---
title: "The Deipnosophists · Δειπνοσοφισταί"
author: "Athenaeus"
translator: "Charles Duke Yonge"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
section: 69 of 78
url: https://scriptura.si/works/athenaeus-deipnosophists/69/
cite: "Athenaeus, tr. Charles Duke Yonge, The Deipnosophists · Δειπνοσοφισταί, section 69. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/athenaeus-deipnosophists/69/"
---

# The Deipnosophists · Δειπνοσοφισταί

*Athenaeus, tr. Charles Duke Yonge*

The Learned Banqueters: a dinner party in Rome stretched over fifteen books of talk about food, wine, courtesans, music and books, quoting hundreds of lost Greek authors.

> Greek: ed. Charles Burton Gulick, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0008.tlg001, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Charles Duke Yonge, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0008.tlg001.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (books, chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 69. Book XIV · chapters 14–15

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/athenaeus-deipnosophists/69/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/athenaeus-deipnosophists/69/#p-N

[¶0] Jesters Concerts Songs Rhapsodists Magodi Harp-players Music Dancing Dances Music Musical Instruments Music Love Songs Sweetmeats Different Courses at Dinner Dessert Cheesecakes Cakes Vegetables Pomegranates Figs Grapes Peacocks Partridges The Helots Cheese Cooks The Thessalians ματτύη MOST people, my friend Timocrates, call Bacchus frantic, because those who drink too much unmixed wine become violent
To copious wine this insolence we owe,
And much thy betters wine can overthrow
The great Eurytion, when this frenzy stung,
Pirithous' roofs with frantic riot rung:
Boundless the Centaur raged, till one and all
The heroes rose and dragg'd him from the hall;
His nose they shorten'd, and his ears they slit,
And sent him sober'd home with better wit.
For when the wine has penetrated down into the body, as Herodotus says, bad and furious language is apt to rise to the surface. And Clearchus the comic poet says in his Corinthians—
If all the men who to get drunk are apt,
Had every day a headache ere they drank
The wine, there is not one would drink a drop:
But as we now get all the pleasure first,
And then the drink, we lose the whole delight
In the sharp pain which follows. And Xenophon represents Agesilaus as insisting that a man ought to shun drunkenness equally with madness, and immoderate gluttony as much as idleness. But we, as we are not of the class who drink to excess, nor of the number of those who are in the habit of being intoxicated by midday, have come rather to this literary entertainment; for Ulpian, who is always finding fault, reproved some one just now who said, I am not drunk (ἔξοινος), saying,—Where do you find that word ἔξοινος? But he rejoined,—Why, in Alexis, who, in his play called the New Settler, says—
He did all this when drunk (ἔξοινος). But as, after the discussion by us of the new topics which arise, our liberal entertainer Laurentius is every day constantly introducing different kinds of music, and also jesters and buffoons, let us have a little talk about them. Although I am aware that Anacharsis the Scythian, when on one occasion jesters were introduced in his company, remained without moving a muscle of his countenance; but afterwards, when a monkey was brought in, he burst out laughing, and said, “Now this fellow is laughable by his nature, but man is only so through practice.” And Euripides, in his Melanippe in Chains, has said—
But many men, from the wish to raise a laugh,
Practise sharp sayings; but those sorry jesters
I hate who let loose their unbridled tongues
Against the wise and good; nor do I class them
As men at all, but only as jokes and playthings.
Meantime they live at ease, and gather up
Good store of wealth to keep within their houses. And Parmeniscus of Metapontum, as Semus tells us in the fifth book of his Delias, a man of the highest consideration both as to family and in respect of his riches, having gone down to the cave of Trophonius, after he had come up again, was not able to laugh at all. And when he consulted the oracle on this subject, the Pythian priestess replied to him—
You're asking me, you laughless man,
About the power to laugh again;
Your mother 'll give it you at home,
If you with reverence to her come.
So, on this, he hoped that when he returned to his country he should be able to laugh again; but when he found that he could laugh no more now than he could before, he considered that he had been deceived; till, by some chance, he came to Delos; and as he was admiring everything he saw in the island, he came into the temple of Latona, expecting to see some very superb statue of the mother of Apollo; but when he saw only a wooden shapeless figure, he unexpectedly burst out laughing. And then, comparing what had happened with the oracle of the god, and being cured of his infirmity, he honoured the goddess greatly.

> Greek: τὸν Διόνυσον, ἑταῖρε Τιμόκρατες, μαινόμενον οἱ πολλοὶ λέγουσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ τοὺς πλείονας ἀκράτου σπῶντας θορυβώδεις γίνεσθαι οἶνός σε τρώει μελιηδής, ὅς τε καὶ ἄλλους βλάπτει, ὃς ἄν μιν χανδὸν ἕλῃ μηδ’ αἴσιμα πίνῃ. οἶνος καὶ κένταυρον ἀγακλυτὸν Εὐρυτίωνα ὤλεσ’ ἐνὶ μεγάρῳ μεγαθύμου Πειριθόοιο, ἐς Λαπίθας ἐλθόνθ᾽. ὁ δ’ ἐπεὶ φρένας ἄασεν οἴνῳ, μαινόμενος κάκ’ ἔρεξε δόμοις ἐνὶ Πειριθόοιο. κατιόντος γοῦν τοῦ οἴνου ἐς τὸ σῶμα, ὥς φησιν ʽ Ἡρόδοτος, ἐπαναπλέει κακὰ ἔπεα καὶ μαινόμενα. Κλέαρχός τε ὁ κωμῳδιοποιὸς ἐν Κορινθίοις φησίν εἰ τοῖς μεθυσκομένοις ἑκάστης ἡμέρας ἀλγεῖν συνέβαινε τὴν κεφαλὴν πρὸ τοῦ πιεῖν τὸν ἄκρατον, ἡμῶν οὐδὲ εἷς ἔπινεν ἄν. νυνὶ δὲ πρότερόν τοῦ πόνου τὴν ἡδονὴν προλαμβάνοντες ὑστεροῦμεν τἀγαθοῦ. Ξενοφῶντος δὲ τὸν Ἀγησίλαον … μέθης μὲν ἀπέχεσθαι ὁμοίως ᾤετο χρῆναι καὶ μανίας, σίτων δὲ ὑπερκαίρων ὁμοίως καὶ ἀργίας ἀλλ’ οὐχ ἡμεῖς γε οὔτε τῶν πλεῖον πινόντων ὄντες οὔτε τῶν ἐξοίνων γινομένων πληθούσης ἀγορᾶς ἐπὶ τὰ μουσικὰ ταῦτα ἐρχόμεθα συμπόσια, καὶ γὰρ ὁ φιλεπιτιμητὴς Οὐλπιανὸς πάλιν τινὸς ἐπείληπτο εἰπόντος ἔξοινος οὔκ εἰμι, λέγων ὁ δ’ ἔξοινος ποῦ; καὶ ὃς
παρ’ Ἀλέξιδι ἐν Εἰσοικιζομένῳ· ἔξοινος ἐποίει ταῦτά γε ἐπεὶ δὲ ἑκάστης ἡμέρας μετὰ τοὺς παρ’ ἡμῶν καινοὺς αἰεὶ λεγομένους λόγους καὶ ἀκροάματα ἑκάστοτε διάφορα ἐπεισάγει ὁ λαμπρὸς ἡμῶν ἑστιάτωρ Λαρήνσιος ἔτι τε καὶ γελωτοποιούς, φέρε λέγωμέν τι καὶ ἡμεῖς περὶ τούτων, καίτοι γε οἶδα καὶ Ἀνάχαρσιν τὸν Σκύθην ἐν συμποσίῳ γελωτοποιῶν εἰσαχθέντων ἀγέλαστον διαμείναντα, πιθήκου δ’ ἐπεισαχθέντος γελάσαντα φάναι, ὡς οὗτος μὲν φύσει γελοῖός ἐστιν, ὁ δ’ ἄνθρωπος ἐπιτηδεύσει. καὶ Εὐριπίδης δὲ ἐν τῇ Δεσμώτιδι Μελανίππῃ ἔφη· ἀνδρῶν δὲ πολλοὶ τοῦ γέλωτος εἵνεκα ἀσκοῦσι χάριτας κερτόμους. ἐγὼ δέ πως μισῶ γελοίους, οἵτινες τήτῃ σοφῶν ἀχάλιν’ ἔχουσι στόματα· κἀς ἀνδρῶν μὲν οὐ τελοῦσιν ἀριθμόν, ἐν γέλωτι δ’ εὐπρεπεῖς.,. νέμουσι δ’ οἴκους καὶ τὰ ναυστολούμενα ἔσω δόμων σῴζουσι. Παρμενίσκος δὲ ὁ Μεταποντῖνος, ὥς φησιν Σῆμος ἐν εʹ Δηλιάδος, καὶ γένει καὶ πλούτῳ πρωτεύων εἰς Τροφωνίου καταβὰς καὶ ἀνελθὼν οὐκ ἔτι γελᾶν ἐδύνατο. καὶ χρηστηριαζομένῳ περὶ τούτου ἡ Πυθία ἔφη· εἴρῃ μ’ ἀμφὶ γέλωτος, ἀμείλιχε, μειλιχίοιο δώσει σοι μήτηρ οἴκοι· τὴν ἔξοχα τῖε. ἐλπίζων δ’ ἂν ἐπανέλθῃ εἰς τὴν πατρίδα γελάσειν, ὡς οὐδὲν ἦν πλέον, οἰόμενος ἐξηπατῆσθαι ἔρχεταί ποτε κατὰ τύχην εἰς Δῆλον· καὶ πάντα τὰ κατὰ τὴν νῆσον θαυμάζων ἦλθεν καὶ εἰς τὸ Λητῷον, νομίζων τῆς Ἀπόλλωνος μητρὸς ἄγαλμα τι θεωρήσειν ἀξιόλογον· ἰδὼν δ’ αὐτὸ ξύλον ὂν ἄμορφον παραδόξως ἐγέλασεν. καὶ τὸν τοῦ θεοῦ χρησμὸν συμβάλλων καὶ τῆς ἀρρωστίας ἀπαλλαγεὶς μεγαλωστὶ τὴν θεὸν ἐτίμησεν.

[¶1] Now Anaxandrides, in his Old Man's Madness, says that it was Rhadamanthus and Palamedes who invented the fashion of jesters; and his words are these:—
And yet we labour much.
But Palamedes first, and Rhadamanthus,
Sought those who bring no other contribution,
But say amusing things. Xenophon also, in his Banquet, mentions jesters; introducing Philip, of whom he speaks in the following manner: —“But Philip the jester, having knocked at the door, told the boy who answered, to tell the guests who he was, and that he was desirous to be admitted; and he said that he came provided with everything which could qualify him for supping at other people's expense. And he said, too, that his boy was in a good deal of distress because he had brought nothing, and because he had had no dinner.” And Hippolochus the Macedonian, in his epistle to Lynceus, mentions the jesters Mandrogenes and Strato the Athenian. And at Athens there was a great deal of this kind of cleverness. Accordingly, in the Heracleum at Diomea they assembled to the number of sixty, and they were always spoken of in the city as amounting to that number, in such expressions as—“The sixty said this,” and, “I am come from the sixty.” And among them were Callimedon, nicknamed the Crab, and Dinias, and also Mnasigeiton and Menæchmus, as Telephanes tells us in his treatise on the City. And their reputation for amusing qualities was so great, that Philip the Macedonian heard of it, and sent them a talent to engage them to write out their witticisms and send them to him. And the fact of this king having been a man who was very fond of jokes is testified to us by Demosthenes the orator in his Philippics. Demetrius Poliorcetes was a man very eager for anything which could make him laugh, as Phylarchus tells us in the sixth book of his History. And he it was who said, “that the palace of Lysimachus was in no respect different from a comic theatre; for that there was no one there bigger than a dissyllable” (meaning to laugh at Bithys and Paris, who had more influence than anybody with Lysimachus, and at some others of his friends;) “but that his friends were Peucesteses, and Menelauses, and Oxythemises.” But when Lysimachus heard this, he said,—“I, however, never saw a prostitute on the stage in a tragedy;” referring to Lamia the female flute-player. And when this was reported to Demetrius, he rejoined,—“But the prostitute who is with me, lives in a more modest manner than the Penelope who is with him.”

> Greek: Ἀναξανδρίδης δ’ ἐν Γεροντομανίᾳ καὶ εὑρετὰς τῶν γελοίων φησὶ γενέσθαι Ῥαδάμανθυν καὶ Παλαμήδην, λέγων οὕτως· καίτοι πολλοί γε πονοῦμεν. τὸ δ’ ἀσύμβολον εὗρε γελοῖα λέγειν Ῥαδάμανθυς καὶ Παλαμήδης. γελωτοποιῶν δὲ μέμνηται Ξενοφῶν μὲν ἐν τῷ Συμποσίῳ Φιλίππου, περὶ οὗ καὶ οὑτωσὶ λέγει· Φίλιππος δ’ ὁ γελωτοποιὸς κρούσας τὴν θύραν εἶπε τῷ ὑπακούσαντι εἰσαγγεῖλαι ὅστις τε εἴη καὶ διότι κατάγεσθαι βούλεται· συνεσκευασμένος δὲ ἔφη παρεῖναι πάντα τἀπιτήδεια ὥστε δειπνεῖν τἀλλότρια. καὶ τὸν παῖδα δ’ ἔφη πάνυ πιέζεσθαι διά τε τὸ φέρειν μηδὲν καὶ διὰ τὸ ἀνάριστον εἶναι. Ἱππόλοχος δ’ ὁ Μακεδὼν ἐν τῇ πρὸς Λυγκέα Ἐπιστολῇ γελωτοποιῶν μέμνηται Μανδρογένους καὶ Στράτωνος τοῦ Ἀττικοῦ. πλῆθος δ’ ἦν Ἀθήνησι τῆς σοφιστείας· ταύτης, ἐν γοῦν τῷ Διομέων Ἡρακλείῳ συνελέγοντο ξ’ ὄντες τὸν ἀριθμὸν καὶ ἐν τῇ πόλει διωνομάζοντο ὡς οἱ ξ# τοῦτ’ εἶπον καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ξ# ἔρχομαι. ἐν δὲ τούτοις ἦσαν Καλλιμέδων τε ὁ Κάραβος καὶ Δεινίας, ἔτι τε Μνασιγείτων καὶ Μέναιχμος, ὥς φησι Τηλεφάνης ἐν τῷ περὶ τοῦ Ἄστεος. τοσαύτη δ’ αὐτῶν δόξα τῆς ῥᾳθυμίας ἐγένετο ὥστε καὶ Φίλιππον ἀκούσαντα τὸν Μακεδόνα πέμψαι αὐτοῖς τάλαντον, ἵν’ ἐκγραφόμενοι τὰ γελοῖα πέμπωσιν αὐτῷ. ὅτι δὲ ἦν περὶ τὰ γελοῖα ἐσπουδακὼς ὁ βασιλεὺς οὗτος μαρτυρεῖ Δημοσθένης ὁ ῥήτωρ ἐν τοῖς Φιλιππικοῖς. φιλόγελως δὲ ἦν καὶ Δημήτριος ὁ Πολιορκητής, ὥς φησι Φύλαρχος ἐν τῇ σ’ τῶν Ἱστοριῶν, ὅς γε καὶ τὴν Λυσιμάχου αὐλὴν κωμικῆς σκηνῆς οὐδὲν διαφέρειν ἔλεγεν ἐξιέναι γὰρ ἀπ’ αὐτῆς πάντας δισυλλάβους· τόν τε Βῖθυν χλευάζων καὶ τὸν Πάριν, μεγίστους ὄντας παρὰ τῷ Λυσιμάχῳ, καί τινας ἑτέρους τῶν φίλων παρὰ δ’ αὑτοῦ Πευκέστας καὶ Μενελάους, ἔτι δὲ Ὀξυθέμιδας, ταῦτα δ’ ἀκούων ὁ Λυσίμαχος ἐγὼ τοίνυν, ἔφη, πόρνην ἐκ τραγικῆς σκηνῆς οὐχ ἑώρακα ἐξιοῦσαν, τὴν αὐλητρίδα Λάμιαν λέγων, ἀπαγγελθέντος δὲ καὶ τούτου πάλιν ὑπολαβὼν ὁ Δημήτριος ἔφη ἀλλ’ ἡ παρ’ ἐμοὶ πόρνη σωφρονέστερον τῆς παρ’ ἐκείνῳ Πηνελόπης ζῇ.

[¶2] And we have mentioned before this that Sylla, the general of the Romans, was very fond of anything laughable. And Lucius Anicius, who was also a general of the Romans, after he had subdued the Illyrians, and brought with him Genthius the king of the Illyrians as his prisoner, with all his children, when he was celebrating his triumphal games at Rome, did many things of the most laughable character possible, as Polybius relates in his thirtieth book:—“For having sent for the most eminent artists from Greece, and having erected a very large theatre in the circus, he first of all introduced all the flute-players. And these were Theodorus the Bœotian, and Theopompus, and Hermippus, surnamed Lysimachus, who were the most eminent men in their profession. And having brought these men in front of the stage after the chorus was over, he ordered them all to play the flute. And as they accompanied their music with appropriate gestures, he sent to them and said that they were not playing well, and desired them to be more vehement. And while they were in perplexity, one of the lictors told them that what Anicius wished was that they should turn round so as to advance towards each other, and give a representation of a battle. And then the flute-players, taking this hint, and adopting a movement not unsuited to their habitual wantonness, caused a great tumult and confusion; and turning the middle of the chorus towards the extremities, the flute-players, all blowing unpremeditated notes, and letting their flutes be all out of tune, rushed upon one another in turn: and at the same time the choruses, all making a noise to correspond to them, and coming on the stage at the same time, rushed also upon one another, and then again retreated, advancing and retreating alternately. But when one of the chorus-dancers tucked up his garment, and suddenly turned round and raised his hands against the flute-player who was coming towards him, as if he was going to box with him, then there arose an extraordinary clapping and shouting on the part of the spectators. And while all these men were fighting as if in regular battle, two dancers were introduced into the orchestra with a symphony, and four boxers mounted the stage, with trumpeters and horn-players: and when all these men were striving together, the spectacle was quite indescribable: and as for the tragedians,” says Polybius, “if I were to attempt to describe what took place with respect to them, I should be thought by some people to be jesting.”

> Greek: ὅτι δὲ καὶ Σύλλας ὁ Ῥωμαίων στρατηγὸς φιλόγελως ἦν προείρηται. Λεύκιος δὲ Ἀνίκιος, καὶ αὐτὸς ʽ Ῥωμαίων στρατηγήσας, Ἰλλυριοὺς καταπολεμήσας καὶ αἰχμάλωτον ἀγαγὼν Γένθιον τὸν τῶν Ἰλλυριῶν βασιλέα σὺν τοῖς τέκνοις, ἀγῶνας ἐπιτελῶν τοὺς ἐπινικίους ἐν τῇ Ῥώμῃ παντὸς γέλωτος ἄξια πράγματα ἐποίησεν, ὡς Πολύβιος ἱστορεῖ ἐν τῇ τριακοστῇ. μεταπεμψάμενος γὰρ τοὺς ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἐπιφανεστάτους τεχνίτας καὶ σκηνὴν κατασκευάσας μεγίστην ἐν τῷ κίρκῳ πρώτους εἰσῆγεν αὐλητὰς· οὗτοι δ’ ἦσαν Θεόδωρος ὁ Βοιώτιος, Θεόπομπος, Ἕρμιππος, ὁ Λυσίμαχος, οἵτινες ἐπιφανέστατοι ἦσαν. τούτους οὖν στήσας ἐπὶ τὸ προσκήνιον μετὰ τοῦ χοροῦ αὐλεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἅμα πάντας. τῶν δὲ διαπορευομένων τὰς κρούσεις μετὰ τῆς ἁρμοζούσης κινήσεως προσπέμψας οὐκ ἔφη καλῶς αὐτοὺς αὐλεῖν, ἀλλ’ ἀγωνίζεσθαι μᾶλλον ἐκέλευσεν. τῶν δὲ διαπορούντων ὑπέδειξέν τις τῶν ῥαβδούχων ἐπιστρέψαντας ἐπαγαγεῖν ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς καὶ ποιεῖν ὡσανεὶ μάχην. ταχὺ δὲ συννοήσαντες οἱ αὐληταὶ καὶ λαβόντες ὁ ὁρμὴν οἰκείαν ταῖς ἑαυτῶν ἀσελγείαις μεγάλην ἐποίησαν σύγχυσιν. συνεπιστρέψαντες δὲ τοὺς μέσους χοροὺς πρὸς τοὺς ἄκρους οἱ μὲν αὐληταὶ φυσῶντες ἀδιανόητα καὶ διαφέροντες τοὺς αὐλοὺς ἀπῆγον ἀνὰ μέρος ἐπ’ ἀλλήλους, ἅμα δὲ τούτοις ἐπικτυποῦντες οἱ χοροὶ καὶ συνεπισείοντες τὴν σκευὴν ἐπεφέροντο τοῖς ἐναντίοις καὶ πάλιν ἀνεχώρουν ἐκ μεταβολῆς, ὡς δὲ καὶ περιζωσάμενός τις τῶν χορευτῶν ἐκ τοῦ καιροῦ στραφεὶς ἦρε τὰς χεῖρας ἀπὸ πυγμῆς πρὸς τὸν ἐπιφερόμενον αὐλητήν, τότ’ ἤδη κρότος ἐξαίσιος ἐγένετο καὶ κραυγὴ τῶν θεωμένων, ἔτι δὲ τούτων ἐκ παρατάξεως ἀγωνιζομένων ὀρχησταὶ δύο εἰσήγοντο μετὰ συμφωνίας εἰς τὴν ὀρχήστραν, καὶ πύκται τέσσαρες ἀνέβησαν ἐπὶ τὴν σκηνὴν μετὰ σαλπιγκτῶν καὶ βυκανιστῶν. ὁμοῦ δὲ τούτων πάντων ἀγωνιζομένων ἄλεκτον ἦν τὸ συμβαῖνον, περὶ δὲ τῶν τραγῳδῶν, φησὶν ὁ Πολύβιος, ὅ τι ἂν ἐπιβάλωμαι λέγειν, δόξω τισὶν διαχλευάζειν.

[¶3] Now when Ulpian had said thus much, and when all were laughing at the idea of this exhibition of Anicius, a discussion arose about the men who are called πλάνοι. And the question was asked, Whether there was any mention of these men in any of the ancient authors? for of the jugglers (θαυματοποιοὶ) we have already spoken: and Magnus said,— Dionysius of Sinope, the comic poet, in his play entitled the Namesakes, mentions Cephisodorus the πλάνος in the following terms:—
They say that once there was a man at Athens,
A πλάνος, named Cephisodorus, who
Devoted all his life to this pursuit;
And he, whenever to a hill he came,
Ran straight up to the top; but then descending
Came slowly down, and leaning on a stick.
And Nicostratus also mentions him in his Syrian—
They say the πλάνος Cephisodorus once
Most wittily station'd in a narrow lane
A crowd of men with bundles of large faggots,
So that no one else could pass that way at all.
There was also a man named Pantaleon, who is mentioned by Theognetus, in his Slave devoted to his Master—
Pantaleon himself did none deceive (ἐπλάνα)
Save only foreigners, and those, too, such
As ne'er had heard of him: and often he,
After a drunken revel, would pour forth
All sorts of jokes, striving to raise a laugh
By his unceasing chattering.
And Chrysippus the philosopher, in the fifth book of his treatise on Honour and Pleasure, writes thus of Pantaleon: —“But Pantaleon the πλάνος, when he was at the point of death, deceived every one of his sons separately, telling each of them that he was the only one to whom he was revealing the place where he had buried his gold; so that they after- wards went and dug together to no purpose, and then found out that they had been all deceived.”

> Greek: ταῦτα τοῦ Οὐλπιανοῦ διεξελθόντος καὶ πάντων ἀνακακχασάντων ἐπὶ ταῖς Ἀνικίοις ταύταις θέαις ἐγένοντό τινες λόγοι καὶ περὶ τῶν καλουμένων πλάνων καὶ ἐζητεῖτο εἰ μνήμη τις καὶ περὶ τούτων ἐγένετο παρὰ τοῖς παλαιοτέροις· περὶ γὰρ θαυματοποιῶν ἤδη προειρήκαμεν. καὶ ὁ Μάγνος ἔφη·
Διονύσιος μὲν ὁ Σινωπεὺς ὁ τῆς κωμῳδίας ποιητὴς ἐν τῷ ἐπιγραφομένῳ Ὁμώνυμοι μνημονεύει Κηφισοδώρου τοῦ πλάνου διὰ τούτων Κηφισόδωρόν φασιν ἐπικαλούμενον πλάνον τιν’ ἐν Ἀθήναις γενέσθαι, τὴν σχολὴν εἰς τοῦτο τὸ μέρος τοῦ βίου καταχρώμενον. τοῦτον ταχὺν ὄντα πρὸς τὸ σιμὸν ἀνατρέχειν, ἥσυχα δὲ κατιέναι ᾽πὶ τῇ βακτηρίᾳ. μνημονεύει δὲ αὐτοῦ καὶ Νικόστρατος ἐν Σύρῳ· Κηφισόδωρον οὐ κακῶς μὰ τὸν Δία τὸν πλάνον φασὶ στενωπὸν εἰς μέσον στῆσαί τινας ἀγκαλίδας ἔχοντας, ὥστε μὴ παρελθεῖν μηδένα. Πανταλέοντος δὲ μνημονεύει Θεόγνητος ἐν Φιλοδεσπότῳ· ὁ Πανταλέων μὲν αὐτὸς αὐτοὺς τοὺς ξένους τοὺς τ’ ἀγνοοῦντας αὐτὸν ἐπλάνα, καὶ σχεδὸν ἀπεκραιπάλα τὰ πλεῖστα, τοῦ γελάσαι χάριν ἰδίαν τιν’ αὑτῷ θέμενος ἀδολεσχίαν. καὶ Χρύσιππος δ’ ὁ φιλόσοφος ἐν εʹ περὶ τοῦ Καλοῦ καὶ τῆς Ἡδονῆς περὶ τοῦ Πανταλέοντος τάδε γράφει· ὁ δὲ πλάνος Πανταλέων τελευτᾶν μέλλων ἑκάτερον τῶν υἱῶν κατ’ ἰδίαν ἐξηπάτησε, φήσας μόνῳ αὐτῷ λέγειν ὅπου κατωρύχοι τὸ χρυσίον ὥστε μάτην ὕστερον κοινῇ σκάπτοντας αἰσθέσθαι ἐξηπατημένους.

[¶4] And our party was not deficient in men fond of raising a laugh by bitter speeches. And respecting a man of this kind, Chrysippus subsequently, in the same book, writes as follows:—“Once when a man fond of saying bitter things was about to be put to death by the executioner, he said that he wished to die like the swan, singing a song; and when he gave him leave, he ridiculed him.” And Myrtilus having had a good many jokes cut on him by people of this sort, got angry, and said that Lysimachus the king had done a very sensible thing; for he, hearing Telesphorus, one of his lieutenants, at an entertainment, ridiculing Arsinoe (and she was the wife of Lysimachus), as being a woman in the habit of vomiting, in the following line—
You begin ill, introducing τηνδεμουσαν, —
ordered him to be put in a cage (γαλεάγρα) and carried about like a wild beast, and fed; and he punished him in this way till he died. But if you, O Ulpian, raise a question about the word γαλεάγρα, it occurs in Hyperides the orator; and the passage you may find out for yourself. And Tachaos the king of Egypt ridiculed Agesilaus king of Lacedæmon, when he came to him as an ally (for he was a very short man), and lost his, kingdom in consequence, as Agesilaus abandoned his alliance. And the expression of Tachaos was as follows:—
The mountain was in labour; Jupiter
Was greatly frighten'd: lo! a mouse was born.
And Agesilaus hearing of this, and being indignant at it, said, “I will prove a lion to you.” So afterwards, when the Egyptians revolted (as Theopompus relates, and Lyceas of Naucratis confirms the statement in his History of Egypt), Agesilaus refused to cooperate with him, and, in consequence, Tachaos lost his kingdom, and fled to the Persians.

> Greek: οὐκ ἠπόρει δ’ ἡμῶν τὸ συμπόσιον οὐδὲ τῶν φιλοσκωπτούντων. περὶ δὲ τοιούτου τινὸς πάλιν ὁ Χρύσιππος ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ γράφει· φιλοσκώπτης τις μέλλων ὑπὸ τοῦ δημίου σφάττεσθαι ἔτι ἕν τι ἔφη θέλειν ὥσπερ τὸ κύκνειον ᾄσας ἀποθανεῖν. ἐπιτρέψαντος δ’ ἐκείνου ἔσκωψεν. ὑπὸ δὴ τῶν τοιούτων πολλάκις ὁ Μυρτίλος σκωφθέντα καὶ ἀγανακτήσαντα εἶπεν καλῶς Λυσίμαχον τὸν βασιλέα πεποιηκέναι. Τελέσφορον γὰρ ἕνα τῶν ὑπάρχων αὐτοῦ, ἐπειδὴ ἔσκωψέ ποτε ἐν συμποσίῳ τὴν Ἀρσινόην γυνὴ δ’ ἦν τοῦ Λυσιμάχου ὡς ἐμετικὴν οὖσαν, εἰπών κακῶν κατάρχεις τήνδ’ ἐμοῦσαν εἰσάγων, ὁ Λυσίμαχος ἀκούσας ἐμβληθῆναι αὐτὸν ἐκέλευσεν εἰς γαλεάγραν καὶ δίκην θηρίου περιφερόμενον καὶ τρεφόμενον, κολαζόμενον οὕτως ἐποίησεν ἀποθανεῖν, σὺ δέ, ὦ Οὐλπιανέ, εἰ τὴν γαλεάγραν ζητεῖς, ἔχεις παρ’ Ὑπερείδῃ τῷ ῥήτορι· ὅπου δέ, σὺ ζήτει. καὶ Ταχὼς δ’ ὁ Αἰγυπτίων βασιλεὺς Ἀγησίλαον σκώψας τὸν Λακεδαιμονίων βασιλέα, ὅτ’ ἦλθεν αὐτῷ συμμαχήσων ἦν γὰρ βραχὺς τὸ σῶμα, ἰδιώτης ἐγένετο, ἀποστάντος ἐκείνου τῆς συμμαχίας, τὸ δὲ σκῶμμα τοῦτ’ ἦν· ὤδινεν ὄρος, Ζεὺς δ’ ἐφοβεῖτο, τὸ δ’ ἔτεκεν μῦν. ὅπερ ἀκούσας ὁ Ἀγησίλαος καὶ ὀργισθεὶς ἔφη φανήσομαὶ σοί ποτε καὶ λέων. ὕστερον γὰρ ἀφισταμένων τῶν Αἰγυπτίων, ὥς φησι Θεόπομπος καὶ Λυκέας ὁ Ναυκρατίτης ἐν τοῖς Αἰγυπτιακοῖς, οὐδὲν αὐτῷ συμπράξας ἐποίησεν ἐκπεσόντα τῆς ἀρχῆς φυγεῖν εἰς Πέρσας.

[¶5] So as there was a great deal of music introduced, and not always the same instruments, and as there was a good deal of discussion and conversation about them, (without always giving the names of those who took part in it,) I will enumerate the chief things which were said. For concerning flutes, somebody said that Melanippides, in his Marsyas, dis- paraging the art of playing the flute, had said very cleverly about Minerva:—
Minerva cast away those instruments
Down from her sacred hand; and said, in scorn,
"Away, you shameful things—you stains of the body!
Shall I now yield myself to such malpractices'"
And some one, replying to him, said,—But Telestes of Selinus, in opposition to Melanippides, says in his Argo (and it is of Minerva that he too is speaking):—
It seems to me a scarcely credible thing
That the wise Pallas, holiest of goddesses,
Should in the mountain groves have taken up
That clever instrument, and then again
Thrown it away, fearing to draw her mouth
Into an unseemly shape, to be a glory
To the nymph-born, noisy monster Marsyas.
For how should chaste Minerva be so anxious
About her beauty, when the Fates had given her
A childless, husbandless virginity?
intimating his belief that she, as she was and always was to continue a maid, could not be alarmed at the idea of disfiguring her beauty. And in a subsequent passage he says—
But this report, spread by vain-speaking men,
Hostile to every chorus, flew most causelessly
Through Greece, to raise an envy and reproach
Against the wise and sacred art of music.
And after this, in an express panegyric on the art of flute-playing, he says—
And so the happy breath of the holy goddess
Bestow'd this art divine on Bromius,
With the quick motion of the nimble fingers.
And very neatly, in his Aesculapius, has Telestes vindicated the use of the flute, where he says—
And that wise Phrygian king who first poured forth
The notes from sweetly-sounding sacred flutes,
Rivalling the music of the Doric Muse,
Embracing with his well-join'd reeds the breath
Which fills the flute with tuneful modulation.

> Greek: πολλῶν οὖν πολλάκις ὄντων τῶν ἀκροαμάτων καὶ τῶν αὐτῶν οὐκ αἰεί, ἐπειδὴ πολλοὶ περὶ αὐτῶν ἐγίνοντο λόγοι, τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν εἰπόντων παραλιπὼν τῶν πραγμάτων μνησθήσομαι. περὶ μὲν γὰρ αὐλῶν ὃ μέν τις ἔφη τὸν Μελανιππίδην καλῶς ἐν τῷ Μαρσύᾳ διασύροντα τὴν αὐλητικὴν εἰρηκέναι περὶ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς·
ἁ μὲν Ἀθάνα τὤργαν’ ἔρριψέν ʽ ἱερᾶς ἀπὸ χειρὸς εἶπέ τ᾽ ἔρρετ’ αἴσχεα, σώματι λύμα, οὔ με τᾷ δ’ ἐγὼ κακότατι δίδωμι.
πρὸς ὃν ἀντιλέγων ἄλλος ἔφη·
ἀλλ’ ὅ γε Σελινούντιος Τελέστης τῷ Μελανιππίδῃ ἀντικορυσσόμενος ἐν Ἀργοῖ ἔφη—ὁ δὲ λόγος ἐστὶ περὶ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς· ὃν σοφὸν σοφὰν λαβοῦσαν οὐκ ἐπέλπομαι νόῳ δρυμοῖς ὀρείοις ὄργανον δίαν Ἀθάναν δυσόφθαλμον αἶσχος ἐκφοβηθεῖσαν αὖθις ἐκ χερῶν βαλεῖν νυμφαγενεῖ χειροκτύπῳ φηρὶ Μαρσύᾳ κλέος. τί γάρ νιν εὐηράτοιο κάλλεος ὀξὺς ἔρως ἔτειρεν, ᾇ παρθενίαν ἄγαμον καὶ ἄπαιδ’ ἀπένειμε Κλωθώ; ὡς οὐκ ἂν εὐλαβηθείσης τὴν αἰσχρότητα τοῦ εἴδους διὰ τὴν παρθενίαν. ἑξῆς τέ φησι· ἀλλὰ μάταν ἀχόρευτος ἅδε ματαιολόγων φάμα προσέπταθ’ Ἑλλάδα μουσοπόλων σοφᾶς ἐπίφθονον βροτοῖς τέχνας ὄνειδος. μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ ἐγκωμιάζων τὴν αὐλητικὴν λέγει· ἃν συνεριθοτάταν Βρομίῳ παρέδωκε σεμνᾶς δαίμονος ἀερθὲν πνεῦμ’ αἰολοπτερύγων σὺν ἀγλαᾶν ὠκύτατι χειρῶν. κομψῶς δὲ κἀν τῷ Ἀσκληπιῷ ὁ Τελέστης ἐδήλωσε τὴν τῶν αὐλῶν χρείαν ἐν τούτοις· ἢ Φρύγα καλλιπνόων αὐλῶν ἱερῶν βασιλῆα, Λυδὸν ὃς ἥρμοσε πρῶτος Δωρίδος ἀντίπαλον μούσης νόμον αἰολον, ὀμφᾷ πνεύματος εὔπτερον αὔραν ἀμφιπλέκων καλάμοις.

[¶6] And Pratinas the Phliasian says, that when some hired flute-players and chorus-dancers were occupying the orchestra, some people were indignant because the flute-players did not play in tune to the choruses, as was the national custom, but the choruses instead sang, keeping time to the flutes. And what his opinion and feelings were towards those who did this, Pratinas declares in the following hyporchema:—
What noise is this
What mean these songs of dancers now?
What new unseemly fashion
Has seized upon this stage to Bacchus sacred,
Now echoing with various noise?
Bromius is mine! is mine!
I am the man who ought to sing,
I am the man who ought to raise the strain,
Hastening o'er the hills,
In swift inspired dance among the Naiades;
Blending a song of varied strain,
Like the sweet dying swan.
You, O Pierian Muse, the sceptre sway
Of holy song:
And after you let the shrill flute resound;
For that is but the handmaid
Of revels, where men combat at the doors,
And fight with heavy fists.
* * * * *
And is the leader fierce of bloody quarrel.
Descend, O Bacchus, on the son of Phrynæus,
The leader of the changing choir,—
Chattering, untimely, leading on
The rhythm of the changing song.
* * * * w
King of the loud triumphal dithyrambic,
Whose brow the ivy crowns,
Hear this my Doric song.

> Greek: Πρατίνας δὲ ὁ Φλιάσιος αὐλητῶν καὶ χορευτῶν μισθοφόρων κατεχόντων τὰς ὀρχήστρας ἀγανακτήσας ἐπὶ τῷ τοὺς αὐλητὰς μὴ συναυλεῖν τοῖς χοροῖς, καθάπερ ἦν πάτριον, ἀλλὰ τοὺς χοροὺς συνᾴδειν τοῖς αὐληταῖς· ὃν οὖν εἶχεν κατὰ τῶν ταῦτα ποιούντων θυμὸν ὁ Πρατίνας ἐμφανίζει διὰ τοῦδε τοῦ Ὑπορχήματος· τίς ὁ θόρυβος ὅδε; τί τάδε τὰ χορεύματα; τίς ὕβρις ἔμολεν ἐπὶ Διονυσιάδα πολυπάταγα θυμέλαν; ἐμός, ἐμὸς ὁ Βρόμιος, ἐμὲ δεῖ κελαδεῖν, ἐμὲ δεῖ παταγεῖν ἀν’ ὄρεα σύμενον μετὰ Ναιάδων οἷά τε κύκνον ἄγοντα· ποικιλόπτερον μέλος. τὰν ἀοιδὰν κατέστασε Πιερὶς βασίλειαν· ὁ δ’ αὐλὸς ὕστερον χορευέτω· καὶ γάρ ἐσθ’ ὑπηρέτας· κώμῳ ὁ μόνον θυραμάχοις τε πυγμαχίαισι νέων θέλοι παροίνων ἔμμεναι στρατηλάτας. παῖε τὸν φρυνέου ποικίλου πνοὰν ἔχοντα, φλέγε τὸν ὀλεσισιαλοκάλαμον λαλοβαρύοπα παραμελορυθμοβάταν θῆτα τρυπάνῳ δέμας πεπλασμένον. ἢν ἰδού· ἅδε σοι δεξιᾶς καὶ ποδὸς διαρριφά, θριαμβοδιθύραμβε κισσόχαιτ’ ἄναξ· ἄκουε τὰν ἐμὰν Δώριον χορείαν.

[¶7] And of the union of flutes with the lyre (for that concert has often been a great delight to us ourselves), Ephippus, in his Traffic, speaks as follows:—
Clearly, O youth, the music of the flute,
And that which from the lyre comes, does suit
Well with our pastimes; for when each resound
In unison with the feelings of those present,
Then is the greatest pleasure felt by all.
And the exact meaning of the word συναυλία is shown by Semus the Delian, in the fifth book of his Delias, where he writes—“But as the term 'concert' (συναυλία) is not understood by many people, we must speak of it. It is wren there is a union of the flute and of rhythm in alternation, without any words accompanying the melody.” And Antiphanes explains it very neatly in his Flute-player, where he says—
Tell me, I pray you, what this concert (ἡ συναυλία αἵτη) was
Which he did give you. For you know; but they
Having well learnt, still played........
* * * * *
A concert of sweet sounds, apart from words,
Is pleasant, and not destitute of meaning.
But the poets frequently call the flute “the Libyan flute,” as Duris remarks in the second book of his History of Agathocles, because Seirites, who appears to have been the first inventor of the art of flute-playing, was a Libyan, of one of the Nomad tribes; and he was the first person who played airs on the flute in the festival of Cybele." And the different kinds of airs which can be played on the flute (as Tryphon tells us in the second book of his treatise on Names) have the following names:—the Comus, the Bucoliasmus, the Gingras, the Tetracomus, the Epiphallus, the Choreus, the Callinicus, the Martial, the Hedycomus, the Sicynnotyrbe, the Thyrocopicum, which is the same as the Crousithyrum (or Door-knocker), the Cnismus, the Mothon. And all these airs on the flute, when played, were accompanied with dancing.

> Greek: περὶ δὲ τῆς· αὐλῶν πρὸς λύραν κοινωνίας, ἐπεὶ πολλάκις καὶ αὐτὴ ἡμᾶς ἡ συναυλία ἔθελγεν, Ἔφιππος ἐν Ἐμπολῇ φησιν κοινωνεῖ γάρ, ὦ μειρακίδιον, ἡ ᾽ν τοῖσιν αὐλοῖς μουσικὴ κἀν τῇ λύρᾳ τοῖς ἡμετέροισι παιγνίοις. ὅταν γὰρ εὖ συναρμόσῃ τις τοῖς συνοῦσι τὸν τρόπον, τόθ’ ἡ μεγίστη τέρψις ἐξευρίσκεται. τὴν δὲ συναυλίαν τί ποτ’ ἐστὶν ἐμφανίζει Σῆμος ὁ Δήλιος ἐν ε# Δηλιάδος γράφων οὕτως· ἀγνοουμένης δὲ παρὰ πολλοῖς τῆς συναυλίας, λεκτέον. ἦν τις ἀγὼν συμφωνίας ἀμοιβαῖος αὐλοῦ καὶ ῥυθμοῦ, χωρὶς λόγου τοῦ προσμελῳδοῦντος. ἀστείως δὲ αὐτὴν Ἀντιφάνης φανερὰν ποιεῖ ἐν τῷ Αὐλητῇ λέγων· ποίαν, φράσον γάρ, ηδε τὴν συναυλίαν; β. ταύτην ἐπίστανται παρ’ ἀλλήλων ἔτι μαθόντες αὐλεῖν. ὥστε τοὺς αὐλοὺς σύ τε αὔτη τε λήψετ᾽, εἶθ’ ἃ μὲν σὺ τυγχάνεις αὐλῶν πέραινε, δέξεται δὲ τἄλλα σοι ἥδ᾽. οὗ τι κοινόν ἐστιν, οὗ χωρὶς πάλιν, συννεύματ᾽, οὐ προβλήμαθ᾽, οἷς σημαίνεται ἕκαστα. Λίβυν δὲ τὸν αὐλὸν προσαγορεύουσιν οἱ ποιηταί, φησὶ Δοῦρις ἐν β’ τῶν περὶ Ἀγαθοκλέα, ἐπειδὴ Σειρίτης δοκεῖ πρῶτος· εὑρεῖν τὴν αὐλητικὴν Λίβυς ἦν τῶν Νομάδων, ὃς καὶ κατηύλησεν τὰ μητρῷα πρῶτος. αὐλήσεων δ’ εἰσὶν ὀνομασίαι, ὥς φησι Τρύφων ἐν δευτέρῳ Ὀνομασιῶν, αἵδε· κῶμος, βουκολισμός, γίγγρας, τετράκωμος, ἐπίφαλλος, χορεῖος, καλλίνικος, πολεμικόν, ἡδύκωμος, σικιννοτύρβη, θυροκοπικόν τὸ δ’ αὐτὸ καὶ κρουσίθυρον, κνισμός, μόθων. ταῦτα δὲ πάντα μετ’ ὀρχήσεως ηὐλεῖτο.

[¶8] Tryphon also gives a list of the different names of songs, as follows. He says—"There is the Himæus, which is also called the Millstone song, which men used to sing while grinding corn, perhaps from the word ἱμαλίς.. But ἱμαλίς is a Dorian word, signifying a return, and also the quantity of corn which the millers gave into the bargain. Then there is the Elinus, which is the song of the men who worked at the loom; as Epicharmus shows us in his Atalantas. There is also the Ioulos, sung by the women who spin. And Semus the Delian, in his treatise on Pæans, says—'"They used to call the handfuls of barley taken separately, ἄμάλαι; but when they were collected so that a great many were made into one sheaf, then they were called οὔλοι and ἴουλοι.. And Ceres herself was called sometimes Chloe, and sometimes Ioulo; and, as being the inventions of this goddess, both the fruits of the ground and also the songs addressed to the goddess were called οὖλοι and ἴουλοι: and so, too, we have the words δημήτρουλοι and καλλίουλοι, and the line—
πλεῖστον οὖλον οὖλον ἵει, ἴουλον ἵει.
But others say that the Ioulis is the song of the workers in wool. There are also the songs of nurses, which are called καταβαυκαλήσεις. There was also a song used at the feast of Swings, in honour of Erigone, which is called Aletis. At all events, Aristotle says, in his treatise on the Constitution of the Colophonians—“Theodorus also himself died afterwards by a violent death. And he is said to have been a very luxurious man, as is evident from his poetry; for even now the women sing his songs on the festival of the Swing.” There was also a reaper's song called Lityerses; and another song sung by hired servants when going to the fields, as Teleclides tells us in his Amphictyons. There were songs, too, of bathing men, as we learn from Crates in his Deeds of Daring; and a song of women baking, as Aristophanes intimates in his Thesmophoriazusæ, and Nicochares in his Hercules Choregus. And another song in use among those who drove herds, and this was called the Bucoliasmus. And the man who first invented this species of song was Diomus, a Sicilian cowherd; and it is mentioned by Epicharmus in his Halcyon, and in his Ulysses Shipwrecked. The song used at deaths and in mourning is called Olophyrmus; and the songs called Iouli are used in honour of Ceres and Proserpine. The song sung in honour of Apollo is called Philhelias, as we learn from Telesilla; and those addressed to Diana are called Upingi. There were also laws composed by Charondas, which were sung at Athens at drinking-parties; as Hermippus tells us in the sixth book of his treatise on Lawgivers. And Aristophanes, in his catalogue of Attic Expressions, say—“The Himæus is the song of people grinding; the Hymenæus is the song used at marriage-feasts; and that employed in lamentation is called Ialemus. But the Linus and the Aelinus are not confined to occasions of mourning, but are in use also in good fortune, as we may gather from Euripides.”

> Greek: καὶ ᾠδῆς δὲ ὀνομασίας καταλέγει ὁ Τρύφων τάσδε· ἱμαῖος ἡ ἐπιμύλιος καλουμένη, ἣν παρὰ τοὺς ἀλέτους ᾖδον, ἴσως ἀπὸ τῆς ἱμαλίδος. ἱμαλὶς δ’ ἐστὶν παρὰ Δωριεῦσιν ὁ νόστος καὶ τὰ ἐπίμετρα τῶν ἀλεύρων. ἡ δὲ τῶν ἱστουργούντων ᾠδὴ αἴλινος, ὡς Ἐπίχαρμος ἐν Ἀταλάνταις ἱστορεῖ, ἡ δὲ τῶν ταλασιουργῶν ἴουλος. Σῆμος δ’ ὁ Δήλιος ἐν τῷ περὶ Παιάνων φησί· τὰ δράγματα τῶν κριθῶν αὐτὰ καθ’ αὑτὰ προσηγόρευον ἀμάλας· συναθροισθέντα δὲ καὶ ἐκ πολλῶν μίαν γενόμενα δέσμην οὔλους καὶ ἰούλους· καὶ τὴν Δήμητρα ὁτὲ μὲν Χλόην, ὁτὲ δὲ Ἰουλώ. ἀπὸ τῶν οὖν τῆς Δήμητρος εὑρημάτων τούς τε καρποὺς καὶ τοὺς ὕμνους τοὺς εἰς τὴν θεὸν οὔλους καλοῦσι καὶ ἰούλους. δημήτρουλοι καὶ καλλίουλοι. καὶ πλεῖστον οὖλον οὖλον ἵει, ἴουλον ἵει. ἄλλοι δέ φασιν ἐριουργῶν εἶναι τὴν ᾠδήν. αἱ δὲ τῶν τιτθευουσῶν ᾠδαὶ καταβαυκαλήσεις ὀνομάζονται, ἦν δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ ταῖς ἐώραις τις ἐπ’ Ἠριγόνῃ, ἣν καὶ ἀλῆτιν λέγουσιν, ᾠδή. Ἀριστοτέλης γοῦν ἐν τῇ Κολοφωνίων Πολιτείᾳ φησίν ἀπέθανεν δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Θεόδωρος ὕστερον βιαίῳ θανάτῳ. λέγεται δὲ γενέσθαι τρυφῶν τις, ὡς ἐκ τῆς ποιήσεως δῆλόν ἐστιν. ἔτι γὰρ καὶ νῦν αἱ γυναῖκες ᾄδουσιν αὐτοῦ μέλη περὶ τὰς ἐώρας. ἡ δὲ τῶν θεριστῶν ᾠδὴ Λιτυέρσης καλεῖται. καὶ τῶν μισθωτῶν δέ τις ἦν ᾠδὴ τῶν ἐς τοὺς ἀγροὺς φοιτώντων, ὡς Τηλεκλείδης φησὶν ἐν Ἀμφικτύοσιν καὶ βαλανέων ἄλλαι, ὡς Κράτης ἐν Τόλμαις· καὶ τῶν πτισσουσῶν ἄλλη τις, ὡς Ἀριστοφάνης ἐν Θεσμοφοριαζούσαις καὶ Νικοχάρης ἐν Ἡρακλεῖ Χορηγῷ. ἦν δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἡγουμένοις τῶν βοσκημάτων ὁ βουκολιασμὸς καλούμενος. Δίομος δὲ ἦν βουκόλος Σικελιώτης ὁ πρῶτος εὑρὼν τὸ εἶδος· μνημονεύει αὐτοῦ Ἐπίχαρμος ἐν Ἁλκυόνι καὶ ἐν Ὀδυσσεῖ Ναυαγῷ. ἡ δ’ ἐπὶ τοῖς θανάτοις καὶ λύπαις ᾠδὴ ὀλοφυρμὸς καλεῖται. αἱ δὲ ἴουλοι καλούμεναι ᾠδαὶ Δήμητρι καὶ Φερσεφόνῃ πρέπουσι. ἡ δὲ εἰς Ἀπόλλωνα ᾠδὴ φιληλιάς, ὁ ὡς Τελέσιλλα παρίστησιν οὔπιγγοι δὲ αἱ εἰς Ἄρτεμιν. ᾔδοντο δὲ Ἀθήνησι καὶ οἱ Χαρώνδου νόμοι παρ’ οἶνον, ὡς Ἕρμιππός φησιν ἐν ἕκτῳ περὶ Νομοθετῶν. Ἀριστοφάνης δ’ ἐν Ἀττικαῖς φησιν Λέξεσιν ἱμαῖος ᾠδὴ μυλωθρῶν ἐν δὲ γάμοις ὑμέναιος· ἐν δὲ πένθεσιν ἰάλεμος. λίνος δὲ καὶ αἴλινος οὐ μόνον ἐν πένθεσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ᾽ ἐπ’ εὐτυχεῖ μολπᾷ κατὰ τὸν Εὐριπίδην.

[¶9] But Clearchus, in the first book of his treatise on matters relating to Love, says that there was a kind of song called Nomium, derived from Eriphanis; and his words are these:—"Eriphanis was a lyric poetess, the mistress of Menalcas the hunter; and she, pursuing him with her passions, hunted too. For often frequenting the mountains, and wandering over them, she came to the different groves, equal- ling in her wanderings the celebrated journeys of Io; so that not only those men who were most remarkable for their deficiency in the tender passion, but even the fiercest beasts, joined in weeping for her misfortunes, perceiving the lengths to which her passionate hopes carried her. Therefore she wrote poems; and when she had composed them, as it is said, she roamed about the desert, shouting and singing the kind of song called Nomium, in which the burden of the song is—
The lofty oaks, Menalcas." And Aristoxenus, in the fourth book of his treatise on Music, says—“Anciently the women used to sing a kind of song called Calyca. Now, this was a poem of Stesichorus, in which a damsel of the name of Calyca, being in love with a young man named Euathlus, prays in a modest manner to Venus to aid her in becoming his wife. But when the young man scorned her, she threw herself down a precipice. And this disaster took place near Leucas. And the poet has represented the disposition of the maiden as very modest; so that she was not willing to live with the youth on his own terms, but prayed that, if possible, she might become the wedded wife of Euathlus; and if that were not possible, that she might be released from life.” But, in his Brief Memoranda, Aristoxenus says—“Iphiclus despised Harpalyce, who was in love with him; but she died, and there has been a contest established among the virgins of songs in her honour, and the contest is called from her, Harpalyce.” And Nymphis, in the first book of his History of Heraclea, speaking of the Maryandyni, says—“And in the same way it is well to notice some songs which, in compliance with a national custom, they sing, in which they invoke some ancient person, whom they address as Bormus. And they say that he was the son of an illustrious and wealthy man, and that he was far superior to all his fellows in beauty and in the vigour of youth; and as he was superintending the cultivation of some of his own lands, and wishing to give his reapers something to drink, he went to fetch some water, and disappeared. Accordingly, they say that on this the natives of the country sought him with a kind of dirge and invocation set to music, which even to this day they are in the habit of using frequently. And a similar kind of song is that which is in use among the Egyp- tians, and is called Maneros.”

> Greek: Κλέαρχος δ’ ἐν πρώτῳ Ἐρωτικῶν νόμιον καλεῖσθαὶ τινά φησιν ᾠδὴν ἀπ’ Ἠριφανίδος, γράφων οὕτως· Ἠριφανὶς ἡ μελοποιὸς Μενάλκου κυνηγετοῦντος ἐρασθεῖσα ἐθήρευεν μεταθέουσα ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις. φοιτῶσα γὰρ καὶ πλανωμένη πάντας τοὺς ὀρείους ἐπεξῄει δρυμούς, ὡς μῦθον εἶναι τοὺς λεγομένους Ἰοῦς δρόμους· ὥστε μὴ μόνον τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοὺς ἀστοργίᾳ διαφέροντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν θηρῶν· τοὺς ἀνημερωτάτους συνδακρῦσαι τῷ πάθει, λαβόντας αἴσθησιν ἐρωτικῆς ἐλπίδος. ὅθεν ἐποίησέ τε καὶ ποιήσασα περιῄει κατὰ τὴν ἐρημίαν, ὥς φασιν, ἀναβοῶσα καὶ ᾄδουσα τὸ καλούμενον νόμιον, ἐν ᾧ ἐστιν ᾽ μακραὶ δρύες, ὦ Μέναλκα.᾽ Ἀριστόξενος δὲ ἐν τετάρτῳ περὶ Μουσικῆς ᾖδον, φησίν, αἱ ἀρχαῖαι γυναῖκες Καλύκην τινὰ ᾠδήν. Στησιχόρου δ’ ἦν ποίημα, ἐν ᾧ Καλύκη τις ὄνομα ἐρῶσα Εὐάθλου νεανίσκου σωφρόνως εὔχεται τῇ Ἀφροδίτῃ γαμηθῆναι αὐτῷ. ἐπεὶ δὲ ὑπερεῖδεν ὁ νεανίσκος, κατεκρήμνισεν ἑαυτήν. ἐγένετο δὲ τὸ πάθος περὶ Λευκάδα. σωφρονικὸν δὲ πάνυ κατεσκεύασεν ὁ ποιητὴς τὸ τῆς παρθένου ἦθος, οὐκ ἐκ παντὸς τρόπου θελούσης συγγενέσθαι τῷ νεανίσκῳ, ἀλλ’ εὐχομένης εἰ δύναιτο γυνὴ τοῦ Εὐάθλου γενέσθαι κουριδία ἢ εἰ τοῦτο μὴ δυνατόν, ἀπαλλαγῆναι τοῦ βίου. ἐν δὲ τοῖς κατὰ βραχὺ Ὑπομνήμασιν ὁ Ἀριστόξενος Ἴφικλος, φησίν, Ἁρπαλύκην ἐρασθεῖσαν ὑπερεῖδεν. ἡ δὲ ἀπέθανεν καὶ γίνεται ἐπ’ αὐτῇ παρθένοις ἀγὼν ᾠδῆς, ἥτις Ἁρπαλύκη, φησί, καλεῖται. Νύμφις δ’ ἐν πρώτῳ περὶ Ἡρακλείας περὶ Μαριανδυνῶν διηγούμενός φησιν ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῶν ᾠδῶν ἐνίας κατανοήσειεν ἄν τις ἃς ἐκεῖνοι κατά τινα ἐπιχωριαζομένην παρ’ αὐτοῖς ἑορτὴν ᾄδοντες ἀνακαλοῦνταί τινα τῶν ἀρχαίων, προσαγορεύοντες Βῶρμον. τοῦτον δὲ λέγουσιν υἱὸν γενέσθαι ἀνδρὸς ἐπιφανοῦς καὶ πλουσίου, τῷ δὲ κάλλει καὶ τῇ κατὰ τὴν ἀκμὴν ὥρᾳ πολὺ τῶν ἄλλων διενεγκεῖν ὃν ἐφεστῶτα ἔργοις ἰδίοις καὶ βουλόμενον τοῖς θερίζουσιν δοῦναι πιεῖν βαδίζοντα ἐφ’ ὕδωρ ἀφανισθῆναι. ζητεῖν οὖν αὐτὸν τοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς χώρας μετά τινος μεμελῳδημένου θρήνου καὶ ἀνακλήσεως, ᾧ καὶ νῦν ἔτι πάντες χρώμενοι διατελοῦσι. τοιοῦτος δ’ ἐστὶ καὶ ὁ παρ’ Αἰγυπτίοις καλούμενος Μάνερως.

[¶10] Moreover, there were rhapsodists also present at our entertainments: for Laurentius delighted in the reciters of Homer to an extraordinary degree; so that one might call Cassander the king of Macedonia a trifler in comparison of him; concerning whom Carystius, in his Historic Recollections, tells us that he was so devoted to Homer, that he could say the greater part of his poems by heart; and he had a copy of the Iliad and the Odyssey written out with his own hand. And that these reciters of Homer were called Homeristæ also, Aristocles has told us in his treatise on Choruses. But those who are now called Homeristæ were first introduced on the stage by Demetrius Phalereus. Now Chamæleon, in his essay on Stesichorus, says that not only the poems of Homer, but those also of Hesiod and Archilochus, and also of Mimnermus and Phocylides, were often recited to the accompaniment of music; and Clearchus, in the first book of his treatise on Pictures, says—“Simonides of Zacynthus used to sit in the theatres on a lofty chair reciting the verses of Archilochus.” And Lysanias, in the first book of his treatise on Iambic Poets, says that Mnasion the rhapsodist used in his public recitations to deliver some of the Iambics of Simonides. And Cleomenes the rhapsodist, at the Olympic games, recited the Purification of Empedocles, as is asserted by Dicæarchus in his history of Olympia. And Jason, in the third book of his treatise on the Temples of Alexander, says that Hegesias, the comic actor, recited the works of Herodotus in the great theatre, and that Hermophantus recited the poems of Homer.

> Greek: οὐκ ἀπελείποντο δὲ ἡμῶν τῶν συμποσίων οὐδὲ ῥαψῳδοί. ἔχαιρε γὰρ τοῖς Ὁμήρου ὁ Λαρήνσιος ὡς ἄλλος οὐδὲ εἷς, ὡς λῆρον ἀποφαίνειν Κάσανδρον τὸν Μακεδονίας βασιλεύσαντα, περὶ οὗ φησι Καρύστιος ἐν Ἱστορικοῖς Ὑπομνήμασιν ὅτι οὕτως ἦν φιλόμηρος ὡς διὰ στόματος ἔχειν τῶν ἐπῶν τὰ πολλά καὶ Ἰλιὰς ἦν αὐτῷ καὶ Ὀδυσσεία ἰδίως γεγραμμέναι. ὅτι δ’ ἐκαλοῦντο οἱ ῥαψῳδοὶ καὶ Ὁμηρισταὶ Ἀριστοκλῆς εἴρηκεν ἐν τῷ περὶ Χορῶν. τοὺς δὲ νῦν Ὁμηριστὰς ὀνομαζομένους πρῶτος εἰς τὰ θέατρα παρήγαγε Δημήτριος ὁ Φαληρεύς. χαμαιλέων δὲ ἐν τῷ περὶ Στησιχόρου καὶ μελῳδηθῆναί φησιν οὐ μόνον τὰ Ὁμήρου, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ Ἡσιόδου καὶ Ἀρχιλόχου, ἔτι δὲ Μιμνέρμου καὶ Φωκυλίδου. Κλέαρχος δ’ ἐν τῷ προτέρῳ περὶ Γρίφων τὰ Ἀρχιλόχου, φησίν, Σιμωνίδης ὁ Ζακύνθιος ἐν τοῖς θεάτροις ἐπὶ δίφρου καθήμενος ἐρραψῴδει. Λυσανίας δ’ ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ περὶ Ἰαμβοποιῶν Μνασίωνα τὸν ῥαψῳδὸν λέγει ἐν ταῖς δείξεσι τῶν Σιμωνίδου τινὰς ἰάμβων ὑποκρίνεσθαι. τοὺς δ’ Ἐμπεδοκλέους Καθαρμοὺς ἐρραψῴδησεν Ὀλυμπίασι Κλεομένης ὁ ῥαψῳδός, ὥς φησιν Δικαίαρχος ἐν τῷ Ὀλυμπικῷ. Ἰάσων δ’ ἐν τρίτῳ περὶ τῶν Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἱερῶν ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ φησὶν ἐν τῷ μεγάλῳ θεάτρῳ ὑποκρίνασθαι Ἡγησίαν τὸν κωμῳδὸν τὰ Ἡσιόδου, Ἑρμόφαντον δὲ τὰ Ὁμήρου.

[¶11] And the men called Hilarodists (whom some people at the present day call Simodists, as Aristocles tells us in his first book on Choruses, because Simus the Magnesian was the most celebrated of all the poets of joyous songs,) frequently come under our notice. And Aristocles also gives a regular list of them in his treatise on Music, here he speaks in the following manner:—“The Magodist—but he is the same as the Lysiodist.” But Aristoxenus says that Magodus is the name given to an actor who acts both male and female characters; but that he who acts a woman's part in combination with a man's is called a Lysiodist. And they both sing the same songs, and in other respects they are similar. The Ionic dialect also supplies us with poems of Sotades, and with what before his time were called Ionic poems, such as those of Alexander the Aetolian, and Pyres the Milesian, and Alexas, and other poets of the same kind; and Sotades is called κιναιδόλογος. And Sotades the Maronite was very notorious for this kind of poetry, as Carystius of Pergamus says in his essay on Sotades; and so was the son of Sotades, Apollonius: and this latter also wrote an essay on his father's poetry, from which one may easily see the unbridled licence of language which Sotades allowed himself,—abusing Lysimachus the king in Alexandria,—and, when at the court of Lysimachus, abusing Ptolemy Philadelphus,-and in different cities speaking ill of different sovereigns; on which account, at last, he met with the punishment that he deserved: for when he had sailed from Alexandria (as Hegesander, in his Reminiscences, relates), and thought that he had escaped all danger, (for he had said many bitter things against Ptolemy the king, and especially this, after he had heard that he had married his sister Arsinoe,—
He pierced forbidden fruit with deadly sting,)
Patrocles, the general of Ptolemy, caught him in the island of Caunus, and shut him up in a leaden vessel, and carried him into the open sea and drowned him. And his poetry is of this kind: Philenus was the father of Theodorus the fluteplayer, on whom he wrote these lines:—
And he, opening the door which leads from the back-street,
Sent forth vain thunder from a leafy cave,
Such as a mighty ploughing ox might utter.

> Greek: καὶ οἱ καλούμενοι δὲ ἱλαρῳδοί, οὓς νῦν τινες σιμῳδοὺς καλοῦσιν, ὡς Ἀριστοκλῆς φησιν ἐν αʹ περὶ Χορῶν, τῷ τὸν Μάγνητα Σῖμον διαπρέψαι μᾶλλον τῶν διὰ τοῦ ἱλαρῳδεῖν ποιητῶν, συνεχῶς ἡμῖν ἐπεφαίνοντο, καταλέγει δ’ ὁ Ἀριστοκλῆς καὶ τούσδε ἐν τῷ περὶ Μουσικῆς γράφων ὧδε· μαγῳδός· οὗτος δ’ ἐστὶν ὁ αὐτὸς τῷ λυσιῳδῷ. Ἀριστόξενος δέ φησι τὸν μὲν ἀνδρεῖα καὶ γυναικεῖα πρόσωπα ὑποκρινόμενον μαγῳδὸν καλεῖσθαι, τὸν δὲ γυναικεῖα ἀνδρείοις λυσιῳδὸν τὰ αὐτὰ δὲ μέλη ᾄδουσιν, καὶ τἄλλα πάντα δ’ ἐστὶν ὅμοια. ὁ δὲ ἰωνικολόγος τὰ Σωτάδου καὶ τῶν πρὸ τούτου ἰωνικὰ καλούμενα ποιήματα Ἀλεξάνδρου τε τοῦ Αἰτωλοῦ καὶ Πύρητος τοῦ Μιλησίου καὶ Ἀλέξου καὶ ἄλλων τοιούτων ποιητῶν προφέρεται. καλεῖται δ’ οὗτος καὶ κιναιδολόγος. ἤκμασεν δ’ ἐν τῷ εἴδει τούτῳ Σωτάδης ὁ Μαρωνείτης, ὥς φησι Καρύστιος ὁ Περγαμηνὸς ἐν τῷ περὶ αὐτοῦ, συγγράμματι καὶ ὁ τοῦ Σωτάδου υἱὸς Ἀπολλώνιος. ἔγραψεν δὲ καὶ οὗτος περὶ τῶν τοῦ πατρὸς ποιημάτων σύγγραμμα ἐξ οὗ ἔστι κατιδεῖν τὴν ἄκαιρον παρρησίαν τοῦ Σωτάδου, κακῶς μὲν εἰπόντος Λυσίμαχον τὸν βασιλέα Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ, Πτολεμαῖον δὲ τὸν Φιλάδελφον παρὰ Λυσιμάχῳ, καὶ ἄλλους τῶν βασιλέων ἐν ἄλλαις τῶν πόλεων διόπερ τῆς δεούσης ἔτυχε τιμωρίας. ἐκπλεύσαντα γὰρ αὐτὸν τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας, ὥς φησιν Ἡγήσανδρος ἐν τοῖς Ὑπομνήμασιν, καὶ δοκοῦντα διαπεφευγέναι τὸν κίνδυνον—εἰρήκει γὰρ εἰς τὸν βασιλέα Πτολεμαῖον πολλὰ μὲν καὶ ἄλλα δεινά, ἀτὰρ καὶ τόδε, ὅτε τὴν ἀδελφὴν ᾽ Ἀρσινόην ἐγεγαμήκει· εἰς οὐχ ὁσίην τρυμαλιὴν τὸ κέντρον ὠθεῖς Πάτροκλος οὖν ὁ τοῦ Πτολεμαίου στρατηγὸς ἐν Καύνῳ τῇ νήσῳ λαβὼν αὐτὸν καὶ εἰς μολυβῆν κεραμίδα ἐμβαλὼν καὶ ἀναγαγὼν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος κατεπόντωσε. τοιαύτη δ’ ἐστὶν αὐτοῦ ἡ ποίησις· Θεοδώρου τοῦ αὐλητοῦ Φιλῖνος ἦν πατήρ, εἰς ὃν ταῦτ’ ἔγραψεν ὁ δὲ ἀποστεγάσας τὸ τρῆμα τῆς ὄπισθε λαύρης, διὰ δενδροφόρου φάραγγος ἐξέωσε βροντὴν ἠλέματον, ὁκοίην ἀροτὴρ γέρων χαλᾷ βοῦς.

[¶12] But the Hilarodus, as he is called, is a more respectable kind of poet than these men are; for he is never effeminate or indecorous, but he wears a white manly robe, and he is crowned with a golden crown: and in former times he used to wear sandals, as Aristocles tells us; but at the present day he wears only slippers. And some man or woman sings an accompaniment to him, as to a person who sings to the flute. And a crown is given to a Hilarodus, as well as to a person who sings to the flute; but such honours are not allowed to a player on the harp or on the flute. But the man who is called a Magodus has drums and cymbals, and wears all kinds of woman's attire; and he behaves in an effeminate manner, and does every sort of indecorous, indecent thing,—imitating at one time a woman, at another an adulterer or a pimp: or sometimes he represents a drunken man, or even a serenade offered by a reveller to his mistress. And Aristoxeus says that the business of singing joyous songs is a respectable one, and somewhat akin to tragedy; but that the business of a Magodus is more like comedy. And very often it happens that the Magodi, taking the argument of some comedy, represent it according to their own fashion and manner. And the word μαγῳδία was derived from the fact that those who addicted themselves to the practice, uttered things like magical incantations, and often declared the power of various drugs.

> Greek: σεμνότερος δὲ τῶν τοιούτων ἐστὶ ποιητῶν ὁ ἱλαρῳδὸς καλούμενος· οὐδὲ. γὰρ σχινίζεται. χρῆται δ’ ἐσθῆτι λευκῇ ἀνδρείᾳ καὶ στεφανοῦται χρυσοῦν στέφανον, καὶ τὸ μὲν παλαιὸν ὑποδήμασιν ἐχρῆτο, ὥς φησιν ὁ Ἀριστοκλῆς, νῦν δὲ κρηπῖσιν. ψάλλει δ’ αὐτῷ ἢ ἄρρην ἢ θήλεια, ὡς καὶ τῷ αὐλῳδῷ. δίδοται δὲ ὁ στέφανος τῷ ἱλαρῳδῷ καὶ τῷ αὐλῳδῷ, οὐ τῷ ψάλτῃ οὐδὲ τῷ αὐλητῇ. ὁ δὲ μαγῳδὸς καλούμενος τύμπανα ἔχει καὶ κύμβαλα καὶ πάντα τὰ περὶ αὐτὸν ἐνδύματα γυναικεῖα· σχινίζεται τε καὶ πάντα ποιεῖ τὰ ἔξω κόσμου, ὑποκρινόμενος ποτὲ μὲν γυναῖκας καὶ μοιχοὺς καὶ μαστροπούς, ποτὲ δὲ ἄνδρα μεθύοντα καὶ ἐπὶ κῶμον παραγινόμενον πρὸς τὴν ἐρωμένην. φησὶ δὲ ὁ Ἀριστόξενος τὴν μὲν ἱλαρῳδίαν σεμνὴν οὖσαν παρὰ τὴν τραγῳδίαν εἶναι, τὴν δὲ μαγῳδίαν παρὰ τὴν κωμῳδίαν. πολλάκις δὲ οἱ μαγῳδοὶ καὶ κωμικὰς ὑποθέσεις λαβόντες ὑπεκρίθησαν κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν ἀγωγὴν καὶ διάθεσιν. ἔσχεν δὲ τοὔνομα ἡ μαγῳδία ἀπὸ τοῦ οἱονεὶ μαγικὰ προφέρεσθαι καὶ φαρμάκων ἐμφανίζειν δυνάμεις.

[¶13] But there was among the Lacedæmonians an ancient kind of comic diversion, as Sosibius says, not very important or serious, since Sparta aimed at plainness even in pastimes. And the way was, that some one, using very plain, unadorned language, imitated persons stealing fruit, or else some foreign physician speaking in this way, as Allexis, in his Woman who has taken Mandragora, represents one: and he says—
If any surgeon of the country says,
"Give him at early dawn a platter full
Of barley-broth," we shall at once despise him;
But if he says the same with foreign accent,
We marvel and admire him. If he call
The beet-root σεύτλιον, we disregard him;
But if he style it τεύτλιον, we listen,
And straightway, with attention fix'd, obey;
As if there were such difference between
σεύτλιον and τεύτλιον.
And those who practised this kind of sport were called among the Lacedæmonians δικηλισταὶ, which is a term equivalent to σκευοποιοὶ or μιμηταί. There are, however, many names, varying in different places, for this class of δικηλισταί; for the Sicyonians call them φαλλοφόροι, and others call them αὐτοκάβδαλοι, and some call them φλύακες, as the Italians do; but people in general call them Sophists: and the Thebans, who are very much in the habit of giving peculiar lames to many things, call them ἐθελονταί. But that the Thebans do introduce all kinds of innovations with respect to words, Strattis shows us in the Phœnissæ, where he says—
You, you whole body of Theban citizens,
Know absolutely nothing; for I hear
You call the cuttle-fish not σηπία,
But ὀπισθότιλα. Then, too, you term
A cock not ἀλεκτρύων, but ὀρτάλιχος:
A physician is no longer in your mouths
ἰατρὸς—no, but σακτάς. For a bridge,
You turn γέφυρα into βλέφυρα.
Figs are not σῦκα now, but τῦκα: swallows,
κωτιλάδες, not χελιδόνες. A mouthful
With you is ἄκολος; to laugh, ἐκριδδέμεν.
A new-seled shoe you call νεοσπάτωτον.

> Greek: παρὰ δὲ Λακεδαιμονίοις κωμικῆς παιδιᾶς ἦν τις τρόπος παλαιός, ὥς φησι Σωσίβιος, οὐκ ἄγαν σπουδαῖος, ἅτε δὴ κἀν τούτοις τὸ λιτὸν τῆς Σπάρτης μεταδιωκούσης. ἐμιμεῖτο γάρ τις ἐν εὐτελεῖ τῇ λέξει κλέπτοντάς τινας ὀπώραν ἢ ξενικὸν ἰατρὸν τοιαυτὶ λέγοντα, ὡς Ἄλεξις ἐν Μανδραγοριζομένῃ διὰ τούτων παρίστησιν
ἐὰν ἐπιχώριος ἰατρὸς εἴπῃ τρυβλίον τούτῳ δότε πτισάνης ἕωθεν, καταφρονοῦμεν εὐθέως· ἂν δὲ πτισάνας καὶ τρουβλίον, θαυμάζομεν. καὶ πάλιν ἐὰν μὲν τευτλίον, παρείδομεν ἐὰν δὲ σεῦτλον, ἀσμένως ἠκούσαμεν, ὡς οὐ τὸ σεῦτλον ταὐτὸν ὂν τῷ τευτλίῳ.
ἐκαλοῦντο δ’ οἱ μετιόντες τὴν τοιαύτην παιδιὰν παρὰ τοῖς Λάκωσι δεικηλισταί, ὡς ἄν τις σκευοποιοὺς εἴπῃ καὶ μιμητάς. τοῦ δὲ εἴδους τῶν δεικηλιστῶν πολλοὶ κατὰ τόπους εὶς προσηγορίαι. Σικυώνιοι μὲν γὰρ φαλλοφόρους αὐτοὺς καλοῦσιν, ἄλλοι δ’ αὐτοκαβδάλους, οἱ δὲ φλύακας, ὡς Ἰταλοί, σοφιστὰς δὲ οἱ πολλοί· Θηβαῖοι δὲ καὶ τὰ πολλὰ ἰδίως ὀνομάζειν εἰωθότες ἐθελοντάς. ὅτι δὲ καινουργοῦσιν κατὰ τὰς φωνὰς οἱ Θηβαῖοι Στράττις ἐπιδείκνυσιν ἐν Φοινίσσαις διὰ τούτων ξυνίετ’ οὐδέν, πᾶσα Θηβαίων πόλις, οὐδέν ποτ’ ἀλλ’· οἳ πρῶτα μὲν τὴν σηπίαν ὀπιτθοτίλαν, ὡς λέγουσ᾽, ὀνομάζετε· τὸν ἀλεκτρυόνα δὲ ὀρτάλιχα, τὸν δ’ ἰατρὸν αὖ σάκταν, βέφυραν τὴν γέφυραν, τῦκα δὲ τὰ σῦκα, κωτιλάδας δὲ τὰς χελιδόνας, τὴν ἔνθεσιν δ’ ἄκολον, τὸ γελᾶν δὲ κριδδέμεν, ὁ νεασπάτωτον δ᾽, ἤν τι νεοκάττυτον ᾖ.