The Sybarites having put down the tyranny of Telys, and having destroyed all those who had exercised authority, met them and slew them at the altars of the gods. And at the sight of this slaughter the statue of Juno turned itself away, and the floor sent up a fountain of blood, so that they were forced to cover all the place around with brazen tablets, wishing to stop the rising of the blood: on which account they were all driven from their city and destroyed. And they had also been desirous to obscure the glory of the famous games at Olympia; for watching the time when they are celebrated, they attempted to draw over the athletes to their side by the extravagance of the prizes which they offered.”

> Greek: πάνυ οὖν ἐξοκείλαντες εἰς ὕβριν τὸ τελευταῖον παρὰ Κροτωνιατῶν πρεσβευτῶν ἡκόντων ἅπαντας αὐτοὺς ἀπέκτειναν καὶ πρὸ τοῦ τείχους τὰ σώματα ἐξέρριψαν καὶ ὑπὸ θηρίων εἴασαν διαφθαρῆναι. αὕτη δ’ αὐτοῖς καὶ τῶν κακῶν ἐγένετο ἀρχὴ μηνίσαντος τοῦ δαιμονίου. ἔδοξαν γοῦν μετ’ ὀλίγας ἡμέρας πάντες αὐτῶν οἱ ἄρχοντες τὴν αὐτὴν ἰδεῖν ὄψιν ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ νυκτί· τὴν γὰρ Ἥραν ἰδόντες ἐλθοῦσαν εἰς μέσην τὴν ἀγορὰν καὶ ἐμοῦσαν χολὴν ἀνέβλυσεν δὲ καὶ αἵματος πηγὴ ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ αὐτῆς, καὶ οὐδὲ οὕτως ἔληξαν τῆς ὑπερηφανίας ἕως πάντες ὑπὸ Κροτωνιατῶν ἀπώλοντο. ʽ Ἡρακλείδης δ’ ὁ Ποντικὸς ἐν τῷ περὶ Δικαιοσύνης φησίν Συβαρῖται τὴν Τήλυος τυραννίδα καταλύσαντες τοὺς μετασχόντας τῶν πραγμάτων ἀναιροῦντες καὶ φονεύοντες ἐπὶ τῶν βωμῶν ἅπαντες … καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς φόνοις τούτοις ἀπεστράφη μὲν τὸ τῆς Ἥρας ἄγαλμα, τὸ δὲ ἔδαφος ἀνῆκε πηγὴν αἵματος, ὥστε τὸν σύνεγγυς ἅπαντα τόπον κατεχάλκωσαν θυρίσι, βουλόμενοι στῆσαι τὴν τοῦ αἵματος ἀναφοράν. διόπερ ἀνάστατοι ἐγένοντο καὶ διεφθάρησαν ἅπαντες, οἱ καὶ τὸν τῶν Ὀλυμπίων τῶν πάνυ ἀγῶνα ἀμαυρῶσαι ἐθελήσαντες. καθ’ ὃν γὰρ ἄγεται καιρὸν ἐπιτηρήσαντες ἄθλων ὑπερβολῇ ὡς αὑτοὺς καλεῖν ἐπεχείρουν τοὺς ἀθλητάς.

[¶4] And the men of Crotona, as Timæus says, after they had destroyed the people of Sybaris, began to indulge in luxury; so that their chief magistrate went about the city clad in a purple robe, and wearing a golden crown on his head, and wearing also white sandals. But some say that this was not done out of luxury, but owing to Democedes the physician, who was by birth a native of Crotona; and who having lived with Polycrates the tyrant of Samos, and having been taken prisoner by the Persians after his death, was taken to the king of Persia, after Orœtes had put Polycrates to death. And Democedes, having cured Atossa, the wife of Darius, and daughter of Cyrus, who had a complaint in her breast, asked of her this reward, to be sent back to Greece, on condition of returning again to Persia; and having obtained his request he came to Crotona. And as he wished to remain there, when some Persian laid hold of him and said that he was a slave of the king of Persia, the Crotonians took him away, and having stripped the Persian of his robe, dressed the lictor of their chief magistrate in it. And from that time forward, the lictor, having on the Persian robe, went round with the chief magistrate to all the altars every seventh day; not for the sake of luxury or insolence, but doing it for the purpose of insulting the Persians. But after this the men of Crotona, as Timæus says, attempted to put an end to the Assembly at Olympia, by appointing a meeting for games, with enormously rich prizes, to be held at exactly the same time as the Olympian games; but some say that the Sybarites did this.

> Greek: καὶ Κροτωνιᾶται δ᾽, ὥς φησι Τίμαιος, μετὰ τὸ ἐξελεῖν Συβαρίτας ἐξώκειλαν εἰς τρυφὴν ὥστε καὶ τὸν ἄρχοντα αὐτῶν περιιέναι κατὰ τὴν πόλιν ἁλουργίδα ἠμφιεσμένον καὶ ἐστεφανωμένον χρυσῷ στεφάνῳ, ὑποδεδεμένον λευκὰς κρηπῖδας. οἱ δὲ οὐ διὰ τρυφήν φασι τοῦτο γεγονέναι, ἀλλὰ διὰ Δημοκήδη τὸν ἰατρὸν ὃς τὸ μὲν γένος ἦν Κροτωνιάτης, Πολυκράτει δὲ τῷ Σαμίων τυράννῳ συνὼν καὶ μετὰ τὸν ἐκείνου θάνατον αἰχμαλωτισθεὶς ὑπὸ Περσῶν ἀνήχθη ὡς βασιλέα, Ὀροίτου τὸν Πολυκράτη ἀποκτείναντος. θεραπεύσας δ’ ὁ Δημοκήδης Ἄτοσσαν τὴν Δαρείου μὲν γυναῖκα, Κύρου δὲ θυγατέρα, τὸν μαστὸν ἀλγήσασαν, ᾔτησε ταύτην δωρεὰν καταπεμφθῆναι εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ὡς ἐπανελευσόμενος· καὶ τυχὼν ἧκεν εἰς Κρότωνα, βουλομένου τε αὐτόθι καταμένειν, ἐπιλαβομένου τινὸς τῶν Περσῶν καὶ λέγοντος ὅτι βασιλέως εἴη δοῦλος, ἐκεῖνον μὲν ἀφείλαντο οἱ Κροτωνιᾶται, ἐκδύσαντες δὲ τὴν στολὴν τοῦ Πέρσου ἐνέδυσαν τὸν ὑπηρέτην τοῦ πρυτανεύοντος, ἐξ οὗ δὴ Περσικὴν ἔχων στολὴν περιέρχεται ταῖς ἑβδόμαις τοὺς βωμοὺς μετὰ τοῦ πρυτάνεως· οὐ τρυφῆς χάριν οὐδὲ ὕβρεως, ἀλλ’ ἐπηρείας τῆς εἰς τοὺς Πέρσας τοῦτο πράττοντες. ὕστερον δὲ καὶ οἱ Κροτωνιᾶται, φησὶν ὁ Τίμαιος, ἐπεχείρησαν τὴν Ὀλυμπικὴν πανήγυριν καταλῦσαι, τῷ αὐτῷ χρόνῳ προθέντες ἀργυρικὸν σφόδρα πλούσιον ἀγῶνα. οἱ δὲ Συβαρίτας τοῦτο ποιῆσαι λέγουσιν.

[¶5] But Clearchus, in the fourth book of his Lives, says that the people of Tarentum, being a very valiant and powerful people, carried their luxury to such a height, that they used to make their whole body smooth, and that they were the first people who set other nations an example of this smoothness. They also, says he, all wore very beautiful fringes on their garments; such as those with which now the life of woman is refined. And afterwards, being led on by their luxury to insolence, they overthrew a city of the Iapyges, called Carbina, and collected all the boys and maidens, and women in the flower of their age, out of it into the temples of the Carbinians; and building tents there, they exposed them naked by day for all who chose to come and look at them, so that whoever pleased, leaping, as it were, on this unfortunate band, might satiate his appetites with the beauty of those who were there assembled, in the sight of every one, and above all of the Gods, whom they were thinking of but little. And this aroused the indignation of the Deity, so that he struck all the Tarentines who behaved so impiously in Carbina with his thunderbolts. And even to this day at Tarentum every one of the houses has the same number of pillars before its doors as that of the people whom it received back of those who were sent to Iapygia. And, when the day comes which is the anniversary of their death, they do not bewail those who perished at those pillars, nor do they offer the libations which are customary in other cases, but they offer sacrifices to Jupiter the Thunderer.

> Greek: Ταραντίνους δέ φησι Κλέαρχος ἐν τετάρτῳ Βίων ἀλκὴν καὶ δύναμιν κτησαμένους εἰς τοσοῦτο τρυφῆς προελθεῖν ὥστε τὸν ὅλον χρῶτα παραλεαίνεσθαι καὶ τῆς ψιλώσεως ταύτης τοῖς λοιποῖς κατάρξαι. ἐφόρουν δέ, φησίν, καὶ παρυφὴν διαφανῆ πάντες, οἷς νῦν ὁ τῶν γυναικῶν ἁβρύνεται βίος. ὕστερον δ’ ὑπὸ τῆς τρυφῆς εἰς ὕβριν ποδηγηθέντες ἀνάστατον μίαν πόλιν Ἰαπύγων ἐποίησαν Κάρβιναν, ἐξ ἧς παῖδας καὶ παρθένους καὶ τὰς ἐν ἀκμῇ γυναῖκας ἀθροίσαντες εἰς τὰ τῶν Καρβινατῶν ἱερὰ καὶ σκηνοποιησάμενοι γυμνὰ πᾶσι τῆς ἡμέρας τὰ σώματα παρεῖχον θεωρεῖν καὶ ὁ βουλόμενος καθάπερ εἰς ἀτυχῆ παραπηδῶν ἀγέλην ἐθοινᾶτο ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τὴν τῶν ἀθροισθέντων ὥραν, πάντων μὲν ὁρώντων, μάλιστα δὲ ὧν ἥκιστα ἐκεῖνοι προσεδόκων θεῶν. οὕτω δὲ τὸ δαιμόνιον ἠγανάκτησεν ὥστε Ταραντίνων τοὺς ἐν Καρβίνῃ παρανομήσαντας ἐκεραύνωσεν πάντας. καὶ μέχρι καὶ νῦν ἐν Τάραντι ἑκάστη τῶν οἰκιῶν ὅσους ὑπεδέξατο τῶν εἰς Ἰαπυγίαν ἐκπεμφθέντων τοσαύτας ἔχει στήλας. πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ἐφ’ αἷς καθ’ ὃν ἀπώλοντο χρόνον οὔτ’ οἰκτίζονται τοὺς ἀποιχομένους οὔτε τὰς νομίμους χέονται χοάς, ἀλλὰ θύουσι Διὶ Καταιβάτῃ.

[¶6] Now the race of the Iapygians came originally from Crete, being descended from those Cretans who came to seek for Glaucus, and settled in that part of Italy; but afterwards, they, forgetting the orderly life of the Cretans came to such a pitch of luxury, and from thence to such a degree of insolence, that they were the first people who painted their faces, and who wore headbands and false hair, and who clothed themselves in robes embroidered with flowers, and who considered it disgraceful to cultivate the land, or to do any kind of labour. And most of them made their houses more beautiful than the temples of the gods; and so they say, that the leaders of the Iapygians, treating the Deity with insult, destroyed the images of the gods out of the temples, ordering them to give place to their superiors. On which account, being struck with fire and thunderbolts, they gave rise to this report; for indeed the thunderbolts with which they were stricken down were visible a long time afterwards. And to this very day all their descendants live with shaven heads and in mourning apparel, in want of all the luxuries which previously belonged to them.

> Greek: Ἰαπύγων τε αὖ τὸ γένος ἐκ Κρήτης ὄντων κατὰ Γλαύκου ζήτησιν ἀφικομένων καὶ κατοικησάντων, οἱ μετὰ τούτους λήθην λαβόντες τῆς Κρητῶν περὶ τὸν βίον εὐκοσμίας εἰς τοῦτο· τρυφῆς, εἶθ’ ὕστερον ὕβρεως ἦλθον ὥστε πρῶτοι τὸ πρόσωπον ἐντριψάμενοι καὶ προκόμια περιθετά λαβόντες στολὰς μὲν ἀνθινὰς φορῆσαι, τὸ δὲ ἐργάσασθαι καὶ πονεῖν αἴσχιον νομίσαι. καὶ τοὺς μὲν πολλοὺς αὐτῶν καλλίονας τὰς οἰκίας ποιῆσαι τῶν ἱερῶν, τοὺς δ’ ἡγεμόνας τῶν Ἰαπύγων ἐφυβρίζοντας τὸ θεῖον πορθεῖν ἐκ τῶν ἱερῶν τὰ τῶν θεῶν ἀγάλματα, προειπόντας μεθίστασθαι τοῖς κρείττοσιν. διόπερ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ βαλλόμενοι πυρὶ καὶ χαλκῷ ταύτην διέδοσαν τὴν φήμην. ἐμφανῆ γὰρ ἦν μέχρι πόρρω κεχαλκευμένα τῶν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ βελῶν καὶ πάντες οἱ ἀπ’ ἐκείνων μέχρι τήμερον ἐν χρῷ κεκαρμένοι καὶ πένθιμον στολὴν ἀμπεχόμενοι ζῶσιν, πάντων τῶν πρὶν ὑπαρξάντων ἀγαθῶν σπανίζοντες.

[¶7] But the Spaniards, although they go about in robes like those of the tragedians, and richly embroidered, and in tunics which reach down to the feet, are not at all hindered by their dress from displaying their vigour in war; but the people of Massilia became very effeminate, wearing the same highly ornamented kind of dress which the Spaniards used to wear; but they behave in a shameless manner, on account of the effeminacy of their souls, behaving like women, out of luxury: from which the proverb has gone about,—May you sail to Massilia. And the inhabitants of Siris, which place was first inhabited by people who touched there on their return from Troy, and after them by the Colophonians, as Timæus and Aristotle tell us, indulged in luxury no less than the Sybarites; for it was a peculiar national custom of theirs to wear embroidered tunics, which they girded up with expensive girdles (μίτραι); and on this account they were called by the inhabitants of the adjacent countries μιτροχίτωνες, since Homer calls those who have no girdles ἀμιτροχίτωνες. And Archilochus the poet marvelled beyond anything at the country of the Siritans, and at their prosperity. Accordingly, speaking of Thasos as inferior to Siris, he says—
For there is not on earth a place so sweet,
Or lovely, or desirable as that
Which stands upon the stream of gentle Siris.
But the place was called Siris, as Timæus asserts, and as Euripides says too in his play called The Female Prisoner, or Melanippe, from a woman named Siris, but according to Archilochus, from a river of the same name. And the number of the population was very great in proportion to the size of the place and extent of the country, owing to the luxurious and delicious character of the climate all around. On which account nearly all that part of Italy which was colonised by the Greeks was called Magna Græcia.

> Greek: Ἴβηρες δὲ καίτοι ἐν τραγικαῖς στολαῖς καὶ ποικίλαις προιόντες καὶ χιτῶσι ποδήρεσι χρώμενοι οὐδὲν ἐμποδίζονται τῆς πρὸς τοὺς πολέμους ῥώμης. Μασσαλιῶται δ’ ἐθηλύνθησαν οἱ τὸν αὐτὸν Ἴβηρσι τῆς ἐσθῆτος φοροῦντες κόσμον. ἀσχημονοῦσι γοῦν διὰ τὴν ἐν ταῖς ψυχαῖς μαλακίαν, διὰ τρυφὴν γυναικοπαθοῦντες· ὅθεν καὶ παροιμία παρῆλθε πλεύσειας εἰς Μασσαλίαν. καὶ οἱ τὴν Σῖριν δὲ κατοικοῦντες, ἣν πρῶτοι κατέσχον οἱ ἀπὸ Τροίας ἐλθόντες, ὕστερον δὲ Κολοφώνιοι, ὥς φησι Τίμαιος καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης, εἰς τρυφὴν ἐξώκειλαν οὐχ ἧσσον Συβαριτῶν. καὶ γὰρ ἰδίως παρ’ αὐτοῖς ἐπεχωρίασεν φορεῖν ἀνθινοὺς χιτῶνας, οὓς ἐζώννυντο μίτραις πολυτελέσιν, καὶ ἐκαλοῦντο διὰ τοῦτο ὑπὸ τῶν περιοίκων μιτροχίτωνες, ἐπεὶ Ὅμηρος τοὺς ἀζώστους ἀμιτροχίτωνας καλεῖ. καὶ Ἀρχίλοχος δ’ ὁ ποιητὴς ὑπερτεθαύμακε τὴν χώραν τῶν Σιριτῶν διὰ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν. περὶ γοῦν τῆς Θάσου λέγων ὡς ἥσσονός φησιν οὐ γάρ τι καλὸς χῶρος οὐδ’ ἐφίμερος οὐδ’ ἐρατός, οἷος ἀμφὶ Σίριος ῥοάς. ὠνομάσθη δ’ ἡ Σῖρις, ὡς μὲν Τίμαιός φησιν καὶ Εὐριπίδης ἐν Δεσμώτιδι Μελανίππῃ, ἀπὸ γυναικὸς τινος Σίριδος· ὡς δ’ Ἀρχίλοχος, ἀπὸ ποταμοῦ, οὐκ ὀλίγον δὲ πρὸς τὴν τρυφὴν καὶ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν τοῦ σύμπαντος τούτου κλίματος καὶ τὸ πλῆθος ἐγένετο τῶν ἀνθρώπων, διὸ καὶ Μεγάλη Ἑλλὰς ἐκλήθη πᾶσα σχεδὸν ἡ κατὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν κατοίκησις.

[¶8] “But the Milesians, as long as they abstained from luxury, conquered the Scythians,” as Ephorus says, "and founded all the cities on the Hellespont, and settled all the country about the Euxine Sea with beautiful cities. And they all betook themselves to Miletus. But when they were enervated by pleasure and luxury, all the valiant character of the city disappeared, as Aristotle tells us; and indeed a proverb arose from them,—
Once on a time Milesians were brave."
Heraclides of Pontus, in the second book of his treatise on Justice, says,—"The city of the Milesians fell into misfortunes, on account of the luxurious lives of the citizens and on account of the political factions; for the citizens, not loving equity, destroyed their enemies root and branch. For all the rich men and the populace formed opposite factions (and they call the populace Gergithæ). At first the people got the better, and drove out the rich men, and, collecting the children of those who fled into some threshing-floors, collected a lot of oxen, and so trampled them to death, destroying them in a most impious manner. Therefore, when in their turn the rich men got the upper hand, they smeared over all those whom they got into their power with pitch, and so burnt them alive. And when they were being burnt, they say that many other prodigies were seen, and also that a sacred olive took fire of its own accord; on which account the God drove them for a long time from his oracle; and when they asked the oracle on what account they were driven away, he said—
My heart is grieved for the defenceless Gergithæ,
So helplessly destroy'd; and for the fate
Of the poor pitch-clad bands, and for the tree
Which never more shall flourish or bear fruit.
And Clearchus, in his fourth book, says that the Milesians, imitating the luxury of the Colophonians, disseminated it among their neighbours. And then he says that they, when reproved for it, said one to another, “Keep at home your native Milesian wares, and publish them not.”

> Greek: Μιλήσιοι δ’ ἕως μὲν οὐκ ἐτρύφων, ἐνίκων Σκύθας, ὥς φησιν Ἔφορος, καὶ τάς τε ἐφ’ Ἑλλησπόντῳ πόλεις ἔκτισαν καὶ τὸν Εὔξεινον Πόντον κατῴκισαν πόλεσι λαμπραῖς, καὶ πάντες ὑπὸ τὴν Μίλητον ἔθεον. ὡς δὲ ὑπήχθησαν ἡδονῇ καὶ τρυφῇ, κατερρύη τὸ τῆς πόλεως ἀνδρεῖον, φησὶν ὁ Ἀριστοτέλης, καὶ παροιμία τις ἐγεννήθη ἐπ’ αὐτῶν πάλαι ποτ’ ἦσαν ἄλκιμοι Μιλήσιοι. Ἡρακλείδης δ’ ὁ Ποντικὸς ἐν δευτέρῳ περὶ Δικαιοσύνης φησίν
ἡ Μιλησίων πόλις περιπέπτωκεν ἀτυχίαις διὰ τρυφὴν βίου καὶ πολιτικὰς ἔχθρας· οἳ τὸ ἐπιεικὲς οὐκ ἀγαπῶντες ἐκ ῥιζῶν ἀνεῖλον τοὺς ἐχθρούς. στασιαζόντων γὰρ τῶν τὰς οὐσίας ἐχόντων καὶ τῶν δημοτῶν, οὓς ἐκεῖνοι Γέργιθας ἐκάλουν, πρῶτον μὲν κρατήσας ὁ δῆμος καὶ τοὺς πλουσίους ἐκβαλὼν καὶ τὰ τέκνα τῶν φυγόντων εἰς ἁλωνίας συναγαγὼν, βουσὶ συνηλοίησαν καὶ παρανομωτάτῳ θανάτῳ διέφθειραν. τοιγάρτοι πάλιν οἱ πλούσιοι κρατήσαντες ἅπαντας ὧν κύριοι κατέστησαν μετὰ τῶν τέκνων κατεπίττωσαν. ὧν καιομένων φασὶν ἄλλα τε πολλὰ γενέσθαι τέρατα καὶ ἐλαίαν ἱερὰν αὐτομάτην ἀναφθῆναι. διόπερ ὁ θεὸς ἐπὶ πολὺν χρόνον ἀπήλαυνεν αὐτοὺς τοῦ μαντείου καὶ ἐπερωτώντων διὰ τίνα αἰτίαν ἀπελαύνονται εἶπεν καί μοι Γεργίθων τε φόνος μέλει ἀπτολεμίστων πισσήρων τε μόρος καὶ δένδρεον αἰεὶ ἀθαλλές.
Κλέαρχος δὲ ἐν τετάρτῳ Βίων ζηλώσαντάς φησι τοὺς Μιλησίους τὴν Κολοφωνίων τρυφὴν διαδοῦναι καὶ τοῖς πλησιοχώροις, ἔπειτ’ ὀνειδιζομένους λέγειν ἑαυτοῖς· οἴκοι τὰ Μιλήσια κἀπιχώρια καὶ μὴ ἐν τῷ μέσῳ.

[¶9] And concerning the Scythians, Clearchus, in what follows these last words, proceeds to say—-"The nation of the Scythians was the first to use common laws; but after that, they became in their turn the most miserable of all nations, on account of their insolence: for they indulged in luxury to a degree in which no other nation did, being prosperous in everything, and having great resources of all sorts for such indulgences. And this is plain from the traces which exist of it to this day in the apparel worn, and way of life practised, by their chief men. For they, being very luxurious, and indeed being the first men who abandoned themselves wholly to luxury, proceeded to such a pitch of insolence that they used to cut off the noses of all the men wherever they came; and their descendants, after they emigrated to other countries, even now derive their name from this treatment. But their wives used to tattoo the wives of the Thracians, (of those Thracians, that is, who lived on the northern and western frontiers of Scythia,) all over their bodies, drawing figures on them with the tongues of their buckles; on which account, many years afterwards, the wives of the Thracians who had been treated in this manner effaced this disgrace in a peculiar manner of their own, tattooing also all the rest of their skin all over, in order that by this means the brand of disgrace and insult which was imprinted on their bodies, being multiplied in so various a manner, might efface the reproach by being called an ornament. And they lorded it over all other nations in so tyrannical a manner, that the offices of slavery, which are painful enough to all men, made it plain to all succeeding ages what was the real character of “a Scythian command.” Therefore, on account of the number of disasters which oppressed them, since every people had lost, through grief, all the comforts of life, and all their hair at the same time, foreign nations called all cutting of the hair which is done by way of insult, ἀποσκυθίζομαι.

> Greek: καὶ περὶ Σκυθῶν δ’ ἑξῆς ὁ Κλέαρχος τάδε ἱστορεῖ· μόνον δὲ νόμοις κοινοῖς πρῶτον ἔθνος ἐχρήσατο τὸ Σκυθῶν εἶτα πάλιν ἐγένοντο πάντων ἀθλιώτατοι βροτῶν διὰ τὴν ὕβριν. ἐτρύφησαν μὲν γὰρ ὡς οὐδένες ἕτεροι, τῶν πάντων εὐροίας καὶ πλούτου καὶ τῆς λοιπῆς αὐτοὺς χορηγίας κατασχούσης. τοῦτο δὲ δῆλον ἐκ τῆς ἔτι καὶ νῦν ὑπολειπούσης περὶ τοὺς ἡγεμόνας αὐτῶν ἐσθῆτός τε καὶ διαίτης, τρυφήσαντες δὲ καὶ μάλιστα δὴ καὶ πρῶτοι πάντων τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπὶ τὸ τρυφᾶν ὁρμήσαντες εἰς τοῦτο προῆλθον ὕβρεως ὥστε πάντων τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἰς οὓς ἀφίκοιντο ἠκρωτηρίαζον τὰς ῥῖνας· ὧν οἱ ἀπόγονοι μεταστάντες ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ πάθους ἔχουσι τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν. αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες αὐτῶν τὰς Θρᾳκῶν τῶν πρὸς ἑσπέραν καὶ ἄρκτον περιοίκων γυναῖκας ἐποίκιλλον τὰ σώματα, περόναις γραφὴν ἐνεῖσαι. ὅθεν πολλοῖς ἔτεσιν ὕστερον αἱ ὑβρισθεῖσαι τῶν Θρᾳκῶν γυναῖκες ἰδίως ἐξηλείψαντο τὴν συμφορὰν προσαναγραψάμεναι τὰ λοιπὰ τοῦ χρωτός, ἵν’ ὁ τῆς ὕβρεως καὶ τῆς αἰσχύνης ἐπ’ αὐταῖς χαρακτὴρ εἰς ποικιλίαν καταριθμηθεὶς κόσμου προσηγορίᾳ τοὔνειδος ἐξαλείψῃ· πάντων δὲ οὕτως ὑπερηφάνως προέστησαν ὥστε οὐδένων ἄδακρυς ἡ τῆς δουλείας ὑπουργία γιγνομένη διήγγειλεν εἰς τοὺς ἐπιγινομένους τὴν ἀπὸ Σκυθῶν ῥῆσιν οἵα τις ἦν. διὰ τὸ πλῆθος οὖν τῶν κατασχουσῶν αὐτοὺς συμφορῶν, ἐπεὶ διὰ τὸ πένθος ἅμα τόν τε τῶν βίων ὄλβον καὶ τὰς κόμας περιεσπάσθησαν, παντὸς ἔθνους οἱ ἔξω τὴν ἐφ’ ὕβρει κουρὰν ἀπεσκυθίσθαι προσηγόρευσαν.

[¶10] And Callias, or Diocles, (whichever was the author of the Cyclopes), ridiculing the whole nation of the Ionians in that play, says—
What has become of that luxurious
Ionia, with the sumptuous supper-tables?
Tell me, how does it fare?
And the people of Abydus (and Abydus is a colony of Miletus) are very luxurious in their way of life, and wholly enervated by pleasure; as Hermippus tells us, in his Soldiers—
A. I do rejoice when I behold an army
From o'er the sea,—to see how soft they are
And delicate to view, with flowing hair,
And well-smooth'd muscles in their tender arms.
B. Have you heard Abydus has become a man?
And Aristophanes, in his Triphales, ridiculing (after the fashion of the comedians) many of the Ionians, says—
Then all the other eminent foreigners
Who were at hand, kept following steadily,
And much they press'd him, begging he would take
The boy with him to Chios, and there sell him:
Another hoped he'd take him to Clazomenæ;
A third was all for Ephesus; a fourth
Preferred Abydus on the Hellespont:
And all these places in his way did lie.
But concerning the people of Abydus, Antipho, in reply to the attacks of Alcibiades, speaks as follows:—“After you had been considered by your guardians old enough to be your own master, you, receiving your property from their hands, went away by sea to Abydus,—not for the purpose of transacting any private business of your own, nor on account of any commission of the state respecting any public rights of hospitality; but, led only by your own lawless and intemperate disposition, to learn lascivious habits and actions from the women at Abydus, in order that you might be able to put them in practice during the remainder of your life.” The Magnesians also, who lived on the banks of the Meander, were undone because they indulged in too much luxury, as Callinus relates in his Elegies; and Archilochus confirms this: for the city of Magnesia was taken by the Ephesians. And concerning these same Ephesians, Democritus, who was himself an Ephesian, speaks in the First book of his treatise on the Temple of Diana at Ephesus; where, relating their excessive effeminacy, and the dyed garments which they used to wear, he uses these expressions:—“And as for the violet and purple robes of the Ionians, and their saffron garments, embroidered with round figures, those are known to every one; and the caps which they wear on their heads are in like manner embroidered with figures of animals. They wear also garments called sarapes, of yellow, or scarlet, or white, and some even of purple: and they wear also long robes called calasires, of Corinthian workmanship; and some of these are purple, and some violet-coloured, and some hyacinth-coloured; and one may also see some which are of a fiery red, and others which are of a sea-green colour. There are also Persian calasires, which are the most beautiful of all. And one may see also,” continues Democritus, “the garments which they call actææ; and the actæa is the most costly of all the Persian articles of dress: and this actæa is woven for the sake of fineness and of strength, and it is ornamented all over with golden millet-grains; and all the millet-grains have knots of purple thread passing through the middle, to fasten them inside the garment.” And he says that the Ephesians use all these things, being wholly devoted to luxury.

> Greek: τοὺς δὲ σύμπαντας Ἴωνας ἐπισκώπτων Καλλίας ἢ Διοκλῆς ἐν Κύκλωψί φησιν τί γὰρ ἡ τρυφερὰ καὶ καλλιτράπεζος Ἰωνία εἴφ’ ὅ τι πράσσει. καὶ Ἀβυδηνοὶ Μιλησίων δ’ εἰσὶν ἄποικοι ἀνειμένοι τὴν δίαιτὰν εἰσιν καὶ κατεαγότες, ὡς παρίστησιν Ἕρμιππος ἐν Στρατιώταις· χαῖρ᾽, ὦ διαπόντιον στράτευμα, τί πράττομεν; τὰ μὲν πρὸς ὄψιν μαλακῶς ἔχειν ἀπὸ σώματος, κόμῃ τε νεανικῇ σφρίγει τε βραχιόνων. β. ᾔσθου τὸν Ἀβυδόθ᾽ ὡς ἀνὴρ γεγένηται; καὶ Ἀριστοφάνης Τριφάλητι παρακωμῳδῶν πολλοὺς τῶν ᾽ Ἰώνων·
ἔπειθ’ ὅσοι παρῆσαν ἐπίσημοι ξένοι ἐπηκολούθουν κἠντιβόλουν προσκείμενοι, ὅκως ἔχων τὸν παῖδα πωλήσει ᾽ς Χίον, ἕτερος δ’ ὅκως ἐς Κλαζομενάς, ἕτερος δ’ ὅκως ἐς Ἔφεσον, ὁ δ’ ἐς Ἄβυδον. ἦν δὲ ᾽ πάνθ’ ὅκως.
περὶ δὲ τῶν Ἀβυδηνῶνι Ἀντιφῶν ἐν τῷ κατὰ Ἀλκιβιάδου λοιδορίας γράφει οὕτως ι ἐπειδὴ ἐδοκιμάσθης ὑπὸ τῶν ἐπιτρόπων, παραλαβὼν παρ’ αὐτῶν τὰ σαυτοῦ χρήματα ᾤχου ἀποπλέων εἰς Ἄβυδον, οὔτε χρέος ᾽ἴδιον σαυτοῦ πραξόμενος οὐδὲν οὔτε προξενίας οὐδεμιᾶς ἕνεκεν, ἀλλὰ τῇ σαυτοῦ παρανομίᾳ καὶ ἀκολασίᾳ τῆς γνώμης ὁμοίους ἔργων τρόπους μαθησόμενος παρὰ τῶν ἐν Ἀβύδῳ γυναικῶν, ὅπως ἐν τῷ ἐπιλοίπῳ βίῳ ἔχοις χρῆσθαι αὐτοῖς, ἀπώλοντο δὲ καὶ Μάγνητες οἱ πρὸς τῷ Μαιάνδρῳ διὰ τὸ πλέον ἀνεθῆναι, ὥς φησι Καλλῖνος ἐν τοῖς Ἐλεγείοις καὶ Ἀρχίλοχος· ἑάλωσαν γὰρ ὑπὸ Ἐφεσίων. καὶ περὶ αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν Ἐφεσίων Δημόκριτος ὁ Ἐφέσιος ἐν τῷ προτέρῳ περὶ τοῦ ἐν Ἐφέσῳ Ναοῦ διηγούμενος περὶ τῆς χλιδῆς αὐτῶν καὶ ὧν ἐφόρουν βαπτῶν ἱματίων γράφει καὶ τάδε· τὰ δὲ τῶν Ἰώνων ἰοβαφῆ καὶ πορφυρᾶ καὶ κρόκινα ῥόμβοις ὑφαντά· αἱ δὲ κεφαλαὶ κατ᾽ ἴσα διειλημμέναι ζῴοις. καὶ σαράπεις μήλινοι καὶ πορφυροῖ καὶ λευκοί, οἱ δὲ ἁλουργεῖς. καὶ καλασίρεις Κορινθιουργεῖς· εἰσὶ δ’ αἱ μὲν πορφυραῖ τούτων, αἱ δὲ ἰοβαφεῖς, αἱ δὲ ὑακίνθιναι· λάβοι δ’ ἄν τις καὶ φλογίνας καὶ θαλασσοειδεῖς. ὑπάρχουσιν δὲ καὶ Περσικαὶ καλασίρεις, αἵπερ εἰσὶ κάλλισται πασῶν. ἴδοι δ’ ἄν τις, φησίν, καὶ τὰς καλουμένας ἀκταίας, ὅπερ ἐστὶ καὶ πολυτελέστατον ἐν τοῖς Περσικοῖς περιβλήμασιν. ἐστὶν δὲ τοῦτο σπαθητὸν ἰσχύος καὶ κουφότητος χάριν καταπέπασται δὲ χρυσοῖς κέγχροις· οἱ δὲ κέγχροι νήματι πορφυρῷ πάντες εἰς τὴν εἴσω μοῖραν ἅμματ’ ἔχουσιν ἀνὰ μέσον. τούτοις πᾶσι χρῆσθαί φησι τοὺς Ἐφεσίους ἐπιδόντας εἰς τρυφήν.

[¶11] But Duris, speaking concerning the luxury of the Samians, quotes the poems of Asius, to prove that they used to wear armlets on their arms; and that, when celebrating the festival of the Heræa, they used to go about with their hair carefully combed down over the back of their head and over their shoulders; and he says that this is proved to have been their regular practice by this proverb—“To go, like a worshipper of Juno, with his hair braided.” Now the verses of Asius run as follows:—-
And they march'd, with carefully comb'd hair
To the most holy spot of Juno's temple,
Clad in magnificent robes, whose snow-white folds
Reach'd to the ground of the extensive earth,
And golden knobs on them like grasshoppers,
And golden chaplets loosely held their hair,
Gracefully waving in the genial breeze;
And on their arms were armlets, highly wrought,......... and sung
The praises of the mighty warrior.
But Heraclides of Pontus, in his treatise on Pleasure, says that the Samians, being most extravagantly luxurious, destroyed the city, out of their meanness to one another, as effectually as the Sybarites destroyed theirs.

> Greek: περὶ δὲ τῆς Σαμίων τρυφῆς Δοῦρις ἱστορῶν παρατίθεται Ἀσίου ποιήματα, ὅτι ἐφόρουν χλιδῶνας περὶ τοῖς βραχίοσιν καὶ τὴν ἑορτὴν ἄγοντες τῶν ʽ Ἡραίων ἐβάδιζον κατεκτενισμένοι τὰς κόμας ἐπὶ τὸ μετάφρενον καὶ τοὺς ὤμους, τὸ δὲ νόμιμον τοῦτο μαρτυρεῖσθαι καὶ ὑπὸ παροιμίας τῆσδε βαδίζειν εἰς Ἡραῖον ἐμπεπλεγμένον. ἐστὶ δὲ τὰ τοῦ Ἀσίου ἔπη οὕτως ἔχοντα· οἱ δ’ αὔτως φοίτεσκον ὅπως πλοκάμους κτενίσαιντο εἰς Ἥρας τέμενος, πεπυκασμένοι εἵμασι καλοῖς, χιονέοισι χιτῶσι πέδον χθονὸς εὐρέος εἶχον χρύσειαι δὲ κορύμβαι ἐπ’ αὐτῶν τέττιγες ὥς· χαῖται δ’ ᾐωρεῦντ’ ἀνέμῳ χρυσέοις ἐνὶ δεσμοῖς, δαιδάλεοι δὲ χλιδῶνες ἄρ’ ἀμφὶ βραχίοσιν ἦσαν... τες ὑπασπίδιον πολεμιστήν.` Ἡρακλείδης δ’ ὁ Ποντικὸς ἐν τῷ περὶ Ἡδονῆς Σαμίους φησὶ καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν τρυφήσαντας διὰ τὴν πρὸς ἀλλήλους μικρολογίαν ὥσπερ Συβαρίτας τὴν πόλιν ἀπολέσαι.

[¶12] But the Colophonians (as Phylarchus says), who ori- ginally adopted a very rigid course of life, when, in conse- quence of the alliance and friendship which they formed with the Lydians, they began to give way to luxury, used to go into public with their hair adorned with golden ornaments, as Xenophanes tells us—
They learnt all sorts of useless foolishness
From the effeminate Lydians, while they
Were held in bondage to sharp tyranny.
They went into the forum richly clad
In purple garments, in numerous companies,
Whose strength was not less than a thousand men,
Boasting of hair luxuriously dress'd,
Dripping with costly and sweet-smelling oils.
And to such a degree did they carry their dissoluteness and their unseemly drunkenness, that some of them never once saw the sun either rise or set: and they passed a law, which continued even to our time, that the female fluteplayers and female harpers, and all such musicians and singers, should receive pay from daybreak to midday, and until the lamps were lighted; but after that they set aside the rest of the night to get drunk in. And Theopompus, in the fifteenth book of his History, says, “that a thousand men of that city used to walk about the city, wearing purple garments, which was at that time a colour rare even among kings, and greatly sought after; for purple was constantly sold for its weight in silver. And so, owing to these practices, they fell under the power of tyrants, and became torn by factions, and so were undone with their country.” And Diogenes the Babylonian gave the same account of them, in the first book of his Laws. And Antiphanes, speaking generally of the luxury of all the Ionians, has the following lines in his Dodona:—
Say, from what country do you come, what land
Call you your home? Is this a delicate
Luxurious band of long and soft-robed men
From cities of Ionia that here approaches?
And Theophrastus, in his essay on Pleasure, says that the Ionians, on account of the extraordinary height to which they carried their luxury, gave rise to what is now known as the golden proverb. And Theopompus, in the eighth book of his History of the Affairs of Philip, says that some of those tribes which live on the sea-coast are exceedingly luxurious in their manner of living. But about the Byzantians and Chalcedonians, the same Theopompus makes the following statement:—“But the Byzantians, because they had been governed a long time by a democracy, and because their city was so situated as to be a kind of mart, and because the whole people spent the whole of their time in the market-place and about the harbour, were very intemperate, and in the constant habit of feasting and drinking at the wine-sellers'. But the Chalcedonians, before they became members of the same city with them, were men who at all times cultivated better habits and principles of life; but after they had tasted of the democracy of the Byzantians, they fell into ruinous luxury, and, from having been most temperate and moderate in their daily life, they became a nation of hard drinkers, and very extravagant.” And, in the twenty-first book of the History of the Affairs of Philip, he says that the nation of the Umbrians (and that is a tribe which lives on the shores of the Hadriatic) was exceedingly devoted to luxury, and lived in a manner very like the Lydians, and had a fertile country, owing to which they advanced in prosperity.

> Greek: Κολοφώνιοι δ᾽, ὥς φησι Φύλαρχος, τὴν ἀρχὴν ὄντες σκληροὶ ἐν ταῖς ἀγωγαῖς, ἐπεὶ εἰς τρυφὴν ἐξώκειλαν πρὸς Λυδοὺς φιλίαν καὶ συμμαχίαν ποιησάμενοι, προῄεσαν διησκημένοι τὰς κόμας χρυσῷ κόσμῳ, ὡς καὶ Ξενοφάνης φησὶν ἁβροσύνας δὲ μαθόντες ἀνωφελέας παρὰ Λυδῶν ὄφρα τυραννίης ἦσαν ἄνευ στυγερῆς, ᾔεσαν εἰς ἀγορὴν παναλουργέα φάρε’ ἔχοντες, οὐ μείους ὥσπερ χίλιοι εἰς ἐπίπαν, αὐχαλέοι, χαίτῃσιν ἀγαλλομεν εὐπρεπέεσσιν ἀσκητοῖς ὀδμὴν χρίμασι δευόμενοι. οὕτω δ’ ἐξελύθησαν διὰ τὴν ἄκαιρον μέθην ὥστε τινὲς αὐτῶν οὔτε ἀνατέλλοντα τὸν ἥλιον οὔτε δυόμενον ἑωράκασιν. νόμον τε ἔθεντο, ὃς ἔτι καὶ ἐφ’ ἡμῶν ἦν, τὰς αὐλητρίδας καὶ τὰς ψαλτρίας καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα τῶν ἀκροαμάτων τὰ μισθώματα λαμβάνειν ἀπὸ πρωὶ μέχρι μέσου ἡμέρας καὶ μέχρι λύχνων ἁφῶν· ἀπὸ δὲ τούτου τὴν λοιπὴν νύκτα ἦσαν πρὸς τῷ μεθύειν. Θεόπομπος δ’ ἐν πεντεκαιδεκάτῃ Ἱστοριῶν χιλίους φησὶν ἄνδρας αὐτῶν ἁλουργεῖς φοροῦντας στολὰς ἀστυπολεῖν ὃ δὴ καὶ βασιλεῦσιν σπάνιον τότ’ ἦν καὶ περισπούδαστον. ἰσοστάσιος γὰρ ἦν ἡ πορφύρα πρὸς ἄργυρον ἐξεταζομένη, τοιγαροῦν διὰ τὴν τοιαύτην ἀγωγὴν ἐν τυραννίδι καὶ στάσεσι γενόμενοι αὐτῇ πατρίδι διεφθάρησαν. ταὐτὰ εἴρηκεν περὶ αὐτῶν καὶ Διογένης ὁ Βαβυλώνιος ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τῶν Νόμων, κοινῶς δὲ περὶ πάντων ᾽Ἰώνων τρυφῆς Ἀντιφάνης ἐν Δωδώνῃ τάδε λέγει· πόθεν οἰκήτωρ, ἤ τις Ἰώνων τρυφεραμπεχόνων ἁβρὸς ἡδυπαθὴς ὄχλος ὥρμηται; ἐν· ᾽ Θεόφαστοσι δ’ ἐν τῷ περὶ Ἡδονῆς καὶ δὴ καὶ τοὺς Ἴωνάς φησι διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς τρυφῆς … ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἡ χρυσῆ παροιμία διαμεμένηκε καὶ τῶν παρωκεανιτῶν δὲ τινάς φησι Θεόπομπος ἐν ὀγδόῃ Φιλιππικῶν ἁβροδιαίτους γενέσθαι, περὶ δὲ Βυζαντίων καὶ Καλχηδονίων ὁ αὐτός φησι Θεόπομπος τάδε· ἦσαν δὲ οἱ Βυζάντιοι καὶ διὰ τὸ δημοκρατεῖσθαι πολὺν ἤδη χρόνον καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἐπ’ ἐμπορίου κειμένην ἔχειν καὶ τὸν δῆμον ἅπαντα περὶ τὴν ἀγορὰν καὶ τὸν λιμένα διατρίβειν ἀκόλαστοι καὶ συνουσιάζειν καὶ πίνειν εἰθισμένοι ἐπὶ τῶν καπηλείων. Καλχηδόνιοι δὲ πρὶν μὲν μετασχεῖν αὐτοῖς τῆς πολιτείας ἅπαντες ἐν ἐπιτηδεύμασι καὶ βίῳ βελτίονι διετέλουν ὄντες, ἐπεὶ δὲ τῆς δημοκρατίας τῶν Βυζαντίων ἐγεύσαντο, διεφθάρησαν εἰς τρυφήν, καὶ τὸν καθ’ ἡμέραν βίον ἐκ σωφρονεστάτων καὶ μετριωτάτων φιλοπόται καὶ πολυτελεῖς γενόμενοι. κἀν τῇ πρώτῃ δὲ πρὸς ταῖς εἴκοσι τῶν Φιλιππικῶν τὸ τῶν ᾽ Ὀμβρικῶν φησὶν ἔθνος ἐστὶν δὲ περὶ τὸν Ἀδρίαν ἐπιεικῶς εἶναι ἁβροδίαιτον παραπλησίως τε βιοτεύειν τοῖς Λυδοῖς χώραν τε ἔχειν ἀγαθήν, ὅθεν προελθεῖν εἰς εὐδαιμονίαν·

[¶13] But speaking about the Thessalians, in his fourth book, he says that “they spend all their time among dancing women and flute-playing women, and some spend all the day in dice and drinking, and similar pastimes; and they are more anxious how they may display their tables loaded with all kinds of food, than how they may exhibit a regular and orderly life. But the Pharsalians,” says he, “are of all men the most indolent and the most extravagant.” And the Thessalians are confessed (as Critias says) to be the most extravagant of all the Greeks, both in their way of living and in their apparel; which was a reason why they conducted the Persians into Greece, desiring to copy their luxury and expense. But concerning the Aetolians, Polybius tells us, in the thirteenth book of his History, that on account of their continual wars, and the extravagance of their lives, they became involved in debt. And Agatharchides, in the twelfth book of his Histories, says—“The Aetolians are so much the more ready to encounter death, in proportion as they seek to live extravagantly and with greater prodigality than any other nation.”

> Greek: περὶ δὲ Θετταλῶν λέγων ἐν τῇ τετάρτῃ φησὶν ὅτι ζῶσιν οἱ μὲν σὺν ταῖς ὀρχηστρίσιν καὶ ταῖς αὐλητρίσιν διατρίβοντες, οἱ δ’ ἐν κύβοις καὶ πότοις καὶ ταῖς τοιαύταις ἀκολασίαις διημερεύοντες, καὶ μᾶλλον σπουδάζουσιν ὅπως ὄψων παντοδαπῶν τὰς τραπέζας παραθήσονται πλήρεις ἢ τὸν αὑτῶν βίον ὅπως παρασχήσονται κεκοσμημένον. Φαρσάλιοι δὲ πάντων, φησίν, ἀνθρώπων εἰσὶν ἀργότατοι καὶ πολυτελέστατοι. ὡμολόγηνται δ’ οἱ Θετταλοί, ὡς καὶ Κριτίας φησί, πάντων Ἑλλήνων πολυτελέστατοι γεγενῆσθαι περί τε τὴν δίαιταν καὶ τὴν ἐσθῆτα· ὅπερ αὐτοῖς αἴτιον ἐγένετο κατὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἐπαγαγεῖν τοὺς Πέρσας, ζηλώσαντας τὴν τούτων τρυφὴν καὶ πολυτέλειαν. περὶ δὲ Αἰτωλῶν Πολύβιος μὲν ἐν τρισκαιδεκάτῃ Ἱστοριῶν φησιν ὡς διὰ τὴν τῶν πολέμων συνέχειαν καὶ τὴν τῶν βίων πολυτέλειαν κατάχρεοι ἐγένοντο. Ἀγαθαρχίδης δ’ ἐν δωδεκάτῃ Ἱστοριῶν Αἰτωλοί, φησί, τοσούτῳ τῶν λοιπῶν ἑτοιμότερον ἔχουσι πρὸς θάνατον ὅσῳπερ καὶ ζῆν πολυτελῶς ἐκτενέστερον ζητοῦσι τῶν ἄλλων.

[¶14] But the Sicilians, and especially the Syracusans, are very notorious for their luxury; as Aristophanes also tells us, in his Daitaleis, where he says—
But after that I sent you, you did not
Learn this at all; but only learnt to drink,
And sing loose songs at Syracusan feasts,
And how to share in Sybaritic banquets,
And to drink Chian wine in Spartan cups.
But Plato, in his Epistles, says—“It was with this intention that I went to Italy and Sicily, when I paid my first visit there. But when I got there, the way of life that I found there was not at all pleasing to me; for twice in the day they eat to satiety, and they never sleep alone at night; and they indulge also in all other such practices as naturally follow on such habits: for, after such habits as these, no man in all the world, who has been bred up in them from his youth, can possibly turn out sensible; and as for being temperate and virtuous, that none of them ever think of.” And in the third book of his Polity he writes as follows:—"It seems to me, my friend, that you do not approve of the Syracusan tables, and the Sicilian variety of dishes; and you do not approve either of men, who wish to preserve a vigorous constitution, devoting themselves to Corinthian mistresses; nor do you much admire the delicacy which is usually attributed to Athenian sweetmeats.

> Greek: διαβόητοι δ’ εἰσὶ περὶ τρυφὴν Σικελιῶται τε καὶ Συρακόσιοι, ὡς καὶ Ἀριστοφάνης φησὶν ἐν Δαιταλεῦσιν ἀλλ’ οὐ γὰρ ἔμαθε ταῦτ’ ἐμοῦ πέμποντος, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον πίνειν, ἔπειτ’ ᾄδειν κακῶς, Συρακοσίαν τράπεζαν Συβαρίτιδὰς τ’ εὐωχίας καὶ Χῖον ἐκ Λακαινᾶν … Πλάτων δ’ ἐν ταῖς Ἐπιστολαῖς φησιν ταύτην δὴ τὴν διάνοιαν ἔχων εἰς Ἰταλίαν τε καὶ Σικελίαν ἦλθον ὅτε πρῶτον ἀφικόμην. ἐλθόντα δέ με ὁ ταύτῃ βίος οὐδαμῇ οὐδαμῶς ἤρεσεν, δίς τε τῆς ἡμέρας ἐμπιπλάμενον ζῆν καὶ μηδέποτε κοιμώμενον μόνον νύκτωρ καὶ ὅσα τούτῳ ἐπιτηδεύματα συνέπεται τῷ βίῳ. ἐκ γὰρ τούτων τῶν ἐθῶν οὔτ’ ἂν φρόνιμος οὐδείς ποτε γενέσθαι τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνθρώπων ἐκ νέου ἐπιτηδεύων δύναιτο, σώφρων δ’ οὐδ’ ἂν μελλήσαι ποτὲ γενέσθαι. κἀν τρίτῳ δὲ Πολιτείας γράφει οὕτως Συρακοσίαν δέ, ὦ φίλε, τράπεζαν καὶ Σικελικὴν ποικιλίαν ὄψου, ὡς ἔοικας, οὐκ αἰνεῖς· ψέγεις δὲ καὶ Κορινθίαν κόρην φίλην εἶναι ἀνδράσιν μέλλουσιν εὖ σώματος ἕξειν καὶ Ἀττικῶν πεμμάτων τὰς δοκούσας εἶναι εὐπαθείας.

[¶15] But Posidonius, in the sixteenth book of his Histories, speaking of the cities in Syria, and saying how luxurious they were, writes as follows:—“The inhabitants of the towns, on account of the great fertility of the land, used to derive great revenues from their estates, and after their labours for necessary things used to celebrate frequent entertainments, at which they feasted incessantly, using their gymnasia for baths, and anointing themselves with very costly oils and perfumes; and they passed all their time in their γραμματεῖα, for that was the name which they gave to their public banqueting-rooms, as if they had been their own private houses; and the greater part of the day they remained in tem, filling their bellies with meat and drink, so as even to carry away a good deal to eat at home; and they delighted their ears with the music of a noisy lyre, so that whole cities resounded with such noises.” But Agatharchides, in the thirty-fifth book of his Affairs of Europe, says—“The Arycandians of Lycia, being neighbours of the Limyres, having got involved in debt, on account of the intemperance and extravagance of their way of living, and, by reason of their indolence and devotion to pleasure, being unable to discharge their debts, placed all their hopes on Mithridates, thinking that he would reward them with a general abolition of debts.” And, in his thirty-first book, he says that the Zacynthians were inexperienced in war, because they were accustomed to live in ease and opulence.

> Greek: Ποσειδώνιος δ’ ἑκκαιδεκάτῃ Ἱστοριῶν περὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν Συρίαν πόλεων λέγων ὡς ἐτρύφων γράφει καὶ ταῦτα· τῶν γοῦν ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν ἀνθρώπων διὰ τὴν εὐβοσίαν τῆς χώρας ἀπὸ τῆς περὶ τὰ ἀναγκαῖα κακοπαθείας συνόδους νεμόντων πλείονας, ἐν αἷς εὐωχοῦντο συνεχῶς, τοῖς μὲν γυμνασίοις ὡς βαλανείοις χρώμενοι, ἀλειφόμενοι ἐλαίῳ πολυτελεῖ καὶ μύροις, τοῖς δὲ γραμματείοις οὕτως γὰρ ἐκάλουν τὰ κοινὰ τῶν συνδείπνων ὡς οἰκητηρίοις ἐνδιαιτώμενοι, καὶ τὸ πλεῖον τῆς ἡμέρας γαστριζόμενοι ἐν αὐτοῖς οἴνοις καὶ βρώμασιν, ὥστε καὶ προσαποφέρειν πολλὰ καὶ καταυλουμένους πρὸς χελωνίδος πολυκρότου ψόφον, ὥστε τὰς πόλεις ὅλας τοιούτοις κελάδοις συνηχεῖσθαι. Ἀγαθαρχίδης δ’ ἐν τῇ τριακοστῇ πέμπτῃ τῶν Εὐρωπιακῶν Ἀρυκανδεῖς, φησί, Λυκίας ὅμοροι ὄντες Λιμυρεῦσι διὰ τὴν περὶ τὸν βίον ἀσωτίαν καὶ πολυτέλειαν κατάχρεοι γενόμενοι καὶ διὰ τὴν ἀργίαν καὶ φιληδονίαν ἀδυνατοῦντες ἀποδοῦναι τὰ δάνεια προσέκλιναν ταῖς Μιθριδάτου ἐλπίσιν, ἆθλον ἕξειν νομίσαντες χρεῶν ἀποκοπάς. ἐν δὲ τῇ λαʹ Ζακυνθίους φησὶν ἀπείρους εἶναι πολέμου διὰ τὸ ἐν εὐπορίᾳ καὶ πλούτῳ τρυφῶντας ἐθίζεσθαι.

[¶16] And Polybius, in his seventh book, says, that the inhabitants of Capua in Campania, having become exceedingly rich through the excellence of their soil, fell into habits of luxury and extravagance, exceeding all that is reported of the inhabitants of Crotona or Sybaris. “Accordingly,” says he, “they, not being able to bear their present prosperity, called in Hannibal, owing to which act they afterwards suffered intole- rable calamities at the hands of the Romans. But the people of Petelia, who kept the promises which they had made to the Romans, behaved with such resolution and fortitude when besieged by Hannibal, that they did not surrender till they had eaten all the hides which there were in the city, and the bark and young branches of all the trees which grew in the city, and till they had endured a siege for eleven months, without any one coming to their assistance; and they did not even then surrender without the permission of the Romans.”

> Greek: Πολύβιος δ’ ἐν τῇ ἑβδόμῃ Καπυησίους τοὺς ἐν Καμπανίᾳ διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν τῆς γῆς πλοῦτον περιβαλομένους ἐξοκεῖλαι εἰς τρυφὴν καὶ πολυτέλειαν, ὑπερβαλλομένους τὴν περὶ Κρότωνα καὶ Σύβαριν παραδεδομένην φήμην. οὐ δυνάμενοι οὖν, φησίν, φέρειν τὴν παροῦσαν εὐδαιμονίαν ἐκάλουν τὸν Ἀννίβαν διόπερ ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων ἀνήκεστα ἔπαθον. Πετηλῖνοι δὲ τηρήσαντες τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους πίστιν εἰς τοσοῦτον καρτερίας ἦλθον πολιορκούμενοι ὑπ’ Ἀννίβα ὥστε μετὰ τὸ πάντα μὲν τὰ κατὰ τὴν πόλιν δέρματα καταφαγεῖν, ἁπάντων δὲ τῶν κατὰ τὴν πόλιν δένδρων τοὺς φλοιοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἁπαλοὺς, πτόρθους ἀναλῶσαι ἕνδεκα μῆνας ὑπομείναντες τὴν πολιορκίαν οὐδενὸς βοηθοῦντος οὐδὲ συνευδοκοῦντος Ῥωμαίων παρέδοσαν ἑαυτούς.

[¶17] And Phylarchus, in the eleventh book of his History, says that Aeschylus says that the Curetes derived their name from their luxurious habits—
And their luxurious curls, like a fond girl's,
On which account they call'd him κουρῆτες.
And Agathon in his Thyestes says, that "the suitors who courted the daughter of Pronax came sumptuously dressed in all other points, and also with very long, carefully dressed hair. And when they failed in obtaining her hand—
At least (say they) we cut and dress'd our hair,
To be an evidence of our luxury,
A lovely action of a cheerful mind;
And thence we gain'd the glory of a name,—
To be κουρῆτες, from our well-cut (κούριμος) hair."
And the people of Cumæ in Italy, as Hyperochus tells us, or whoever else it was who wrote the History of Cumæ which is attributed to him, wore golden brocaded garments all day, and robes embroidered with flowers; and used to go to the fields with their wives, riding in chariots.—And this is what I have to say about the luxury of nations and cities. But of individual instances I have heard tile following stories:—Ctesias, in the third book of his History of Persia, says, that all those who were ever kings in Asia devoted themselves mainly to luxury; and above all of them, Ninyas did so, the son of Ninus and Semiramis. He, therefore, remaining in-doors and living luxuriously, was never seen by any one, except by his eunuchs and by his own women. And another king of this sort was Sardanapalus, whom some call the son of Anacyndaraxes, and others the son of Anabaxarus. And so, when Arbaces, who was one of the generals under him, a Mede by birth, endeavoured to manage, by the assistance of one of the eunuchs, whose name was Sparamizus, to see Sardanaplus; and when he with difficulty prevailed upon him, with the consent of the king himself,—when the Mede entered and saw him, pointed with vermilion and adorned like a woman, sitting among his concubines carding purple wool, and sitting among them with his feet up, wearing a woman's robe, and with his beard carefully scraped, and his face smoothed with pumice-stone (for he was whiter than milk, and pencilled under his eyes and eyebrows; and when he saw Arbaces, he was just putting a little more white under his eyes), most historians, among whom Duris is one, relate that Arbaces, being indignant at his countrymen being ruled over by such a monarch as that, stabbed him and slew him. But Ctesias says that he went to war with him, and collected a great army, and then that Sardanapalus, being dethroned by Arbaces, died, burning himself alive in his palace, having heaped up a funeral pile four plethra in extent, on which he placed a hundred and fifty golden couches, and a corresponding number of tables, these, too, being all made of gold. And he also erected on the funeral pile a chamber a hundred feet long, made of wood; and in it he had couches spread, and there he himself lay down with his wife, and his concubines lay on other couches around. For he had sent on his three sons and his daughters, when he saw that his affairs were getting in a dangerous state, to Nineveh, to the king of that city, giving them three thousand talents of gold. And he made the roof of this apartment of large stout beams, and then all the walls of it he made of numerous thick planks, so that it was impossible to escape out of it. And in it he placed ten millions of talents of gold, and a hundred millions of talents of silver, and robes, and purple garments, and every kind of apparel imaginable. And after that he bade the slaves set fire to the pile; and it was fifteen days burning. And those who saw the smoke wondered, and thought that he was celebrating a great sacrifice; but the eunuchs alone knew what was really being done. And in this way Sardanapalus, who had spent his life in extraordinary luxury, died with as much magnanimity as possible.

> Greek: τοὺς δὲ Κούρητας Φύλαρχος διὰ τῆς ια’ τῶν Ἱστοριῶν Αἰσχύλον ἱστορεῖν διὰ τὴν τρυφὴν τυχεῖν τῆς προσηγορίας· χλιδῶν τε πλόκαμος ὥστε παρθένοις ἁβραῖς· ὅθεν καλεῖν Κουρῆτα λαὸν ᾔνεσαν. Ἀγάθων δ’ ἐν τῷ Θυέστῃ τοὺς τὴν Πρώνακτος θυγατέρα μνηστεύοντας τοῖς τε λοιποῖς πᾶσιν ἐξησκημένους ἐλθεῖν καὶ κομῶντας τὰς κεφαλάς, ἐπεὶ δ’ ἀπέτυχον τοῦ γάμου, κόμας ἐκειράμεσθα φησίν μάρτυρας τρυφῆς, ἦ που ποθεινὸν χρῆμα παιζούσῃ φρενί. ἐπώνυμον γοῦν εὐθὺς ἔσχομεν κλέος Κουρῆτες εἶναι, κουρίμου χάριν τριχός· καὶ Κυμαῖοι δὲ οἱ ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ, ὥς φησιν Ὑπέροχος ἢ ὁ ποιήσας τὰ εἰς αὐτὸν ἀναφερόμενα Κυμαικά, διετέλεσαν χρυσοφοροῦντες καὶ ἀνθιναῖς ἐσθῆσι. χρώμενοι καὶ μετὰ γυναικῶν εἰς τοὺς ἀγροὺς ἐξιόντες ἐπὶ ζευγῶν ὀχούμενοι. περὶ μὲν οὖν ἐθνῶν καὶ πόλεων τρυφῆς τοσαῦτα μνημονεύω, περὶ δὲ τῶν κατ’ ἄνδρα τάτάδ’ ἤκουσα. Κτησίας ἐν τρίτῃ Περσικῶν καὶ πάντας μέν φησι τοὺς βασιλεύσαντας τῆς Ἀσίας περὶ τρυφὴν σπουδάσαι, μάλιστα δὲ Νίνυαν τὸν Νίνου καὶ Σεμιράμιδος υἱόν. καὶ οὗτος οὖν ἔνδον μένων καὶ τρυφῶν ὑπ’ οὐδενὸς ἑωρᾶτο εἰ μὴ ὑπὸ τῶν εὐνούχων καὶ τῶν ἰδίων γυναικῶν, τοιοῦτος δ’ ἦν καὶ Σαρδανάπαλλος, ὃν οἳ μὲν Ἀνακυνδαράξεω λέγουσιν υἱόν, οἱ δὲ Ἀναβαραξάρου. ὅτε δὴ οὖν Ἀρβάκης, εἷς τῶν ὑπ’ αὐτὸν στρατηγῶν Μῆδος γένος, διεπράξατο διά τινος τῶν εὐνούχων Σπαραμείζου θεάσασθαι Σαρδανάπαλλον καὶ μόλις αὐτῷ ἐπετράπη ἐκείνου ἐθελήσαντος, ὡς εἰσελθὼν εἶδεν αὐτὸν ὁ Μῆδος ἐψιμυθιωμένον καὶ κεκοσμημένον γυναικιστὶ καὶ μετὰ τῶν παλλακίδων ξαίνοντα πορφύραν ἀναβάδην τε μετ’ αὐτῶν καθήμενον,, τὰς ὀφρῦς μεμελασμένον, γυναικείαν δὲ στολὴν ἔχοντα καὶ κατεξυρημένον τὸν πώγωνα καὶ κατακεκισηρισμένον ἦν δὲ καὶ γάλακτος λευκότερος καὶ ὑπεγέγραπτο τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ προσεῖδεν τὸν Ἀρβάκην τὰ λευκὰ ἐπαναβαλὼν τοῖν ὀφθαλμοῖν οἱ μὲν πολλοί, ὧν ἐστι καὶ Δοῦρις, ἱστοροῦσιν ὑπὸ τούτου ἀγανακτήσαντος εἰ τοιοῦτος αὐτῶν βασιλεύει συγκεντηθέντα ἀποθανεῖν. Κτησίας δὲ λέγει εἰς πόλεμον αὐτὸν καταστῆναι καὶ ἀθροίσαντα πολλὴν στρατιὰν καὶ καταλυθέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀρβάκου τελευτῆσαι ἑαυτὸν ἐμπρήσαντα ἐν τοῖς βασιλείοις, πυρὰν νήσαντα ὕψος τεσσάρων πλέθρων, ἐφ’ ἧς ἐπέθηκεν χρυσᾶς κλίνας ἑκατὸν καὶ πεντήκοντα καὶ ἴσας τραπέζας καὶ ταύτας χρυσᾶς. ἐποίησε δὲ ἐν τῇ πυρᾷ καὶ οἴκημα ἑκατόμπεδον ἐκ ξύλων κἀνταῦθα κλίνας ὑπεστόρεσε καὶ κατεκλίθη αὐτός τε μετὰ καὶ τῆς γυναικὸς καὶ αἱ παλλακίδες ἐν ταῖς ἄλλαις κλίναις. τοὺς γὰρ τρεῖς υἱοὺς καὶ δύο θυγατέρας ὁρῶν τὰ πράγματα κακούμενα προπεπόμφει εἰς Νίνον πρὸς τὸν ἐκεῖ βασιλέα, δοὺς αὐτοῖς τρισχίλια χρυσίου τάλαντα· ἐπεστέγασεν δὲ τὸ οἴκημα δοκοῖς μεγάλαις τε καὶ παχείαις, ἔπειτα ἐν κύκλῳ περιέθηκε πολλὰ ξύλα καὶ παχέα, ὥστε μὴ εἶναι ἔξοδον. ἐνταῦθα ἐπέθηκεν μὲν χρυσίου μυριάδας χιλίας, ἀργυρίου δὲ μυρίας μυριάδας ταλάντων καὶ ἱμάτια καὶ πορφύρας καὶ στολὰς παντοδαπάς. ἔπειτα ὑφάψαι ἐκέλευσε τὴν πυράν, καὶ ἐκαίετο πεντεκαίδεκα ἡμέρας. οἱ δὲ ἐθαύμαζον ὁρῶντες τὸν καπνὸν καὶ ἐδόκουν αὐτὸν θυσίας ἐπιτελεῖν· ταῦτα δὲ μόνοι ᾔδεσαν οἱ εὐνοῦχοι. ὁ μὲν οὖν Σαρδανάπαλλος ἐκτόπως ἡδυπαθήσας ὡς ἐνῆν γενναίως ἐτελεύτησεν.