But Clearchus, relating the history of the king of Persia, says that—“in a very prudent manner he proposed prizes for any one who could invent any delicious food. For this is what, I imagine, is meant by the brains of Jupiter and the king. On which account,” continues he, “Sardanapalus was the most happy of all monarchs, who during his whole life preferred enjoyment to everything else, and who, even after his death, shows by his fingers, in the figure carved on his tomb, how much ridicule all human affairs deserve, being not worth the snap of his fingers which he makes........ anxiety about other things.” However, Sardanapalus does not appear to have lived all his life in entire inaction; for the inscription on his tomb says—-SardanapalusThe king, and son of Anacyndaraxes,In one day built Anchiale and Tarsus;But now he's dead.And Amyntas, in the third book of his Account of the Posts, says that at Nineveh there is a very high mound, which Cyrus levelled with the ground when he besieged the city, and raised another mound against the city; and that this mound was said to have been erected by Sardanapalus the son of King Ninus; and that on it there was said to be inscribed, on a marble pillar and in Chaldaic characters, the following inscription, which Chærilus translated into Greek, and reduced to metre. And the inscription is as follows—I was the king, and while I lived on earth,And saw the bright rays of the genial sun,I ate and drank and loved; and knew full wellThe time that men do live on earth was brief,And liable to many sudden changes,Reverses, and calamities. Now othersWill have th' enjoyment of my luxuries,Which I do leave behind me. For these reasonsI never ceased one single day from pleasure.But Clitarchus, in the fourth book of his History of Alexander, says that Sardanapalus died of old age after he had lost the sovereignty over the Syrians. And Aristobulus says— "In Anchiale, which was built by Sardanapalus, did Alexander, when he was on his expedition against the Persians, pitch his camp. And at no great distance was the monument of Sardanapalus, on which there was a marble figure putting together the fingers of its right hand, as if it were giving a fillip. And there was on it the following inscription in Assyrian characters—SardanapalusThe king, and son of Anacyndaraxes,In one day built Anchiale and Tarsus.Eat, drink, and love; the rest's not worth e'en this,—by “this” meaning the fillip he was giving with his fingers.
Κλέαρχος δὲ περὶ τοῦ Περσῶν βασιλέως διηγούμενος ὅτι τοῖς αὐτῷ πορίσασιν ἡδύ τι βρῶμα ἆθλα ἐτίθει … νοῦν ἔχων· τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν ὁ λεγόμενος, οἶμαι, Διὸς ἅμα καὶ βασιλέως ἐγκέφαλος· ὅθεν ὁ πάντων εὐδαιμονέστατος Σαρδανάπαλλος, ὁ παρ’ ὅλον τὸν βίον τιμήσας τὰς ἀπολαύσεις, καὶ τελευτήσας δείκνυσιν ἐν τῷ τοῦ μνήματος τύπῳ τοῖς δακτύλοις ἀποκροτοῦντι οἵου καταγέλωτός ἐστιν ἄξια τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πράγματα, οὐκ ἄξια ὄντα ψόφου δακτύλων ὃν πεποίηται ποιούμενος δὶς ἐν χορῷ … ἡ περὶ τὰ λοιπὰ σπουδή, φαίνεται γοῦν οὐκ ἄπρακτος γενόμενος Σαρδανάπαλλος· καὶ γὰρ ἐπιγέγραπται αὐτοῦ τῷ μνήματι. Σαρδανάπαλλος Ἀνακυνδαράξεω Ἀγχιάλην ἔδειμε καὶ Ταρσὸν μιῇ ἡμέρῃ, ἀλλὰ νῦν τέθνηκεν.᾽ Ἀμύντας δὲ ἐν τρίτῳ Σταθμῶν ἐν τῇ Νίνῳ φησὶν εἶναι χῶμα ὑψηλόν, ὅπερ κατασπάσαι Κῦρον ἐν τῇ πολιορκίᾳ ἀντιχωννύντα τῇ πόλει· λέγεσθαι δὲ τὸ χῶμα τοῦτ’ εἶναι Σαρδαναπάλλου τοῦ βασιλεύσαντος Νίνου, ἐφ’ οὗ καὶ ἐπιγεγράφθαι ἐν στήλῃ λιθίνῃ Χαλδαικοῖς γράμμασιν ὃ μετενεγκεῖν Χοιρίλον ἔμμετρον ποιήσαντα. εἶναι δὲ τοῦτο· ἐγὼ δὲ ἐβασίλευσα καὶ ἄχρι ἑώρων τοῦ ἡλίου φῶς, ἔπιον, ἔφαγον, ἠφροδισίασα, εἰδὼς τόν τε χρόνον ὄντα βραχὺν ὃν ζῶσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι καὶ τοῦτον πολλὰς ἔχοντα μεταβολὰς καὶ κακοπαθείας, καὶ ὧν ἂν καταλίπω ἀγαθῶν ἄλλοι ἕξουσι τὰς ἀπολαύσεις, διὸ κἀγὼ ἡμέραν οὐδεμίαν παρέλιπον τοῦτο ποιῶν Κλείταρχος δ’ ἐν τῇ τετάρτῃ τῶν περὶ Ἀλέξανδρον γήρᾳ τελευτῆσαί φησιν Σαρδανάπαλλον μετὰ τὴν ἀπόπτωσιν τῆς Σύρων ἀρχῆς. Ἀριστόβουλος δ’ ἐν Ἀγχιάλῃ, ἣν ἐδείματο, φησί, Σαρδανάπαλλος, Ἀλέξανδρος ἀναβαίνων εἰς Πέρσας κατεστρατοπεδεύσατο. καὶ ἦν οὐ πόρρω τὸ τοῦ Σαρδαναπάλλου μνημεῖον, ἐφ’ οὗ ἑστάναι τύπον λίθινον συμβεβληκότα τῆς δεξιᾶς χειρὸς τοὺς δακτύλους, ὡς ἂν ἀποκροτοῦντα. ἐπιγεγράφθαι δ’ αὐτῷ Ἀσσυρίοις γράμμασι· ᾽ Σαρδανάπαλλος Ἀνακυνδαράξεω παῖς Ἀγχιάλην καὶ Ταρσὸν ἔδειμεν ἡμέρῃ μιῇ. ἔσθιε, πῖνε, παῖζε· ὡς τἄλλα τούτου οὐκ ἄξια τοῦ ἀποκροτήματος ἔοικε λέγειν.
But Sardanapalus was not the only king who was very luxurious, but so was also Androcotus the Phrygian. For he also used to wear a robe embroidered with flowers; and to adorn himself more superbly than a woman, as Mnaseas relates, in the third book of his History of Europe. But Clearchus, in the fifth book of his Lives, says that Sagaus the king of the Mariandyni used, out of luxury, to eat, till he arrived at old age, out of his nurse's mouth, that he might not have the trouble of chewing his own food; and that he never put his hand lower than his navel; on which account Aristotle, laughing at Xenocrates the Chalcedonian, for a similar preposterous piece of laziness, says—His hands are clean, but sure his mind is not.And Ctesias relates that Annarus, a lieutenant of the king of Persia, and governor of Babylon, wore the entire dress and ornaments of a woman; and though he was only a slave of the king, there used to come into the room while he was at supper a hundred and fifty women playing the lyre and singing. And they played and sang all the time that he was eating. And Phoenix of Colophon, the poet, speaking of Ninus, in the first book of his Iambics, says—There was a man named Ninus, as I hear,King of Assyria, who had a seaOf liquid gold, and many other treasures,More than the whole sand of the Caspian sea.He never saw a star in all his life,But sat still always, nor did wish to see one;He never, in his place among the Magi,Roused the sacred fire, as the law bids,Touching the God with consecrated wand;He was no orator, no prudent judge,He never learn'd to speak, or count a sum,But was a wondrous man to eat and drinkAnd love, and disregarded all besides:And when he died he left this rule to men,Where Nineveh and his monument now stands:—"Behold and hear, whether from wide AssyriaYou come, or else from Media, or ifYou're a Choraxian, or a long-hair'd nativeOf the lake country in Upper India,For these my warnings are not vain or false:I once was Ninus, a live breathing man,Now I am nothing, only dust and clay,And all I ate, and all I sang and jested,And all I loved....But now my enemies have come upon me,They have my treasures and my happiness,Tearing me as the Bacchæ tear a kid;And I am gone, not taking with me gold,Or horses, or a single silver chariot;Once I did wear a crown, now I am dust.
οὐ μόνος δὲ ὁ Σαρδανάπαλλος διετέθρυπτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἀνδρόκοττος ὁ Φρύξ. καὶ γὰρ οὗτος ἐνεδέδυτο ἀνθινὴν ἐσθῆτα καὶ γυναικὸς εὐπρεπέστερον ἐκοσμεῖτο, ὡς Μνασέας φησὶν ἐν τρίτῳ Εὐρώπης. Κλέαρχος δ’ ἐν πέμπτῳ Βίων σάγαριν φησι τὸν Μαριανδυνὸν ὑπὸ τρυφῆς σιτεῖσθαι μὲν μέχρι γήρως ἐκ τοῦ τῆς τιτθῆς στόματος, ἵνα μὴ μασώμενος πονέσειεν, οὐ πώποτε δὲ τὴν χεῖρα κατωτέρω τοῦ ὀμφαλοῦ προενέγκασθαι. διὸ καὶ ᾽ι Ἀριστοτέλης Ξενοκράτην τὸν Χαλκηδόνιον σκώπτων ὅτι οὐρῶν οὐ προσῆγε τὴν χεῖρα τῷ αἰδοίῳ ἔλεγεν χεῖρες μὲν ἁγναί, φρὴν δ’ ἔχει μίασμά τι. Κτησίας δ’ ἱστορεῖ ἄνναρον τὸν βασιλέως ὕπαρχον καὶ τῆς Βαβυλωνίας δυναστεύσαντα στολῇ χρῆσθαι γυναικείᾳ καὶ κόσμῳ, καὶ ὅτι βασιλέως δούλῳ ὄντι αὐτῷ εἰς τὸ δεῖπνον εἰσῄεσαν πεντήκοντα καὶ ἑκατὸν ψάλλουσαι καὶ ᾄδουσαι γυναῖκες· ἔψαλλον δὲ αὗται καὶ ᾖδον ἐκείνου δειπνοῦντος. Φοῖνιξ δ’ ὁ Κολοφώνιος ποιητὴς περὶ νίνου λέγων ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τῶν Ἰάμβων φησίν ἀνὴρ Νίνος τις ἐγένετ᾽, ὡς ἐγὼ κλύω, Ἀσσύριος· ὅστις εἶχε χρυσίου πόντον, τάλαντα πολλῷ πλέονα Κασπίης ψάμμου· ὃς οὐκἴδ’ ἀστέρ’ οὐδ᾽ ἰδὼν ἐδίζητο οὐ παρ’ μάγοισι πῦρ ἱερὸν ἀνέστησεν, ὥσπερ νόμος, ῥάβδοισι τοῦ θεοῦ ψαύων οὐ μυθιήτης, οὐ δικασπόλος κεῖνος, οὐ λεωλογεῖν ἐμάνθαν᾽, οὐκ ἀμιθρῆσαι, ἀλλ’ ἦν ἄριστος ἐσθίειν τε καὶ πίνειν κἠρᾶν, τὰ δ’ ἄλλα πάντα κατὰ πετρῶν ὤθει. ὡς δ’ ἀπέθαν’ ὡνήρ, πᾶσι κατέλιπε ῥῆσιν ὅκου Νίνος νῦν ἐστι καὶ τὸ σῆμ’ ᾄδει· ἄκουσον, εἴτ’ Ἀσσύριος εἴτε καὶ Μῆδος εἶς ἢ Κόραξος ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄνω λιμνῶν Σινδὸς κομήτης· οὐ γὰρ ἀλλὰ κηρύσσω· ἐγὼ Νίνος πάλαι ποτ’ ἐγενόμην πνεῦμα, νῦν δ’ οὐκ ἔτ’ οὐδέν, ἀλλὰ γῆ πεποίημαι. ἔχω δ’ ὁκόσον ἔδαισα χὠκόσ’ ἤεισα χὠκόσσ’ ἐράσθην … τὰ δ’ ὄλβι’ ἡμέων δήιοι συνελθόντες φέρουσιν, ὥσπερ ὠμὸν ἔριφον αἱ Βάκχαι, ἐγὼ δ’ ἐς Ἅιδην οὔτε χρυσὸν οὔθ’ ἵππον οὔτ’ ἀργυρῆν ἅμαξαν ᾠχόμην ἕλκων σποδὸς δὲ πολλὴ χὠ μιτρηφόρος κεῖμαι.
But Theopompus, in the fifteenth book of his History of Philip, says that “Straton the king of Sidon surpassed all men in luxury and devotion to pleasure. For as Homer has represented the Phæacians as living feasting and drinking, and listening to harp-players and rhapsodists, so also did Straton pass the whole of his life; and so much the more devoted to pleasure was he than they, that the Phæacians, as Homer reports, used to hold their banquets in the company of their own wives and daughters; but Straton used to prepare his entertainments with flute-playing and harp-playing and lyre-playing women. And he sent for many courtesans from Peloponnesus, and for many musicians from Ionia, and for other girls from every part of Greece; some skilful in singing and some in dancing, for exhibitions of skill in which they had contests before himself and his friends; and with these women he spent a great deal of his time. He then, delighting in such a life as this, and being by nature a slave to his passions, was also especially urged on by rivalry with Nicocles. For he and Nicocles were always rivalling one another; each of them devoted all his attention to living more luxuriously and pleasantly than the other. And so they carried their emulation to such a height, as we have heard, that when either of them heard from his visitors what was the furniture of the other's house, and how great was the expense gone to by the other for any sacrifice, he immediately set to work to surpass him in such things. And they were anxious to appear to all men prosperous and deserving of envy. Not but what neither of them continued prosperous throughout the whole of their lives, but were both of them destroyed by violent deaths.” And Anaximenes, in his book entitled the Reverses of Kings, giving the same account of Straton, says that he was always endeavouring to rival Nicocles, who was the king of Salamis in Cyprus, and who was exceedingly devoted to luxury and debauchery, and that they both came to a violent end.
Θεόπομπος δ’ ἐν πεντεκαιδεκάτῃ Φιλιππικῶν Ἱστοριῶν Στράτωνα φησι τὸν Σιδώνιον βασιλέα ὑπερβαλεῖν ἡδυπαθείᾳ καὶ τρυφῇ πάντας ἀνθρώπους, οἷα γὰρ τοὺς Φαίακας Ὅμηρος ποιεῖν μεμυθολόγηκεν ἑορτάζοντας καὶ πίνοντας καὶ κιθαρῳδῶν καὶ ῥαψῳδῶν ἀκροωμένους, τοιαῦτα καὶ ὁ Στράτων διετέλει ποιῶν πολὺν χρόνον. καὶ τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον ἐκείνων παρεκεκινήκει πρὸς τὰς ἡδονὰς ὅσον οἱ μὲν Φαίακες, ὥς φησιν Ὅμηρος, μετὰ τῶν οἰκείων γυναικῶν καὶ θυγατέρων ἐποιοῦντο τοὺς πότους, ὁ δὲ Στράτων μετ’ αὐλητρίδων καὶ ψαλτριῶν καὶ κιθαριστριῶν κατεσκευάζετο τὰς συνουσίας καὶ μετεπέμπετο πολλὰς μὲν ἑταίρας ἐκ Πελοποννήσου, πολλὰς δὲ μουσουργοὺς ἐξ Ἰωνίας, ἑτέρας δὲ παιδίσκας ἐξ ἁπάσης τῆς Ἑλλάδος, τὰς μὲν ᾠδικάς, τὰς δὲ ὀρχηστρικάς, ὧν εἴθιστο μετὰ τῶν φίλων ἀγῶνας τιθέναι καὶ μεθ’ ὧν συνουσιάζων διέτριβεν, χαίρων μὲν καὶ αὐτὸς τῷ βίῳ τῷ τοιούτῳ, δοῦλος ὢν φύσει τῶν ἡδονῶν, ἔτι δὲ μᾶλλον πρὸς τὸν Νικοκλέα φιλοτιμούμενος. ἐτύγχανον γὰρ ὑπερφιλοτίμως ἔχοντες πρὸς ἀλλήλους καὶ σπουδάζων ἑκάτερος αὐτὸς ἥδιον καὶ ῥᾳθυμότερον ποιεῖσθαι τὸν βίον· οἵ γε προῆλθον εἰς τοσαύτην ἅμιλλαν, ὡς ἡμεῖς ἀκούομεν, ὥστε πυνθανόμενοι παρὰ τῶν ἀφικνουμένων τάς τε παρασκευὰς τῶν οἰκιῶν καὶ τὰς πολυτελείας τῶν θυσιῶν τὰς παρ’ ἑκατέρῳ γινομένας ἐφιλονίκουν ὑπερβάλλεσθαι τοῖς τοιούτοις ἀλλήλους. ἐσπούδαζον δὲ δοκεῖν εὐδαίμονες εἶναι καὶ μακαριστοί. οὐ μὴν περί γε τὴν τοῦ βίου τελευτὴν διηυτύχησαν, ἀλλ’ ἀμφότεροι βιαίῳ θανάτῳ διεφθάρησαν. Ἀναξιμένης δ’ ἐν τῷ ἐπιγραφομένῳ Βασιλέων Μεταλλαγαὶ περὶ τοῦ Στράτωνος τὰ αὐτὰ ἱστορήσας διημιλλῆσθαί φησιν αὐτὸν Νικοκλεῖ τῷ τῆς ἐν Κύπρῳ Σαλαμῖνος βασιλεύσαντι ἐσπουδακότι περὶ τρυφὴν καὶ ἀσέλγειαν, ἀποθανεῖν τ’ ἀμφοτέρους βιαίως.
And in the first book of his History of the Affairs of Philip, Theopompus, speaking of Philip, says—“And on the third day he comes to Onocarsis, which was a strong place in Thrace, having a large grove kept in beautiful order, and full of every resource for living pleasantly, especially during the summer. For it was one of the places which had been especially selected by Cotys, who, of all the kings that ever lived in Thrace, was the most eager in his pursuit of pleasure and luxury. And going round all the country, wherever he saw any place shaded with trees and well watered with springs, he made it into a banqueting place. And going to them whenever he chose, he used to celebrate sacrifices to the Gods, and there he would stay with his lieutenants, being a very happy and enviable man, until he took it into his head to blaspheme Minerva, and to treat her with contempt.” And the historian goes on to say, that Cotys once prepared a feast, as if Minerva had married him; and prepared a bedchamber for her, and then, in a state of intoxication, he waited for the goddess. And being already totally out of his mind, he sent one of his body-guards to see whether the goddess had arrived at the bedchamber. And when he came there, and went back and reported that there was nobody there, he shot him and killed him. And he treated a second in the same way, until a third went, and on his return told him that the goddess had been a long time waiting for him. And this king, being once jealous of his wife, cut her up with his own hands, beginning at her legs.
ἐν δὲ τῇ αʹ τῶν Φιλιππικῶν Θεόπομπος περὶ Φιλίππου λέγων φησὶν καὶ τριταῖος εἰς Ὀνόκαρσιν ἀφικνεῖται, χωρίον τι τῆς Θρᾴκης ἄλσος ἔχον πολὺ κατεσκευασμένον καλῶς καὶ πρὸς τὸ διαιτηθῆναι κεχαρισμένον ἄλλως τε καὶ τὴν θερινὴν ὥραν. ἦν γὰρ καὶ τῶν ὑπὸ Κότυος προκριθέντων, ὃς ἁπάντων τῶν βασιλέων τῶν ἐν τῇ Θρᾴκῃ γεγενημένων μάλιστα πρὸς ἡδυπαθείας καὶ τρυφὰς ὥρμησε, καὶ περιιὼν τὴν χώραν ὅπου κατίδοι τόπους δένδρεσι συσκίους καὶ καταρρύτους ὕδασι, τούτους κατεσκεύασεν ἑστιατόρια· καὶ φοιτῶν εἰς ἑκάστους ὁπότε τύχοι θυσίας τε τοῖς θεοῖς ἐποιεῖτο καὶ συνῆν μετὰ τῶν ὑπάρχων, εὐδαίμων καὶ μακαριστὸς ὢν ἕως εἰς τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν βλασφημεῖν καὶ πλημμελεῖν ἐπεχείρησεν. διηγεῖταί τε ἑξῆς ὁ συγγραφεὺς ὅτι δεῖπνον κατεσκεύασεν ὁ Κότυς ὡς γαμουμένης αὐτῷ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ θάλαμον κατασκευάσας ἀνέμενεν μεθύων τὴν θεόν. ἤδη δ᾽ ἔκφρων γενόμενος ἔπεμπέ τινα τῶν δορυφόρων ὀψόμενον εἰ παραγέγονεν ἡ θεὸς εἰς τὸν θάλαμον. ἀφικομένου δ’ ἐκείνου καὶ εἰπόντος μηδένα εἶναι ἐν τῷ θαλάμῳ, τοξεύσας τοῦτον ἀπέκτεινεν καὶ ἄλλον δεύτερον ἐπὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς, ἕως ὁ τρίτος συνεὶς παραγενομένην ἔφη πάλαι τὴν θεὸν αὐτὸν ἀναμένειν. ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς οὗτός ποτε καὶ ζηλοτυπήσας τὴν αὑτοῦ γυναῖκα ταῖς αὑτοῦ χερσὶν ἀνέτεμε τὴν ἄνθρωπον ἀπὸ τῶν αἰδοίων ἀρξάμενος.
But in the thirteenth book of his History of the Affairs of Philip, speaking of Chabrias the Athenian, he says —“But he was unable to live in the city, partly on account of his intemperance, and partly because of the extravagant habits of his daily life, and partly because of the Athenians. For they are always unfavourable to eminent men; on which account their most illustrious citizens preferred to live out of the city. For instance, Iphicrates lived in Thrace, and Conon in Cyprus, and Timotheus in Lesbos, and Chares at Sigeum, and Chabrias himself in Egypt.” And about Chares he says, in his forty-fifth book—"But Chares was a slow and stupid man, and one wholly devoted to pleasure. And even when he was engaged in his military expeditions, he used to take about with him female flute-players, and female harp-players, and a lot of common courtesans. And of the money which was contributed for the purposes of the war, some he expended on this sort of profligacy, and some he left behind at Athens, to be distributed among the orators and those who propose decrees, and on those private individuals who had actions depending. And for all this the Athenian populace was so far from being indignant, that for this very reason he became more popular than any other citizen; and naturally too: for they all lived in this manner, that their young men spent all their time among flute-players and courtesans; and those who were a little older than they, devoted themselves to gambling, and profligacy of that sort; and the whole people spent more money on its public banquets and entertainments than on the provision necessary for the well-doing of the state. But in the work of Theopompus, entitled, “Concerning the Money of which the Temple at Delphi was pillaged,” he says—“Chares the Athenian got sixty talents by means of Lysander. And with this money he gave a banquet to the Athenians in the market-place, celebrating a triumphal sacrifice in honour of their victory gained in the battle which took place against the foreign troops of Philip.” And these troops were commanded by Adæus, surnamed the Cock, con- cerning whom Heraclides the comic poet speaks in the following manner—But when he caught the dunghill cock of PhilipCrowing too early in the morn, and straying,He killed him; for he had not got his crest on.And having killed this one, then Chares gaveA splendid banquet to the Athenian people;So liberal and magnificent was he.And Duris gives the same account.
ἐν δὲ τῇ τρισκαιδεκάτῃ τῶν Φιλιππικῶν περὶ Χαβρίου τοῦ Ἀθηναίου ἱστορῶν φησιν οὐ δυνάμενος δὲ ζῆν ἐν τῇ πόλει τὰ μὲν διὰ τὴν ἀσέλγειαν καὶ διὰ τὴν πολυτέλειαν τὴν αὑτοῦ τὴν περὶ τὸν βίον, τὰ δὲ διὰ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους· ἅπασι γάρ εἰσι χαλεποί· διὸ καὶ εἵλοντο αὐτῶν οἱ ἔνδοξοι ἔξω τῆς πόλεως καταβιοῦν, Ἰφικράτης μὲν ἐν Θρᾴκῃ, Κόνων δ’ ἐν Κύπρῳ, Τιμόθεος δ’ ἐν Λέσβῳ, Χάρης δ’ ἐν Σιγείῳ, καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Χαβρίας ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ. καὶ περὶ τοῦ Χάρητος ἐν τῇ πέμπτῃ καὶ τεσσαρακοστῇ φησιν Χάρητός τε νωθροῦ τε ὄντος καὶ βραδέος, καίτοι γε καὶ πρὸς τρυφὴν ἤδη ζῶντος· ὅς γε περιήγετο στρατευόμενος αὐλητρίδας καὶ ψαλτρίας καὶ πεζὰς ἑταίρας, καὶ τῶν χρημάτων τῶν εἰσφερομένων εἰς τὸν πόλεμον τὰ μὲν εἰς ταύτην τὴν ὕβριν ἀνήλισκε, τὰ δ’ αὐτοῦ κατέλειπεν Ἀθήνησιν τοῖς τε λέγουσιν καὶ τὰ ψηφίσματα γράφουσιν καὶ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν τοῖς δικαζομένοις· ἐφ’ οἷς ὁ δῆμος ὁ τῶν Ἀθηναίων οὐδεπώποτε ἠγανάκτησεν, ἀλλὰ διὰ ταῦτα καὶ μᾶλλον αὐτὸν ἠγάπων οἱ πολῖται, καὶ δικαίως· καὶ γὰρ αὐτοὶ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον ἔζων, ὥστε τοὺς μὲν νέους ἐν τοῖς αὐλητριδίοις καὶ παρὰ ταῖς ἑταίραις διατρίβειν, τοὺς δὲ μικρὸν ἐκείνων πρεσβυτέρους ἐν πότοις καὶ κύβοις καὶ ταῖς τοιαύταις ἀσωτίαις, τὸν δὲ δῆμον ἅπαντα πλείω καταναλίσκειν εἰς τὰς κοινὰς ἑστιάσεις καὶ κρεανομίας ἤπερ εἰς τὴν τῆς πόλεως διοίκησιν.ἐν δὲ τῷ ἐπιγραφομένῳ τοῦ Θεοπόμπου συγγράμματι περὶ τῶν ἐκ Δελφῶν συληθέντων Χρημάτων Χάρητι, φησί, τῷ Ἀθηναίῳ διὰ Λυσάνδρου τάλαντα ἑξήκοντα. ἀφ’ ὧν ἐδείπνισενι Ἀθηναίους ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ θύσας τὰ ἐπινίκια τῆς γενομένης μάχης πρὸς τοὺς Φιλίππου ξένους. ὧν ἡγεῖτο μὲν Ἀδαῖος ὁ ᾽ Ἀλεκτρυὼν ἐπικαλούμενος· περὶ οὗ καὶ ʽ Ἡρακλείδης ὁ τῶν κωμῳδιῶν ποιητὴς μέμνηται οὕτως ἀλεκτρυόνα τὸν τοῦ Φιλίππου παραλαβὼν· ἀωρὶ κοκκύζοντα καὶ πλανώμενον κατέκοψεν οὐ γὰρ εἶχεν οὐδέπω λόφον. ἕνα κατακόψας μάλα συχνοὺς ἐδείπνισεν Χάρης Ἀθηναίων τόθ’ ὡς γενναῖος ἦν. τὰ αὐτὰ ἱστορεῖ καὶ Δοῦρις.
But Idomeneus tells us that the Pisistratidæ also, Hippias and Hipparchus, instituted banquets and entertainments; on which account they had a vast quantity of horses and other articles of luxury. And this it was that made their government so oppressive. And yet their father, Pisistratus, had been a moderate man in his pleasures, so that he never stationed guards in his fortified places, nor in his gardens, as Theopompus relates in his twenty-first book, but let any one who chose come in and enjoy them, and take whatever he pleased. And Cimon afterwards adopted the same conduct, in imitation of Pisistratus. And Theopompus mentions Cimon in the tenth book of his History of the Affairs of Philip, saying—“Cimon the Athenian never placed any one in his fields or gardens to protect the fruit, in order that any of the citizens who chose might go in and pick the fruit, and take whatever they wanted in those places. And besides this, he opened his house to every one, and made a daily practice of providing a plain meal for a great number of people; and all the poor Athenians who came that way might enter and partake of it. He also paid great attention to all those who from day to day came to ask something of him; and they say that he used always to take about with him one or two young men bearing bags of money. And he ordered them to give money to whoever came to him to ask anything of him. And they say that he also often contributed towards the expense of funerals. And this too is a thing that he often did; whenever he met any citizen badly clad, he used to order one of the young men who were following him to change cloaks with him. And so by all these means he acquired a high reputation, and was the fist of all the citizens.” But Pisistratus was in many respects very oppressive; and some say that that statue of Bacchus which there is at Athens was made in his likeness.
Ἰδομενεὺς δέ φησι καὶ τοὺς Πεισιστρατίδας Ἱππίαν καὶ Ἵππαρχον εὑρεῖν θαλίας καὶ κώμους· διὸ καὶ ἵππων καὶ ἑτέρων πολλῶν ἐπιπολάσαι τὸ πλῆθος παρ’ αὐτοῖς· ὅθεν βαρεῖαν αὐτῶν γενέσθαι τὴν ἀρχήν. καίτοι ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῶν Πεισίστρατος μετρίως ἐχρῆτο ταῖς ἡδοναῖς· ὥστε οὐδ’ ἐν τοῖς χωρίοις οὐδ’ ἐν τοῖς κήποις φύλακας ἐφίστα, ὡς Θεόπομπος ἱστορεῖ ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ καὶ εἰκοστῇ, ἀλλ’ εἴα τὸν βουλόμενον εἰσιόντα ἀπολαύειν καὶ λαμβάνειν ὧν δεηθείη· ὅπερ ὕστερον ἐποίησε καὶ κίμων μιμησάμενος ἐκεῖνον. περὶ οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἱστορῶν ἐν τῇ δεκάτῃ τῶν Φιλιππικῶν ὁ Θεόπομπός φησι· Κίμων ὁ Ἀθηναῖος ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς καὶ τοῖς κήποις οὐδένα τοῦ καρποῦ καθίστα φύλακα, ὅπως οἱ βουλόμενοι τῶν πολιτῶν εἰσιόντες ὀπωρίζωνται καὶ λαμβάνωσιν εἴ τινος δέοιντο τῶν ἐν τοῖς χωρίοις. ἔπειτα τὴν οἰκίαν παρεῖχε κοινὴν ἅπασι· καὶ δεῖπνον αἰεὶ εὐτελὲς παρασκευάζεσθαι πολλοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ τοὺς ἀπόρους προσιόντας τῶν Ἀθηναίων εἰσιόντας δειπνεῖν. ἐθεράπευεν δὲ καὶ τοὺς καθ’ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν αὐτοῦ τι δεομένους, καὶ λέγουσιν ὡς περιήγετο μὲν ἀεὶ νεανίσκους δύ’ ἢ τρεῖς ἔχοντας κέρματα τούτοις τε διδόναι προσέταττεν, ὁπότε τις προσέλθοι αὐτῷ δεόμενος. καί φασι μὲν αὐτὸν καὶ εἰς ταφὴν εἰσφέρειν. ποιεῖν δὲ καὶ τοῦτο πολλάκις, ὁπότε τῶν πολιτῶν τινα ἴδοι κακῶς ἠμφιεσμένον, κελεύειν αὐτῷ μεταμφιέννυσθαι τῶν νεανίσκων τινὰ τῶν συνακολουθούντων αὐτῷ. ἐκ δὴ τούτων ἁπάντων ηὐδοκίμει καὶ πρῶτος ἦν τῶν πολιτῶν. ὁ δὲ Πεισίστρατος καὶ ἐν πολλοῖς βαρὺς ἐγένετο, ὅπου καὶ τὸ Ἀθήνησι τοῦ Διονύσου πρόσωπον ἐκείνου τινές φασιν εἰκόνα.
And Heraclides of Pontus, in his treatise on Pleasure, says that Pericles, nicknamed the Olympian, after he got rid of his wife out of his house, and devoted himself to a life of pleasure, lived with Aspasia, the courtesan from Megara, and spent the greater part of his substance on her. And Themistocles, when the Athenians were not yet in such a state of intoxication, and had not yet begun to use courtesans, openly filled a chariot with prostitutes, and drove early in the morning through the Ceramicus when it was full. But Idomeneus has made this statement in an ambiguous manner, so as to leave it uncertain whether he means that he harnessed the prostitutes in his chariot like horses, or merely that he made them mount his four-horsed chariot. And Possis, in the third book of his History of the Affairs of Magnesia, says, that Themistocles, having been invested with a crowned magistracy in Magnesia, sacrificed to Minerva, and called the festival the Panathenæa. And he sacrificed also to Dionysius Choopotes, and celebrated the festival of the Choeis there. But Clearchus, in the first book of his treatise on Friendship, says that Themistocles had a triclinium of great beauty made for him, and said that he should be quite contented if he could fill that with friends.
Περικλέα δὲ τὸν Ὀλύμπιόν φησιν Ἡρακλείδης ὁ Ποντικὸς ἐν τῷ περὶ Ἡδονῆς ὡς ἀπήλλαξεν ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὸν μεθ’ ἡδονῆς βίον προείλετο ᾤκει τε μετ’ Ἀσπασίας τῆς ἐκ Μεγάρων ἑταίρας καὶ τὸ πολὺ μέρος τῆς οὐσίας εἰς ταύτην κατανάλωσε. Θεμιστοκλῆς δὲ οὔπω Ἀθηναίων μεθυσκομένων οὐδ’ ἑταίραις χρωμένων ἐκφανῶς τέθριππον ζεύξας ἑταιρίδων διὰ τοῦ Κεραμεικοῦ πληθύοντος ἑωθινὸς ἤλασεν. ἀμφιβόλως δ’ αὐτὸ εἴρηκεν ὁ Ἰδομενεύς, εἴτε ἑταίρας τέτταρας συνυπέζευξεν ὡς ἵππους εἴτ’ ἀνεβίβασεν αὐτὰς ἐπὶ τό τέθριππον. Πόσσις δ’ ἐν τρίτῳ Μαγνητικῶν τὸν Θεμιστοκλέα φησὶν ἐν Μαγνησίᾳ τὴν στεφανηφόρον ἀρχὴν ἀναλαβόντα θῦσαι Ἀθηνᾷ καὶ τὴν ἑορτὴν Παναθήναια ὀνομάσαι καὶ Διονύσῳ Χοοπότῃ θυσιάσαντα καὶ τὴν Χοῶν ἑορτὴν αὐτόθι καταδεῖξαι. Κλέαρχος δ’ ἐν πρώτῳ περὶ Φιλίας τὸν Θεμιστοκλέα φησὶ τρίκλινον οἰκοδομησάμενον περικαλλέστατον ἀγαπᾶν ἂν ἔφησεν, εἰ τοῦτον φίλων πληρώσειεν.
And Chamæleon of Pontus, in his Essay on Anacreon, having quoted these lines—And Periphoretus ArtemonIs loved by golden-hair'd Eurypyle,says that Artemo derived this nickname from living luxuriously, and being carried about (περιφέρεσθαι) on a couch. For Anacreon says that he had been previously very poor, and then became on a sudden very luxurious, in the following verses—Having before a poor berberium cloak,And scanty cap, and his poor earsWith wooden earrings decorated,And wearing round his ribs a newly-boughtRaw ox-hide, fitter for a caseFor an old-fashion'd shield, this wretchArtemon, who long has livedWith bakers' women, and the lowest of the low,Now having found a new style of life,Often thrusts his neck into the yoke,Or beneath the spear doth crouch;And many a weal he can display,Mark'd on his back with well-deserved scourge;And well pluck'd as to hair and beard.But now he mounts his chariot, he the sonOf Cyca, and his golden earrings wears;And like a woman bearsAn ivory parasol o'er his delicate head. But Satyrus, speaking of the beautiful Alcibiades, says, —“It is said that when he was in Ionia, he was more luxurious than the Ionians themselves. And when he was in Thebes he trained himself, and practised gymnastic exercises, being more of a Bœotian than the Thebans themselves. And in Thessaly he loved horses and drove chariots; being fonder of horses than the Aleuadæ: and at Sparta he practiced courage and fortitude, and surpassed the Lacedæmonians themselves. And again, in Thrace he out-drank even the Thracians themselves. And once wishing to tempt his wife, he sent her a thousand Darics in another man's name: and being exceedingly beautiful in his person, he cherished his hair the greater part of his life, and used to wear an extraordinary kind of shoe, which is called Alcibias from him. And whenever he was a choregus, he made a procession clad in a purple robe; and going into the theatre he was admired not only by the men, but also by the women: on which account Antisthenes, the pupil of Socrates, who often had seen Alcibiades, speaks of him as a powerful and manly man, and impatient of restraint, and audacious, and exceedingly beautiful through all his life. “And whenever he went on a journey he used four of the allied cities as his maid-servants. For the Ephesians used to put up a Persian tent for him; and the Chians used to find him food for his horses; and the people of Cyzicus supplied him with victims for his sacrifices and banquet; and the Lesbians gave him wine, and everything else which he wanted for his daily food. And when he came to Athens from Olympia, he offered up two pictures, the work of Aglaophon: one of which represented the priestesses of Olympia and Delphi crowning him; and in the other Nemea was sitting, and Alcibiades on her knees, appearing more beautiful than any of the women. And even when on military expeditions he wished to appear beautiful; accordingly he had a shield made of gold and ivory, on which was carved Love brandishing a thunderbolt as the ensign. And once having gone to supper at the house of Anytus, by whom he was greatly beloved, and who was a rich man, when one of the company who was supping there with him was Thrasyllus, (and he was a poor man,) he pledged Thrasyllus in half the cups which were set out on the side-board, and then ordered the servants to carry them to Thrasyllus's house; and then he very civilly wished Anytus good night, and so departed. But Anytus, in a very affectionate and liberal spirit, when some one said what an inconsiderate thing Alcibiades had done; 'No, by Jove,' said he, ' but what a kind and considerate thing; for when he had the power to have taken away everything, he has left me half.'”
χαμαιλέων δ’ ὁ Ποντικὸς ἐν τῷ περὶ Ἀνακρέοντος προθεὶς τὸ ξανθῇ δ’ Εὐρυπύλῃ μέλει ὁ περιφόρητος Ἀρτέμων, τὴν προσηγορίαν ταύτην λαβεῖν τὸν Ἀρτέμωνα διὰ τὸ τρυφερῶς βιοῦντα περιφέρεσθαι ἐπὶ κλίνης. καὶ γὰρ Ἀνακρέων αὐτὸν ἐκ πενίας εἰς τρυφὴν ὁρμῆσαί φησιν ἐν τούτοις· πρὶν μὲν ἔχων βερβέριον, καλύμματ’ ἐσφηκωμένα, καὶ ξυλίνους ἀστραγάλους ἐν ὠσὶ καὶ ψιλὸν περὶ πλευρῇσι δέρριον βοός, νήπλυτον εἴλυμα κακῆς ἀσπίδος, ἀρτοπώλισιν κἀθελοπόρνοισιν ὁμιλέων ὁ πονηρὸς Ἀρτέμων, κίβδηλον εὑρίσκων βίον, πολλὰ μὲν ἐν δουρὶ τιθεὶς αὐχένα, πολλὰ δ’ ἐν τροχῷ, πολλὰ δὲ νῶτα σκυτίνῃ μάστιγι θωμιχθείς, κόμην πώγωνὰ τ’ ἐκτετιλμένος· νῦν δ’ ἐπιβαίνει σατινέων, χρύσεα φορέων καθέρματα, πάις Κύκης, καὶ σκιαδίσκην ἐλεφαντίνην φορεῖ γυναιξὶν αὕτως … περὶ δὲ τοῦ καλοῦ Ἀλκιβιάδου Σάτυρος ἱστορῶν λέγεται, φησίν, ὅτι ἐν Ἰωνίᾳ μὲν ὢν Ἰώνων ἐφαίνετο τρυφερώτερος, ἐν Θήβαις δὲ σωμασκῶν καὶ γυμναζόμενος τῶν Θηβαίων αὐτῶν μᾶλλον Βοιώτιος, ἐν Θετταλίᾳ δὲ ἱπποτροφῶν καὶ ἡνιοχῶν τῶν Ἀλευαδῶν ἱππικώτερος, ἐν Σπάρτῃ δὲ καρτερίαν καὶ ἀφέλειαν ἐπιτηδεύων ἐνίκα τοὺς Λάκωνας, ὑπερῆρεν δὲ καὶ τὴν τῶν Θρᾳκῶν ἀκρατοποσίαν. τὴν δὲ αὑτοῦ γυναῖκα πειρῶν ὡς ἕτερος ἔπεμψεν αὐτῇ χιλίους Δαρεικούς. κάλλιστος δὲ ὢν τὴν μορφὴν κόμην τε ἔτρεφεν ἐπὶ πολὺ τῆς ἡλικίας καὶ ὑποδήματα παρηλλαγμένα ἐφόρει, ἃ ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ Ἀλκιβιάδες καλεῖται. ὅτε δὲ χορηγοίη πομπεύων ἐν πορφυρίδι εἰσιὼν εἰς τὸ θέατρον, ἐθαυμάζετο οὐ μόνον ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν γυναικῶν. διὸ καὶ Ἀντισθένης ὁ Σωκρατικὸς ὡς δὴ αὐτὸς αὐτόπτης γεγονὼς τοῦ Ἀλκιβιάδου ἰσχυρὸν αὐτὸν καὶ ἀνδρώδη καὶ εὐπαίδευτον καὶ τολμηρὸν καὶ ὡραῖον ἐφ’ ἡλικίας πάσης γενέσθαι φησίν εἰς δὲ τὰς ἀποδημίας ὁπότε στέλλοιτο, τέσσαρσι τῶν συμμαχίδων πόλεων ὥσπερ θεραπαίναις ἐχρῆτο. σκηνὴν μὲν γὰρ αὐτῷ Περσικὴν ἔπησσον Ἐφέσιοι, τροφὴν δὲ τοῖς ἵπποις αὐτοῦ Χῖοι παρεῖχον, ἱερεῖα δὲ παρίστασαν εἰς τὰς θυσίας καὶ κρεανομίας Κυζικηνοί, Λέσβιοι δὲ οἶνον παρεῖχον καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ πρὸς τὴν καθ’ ἡμέραν δίαιταν. ἀφικόμενος δ’ Ἀθήνησιν ἐξ Ὀλυμπίας δύο πίνακας ἀνέθηκεν, Ἀγλαοφῶντος γραφὴν ὧν ὁ μὲν εἶχεν ᾽ Ὀλυμπιάδα καὶ Πυθιάδα στεφανούσας αὐτόν, ἐν δὲ θατέρῳ Νεμέα ἦν καθημένη καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν γονάτων αὐτῆς Ἀλκιβιάδης, καλλίων φαινόμενος τῶν γυναικείων προσώπων. καὶ στρατηγῶν δὲ ἔτι καλὸς εἶναι ἤθελεν ἀσπίδα γοῦν εἶχεν ἐκ χρυσοῦ καὶ ἐλέφαντος πεποιημένην, ἐφ’ ἧς ἦν ἐπίσημον Ἔρως κεραυνὸν ἠγκυλημένος. ἐπικωμάσας δέ ποτε ὡςἌνυτον ἐραστὴν ὄντα καὶ πλούσιον, συνεπικωμάζοντος αὐτῷ τῶν ἑταίρων ἑνὸς Θρασύλλου τῶν πενήτων δ’ οὗτος ἦν, προπιὼν τῷ Θρασύλλῳ τὰ ἡμίση τῶν ποτηρίων τῶν ἐπὶ τῷ κυλικείῳ προκειμένων ἐκέλευσε τοὺς ἀκολούθους ἀποφέρειν πρὸς τὸν Θράσυλλον εἶθ’ οὕτω φιλοφρονησάμενος τὸν Ἄνυτον ἀπηλλάσσετο. ὁ δὲ Ἄνυτος πάνυ ἐλευθερίως καὶ ἐρωτικῶς, λεγόντων τινῶν ὡς ἀγνώμονα εἴη πεποιηκὼς Ἀλκιβιάδης, οὐ μὰ Δί᾽, ἔφη, ἀλλ᾽ εὐγνωμονέστατα· ἔχων γὰρ ἐξουσίαν ἅπαντα λαβεῖν τὰ ἡμίση κατέλιπεν.
And Lysias the orator, speaking of his luxury, says— “For Axiochus and Alcibiades having sailed to the Hellespont, married at Abydus, both of them marrying one wife, Medontias of Abydus, and both cohabited with her. After this they had a daughter, and they said that they could not tell whose daughter she was; and when she was old enough to be married, they both cohabited with her too; and when Alcibiades came to her, he said that she was the daughter of Axiochus, and Axiochus in his turn said she was the daughter of Alcibiades.” And he is ridiculed by Eupolis, after the fashion of the comic writers, as being very intemperate with regard to women; for Eupolis says in his Flatterers—A. Let Alcibiades leave the women's rooms.B. Why do you jest........Will you not now go home and try your handOn your own wife?And Pherecrates says—For Alcibiades, who's no man (ἀνὴρ) at all,Is, as it seems, now every woman's husband (ἀνήρ).And when he was at Sparta he seduced Timæa, the wife of Agis the king. And when some people reproached him for so doing, he said, “that he did not intrigue with her out of incontinence, but in order that a son of his might be king at Sparta; and that the kings might no longer be said to be descended from Hercules, but from Alcibiades:” and when he was engaged in his military expeditions, he used to take about with him Timandra, the mother of Lais the Corinthian, and Theodote, who was an Athenian courtesan.
Λυσίας δὲ ὁ ῥήτωρ περὶ τῆς τρυφῆς αὐτοῦ λέγων φησὶν ἐκπλεύσαντες γὰρ κοινῇ Ἀξίοχος καὶ Ἀλκιβιάδης εἰς Ἑλλήσποντον ἔγημαν ἐν Ἀβύδῳ δύο ὄντε Μεδοντίδα τὴν Ἀβυδηνὴν καὶ ξυνῳκείτην. ἔπειτα αὐτοῖν γίνεται θυγάτηρ, ἣν οὐκ ἔφαντο δύνασθαι γνῶναι ὁποτέρου εἴη. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἦν ἀνδρὸς ὡραία, ξυνεκοιμῶντο καὶ ταύτῃ, καὶ εἰ μὲν χρῷτο καὶ ἔχοι Ἀλκιβιάδης, Ἀξιόχου ἔφασκεν εἶναι θυγατέρα· εἰ δὲ Ἀξίοχος, Ἀλκιβιάδου. κεκωμῴδηται δὲ καὶ ὑπὸ Εὐπόλιδος ὡς ἀκόλαστος πρὸς γυναῖκας ἐν Κόλαξιν οὕτως Ἀλκιβιάδης ἐκ τῶν γυναικῶν ἐξίτω. αλκ. τί ληρεῖς; οὐκ οἴκαδ’ ἐλθὼν τὴν σεαυτοῦ γυμνάσεις δάμαρτα; καὶ Φερεκράτης δέ φησιν· οὐκ ὢν ἀνὴρ γὰρ Ἀλκιβιάδης, ὡς δοκεῖν, ἀνὴρ ἁπασῶν τῶν γυναικῶν ἐστι νῦν. ἐν Σπάρτῃ δὲ ὢν ἔφθειρε τὴν Ἄγιδος τοῦ βασιλέως γυναῖκα Τίμαιαν· ἐπιπηττόντων δ’ αὐτῷ τινων οὐκ ἀκρασίας ἕνεκεν συνελθεῖν ἔφη, ἀλλ’ ἵνα ὁ γενόμενος ἐξ αὐτοῦ βασιλεύσῃ τε τῆς Σπάρτης καὶ μηκέτι λέγωνται οἱ βασιλεῖς ἀφ’ Ἡρακλέους ἀλλ’ ἀπ’ Ἀλκιβιάδου. στρατηγῶν δὲ συμπεριήγετο αὑτῷ τήν τε Λαίδος τῆς Κορινθίας μητέρα Τιμάνδραν καὶ Θεοδότην τὴν Ἀττικὴν ἑταίραν.
But after his banishment, having made the Athenians masters of the Hellespont, and having taken more than five thousand Peloponnesians prisoners, he sent them to Athens; and after this, returning to his country, he crowned the Attic triremes with branches, and mitres, and fillets. And fastening to his own vessels a quantity of ships which he had taken, with their beaks broken off, to the number of two hundred, and conveying also transports full of Lacedæmonian and Peloponnesian spoils and arms, he sailed into the Piræus: and the trireme in which he himself was, ran up to the very bars of the Piræus with purple sails; and when it got inside the harbour, and when the rowers took their oars, Chrysogonus played on a flute the trieric air, clad in a Persian robe, and Callippides the tragedian, clad in a theatrical dress, gave the word to the rowers. On account of which some one said with great wit—“Sparta could never have endured two Lysanders, nor Athens two Alcibiadeses.” But Alcibiades was imitating the Medism of Pausanias, and when he was staying with Pharnabazus, he put on a Persian robe, and learnt the Persian language, as Themistocles had done.
μετὰ δὲ τὴν φυγὴν κυρίους Ἀθηναίους ποιήσας τοῦ Ἑλλησπόντου καὶ πλείους τῶν πεντακισχιλίων Πελοποννησίους λαβὼν ἀνέπεμψεν εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας, κατιών τε μετὰ ταῦτα εἰς τὴν πατρίδα ἐστεφάνωσε τὰς Ἀττικὰς τριήρεις θαλλῷ καὶ μίτραις καὶ ταινίαις, καὶ ἀναψάμενος τὰς αἰχμαλώτους ναῦς ἠκρωτηριασμένας εἰς διακοσίας ἱππαγωγούς τε ἄγων σκύλων καὶ ὅπλων Λακωνικῶν καὶ Πελοποννησιακῶν μεστὰς εἰσέπλει. ἡ δὲ τριήρης ἐφ’ ἧς αὐτὸς κατέπλει μέχρι μὲν τῶν κλείθρων τοῦ Πειραιέως προέτρεχεν ἁλουργοῖς ἱστίοις· ὡς δ’ ἐντὸς ἦν καὶ τὰς κώπας ἔλαβον οἱ ἐρέται, Χρυσόγονος μὲν ηὔλει τὸ τριηρικὸν ἐνδεδυκὼς τὴν Πυθικὴν στολήν, Καλλιππίδης δ’ ὁ τραγῳδὸς ἐκέλευε τὴν ἐπὶ τῆς σκηνῆς στολὴν ἠμφιεσμένος. διὸ καὶ χαριέντως εἶπέν τις· οὔτ’ ἂν δύο Λυσάνδρους ὑπήνεγκεν ἡ Σπάρτη οὔτ’ ἂν δύ’ Ἀλκιβιάδας Ἀθῆναι. ἐμιμεῖτο δὲ Ἀλκιβιάδης τὸν Παυσανίου μηδισμὸν καὶ καθομιλῶν Φαρνάβαζον τὴν Περσικὴν ἐνεδύετο στολὴν καὶ τὴν Περσικὴν ἔμαθε φωνήν, καθάπερ καὶ Θεμιστοκλῆς.
And Duris says, in the twenty-second book of his History,—“Pausanias, the king of Lacedæmon, having laid aside the national cloak of Lacedæmon, adopted the Persian dress. And Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily, adopted a theatrical robe and a golden tragic crown with a clasp. And Alexander, when he became master of Asia, also adopted the Persian dress. But Demetrius outdid them all; for the very shoes which he wore he had made in a most costly manner; for in its form it was a kind of buskin, made of most expensive purple wool; and on this the makers wove a great deal of golden embroidery, both before and behind; and his cloak was of a brilliant tawny colour; and, in short, a representation of the heavens was woven into it, having the stars and twelve signs of the Zodiac all wrought in gold; and his head-band was spangled all over with gold, binding on a purple broad-brimmed hat in such a manner that the outer fringes hung down the back. And when the Demetrian festival was celebrated at Athens, Demetrius himself was painted on the proscenium, sitting on the world.” And Nymphis of Heraclea, in the sixth book of his treatise on his Country, says—"Pausanias, who defeated Mardonius at Platæa, having transgressed the laws of Sparta, and given himself up to pride, when staying near Byzantium, dared to put an inscription on the brazen goblet which is there consecrated to the gods, whose temple is at the entrance of the strait, (and the goblet is in existence to this day,) as if he had dedicated it himself; putting this inscription on it, forgetting himself through his luxury and arrogance—Pausanias, the general of broad Greece,Offered this goblet to the royal Neptune,A fit memorial of his deathless valour,Here in the Euxine sea. He was by birthA Spartan, and Cleombrotus's son,Sprung from the ancient race of Hercules."
Δοῦρις δ’ ἐν τῇ δευτέρᾳ καὶ εἰκοστῇ τῶν Ἱστοριῶν Παυσανίας μὲν, φησίν, ὁ τῶν Σπαρτιατῶν βασιλεὺς καταθέμενος τὸν πάτριον τρίβωνα τὴν Περσικὴν ἐνεδύετο στολήν. ὁ δὲ Σικελίας τύραννος Διονύσιος ξυστίδα καὶ χρυσοῦν στέφανον, ἔτι δ᾽ ἐπιπόρπημα μετελάμβανε τραγικόν. Ἀλέξανδρος δ’ ὡς τῆς Ἀσίας ἐκυρίευσεν Περσικαῖς ἐχρῆτο στολαῖς. Δημήτριος δὲ πάντας ὑπερέβαλεν· τὴν μὲν γὰρ ὑπόδεσιν ἣν εἶχεν κατεσκεύαζεν ἐκ πολλοῦ δαπανήματος· ἦν γὰρ κατὰ μὲν τὸ σχῆμα τῆς ἐργασίας σχεδὸν ἐμβάτης πίλημα λαμβάνων τῆς πολυτελεστάτης πορφύρας· τούτῳ δὲ χρυσοῦ πολλὴν ἐνύφαινον ποικιλίαν ὀπίσω καὶ ἔμπροσθεν ἐνιέντες οἱ τεχνῖται. αἱ δὲ χλαμύδες αὐτοῦ ἦσαν ὄρφνινον ἔχουσαι τὸ φέγγος τῆς χρόας, τὸ δὲ πᾶν ἐνύφαντο χρυσοῦς ἀστέρας ἔχον καὶ τὰ δώδεκα ζῴδια. μίτρα δὲ χρυσόπαστος ἦν, ἣ καυσίαν ἁλουργῆ οὖσαν ἔσφιγγεν, ἐπὶ τὸ νῶτον φέρουσα τὰ τελευταῖα καταβλήματα τῶν ὑφασμάτων. γινομένων δὲ τῶν Δημητρίων Ἀθήνησιν ἐγράφετο ἐπὶ τοῦ προσκηνίου ἐπὶ τῆς Οἰκουμένης ὀχούμενος. Νύμφις δ’ ὁ Ἡρακλεώτης ἐν ἕκτῳ τῶν περὶ τῆς πατρίδος Παυσανίας,φησίν,ὁ περὶ Πλαταιὰς νικήσας Μαρδόνιον, τὰ τῆς Σπάρτης ἐξελθὼν νόμιμα καὶ εἰς ὑπερηφανίαν ἐπιδοὺς περὶ Βυζάντιον διατρίβων τὸν χαλκοῦν κρατῆρα τὸν ἀνακείμενον τοῖς θεοῖς τοῖς ἐπὶ τοῦ στόματος ἱδρυμένοις, ὃν ἔτι καὶ νῦν εἶναι συμβαίνει, ἐτόλμησεν ἐπιγράψαι, ὡς αὐτὸς ἀναθείς, τόδε τὸ ἐπίγραμμα, διὰ τὴν τρυφὴν καὶ ὑπερηφανίαν ἐπιλαθόμενος αὑτοῦ· μνᾶμ’ ἀρετᾶς ἀνέθηκε Ποσειδάωνι ἄνακτι Παυσανίας, ἄρχων Ἑλλάδος εὐρυχόρου, πόντου ἐπ’ Εὐξείνου, Λακεδαιμόνιος γένος, υἱὸς Κλεομβρότου, ἀρχαίας Ἡρακλέος γενεᾶς.
“Pharax the Lacedæmonian also indulged himself in luxury,” as Theopompus tells us in the fourteenth book of his History, “and he abandoned himself to pleasure in so dissolute and unrestrained a manner, that by reason of his intemperance he was much oftener taken for a Sicilian, than for a Spartan by reason of his country.” And in his fifty-second book he says that “Archidamus the Lacedæmonian, having abandoned his national customs, adopted foreign and effeminate habits; so that he could not endure the way of life which existed in his own country, but was always, by reason of his intemperance, anxious to live in foreign countries. And when the Tarentines sent an embassy about an alliance, he was anxious to go out with them as an ally; and being there, and having been slain in the wars, he was not thought worthy even of a burial, although the Tarentines offered a great deal of money to the enemy to be allowed to take up his body.” And Phylarehus, in the tenth book of his Histories, says that Isanthes was the king of that tribe of Thracians called Crobyzi, and that he surpassed all the men of his time in luxury; and he was a rich man, and very handsome. And the same historian tells us, in his twenty-second book, that Ptolemy the Second, king of Egypt, the most admirable of all princes, and the most learned and accomplished of men, was so beguiled and debased in his mind by his unseasonable luxury, that he actually dreamed that he should live for ever, and said that he alone had found out how to become immortal. And once, after he had been afflicted by the gout for many days, when at last he got a little better, and saw through his window-blinds some Egyptians dining by the river side, and eating whatever it might be that they had, and lying at random on the sand, “O wretched man that I am,” said he, “that I am not one of those men!”
ἐτρύφησεν δὲ καὶ φάραξ ὁ Λακεδαιμόνιος, ὡς Θεόπομπος ἐν τῇ τεσσαρακοστῇ ἱστορεῖ· καὶ ταῖς ἡδοναῖς οὕτως ἀσελγῶς ἐχρήσατο καὶ χύδην ὥστε πολὺ μᾶλλον διὰ τὴν αἰτίαν ταύτην αὐτὸν ὑπολαμβάνεσθαι Σικελιώτην ἢ διὰ τὴν πατρίδα Σπαρτιάτην. ἐν δὲ τῇ νβ’ φησὶν ὡς Ἀρχίδαμος ὁ Λάκων ἀποστὰς τῆς πατρίου διαίτης συνηθίσθη ξενικῶς καὶ μαλακῶς· διόπερ οὐκ ἠδύνατο τὸν οἴκοι βίον ὑπομένειν, ἀλλ’ ἐσπούδαζεν αἰεὶ δι’ ἀκρασίαν ἔξω διατρίβειν. καὶ Ταραντίνων πρεσβευσαμένων περὶ συμμαχίας ἔσπευσε συνεξελθεῖν αὐτοῖς βοηθός· κἀκεῖ γενόμενος καὶ ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ ἀποθανὼν οὐδὲ ταφῆς κατηξιώθη, καίτοι Ταραντίνων πολλὰ χρήματα ὑποσχομένων τοῖς πολεμίοις ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἀνελέσθαι αὐτοῦ τὸ σῶμα. Φύλαρχος δὲ ἐν τῇ ι τῶν Ἱστοριῶν Θρᾳκῶν φησι τῶν καλουμένων Κροβύζων βασιλέα γενέσθαι Ἰσάνθην, τρυφῇ πάντας τοὺς καθ’ ἑαυτὸν ὑπερβαλλόμενον. ἦν δὲ καὶ πλούσιος καὶ καλός, ἐν δὲ τῇ δευτέρᾳ καὶ εἰκοστῇ ὁ αὐτὸς Πτολεμαῖον φησι τὸν δεύτερον Αἰγύπτου βασιλεύσαντα, πάντων σεμνότατον γενόμενον τῶν δυναστῶν καὶ παιδείας εἴ τινα καὶ ἄλλον καὶ αὐτὸν ἐπιμεληθέντα οὕτως ἐξαπατηθῆναι τὴν διάνοιαν καὶ διαφθαρῆναι ὑπὸ τῆς ἀκαίρου τρυφῆς ὥστε τὸν πάντα χρόνον ὑπολαβεῖν βιώσεσθαι καὶ λέγειν ὅτι μόνος εὕροι τὴν ἀθανασίαν. κατατεινόμενον οὖν ὑπὸ ποδάγρας πλείους ἡμέρας, ὣς ποτ’ οὖν ἐρράισεν καὶ κατεῖδεν διά τινων ὑπολαμπάδων τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους παρὰ τὸν ποταμὸν ἀριστοποιουμένους καὶ τὰ τυχόντα προσφερομένους ἐπί τε τῆς ἄμμου χύδην ἐρριμμένους, εἶπεν· ὦ τάλας ἐγώ, τὸ μηδὲ τούτων ἕνα γενέσθαι.
Now Callias and his flatterers we have already sufficiently mentioned. But since Heraclides of Pontus, in his treatise on Pleasures, speaks of him, we will return to the subject and quote what he says:—"When first the Persians made an expedition against Greece, there was, as they say, an Eretrian of the name of Diomnestus, who became master of all the treasures of the general; for he happened to have pitched his tent in his field, and to have put his money away in some room of his house. But when the Persians were all destroyed, then Diomnestus took the money without any one being aware of it; but when the king of Persia sent an army into Eretria the second time, ordering his generals utterly to destroy the city, then, as was natural, all who were at all well off carried away their treasures. Accordingly those of the family of Diomnestus who were left, secretly removed their money to Athens, to the house of Hipponicus the son of Callias, who was surnamed Ammon; and when all the Eretrians had been driven out of their city by the Persians, this family remained still in possession of their wealth, which was great. So Hipponicus, who was the son of that man who had originally received the deposit, begged the Athenians to grant him a place in the Acropolis, where he might construct a room to store up all this money in, saying that it was not safe for such vast sums to remain in a private house. And the Athenians did grant him such a place; but afterwards, he, being warned against such a step by his friends, changed his mind. "Callias, therefore, became the master of all this money, and lived a life of pleasure, (for what limit was there to the flatterers who surrounded him, or to the troops of companions who were always about him? and what extravagance was there which he did not think nothing of?) However, his voluptuous life afterwards reduced him so low, that he was compelled to pass the rest of his life with one barbarian old woman for a servant, and he was in want of actual daily necessaries, and so he died. “But who was it who got rid of the riches of Nicias of Pergasa, or of Ischomachus? was it not Autoclees and Epiclees, who preferred living with one another, an who considered everything second to pleasure? and after they had squandered all this wealth, they drank hemlock together, and so perished.”
περὶ δὲ Καλλίου καὶ τῶν τούτου κολάκων φθάνομεν καὶ πρότερον εἰπόντες· ἀλλ’ ἐπεὶ καινῶς Ἡρακλείδης ὁ Ποντικὸς ἐν τῷ περὶ Ἡδονῆς ἱστορεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ, ἄνωθεν ἀναλαβὼν διηγήσομαι. ὅτε τὸ πρῶτον εἰς Εὔβοιαν ἐστράτευσαν οἱ Πέρσαι, τότε, ὥς φασιν, Ἐρετριεὺς ἀνὴρ Διόμνηστος κύριος ἐγένετο τῶν τοῦ στρατηγοῦ χρημάτων, ἔτυχεν γὰρ ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ τῷ ἐκείνου σκηνῶν καὶ τὰ χρήματα εἰς οἴκημά τι θέμενος τῆς οἰκίας. τελευτησάντων δὲ πάντων διέλαθεν ἔχων ὁ Διόμνηστος τὸ χρυσίον. ἐπεὶ δὲ πάλιν ὁ τῶν Περσῶν βασιλεὺς ἀπέστειλεν εἰς τὴν Ἐρέτριαν στράτευμα, προστάξας ἀνάστατον ποιῆσαι τὴν πόλιν, εἰκότως ὑπεξετίθεντο ὅσοι χρημάτων ηὐπόρουν. οἱ οὖν καταλελειμμένοι τῆς τοῦ Διομνήστου οἰκίας παρ’ Ἱππόνικον τὸν Καλλίου τὸν Ἄμμωνα ἐπικαλούμενον ὑπεξέθεντο τὰ χρήματα εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας, καὶ ἀνασκευασθέντων ὑπὸ τῶν Περσῶν ἁπάντων τῶν Ἐρετριέων κατέσχον οὗτοι τὰ χρήματα πολλὰ ὄντα. ὥστε Ἱππόνικος ὁ ἀπ’ ἐκείνου γεγονὼς τοῦ τὴν παρακαταθήκην λαβόντος ᾔτησεν Ἀθηναίους ποτὲ ἐν ἀκροπόλει τόπον ἵν’ οἰκοδομήσηται τοῖς χρήμασιν ὅπου κείσεται, λέγων ὡς οὐκ ἀσφαλὲς ἐν ἰδιωτικῇ οἰκίᾳ πολλὰ χρήματα εἶναι. καὶ ἔδοσαν Ἀθηναῖοι νουθετηθεὶς δ’ ὑπὸ τῶν φίλων μετενόησεν. τούτων οὖν τῶν χρημάτων Καλλίας κύριος γενόμενος καὶ πρὸς ἡδονὴν βιώσας ποῖοι γὰρ οὐ κόλακες ἢ τί πλῆθος οὐχ ἑταίρων περὶ αὐτὸν ἦσαν, ποίας δὲ δαπάνας οὐχ ὑπερεώρα κεῖνος;ʼ ἀλλ’ ὅμως εἰς τοσοῦτον αὐτὸν περιέστησεν ὁ περὶ ἡδονὴν βίος ὥστε μετὰ γρᾳδίου βαρβάρου διατελεῖν ἠναγκάσθη καὶ τῶν ἀναγκαίων τῶν καθ’ ἡμέραν ἐνδεὴς γενόμενος τὸν βίον ἐτελεύτησεν. τὸν δὲ Νικίου, φησί, τοῦ Περγασῆθεν πλοῦτον ἢ τὸν Ἰσχομάχου τίνες ἀπώλεσαν; οὐκ Αὐτοκλέης καὶ Ἐπικλέης, οἳ μετ’ ἀλλήλων ζῆν προελόμενοι καὶ πάντ’ ἐν ἐλάττονι ποιούμενοι τῆς ἡδονῆς, ἐπειδὴ πάντα κατανάλωσαν, κώνειον πιόντες ἅμα τὸν βίον ἐτελεύτησαν;
But, concerning the luxury of Alexander the Great, Ephippus the Olynthian, in his treatise on the Deaths of Alexander and Hephæstion, says that “he had in his park a golden throne, and couches with silver feet, on which he used to sit and transact business with his companions.” But Nicobule says, that “while he was at supper all the morris dancers and athletes studied to amuse the king; and at his very last banquet, Alexander, remembering an episode in the Andromeda of Euripides, recited it in a declamatory manner, and then drank a cup of unmixed wine with great eagerness, and compelled all the rest to do so too.” And Ephippus tells us that “Alexander used to wear even the sacred vestments at his entertainments; and sometimes he would wear the purple robe, and cloven sandals, and horns of Ammon, as if he had been the god; and sometimes he would imitate Diana, whose dress he often wore while driving in his chariot; having on also a Persian robe, but displaying above his shoulders the bow and javelin of the goddess. Sometimes also he would appear in the guise of Mercury; at other times, and indeed almost every day, he would wear a purple cloak, and a tunic shot with white, and a cap which had a royal diadem attached to it. And when he was in private with his friends he wore the sandals of Mercury, and the petasus on his head, and held the caduceus in his hand. Often also he wore a lion's skin, and carried a club, like Hercules.” What wonder then is it, if in our time the emperor Com- modus, when he drove abroad in his chariot, had the club of Hercules lying beside him, with a lion's skin spread at his feet, and liked to be called Hercules, when even Alexander, the pupil of Aristotle, represented himself as like so many gods, and even like Diana? And Alexander used to have the floor sprinkled with exquisite perfumes and with fragrant wine; and myrrh was burnt before him, and other kinds of incense; and all the bystanders kept silence, or spoke only words of good omen, out of fear. For he was a very violent man, with no regard for human life; for he appeared to be a man of a melancholic constitution. And on one occasion, at Ecbatana, when he was offering a sacrifice to Bacchus, and when everything was prepared in a most lavish manner for the banquet,... and Satrabates the satrap, feasted all the soldiers..... “But when a great multitude was collected to see the spectacle,” says Ephippus, "there were on a sudden some arrogant proclamations published, more insolent even than Persian arrogance was wont to dictate. For, as different people were publishing different proclamations, and proposing to make Alexander large presents, which they called crowns, one of the keepers of his armoury, going beyond all previous flattery, having previously arranged the matter with Alexander, ordered the herald to proclaim that Gorgos, the keeper of the armoury, presents Alexander, the son of Ammon, with three thousand pieces of gold; and will also present him, when he lays siege to Athens, with ten thousand complete suits of armour, and with an equal number of catapults and all weapons required for the war.
περὶ δὲ τῆς Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ πάνυ τρυφῆς Ἔφιππος μὲν ὁ Ὀλύνθιος ἐν τῷ περὶ τῆς Ἡφαιστίωνος καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου Τελευτῆς φησιν ὅτι ἐν τῷ παραδείσω ἔκειτο αὐτῷ χρυσοῦς θρόνος καὶ κλῖναι ἀργυρόποδες, ἐφ᾽· ὧν καθεζόμενος ἐχρημάτιζε μετὰ τῶν ἑταίρων. Νικοβούλη δέ φησιν ὅτι παρὰ τὸ δεῖπνον πάντες οἱ ἀγωνισταὶ ἐσπούδαζον τέρπειν τὸν βασιλέα καὶ ὅτι ἐν τῷ τελευταίῳ δείπνῳ αὐτὸς ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος ἐπεισόδιόν τι μνημονεύσας ἐκ τῆς Εὐριπίδου Ἀνδρομέδας ἠγωνίσατο καὶ τὸν ἄκρατον προθύμως προπίνων καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἠνάγκαζεν. ἔφιππος δέ φησιν ὡς Ἀλέξανδρος καὶ τὰς ἱερὰς ἐσθῆτας ἐφόρει ἐν τοῖς δείπνοις, ὁτὲ μὲν τὴν τοῦ Ἄμμωνος πορφυρίδα καὶ περισχιδεῖς καὶ κέρατα καθάπερ ὁ θεός, ὁτὲ δὲ τὴν τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος, ἣν καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἅρματος ἐφόρει πολλάκις, ἔχων τὴν Περσικὴν στολήν, ὑποφαίνων ἄνωθεν τῶν ὤμων τό τε τόξον καὶ τὴν σιβύνην, ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ τὴν τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ· τὰ μὲν ἄλλα σχεδὸν καὶ καθ’ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν χλαμύδα τε πορφυρᾶν καὶ χιτῶνα μεσόλευκον καὶ τὴν καυσίαν ἔχουσαν τὸ διάδημα τὸ βασιλικόν, ἐν δὲ τῇ συνουσίᾳ τά τε πέδιλα καὶ τὸν πέτασον ἐπὶ τῇ κεφαλῇ καὶ τὸ κηρύκειον ἐν τῇ χειρί, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ λεοντῆν καὶ ῥόπαλον ὥσπερ ὁ Ἡρακλῆς. τί οὖν θαυμαστὸν εἰ καὶ καθ’ ἡμᾶς Κόμμοδος ὁ αὐτοκράτωρ ἐπὶ τῶν ὀχημάτων παρακείμενον εἶχεν τὸ Ἡράκλειον ῥόπαλον ὑπεστρωμένης αὐτῷ λεοντῆς καὶ Ἡρακλῆς καλεῖσθαι ἤθελεν, Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Ἀριστοτελικοῦ τοσούτοις αὑτὸν ἀφομοιοῦντος θεοῖς, ἀτὰρ καὶ τῇ Ἀρτέμιδι; ἔρρανε δὲ ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος καὶ μύρῳ σπουδαίῳ καὶ οἴνῳ εὐώδει τὸ δάπεδον. ἐθυμιᾶτο δὲ αὐτῷ σμύρνα καὶ τὰ ἄλλα θυμιάματα· εὐφημία τε καὶ σιγὴ κατεῖχε πάντας ὑπὸ δέους τοὺς παρόντας. ἀφόρητος γὰρ ἦν καὶ φονικός. ἐδόκει γὰρ εἶναι μελαγχολικός. ἐν Ἐκβατάνοις δὲ ποιήσας τῷ Διονύσῳ θυσίαν καὶ πάντων δαψιλῶς ἐν τῇ θοίνῃ παρασκευασθέντων, καὶ Σατραβάτης ὁ σατράπης τοὺς στρατιώτας εἱστίασε πάντας. ἀθροισθέντων δὲ πολλῶν ἐπὶ τὴν θέαν, φησὶν ὁ Ἔφιππος, κηρύγματα ἐγίνετο ᾽ ὑπερήφανα καὶ τῆς Περσικῆς ὑπεροψίας αὐθαδέστερα. ἄλλων γὰρ ἄλλο τι ἀνακηρυττόντων καὶ στεφανούντων τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον, εἷς τις τῶν ὁπλοφυλάκων ὑπερπεπαικὼς πᾶσαν κολακείαν κοινωσάμενος τῷ ᾽ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ ἐκέλευσε τὸν κήρυκα ἀνειπεῖν ὅτι Γόργος ὁ ὁπλοφύλαξ Ἀλέξανδρον Ἄμμωνος υἱὸν στεφανοῖ χρυσοῖς τρισχιλίοις, καὶ ὅταν Ἀθήνας πολιορκῇ, μυρίαις πανοπλίαις καὶ τοῖς ἴσοις καταπέλταις καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ἄλλοις βέλεσιν εἰς τὸν πόλεμον ἱκανοῖς.