Semos the Delian says in his book about Pæans—“The men who were called αὑτοκάβδαλοι used to wear crowns of ivy, and they would go through long poems slowly. But at a later time both they and their poems were called Iambics. And those,” he proceeds,who are called Ithyphalli, wear a mask representing the face of a drunken man, and wear crowns, having gloves embroidered with flowers. And they wear tunics shot with white; and they wear a Tarentine robe, which covers them down to their ancles: and they enter at the stage entrance silently, and when they have reached the middle of the orchestra, they turn towards the spectators, and say—Out of the way; a clear space leaveFor the great mighty god:For the god, to his ancles clad,Will pass along the centre of the crowd.And the Phallophori,says he,wear no masks; but they put on a sort of veil of wild thyme, and on that they put acanthi, and an untrimmed garland of violets and ivy; and they clothe themselves in Caunacæ, and so come on the stage, some at the side, and others through the centre entrance, walking in exact musical time, and saying—For you, O Bacchus, do we now set forth -This tuneful song; uttering in various melodyThis simple rhythm.It is a song unsuited to a virgin;Nor are we now addressing you with hymnsMade long ago, but this our offeringIs fresh unutter'd praise.And then, advancing, they used to ridicule with their jests whoever they chose; and they did this standing still, but the Phallophorus himself marched straight on, covered with soot and dirt.
Σῆμος δ’ ὁ Δήλιος ἐν τῷ περὶ Παιάνωνοἱ αὐτοκάβδαλοι, φησί, καλούμενοι ἐστεφανωμένοι κιττῷ στάδην ἐπέραινον ῥήσεις. ὕστερον δὲ ἴαμβοι ὠνομάσθησαν αὐτοί τε καὶ τὰ ποιήματα αὐτῶν, οἱ δὲ ἰθύφαλλοι, φησί, καλούμενοι προσωπεῖον μεθυόντων ἔχουσιν καὶ ἐστεφάνωνται, χειρῖδας ἀνθινὰς ἔχοντες· χιτῶσι δὲ χρῶνται μεσολεύκοις καὶ περιέζωνται ταραντῖνον καλύπτον αὐτοὺς μέχρι τῶν σφυρῶν, σιγῇ δὲ διὰ τοῦ πυλῶνος εἰσελθόντες, ὅταν κατὰ μέσην τὴν ὀρχήστραν γένωνται, ἐπιστρέφουσιν εἰς τὸ θέατρον λέγοντες ἀνάγετ᾽, ἀνάγετ᾽, εὐρυχωρίαν ποιεῖτε. τῷ θεῷ θέλει γὰρ ὁ θεὸς ὀρθὸς ἐσφυδωμένος διὰ μέσου βαδίζειν. οἱ δὲ φαλλοφόροι, φησίν, προσωπεῖον μὲν οὐ λαμβάνουσιν, προπόλιον δ’ ἐξ ἑρπύλλου περιτιθέμενοι καὶ παιδέρωτος ἐπάνω τούτου ἐπιτίθενται στέφανον δασὺν ἴων καὶ κιττοῦ· καυνάκας τε περιβεβλημένοι παρέρχονται οἱ μὲν ἐκ παρόδου, οἱ δὲ κατὰ μέσας τὰς θύρας, βαίνοντες ἐν ῥυθμῷ καὶ λέγοντες· σοί, Βάκχε, τάνδε μοῦσαν ἀγλαίζομεν, ἁπλοῦν ῥυθμὸν χέοντες αἰόλῳ μέλει, καινάν, ἀπαρθένευτον, οὔ τι ταῖς πάρος κεχρημέναν ᾠδαῖσιν, ἀλλ’ ἀκήρατον κατάρχομεν τὸν ὕμνον. εἶτα προτρέχοντες· ἐτώθαζον οὓς· προέλοιντο, στάδην δὲ ἔπραττον, ὁ δὲ φαλλοφόρος ἰθὺ βαδίζων καταπασθεὶς αἰθάλῳ.
And since we are on this subject, it is as well not to omit what happened to Amœbeus, a harp-player of our time, and a man of great science and skill in everything that related to music. He once came late to one of our banquets, and when he heard from one of the servants that we had all finished supper, he doubted what to do himself, until Sophon the cook came to him, and with a loud voice, so that every one might hear, recited to him these lines out of the Auge of Eubulus:—O wretched man, why stand you at the doorsWhy don't you enter'? Long ago the geeseHave all been deftly carved limb from limb;Long the hot pork has had the meat cut offFrom the long backbone, and the stuffing, whichLay in the middle of his stomach, hasBeen served around; and all his pettitoes,The dainty slices of fat, well-season'd sausages,Have all been eaten. The well-roasted cuttle-fishIs swallow'd long ago; and nine or tenCasks of rich wine are drain'd to the very dregs.So if you'd like some fragments of the feast,Hasten and enter. Don't, like hungry wolf,Losing this feast, then run about at random.For as that delightful writer Antiphanes says, in his Friend of the Thebans,—A. We now are well supplied with everything;For she, the namesake of the dame within,The rich Bœotian eel, carved in the depthsOf the ample dish, is warm, and swells, and boils,And bubbles up, and smokes; so that a man,E'en though equipp'd with brazen nostrils, scarcelyCould bear to leave a banquet such as this,—So rich a fragrance does it yield his senses.B. Say you the cook is livingA. There is nearA cestreus, all unfed both night and day,Scaled, wash'd, and stain'd with cochineal, and turned;And as he nears his last and final turnHe cracks and hisses; while the servant bastesThe fish with vinegar: then there's Libyan silphium,Dried in the genial rays of midday sun:—B. Yet there are people found who dare to sayThat sorcerers possess no sacred power;For now I see three men their bellies fillingWhile you are turning this.A. And the comrade squidBearing the form of the humpback'd cuttlefish,Dreadful with armed claws and sharpen'd talons,Changing its brilliant snow-white nature underThe fiery blasts of glowing coal, adornsIts back with golden splendour; well excitingHunger, the best forerunner of a feast.So, come in—Do not delay, but enter: when we've dinedWe then can best endure what must be borne.And so he, meeting him in this appropriate manner, replies with these lines out of the Harper of Clearchus:—Sup on white congers, and whatever elseCan boast a sticky nature; for by such foodThe breath is strengthen'd, and the voice of manIs render'd rich and powerful.And as there was great applause on this, and as every one with one accord called to him to come in, he went in and drank, and taking the lyre, sang to us in such a manner that we all marvelled at his skill on the harp, and at the rapidity of his execution, and at the tunefulness of his voice; for he appeared to me to be not at all inferior to that ancient Amœbeus, whom Aristeas, in his History of Harp-players, speaks of as living at Athens, and dwelling near the theatre, and receiving an Attic talent a-day every time he went out singing.
ἐπεὶ δ’ ἐνταῦθα τοῦ λόγου ἐσμέν, οὐκ ἄξιον ἡγοῦμαι παραλιπεῖν τὰ περὶ Ἀμοιβέως τοῦ καθ’ ἡμᾶς κιθαρῳδοῦ, ἀνδρὸς τεχνίτου κατὰ νόμους τοὺς μουσικούς. οὗτός ποτε βράδιον ἥκων ἐπὶ τὸ συμπόσιον ἡμῶν ὡς ἔμαθεν παρά τινος τῶν οἰκετῶν ἀποδειπνήσαντας, ἐβουλεύετο τί χρὴ ποιεῖν, ἕως παρελθὼν ὁ Σόφων αὐτῷ μάγειρος γεγωνότερον δ’ ἐφθέγγετο ὡς πάντας ἀκούειν τὰ ἐξ Αὔγης εἶπεν Εὐβούλου· τί, ὦ πόνηρ᾽, ἕστηκας ἐν πύλαις ἔτι, ἀλλ’ οὐ βαδίζεις; τοῖσδε γενναίως πάλαι διεσπάρακται θερμὰ χηνίσκων μέλη, διερράχισται σεμνὰ δελφάκων κρέα, κατηλόηται γαστρὸς οὑν μέσῳ κύκλος κατῃσίμωται πάντα τἀκροκώλια, νενωγάλισται σεμνὸς ἀλλᾶντος τόμος, παρεντέτρωκται τευθὶς ἐξωπτημένη, παρεγκέκαπται κρανί’ ἐννέ’ ἢ δέκα. ὥστ’ εἴ τι βούλει τῶν λελειμένων φαγεῖν, ἔπειγ’ ἔπειγε, μὴ ποθ’ ὡς λύκος χανὼν καὶ τῶνδ’ ἁμαρτὼν ὕστερον σαυτὸν δάκνῃς. πάντ’ ἐστὶν ἡμῖν κατὰ τὸν ἥδιστον Ἀντιφάνην, ὃς ἐν τῷ Φιλοθηβαίῳ φησίν· ἥ τε γὰρ συνώνυμος τῆς ἔνδον οὔσης ἔγχελυς Βοιωτία τμηθεῖσα κοίλοις ἐν βυθοῖσι κακκάβης χλιαίνετ᾽, αἴρεθ᾽, ἕψεται, παφλάζεται, προσκάεθ᾽, ὥστε μηδ’ ἂν εἰ χαλκοῦς ἔχων μυκτῆρας εἰσέλθοι τις, ἐξελθεῖν πάλιν εἰκῇ· τοσαύτην ἐξακοντίζει πνοήν. β. λέγεις μάγειρον ζῶντα. α. πλησίον δέ γε ταύτης ἄσιτος ἡμέραν καὶ νύχθ’ ὅλην κεστρεὺς λοπισθείς, ἁλσὶ πασθείς, ἐκστραφείς, χρωσθείς, ὁμοῦ τι πρὸς τέλος δρόμου περῶν, σίζει κεκραγώς, παῖς δ’ ἐφέστηκε ῥανῶν ὄξει, Λίβυς τε καυλὸς ἐξηρασμένος ἀκτῖσι θείαις σιλφίου παραστατεῖ. β. εἶτ’ οὐκ ἐπῳδούς φασιν ἰσχύειν τινές; ἐγὼ γὰρ ἤδη τρεῖς ὁρῶ μασωμένους, σοῦ ταῦτα συστρέφοντος. α. ἥ τε σύννομον τῆς κυφονώτου σῶμ’ ἔχουσα σηπίας, ξιφηφόροισι χερσὶν ἐξωπλισμένη τευθίς, μεταλλάξασα λευκαυγῆ φύσιν σαρκὸς πυρωτοῖς ἀνθράκων ῥαπίσμασιν, ξανθαῖσιν αὔραις σῶμα πᾶν ἀγάλλεται, δείπνου προφήτην λιμὸν ἐκκαλουμένη. ὥστε γ’ εἴσιθι, μὴ μέλλε, χώρει. δεῖ γὰρ ἠριστηκότας πάσχειν, ἐάν τι καὶ παθεῖν ἡμᾶς δέῃ. καὶ ὃς. πάνυ ἐμμελέστατα ἀπαντήσας αὐτῷ ἀνεφώνησε τὰ ἐκ τοῦ Κλεάρχου Κιθαρῳδοῦ τάδε· γόγγρων τε λευκῶν πᾶσι τοῖς κολλώδεσι βρόχθιζε. τούτοις γὰρ τρέφεται τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ τὸ φωνάριον ἡμῶν περίσαρκον γίνεται. κρότου δ’ ἐπὶ τούτοις γενομένου καὶ πάντων ὁμοθυμαδὸν αὐτὸν καλεσάντων εἰσελθὼν καὶ πιὼν ἀναλαβών τε τὴν κιθάραν εἰς τοσοῦτον ἡμᾶς ἧσεν ὡς πάντας θαυμάζειν τήν τε κιθάρισιν μετὰ τῆς τέχνης ταχίστην οὖσαν καὶ τῆς φωνῆς τὴν ἐμμέλειαν. ἐμοὶ μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲν ἐλάττων εἶναι νομίζεται τοῦ παλαιοῦ Ἀμοιβέως, ὅν φησιν Ἀριστέας ἐν τῷ περὶ Κιθαρῳδῶν ἐν Ἀθήναις κατοικοῦντα καὶ πλησίον τοῦ θεάτρου οἰκοῦντα, εἰ ἐξέλθοι ᾀσόμενος, τάλαντον Ἀττικὸν τῆς ἡμέρας λαμβάνειν.
And while some were discussing music in this manner, and others of the guests saying different things every day, but all praising the pastime, Masurius, who excelled in everything, and was a man of universal wisdom, (for as an interpreter of the laws he was inferior to no one, and he was always devoting some of his attention to music, for indeed he was able himself to play on some musical instruments,) said, —My good friends, Eupolis the comic poet says—And music is a deep and subtle science,And always finding out some noveltyFor those who 're capable of comprehending it;on which account Anaxilas, in his Hyacinthus, says—For, by the gods I swear, music, like Libya,Brings forth each year some novel prodigy;for, my dear fellows, “Music,” as the Harp-player of Theophilus says, “is a great and lasting treasure to all who have learnt it and know anything about it;” for it ameliorates the disposition, and softens those who are passionate and quarrelsome in their tempers. Accordingly, “Clinias the Pythagorean,” as Chamæleon of Pontus relates, “who was a most unimpeachable man both in his actual conduct and also in his disposition, if ever it happened to him to get out of temper or indignant at anything, would take up his lyre and play upon it. And when people asked him the reason of this conduct, he used to say, 'I am pacifying myself.' And so, too, the Achilles of Homer was mollified by the music of the harp, which is all that Homer allots to him out of the spoils of Eetion, as being able to check his fiery temper. And he is the only hero in the whole Iliad who indulges in this music.” Now, that music can heal diseases, Theophrastus asserts in his treatise on Enthusiasm, where he says that men with diseases in the loins become free from pain if any one plays a Phrygian air opposite to the part affected. And the Phrygians are the first people who invented and employed the harmony which goes by their name; owing to which circumstance it is that the flute-players among the Greeks have usually Phrygian and servile-sounding names, such as Sambas in Aleman, and Adon, and Telus. And in Hipponax we find Cion, and Codalus, and Babys, from whom the proverb arose about men who play worse and worse,—“He plays worse than Babys.” But Aristoxenus ascribes the invention of this harmony to Hyagnis the Phrygian.
περὶ δὲ μουσικῆς τῶν μὲν τάδε λεγόντων, ἄλλων δ’ ἄλλα γ’ ὁσημέραι, πάντων δ’ ἐπαινούντων τὴν παιδιὰν ταύτην, Μασούριος ὁ πάντα ἄριστος καὶ σοφὸς καὶ γὰρ νόμων ἐξηγητὴς οὐδενὸς δεύτερος καὶ περὶ μουσικὴν ἐνδιατρίβων αἰεί· ἅπτεται γὰρ καὶ τῶν ὀργάνων ἔφη ὁ μὲν κωμῳδιοποιὸς Εὔπολις, ἄνδρες φίλοι, φησί ἡ μουσικὴ πρᾶγμ’ ἐστὶ βαθύ καὶ καμπύλον, αἰεί τε καινὸν ἐξευρίσκει τι τοῖς ἐπινοεῖν δυναμένοις. διόπερ καὶ Ἀναξίλας ἐν Ὑακίνθῳ φησίν· ἡ μουσικὴ δ’ ὥσπερ Λιβύη πρὸς τῶν θεῶν αἰεί τι καινὸν κατ’ ἐνιαυτὸν θηρίον τίκτει.μέγας γάρ, ὦ μακάριοι, κατὰ τὸν Θεοφίλου Κιθαρῳδόν, θησαυρός ἐστιν καὶ βέβαιος μουσικὴ ἅπασι τοῖς μαθοῦσι παιδευθεῖσί τε. καὶ γὰρ τὰ ἤθη παιδεύει καὶ τοὺς θυμοειδεῖς καὶ τὰς γνώμας διαφόρους καταπραύνει. Κλεινίας γοῦν ὁ Πυθαγόρειος, ὡς Χαμαιλέων ὁ Ποντικὸς ἱστορεῖ, καὶ τῷ βίῳ καὶ τοῖς ἤθεσιν διαφέρων, εἴ ποτε συνέβαινεν χαλεπαίνειν αὐτὸν δι’ ὀργήν, ἀναλαμβάνων τὴν λύραν ἐκιθάριζεν. πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ἐπιζητοῦντας τὴν αἰτίαν ἔλεγεν πραύνομαι. καὶ ὁ Ὁμηρικὸς δὲ Ἀχιλλεὺς τῇ κιθάρᾳ κατεπραύνετο, ἣν αὐτῷ ἐκ τῶν Ἠετίωνος λαφύρων μόνην Ὅμηρος χαρίζεται, καταστέλλειν τὸ πυρῶδες αὐτοῦ δυναμένην. μόνος γοῦν ἐν Ἰλιάδι ταύτῃ χρῆται τῇ μουσικῇ. ὅτι δὲ καὶ νόσους ἰᾶται μουσικὴ Θεόφραστος ἱστόρησεν ἐν τῷ περὶ Ἐνθουσιασμοῦ. ἰσχιακοὺς φάσκων ἀπόνους διατελεῖν εἰ καταυλήσοι τις τοῦ τόπου τῇ Φρυγιστὶ ἁρμονίᾳ ταύτην δὲ τὴν ἁρμονίαν Φρύγες πρῶτοι εὗρον καὶ μετεχειρίσαντο. διὸ καὶ τοὺς παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν αὐλητὰς Φρυγίους καὶ δουλοπρεπεῖς τὰς προσηγορίας ἔχειν οἷός ἐστιν ὁ παρὰ Ἀλκμᾶνι Σάμβας καὶ Ἄδων καὶ Τῆλος, παρὰ δὲ Ἱππώνακτι Κίων καὶ Κώδαλος καὶ Βάβυς, ἐφ’ ᾧ καὶ ἡ παροιμία ἐπὶ τῶν αἰεὶ πρὸς τὸ χεῖρον αὐλούντων κάκιον Βάβυς αὐλεῖ. ὁ δ’ Ἀριστόξενος τὴν εὕρεσιν αὐτῆς Ὑάγνιδι τῷ Φρυγὶ ἀνατίθησιν.
But Heraclides of Pontus, in the third book of his treatise on Music, says—"Now that harmony ought not to be called Phrygian, just as it has no right either to be called Lydian. For there are three harmonies; as there are also three different races of Greeks-Dorians, Aeolians, and] Ionians: and accordingly there is no little difference between their manners. The Lacedæmonians are of all the Dorians the most strict in maintaining their national customs and the Thessalians (and these are they who were the origin of the Aeolian race) have preserved at all times very nearly the same customs and institutions; but the population of the Ionians has been a great deal changed, and has gone through many transitions, because they have at all times resembled whatever nations of barbarians have from time to time been their masters. Accordingly, that species of melody which the Dorians composed they called the Dorian harmony, and that which the Aeolians used to sing they named the Aeolian harmony, and the third they called the Ionian, because they heard the Ionians sing it. "Now the Dorian harmony is a manly and high-sounding strain, having nothing relaxed or merry in it, but, rather, it is stern and vehement, not admitting any great variations or any sudden changes. The character of the Aeolian harmony is pompous and inflated, and full of a sort of pride; and these characteristics are very much in keeping with the fondness for breeding horses and for entertaining strangers which the people itself exhibits. There is nothing mean in it, but the style is elevated and fearless; and therefore we see that a fondness for banquets and for amorous indulgences is common to the whole nation, and they indulge in every sort of relaxation: on which account they cherish the style of the Sub-Dorian harmony; for that which they call the Aeolian is, says Heraclides, a sort of modification of the Dorian, and is called ὑποδώριος.. And we may collect the character of this Aeolian harmony also from what Lasus of Hermione says in his hymn to the Ceres in Hermione, where he speaks as follows:—I sing the praise of Ceres and of Proserpine,The sacred wife of Clymenus, Melibœa;Raising the heavy-sounding harmonyOf hymns Aeolian.But these Sub-Dorian songs, as they are called, are sung by nearly everybody. Since, then, there is a Sub-Dorian melody, it is with great propriety that Lasus speaks of Aeolian harmony. Pratinas, too, somewhere or other says—Aim not at too sustain'd a style, nor yetAt the relax'd Ionian harmony;But draw a middle furrow through your ground,And follow the Eolian muse in preference.And in what comes afterwards he speaks more plainly—-But to all men who wish to raise their voices,The Aeolian harmony's most suitable."Now formerly, as I have said, they used to call this the Aeolian harmony, but afterwards they gave it the name of the Sub-Dorian, thinking, as some people say, that it was pitched lower on the flute than the Dorian. But it appears to me that those who gave it this name, seeing its inflated style, and the pretence to valour and virtue which was put forth in the style of the harmony, thought it not exactly the Dorian harmony, but to a certain extent like it: on which account they called it ὑποδώριον, just as they call what is nearly white ὑπόλευκον: and what is not absolutely sweet, but something near it, we call ὑπόγλυκυ; so, too, we call what is not thoroughly Dorian ὑπόδωριον.
ʽ ʽἩρακλείδης δ’ ὁ Ποντικὸς ἐν τρίτῳ περὶ Μουσικῆς οὐδ’ ἁρμονίαν φησὶ δεῖν καλεῖσθαι τὴν Φρύγιον, καθάπερ οὐδὲ τὴν Λύδιον. ἁρμονίας γὰρ εἶναι τρεῖς· τρία γὰρ καὶ γενέσθαι Ἑλλήνων γένη, Δωριεῖς, Αἰολεῖς, Ἴωνας. οὐ μικρᾶς οὖν οὔσης διαφορᾶς ἐν τοῖς τούτων ἤθεσιν, Λακεδαιμόνιοι μὲν μάλιστα τῶν ἄλλων Δωριέων τὰ πάτρια διαφυλάττουσιν, Θεσσαλοὶ δὲ οὗτοι γάρ εἰσιν οἱ τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ γένους Αἰολεῦσιν μεταδόντες παραπλήσιον αἰεὶ ποιοῦνται τοῦ βίου τὴν ἀγωγὴν Ἰώνων δὲ τὸ πολὺ πλῆθος ἠλλοίωται διὰ τὸ συμπεριφέρεσθαι τοῖς αἰεὶ δυναστεύουσιν αὐτοῖς τῶν βαρβάρων, τὴν οὖν ἀγωγὴν τῆς μελῳδίας ἣν οἱ Δωριεῖς ἐποιοῦντο Δώριον ἐκάλουν ἁρμονίαν ἐκάλουν δὲ καὶ Αἰολίδα ἁρμονίαν ἣν Αἰολεῖς ᾖδον Ἰαστὶ δὲ τὴν τρίτην ἔφασκον ἣν ἤκουον ᾀδόντων τῶν Ἰώνων. ἡ μὲν οὖν Δώριος ἁρμονία τὸ ἀνδρῶδες ἐμφαίνει καὶ τὸ μεγαλοπρεπὲς καὶ οὐ διακεχυμένον οὐδ’ ἱλαρόν, ἀλλὰ σκυθρωπὸν καὶ σφοδρόν, οὔτε δὲ ποικίλον οὔτε πολύτροπον. τὸ δὲ τῶν Αἰολέων ἦθος ἔχει τὸ γαῦρον καὶ ὀγκῶδες, ἔτι δὲ ὑπόχαυνον ὁμολογεῖ δὲ ταῦτα ταῖς ἱπποτροφίαις αὐτῶν καὶ ξενοδοχίαις· οὐ πανοῦργον δέ, ἀλλὰ ἐξηρμένον καὶ τεθαρρηκός. διὸ καὶ οἰκεῖὸν ἐστ’ αὐτοῖς ἡ φιλοποσία καὶ τὰ ἐρωτικὰ καὶ πᾶσα ἡ περὶ τὴν δίαιταν ἄνεσις. διόπερ ἔχουσι· τὸ τῆς ὑποδωρίου καλουμένης ἁρμονίας ἦθος. αὕτη γάρ ἐστι, φησὶν ὁ Ἡρακλείδης, ἣν ἐκάλουν Αἰολίδα, ὡς καὶ Λᾶσος ὁ Ἑρμιονεὺς ἐν τῷ εἰς τὴν ἐν Ἑρμιόνι ὁ Δήμητρα Ὕμνῳ λέγων οὕτως· Δάματρα μέλπω Κόραν τε Κλυμένοι᾽ ἄλοχον, μελιβόαν ὕμνον ἀναγνέων Αἰολίδ᾽ ἀνὰ βαρύβρομον ἁρμονίαν. ταῦτα δ’ ᾄδουσιν πάντες ὑποδώρια τὰ μέλη. ἐπεὶ οὖν τὸ μέλος ἐστὶν ὑποδώριον, εἰκότως Αἰολίδα φησὶν εἶναι τὴν ἁρμονίαν ὁ Λᾶσος. καὶ Πρατίνας δὲ πού φησι· μήτε σύντονον δίωκε μήτε τὰν ἀνειμέναν Ἰαστὶ μοῦσαν, ὁ ἀλλὰ τὰν μέσαν νεῶν ἄρουραν αἰόλιζε τῷ μέλει. ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἑξῆς σαφέστερόν φησιν πρέπει τοι πᾶσιν ἀοιδὰ λαβράκταις Αἰολὶς ἁρμονία. πρότερον μὲν οὖν, ὡς ἔφην, Αἰολίδα αὐτὴν ἐκάλουν, ὕστερον δ’ ὑποδώριον, ὥσπερ ἔνιοί φασιν, ἐν τοῖς αὐλοῖς τετάχθαι νομίσαντες αὐτὴν ὑπὸ τὴν Δώριον ἁρμονίαν. ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ ὁρῶντας αὐτοὺς τὸν ὄγκον καὶ τὸ προσποίημα τῆς καλοκἀγαθίας ἐν τοῖς τῆς ἁρμονίας ἤθεσιν Δώριον μὲν αὐτὴν οὐ νομίζειν, προσεμφερῆ δέ πως ἐκείνῃ· διόπερ ὑποδώριον ἐκάλεσαν, ὡς τὸ προσεμφερὲς τῷ λευκῷ ὑπόλευκον καὶ τὸ μὴ γλυκὺ μὲν ἐγγὺς δὲ τούτου λέγομεν ὑπόγλυκυ· οὕτως καὶ ὑποδώριον τὸ μὴ πάνυ Δώριον.
"Next in order let us consider the character of the Milesians, which the Ionians display, being very proud of the goodly appearance of their persons; and full of spirit, hard to be reconciled to their enemies, quarrelsome, displaying no philanthropic or cheerful qualities, but rather a want of affection and friendship, and a great moroseness of disposition: on which account the Ionian style of harmony also is not flowery nor mirthful, but austere and harsh, and having a sort of gravity in it, which, however, is not ignoble-looking; on which account that tragedy has a sort of affection for that harmony. But the manners of the Ionians of the present day are more luxurious, and the character of their present music is very far removed from the Ionian harmony we have been speaking of. And men say that Pythermus the Teian wrote songs such as are called Scolia in this kind of harmony; and that it was because he was an Ionian poet that the harmony got the name of Ionian. This is that Pythermus whom Ananius or Hipponax mentions in his Iambics in this way:—Pythermus speaks of gold as though all else were nought.And Pythermus's own words are as follows:—All other things but gold are good for nothing.Therefore, according to this statement, it is probable that Pythermus, as coming from those parts. adapted the character of his melodies to the disposition of the Ionians; on which account I suppose that his was not actually the Ionian harmony, but that it was a harmony adapted in some a admirable manner to the purpose required. And those are contemptible people who are unable to distinguish the characteristic differences of these separate harmonies; but who are led away by the sharpness or flatness of the sounds, so as to describe one harmony as ὑπερμιξολύδιος, and then again to give a definition of some further sort, refining on this: for I do not think that even that which is called the ὑπερφρύγιος has a distinct character of its own, although some people do say that they have invented a new harmony which they call Sub-Phrygian (ὑποφρύγιος). Now every kind of harmony ought to have some distinct species of character or of passion; as the Locrian has, for this was a harmony used by some of those who lived in the time of Simonides and Pindar, but subsequently it fell into contempt.
ἑξῆς ἐπισκεψώμεθα τὸ τῶν Μιλησίων ἦθος, ὃ διαφαίνουσιν οἱ Ἴωνες, ἐπὶ ταῖς τῶν σωμάτων εὐεξίαις βρενθυόμενοι καὶ θυμοῦ πλήρεις, δυσκατάλλακτοι, φιλόνεικοι, οὐδὲν φιλάνθρωπον οὐδ’ ἱλαρὸν ἐνδιδόντες, ἀστοργίαν καὶ σκληρότητα ἐν τοῖς ἤθεσιν ἐμφανίζοντες. διόπερ οὐδὲ τὸ τῆς Ἰαστὶ γένος ἁρμονίας οὔτ’ ἀνθηρὸν οὔτε ἱλαρόν ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ αὐστηρὸν καὶ σκληρόν, ὄγκον δ’ ἔχον οὐκ ἀγεννῆ· διὸ καὶ τῇ τραγῳδίᾳ προσφιλὴς ἡ ἁρμονία. τὰ δὲ τῶν νῦν Ἰώνων ἤθη τρυφερώτερα καὶ πολὺ παραλλάττον τὸ τῆς ἁρμονίας ἦθος. φασὶ δὲ Πύθερμον τὸν Τήιον ἐν τῷ γένει τῆς ἁρμονίας τούτῳ ποιῆσαι σκολιὰ μέλη, καὶ διὰ τὸ εἶναι τὸν ποιητὴν Ἰωνικὸν Ἰαστὶ κληθῆναι τὴν ἁρμονίαν. οὗτός ἐστι Πύθερμος οὗ μνημονεύει Ἀνάνιος ἢ Ἱππῶναξ ἐν τοῖς Ἰάμβοις … καὶ ἐν ἄλλῳ οὕτως· χρυσὸν λέγει Πύθερμος ὡς οὐδὲν τἄλλα. λέγει δ’ οὕτως ὁ Πύθερμος· οὐδὲν ἦν ἄρα τἄλλα πλὴν ὁ χρυσός. οὐκοῦν καὶ κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν λόγον πιθανόν ἐστι τὸν Πύθερμον ἐκεῖθεν ὄντα ποιήσασθαι τὴν ἀγωγὴν τῶν μελῶν ἁρμόττουσαν τοῖς ἤθεσι τῶν Ἰώνων. διόπερ ὑπολαμβάνω οὐχ ἁρμονίαν εἶναι τὴν Ἰαστί, τρόπον δέ τινα θαυμαστὸν σχήματος ἁρμονίας. καταφρονητέον οὖν τῶν τὰς μὲν κατ’ εἶδος διαφορὰς οὐ δυναμένων θεωρεῖν, ἐπακολουθούντων δὲ τῇ τῶν φθόγγων ὀξύτητι καὶ βαρύτητι καὶ τιθεμένων ὑπερμιξολύδιον ἁρμονίαν καὶ πάλιν ὑπὲρ ταύτης ἄλλην. οὐχ ὁρῶ γὰρ οὐδὲ τὴν ὑπερφρύγιον ἴδιον ἔχουσαν ἦθος· καίτοι τινές φασιν ἄλλην ἐξευρηκέναι καινὴν ἁρμονίαν ὑποφρύγιον. δεῖ δὲ τὴν ἁρμονίαν εἶδος ἔχειν ἤθους ἢ πάθους, καθάπερ ἡ Λοκριστί· ταύτῃ γὰρ ἔνιοι τῶν γενομένων κατὰ Σιμωνίδην καὶ Πίνδαρον ἐχρήσαντό ποτε, καὶ πάλιν κατεφρονήθη.
"There are, then, as we have already said, three kinds of harmony, as there are three nations of the Greek people. But the Phrygian and Lydian harmonies, being barbaric, became known to the Greeks by means of the Phrygians and Lydians who came over to Peloponnesus with Pelops. For many Lydians accompanied and followed him, because Sipylus was a town of Lydia; and many Phrygians did so too, not because they border on the Lydians, but because their king also was Tantalus—(and you may see all over Peloponnesus, and most especially in Lacedæmon, great mounds, which the people there call the tombs of the Phrygians who came over with Pelops)—and from them the Greeks learnt these harmonies: on which account Telestes of Selinus says—First of all, Greeks, the comrades brave of Pelops,Sang o'er their wine, in Phrygian melody,The praises of the mighty Mountain Mother;But others, striking the shrill strings of the lyre,Gave forth a Lydian hymn."
τρεῖς οὖν αὗται, καθάπερ ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἴπομεν εἶναι ἁρμονίας, ὅσα καὶ τὰ ἔθνη. τὴν δὲ Φρυγιστὶ καὶ τὴν Λυδιστὶ παρὰ τῶν βαρβάρων οὔσας γνωσθῆναι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἀπὸ τῶν σὺν Πέλοπι κατελθόντων εἰς τὴν Πελοπόννησον Φρυγῶν καὶ Λυδῶν. Λυδοὶ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῷ συνηκολούθησαν διὰ τὸ τὴν Σίπυλον εἶναι τῆς Λυδίας· Φρύγες δὲ οὐχ ὅτι ὁμοτέρμονες τοῖς Λυδοῖς εἰσιν, ἀλλ’ ὅτι καὶ αὐτῶν ἦρχεν ὁ Τάνταλος. ἴδοις δ’ ἂν καὶ τῆς Πελοποννήσου πανταχοῦ, μάλιστα δὲ ἐν Λακεδαίμονι χώματα μεγάλα, ἃ καλοῦσι τάφους τῶν μετὰ Πέλοπος Φρυγῶν. μαθεῖν οὖν τὰς ἁρμονίας ταύτας τοὺς Ἕλληνας παρὰ τούτων, διὸ καὶ Τελέστης ὁ Σελινούντιός φησιν πρῶτοι παρὰ κρατῆρας Ἑλλήνων ἐν αὐλοῖς συνοπαδοὶ Πέλοπος Ματρὸς ὀρείας Φρύγιον ἄεισαν νόμον τοὶ δ’ ὀξυφώνοις πηκτίδων ψαλμοῖς κρέκον Λύδιον ὕμνον.
“But we must not admit,” says Polybius of Megalopolis, "that music, as Ephorus asserts, was introduced among men for the purposes of fraud and trickery. Nor must we think that the ancient Cretans and Lacedæmonians used flutes and songs at random to excite their military ardour, instead of trumpets. Nor are we to imagine that the earliest Arcadians had no reason whatever for doing so, when they introduced music into every department of their management of the republic; so that, though the nation in every other respect was most austere in its manner of life, they nevertheless com- pelled music to be the constant companion, not only of their boys, but even of their youths up to thirty years of age. For the Arcadians are the only people among whom the boys are trained from infancy to sing hymns and pæans to regular airs, in which indeed every city celebrates their national heroes and gods with such songs, in obedience to ancient custom. "But after this, learning the airs of Timotheus and Philoxenus, they every year, at the festival of Bacchus, dance in their theatres to the music of flute-players; the boys dancing in the choruses of boys, and the youths in those of men. And throughout the whole duration of their lives they are addicted to music at their common entertainments; not so much, however, employing musicians as singing in turn: and to admit themselves ignorant of any other accomplishment is not at all reckoned discreditable to them; but to refuse to sing is accounted a most disgraceful thing. And they, practising marches so as to march in order to the sound of the flute, and studying their dances also, exhibit every year in the theatres, under public regulations and at the public expense. These, then, are the customs which they have derived from the ancients, not for the sake of luxury and superfluity, but from a consideration of the austerity which each individual practised in his private life, and of the severity of their characters, which they contract from the cold and gloomy nature of the climate which prevails in the greater part of their country. And it is the nature of all men to be in some degree influenced by the climate, so as to get some resemblance to it themselves; and it is owing to this that we find different races of men, varying in character and figure and complexion, in proportion as they are more or less distant from one another. “In addition to this, they instituted public banquets and public sacrifices, in which the men and women join; and also dances of the maidens and boys together; endevouring to mollify and civilize the harshness of their nature character by the influence of education and habit. And as the people of Cynætha neglected this system (although they occupy by far the most inclement district of Arcadia, both as respects the soil and the climate), they, never meeting one another except for the purpose of giving offence and quarrelling, became at last so utterly savage, that the very greatest impieties prevailed among them alone of all the people of Arcadia; and at the time when they made the great massacre, whatever Arcadian cities their emissaries came to in their passage, the citizens of all the other cities at once ordered them to depart by public proclamation; and the Mantineans even made a public purification of their city after their departure, leading victims all round their entire district.”
οὐ παραληπτέον δὲ τὴν μουσικήν, φησὶν Πολύβιος ὁ Μεγαλοπολίτης, ὡς Ἔφορος ἱστορεῖ, ἐπὶ ἀπάτῃ καὶ γοητείᾳ παρεισῆχθαι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, οὐδὲ τοὺς παλαιοὺς Κρητῶν καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων αὐλὸν καὶ ῥυθμὸν εἰς τὸν πόλεμον ἀντὶ σάλπιγγος εἰκῇ νομιστέον εἰσαγαγεῖν, οὐδὲ τοὺς πρώτους ᾽ Ἀρκάδων εἰς τὴν ὅλην πολιτείαν τὴν μουσικὴν παραλαβεῖν, ὥστε μὴ μόνον παισὶν ἀλλὰ καὶ νεανίσκοις γενομένοις ἕως λ’ ἐτῶν κατ’ ἀνάγκην σύντροφον ποιεῖν αὐτήν, τἄλλα τοῖς βίοις ὄντας αὐστηροτάτους, παρὰ γοῦν μόνοις Ἀρκάσιν οἱ παῖδες ἐκ νηπίων ᾄδειν ἐθίζονται κατὰ νόμον τοὺς ὕμνους καὶ παιᾶνας, οἷς ἕκαστοι κατὰ τὰ πάτρια τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους ἥρωας καὶ θεοὺς ὑμνοῦσι. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τοὺς Τιμοθέου καὶ Φιλοξένου νόμους μανθάνοντες χορεύουσι κατ’ ἐνιαυτὸν τοῖς Διονυσιακοῖς αὐληταῖς ἐν τοῖς θεάτροις, οἱ μὲν παῖδες τοὺς παιδικοὺς ἀγῶνας, οἱ δὲ νεανίσκοι τοὺς τῶν ἀνδρῶν. καὶ παρ’ ὅλον δὲ τὸν βίον ἐν ταῖς συνουσίαις ταῖς κοιναῖς οὐχ οὕτω ποιοῦνται τὰς ἀγωγὰς διὰ τῶν ἐπεισάκτων ἀκροαμάτων ὡς δι’ αὑτῶν· ἀν μέρος ᾄδειν ἀλλήλοις προστάττοντες. καὶ τῶν μὲν ἄλλων μαθημάτων ἀρνηθῆναί τι μὴ εἰδέναι οὐδὲν αἰσχρόν ἐστιν, τὸ δὲ ᾄδειν ἀποτρίβεσθαι αἰσχρὸν παρ’ αὐτοῖς νομίζεται, καὶ μὴν ἐμβατήρια μετ’ αὐλοῦ καὶ τάξεως ἀσκοῦντες, ἔτι δὲ ὀρχήσεις ἐκπονοῦντες μετὰ κοινῆς ἐπιστροφῆς καὶ δαπάνης κατ’ ἐνιαυτὸν ἐν τοῖς θεάτροις ἐπι δείκνυνται. ταῦτ’ οὖν αὐτοὺς εἴθισαν οἱ παλαιοὶ οὐ τρυφῆς καὶ περιουσίας χάριν, ἀλλὰ θεωροῦντες τὴν ἑκάστου κατὰ τὸν βίον σκληρότητα καὶ τὴν τῶν ἠθῶν αὐστηρίαν, ἥτις αὐτοῖς παρέπεται διὰ τὴν τοῦ περιέχοντος ψυχρότητα καὶ στυγνότητα τὴν κατὰ τὸ πλεῖστον ἐν τοῖς τόποις ὑπάρχουσαν, οἷς καὶ συνεξομοιοῦσθαι πεφύκαμεν πάντες ἄνθρωποι διὸ καὶ κατὰ τὰς ἐθνικὰς διαστάσεις πλεῖστον ἀλλήλων διαφέρομεν ἤθεσι καὶ μορφαῖς καὶ χρώμασιν. πρὸς δὲ τούτοις συνόδους κοινὰς καὶ θυσίας ἀνδράσι καὶ γυναιξὶ κατείθισαν, ἔτι δὲ χοροὺς παρθένων ὁμοῦ καὶ παίδων, σπεύδοντες τὸ τῆς φύσεως ἀτέραμνον διὰ τῆς τῶν ἐθισμῶν κατασκευῆς ἐξημεροῦν καὶ πραύνειν. ὧν Κυναιθεῖς ὀλιγωρήσαντες εἰς τέλος, καίτοι σκληρότατον παρὰ πολὺ τῆς Ἀρκαδίας ὁμοῦ τῷ τόπῳ καὶ τὸν ἀέρα ἔχοντες, πρὸς αὐτὰς τὰς ἐν ἀλλήλοις παρατριβὰς καὶ φιλοτιμίας ὁρμήσαντες τέλος ἀπεθηριώθησαν οὕτως ὡς μέγιστα ἀσεβήματα παρὰ μόνοις αὐτοῖς γίνεσθαι. καθ’ οὓς δὲ καιροὺς τὴν μεγάλην σφαγὴν ἐποιήσαντο, εἰς ἅς ποτε πόλεις Ἀρκαδικὰς κατὰ τὴν δίοδον εἰσῆλθον, οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι παραχρῆμα πάντες αὐτοὺς ἐξεκήρυξαν, Μαντινεῖς δὲ καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἀπαλλαγὴν αὐτῶν καθαρμὸν τῆς πόλεως ἐποιήσαντο σφάγια περιαγαγόντες κύκλῳ τῆς χώρας ἁπάσης.
Agias, the musician, said that “the styrax, which at the Dionysiac festivals is burnt in the orchestras, presented a Phrygian odour to those who were within reach of it.” Now, formerly music was an exhortation to courage; and accordingly Alcæus the poet, one of the greatest musicians that ever lived, places valour and manliness before skill in music and poetry, being himself a man warlike even beyond what was necessary. On which account, in such verses as these, he speaks in high-toned language, and says—My lofty house is bright with brass,And all my dwelling is adorn'd, in honourOf mighty Mars, with shining helms,O'er which white horsehair crests superbly wave,Choice ornament for manly brows;And brazen greaves, on mighty pegs suspended,Hang round the hall; fit to repelThe heavy javelin or the long-headed spear.There, too, are breastplates of new linen,And many a hollow shield, thrown basely downBy coward enemies in flight:There, too, are sharp Chalcidic swords, and belts,Short military cloaks besides,And all things suitable for fearless war;Which I may ne'er forget,Since first I girt myself for the adventurous work—although it would have been more suitable for him to have had his house well stored with musical instruments. But the ancients considered manly courage the greatest of all civil virtues, and they attributed the greatest importance to that, to the exclusion of other good qualities. Archilochus accordingly, who was a distinguished poet, boasted in the first place of being able to partake in all political undertakings, and in the second place he mentioned the credit he had gained by his poetical efforts, saying,—But I'm a willing servant of great Mars,Skill'd also in the Muses' lovely art.And, in the same spirit, Aeschylus, though a man who had acquired such great renown by his poetry, nevertheless pre- ferred having his valour recorded on his tomb, and composed an inscription for it, of which the following lines are a part:—The grove of Marathon, and the long-hair'd Medes;Who felt his courage, well may speak of it.
Ἀγίας δὲ ὁ μουσικὸς ἔφη τὸν στύρακα τὸν ἐν ταῖς ὀρχήστραις θυμιώμενον τοῖς Διονυσίοις φρύγιον ποιεῖν ὀδμὴν τοῖς αἰσθανομένοις. τὸ δ’ ἀρχαῖον ἡ μουσικὴ ἐπ’ ἀνδρείαν προτροπὴ ἦν. Ἀλκαῖος γοῦν ὁ ποιητής, εἴ τις καὶ ἄλλος μουσικώτατος γενόμενος, πρότερα τῶν κατὰ ποιητικὴν τὰ κατὰ τὴν ἀνδρείαν τίθεται, μᾶλλον τοῦ δέοντος πολεμικὸς γενόμενος. διὸ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις σεμνυνόμενός φησιν μαρμαίρει δὲ μέγας δόμος χαλκῷ· πᾶσα δ’ Ἄρῃ κεκόσμηται στέγη λαμπραῖσιν κυνίαισι, κὰτ τᾶν λευκοὶ καθύπερθεν ἵππιοι λόφοι νεύουσιν, κεφαλαῖσιν ἀνδρῶν ἀγάλματα· χάλκιαι δὲ πασσάλοις κρυπτοῖσιν περικείμεναι λαμπραὶ κναμίδες, ἄρκος ἰσχυρῶ βέλευς θόρρακές τε νέω λίνω, κόιλαι τε κατ’ ἀσπίδες βεβλημέναι, πὰρ δὲ Χαλκιδικαὶ σπάθαι, πὰρ δὲ ζώματα πολλὰ καὶ κυπάσσιδες. τῶν οὐκ ἔστι λαθέσθ᾽, ἐπειδὴ πρώτισθ’ ὑπὸ ἔργον ἕσταμεν τόδε. καίτοι μᾶλλον ἴσως ἥρμοττε τὴν οἰκίαν πλήρη εἶναι μουσικῶν ὀργάνων. ἀλλ’ οἱ παλαιοὶ τὴν ἀνδρείαν ὑπελάμβανον εἶναι μεγίστην τῶν πολιτικῶν ἀρετῶν, καὶ ταύτῃ τὰ πολλὰ προσνέμειν … οὐ τοῖς ἄλλοις. Ἀρχίλοχος γοῦν ἀγαθὸς ὢν ποιητὴς πρῶτον ἐκαυχήσατο τῷ δύνασθαι μετέχειν τῶν πολιτικῶν ἀγώνων, δεύτερον δὲ ἐμνήσθη τῶν περὶ τὴν ποιητικὴν ὑπαρχόντων αὐτῷ, λέγων εἰμὶ δ’ ἐγὼ θεράπων μὲν Ἐνυαλίοιο ἄνακτος, καὶ Μουσέων ἐρατὸν δῶρον ἐπιστάμενος. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Αἰσχύλος τηλικαύτην δόξαν ἔχων διὰ τὴν ποιητικὴν οὐδὲν ἧττον ἐπὶ τοῦ τάφου ἐπιγραφῆναι ἠξίωσεν μᾶλλον τὴν ἀνδρείαν, ποιήσας· ἀλκὴν δ’ εὐδόκιμον Μαραθώνιον ἄλσος ἂν εἴποι καὶ βαθυχαῖταί κεν Μῆδοι ἐπιστάμενοι.
And it is on this account that the Lacedæmoians, who are a most valiant nation, go to war to the music of the flute, and the Cretans to the strains of the lyre, and the Lydians to the sound of pipes and flutes, as Herodotus relates. And, moreover, many of the barbarians make all their public proclamations to the accompaniment of flutes and harps, softening the souls of their enemies by these means. And Theopompus, in the forty-sixth book of his History, says—“The Getæ make all their proclamations while holding harps in their hands and playing on them.” And it is perhaps on this account that Homer, having due regard to the ancient institutions and customs of the Greeks, says—I hear, what graces every feast, the lyre;as if this art of music were welcome also to men feasting. Now it was, as it should seem, a regular custom to introduce music, in the first place in order that every one who might be too eager for drunkenness or gluttony might have music as a sort of physician and healer of his insolence and indecorum, and also because music softens moroseness of temper; for it dissipates sadness, and produces affability and a sort of gentlemanlike joy. From which consideration, Homer has also, in the first book of the Iliad, represented the gods as using music after their dissensions on the subject of Achilles; for they continued for some time listening to it—Thus the blest gods the genial day prolongIn feasts ambrosial and celestial song:Apollo tuned the lyre,—the Muses round,With voice alternate, aid the silver sound.For it was desirable that they should leave off their quarrels and dissensions, as we have said. And most people seem to attribute the practice of this art to banquets for the sake of setting things right, and of the general mutual advantage. And, besides these other occasions, the ancients also established by customs and laws that at feasts all men should sing hymns to the gods, in order by these means to preserve order and decency among us; for as all songs proceed according to harmony, the consideration of the gods being added to this harmony, elevates the feelings of each individual. And Philochorus says that the ancients, when making their libations, did not always use dithyrambic hymns, but “when they pour libations, they celebrate Bacchus with wine and drunkenness, but Apollo with tranquillity and good order.” Accordingly Archilochus says—I, all excited in my mind with wine,Am skilful in the dithyrambic, knowingThe noble melodies of the sovereign Bacchus.And Epicharmus, in his Philoctetes, says—A water-drinker knows no dithyrambics.So, that it was not merely with a view to superficial and vulgar pleasure, as some assert, that music was originally introduced into entertainments, is plain from what has been said above. But the Lacedæmonians do not assert that they used to learn music as a science, but they do profess to be able to judge well of what is done in the art; and they say that they have already three times preserved it when it was in danger of being lost.
διόπερ καὶ οἱ ἀνδρειότατοι Λακεδαιμόνιοι μετ’ αὐλῶν στρατεύονται, Κρῆτες δὲ μετὰ λύρας, μετὰ δὲ συρίγγων καὶ αὐλῶν Λυδοί, ὡς Ἡρόδοτος ἱστορεῖ, πολλοὶ δὲ καὶ τῶν βαρβάρων τὰς ἐπικηρυκείας ποιοῦνται μετ’ αὐλῶν καὶ κιθάρας, καταπραύνοντες τῶν ἐναντίων τὰς ψυχάς. Θεόπομπος δ’ ἐν τεσσαρακοστῇ ἕκτῃ τῶν Ἱστορίῶν Γέται, φησί, κιθάρας ἔχοντες καὶ κιθαρίζοντες τὰς ἐπικηρυκείας ποιοῦνται. ὅθεν ἔοικεν καὶ Ὅμηρος διατηρῶν τὴν ἀρχαίαν τῶν Ἑλλήνων κατάστασιν λέγειν, φόρμιγγός θ᾽, ἣν δαιτὶ θεοὶ ποίησαν ἑταίρην, ὡς καὶ τοῖς εὐωχουμένοις χρησίμης οὔσης τῆς τέχνης, ἦν δ’ ὡς ἔοικε τοῦτο νενομισμένον, πρῶτον μὲν ὅπως ἕκαστος τῶν εἰς μέθην καὶ πλήρωσιν ὡρμημένων ἰατρὸν λαμβάνῃ τῆς ὕβρεως καὶ τῆς ἀκοσμίας τὴν μουσικήν, εἶθ’ ὅτι τὴν αὐθάδειαν πραύνει· περιαιρουμένη γὰρ τὴν στυγνότητα ποιεῖ πρᾳότητα καὶ χαρὰν ἐλευθέριον, ὅθεν καὶ Ὅμηρος εἰσήγαγε τοὺς θεοὺς χρωμένους ἐν τοῖς πρώτοις τῆς Ἰλιάδος τῇ μουσικῇ, μετὰ γὰρ τὴν περὶ τὸν Ἀχιλλέα φιλοτιμίαν διετέλουν ἀκροώμενοι φόρμιγγος περικαλλέος, ἣν ἔχ’ Ἀπόλλων, Μουσάων θ᾽, αἳ ἄειδον ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπὶ καλῇ. παύσασθαι γὰρ ἔδει τὰ νείκη καὶ τὴν στάσιν, καθάπερ ἐλέγομεν. ἐοίκασιν οὖν οἱ πολλοὶ τὴν ἐπιστήμην ἀποδιδόναι ταῖς συνουσίαις ἐπανορθώσεως χάριν καὶ ὠφελείας· ἀλλὰ μὴν οἱ ἀρχαῖοι καὶ περιέλαβον ἔθεσι καὶ νόμοις τοὺς τῶν θεῶν ὕμνους ᾄδειν ἅπαντας ἐν ταῖς ἑστιάσεσιν, ὅπως καὶ διὰ τούτων τηρῆται τὸ καλὸν καὶ σωφρονικὸν ἡμῶν. ἐν ἁρμονίων γὰρ ὄντων τῶν ᾀσμάτων προσγενόμενος ὁ τῶν θεῶν λόγος ἀποσεμνύνει τὸν ἑκάστων τρόπον. Φιλόχορος δέ φησιν ὡς οἱ παλαιοὶ σπένδοντες οὐκ αἰεὶ διθυραμβοῦσιν, ἀλλ’ ὅταν σπένδωσι, τὸν μὲν Διόνυσον ἐν οἴνῳ καὶ μέθῃ, τὸν δ’ Ἀπόλλωνα μεθ’ ἡσυχίας καὶ τάξεως μέλποντες. Ἀρχίλοχος γοῦν φησιν ὡς Διωνύσοι᾽ ἄνακτος καλὸν ἐξάρξαι μέλος οἶδα διθύραμβον, οἴνῳ συγκεραυνωθεὶς φρένας. καὶ Ἐπίχαρμος δ’ ἐν Φιλοκτήτῃ ἔφη· οὐκ ἔστι διθύραμβος ὅκχ’ ὕδωρ πίῃς. ὅτι μὲν οὖν οὐχ ἡδονῆς χάριν ἐπιπολαίου καὶ δημοτικῆς ἡ μουσικὴ προῆλθεν κατ’ ἀρχὰς εἰς τὰς ἑστιάσεις, ὥσπερ ἔνιοι νομίζουσιν, φανερὸν ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων. Λακεδαιμόνιοι δ’ εἰ μὲν ἐμάνθανον τὴν μουσικήν, οὐδὲν λέγουσιν, ὅτι δὲ κρίνειν δύνανται καλῶς τὴν τέχνην ὁμολογεῖται παρ’ αὐτῶν, καί φασιν τρὶς ἤδη σεσωκέναι διαφθειρομένην αὐτήν.
Music also contributes to the proper exercising of the body and to sharpening the intellect; on which account, every Grecian people, and every barbarian nation too, that we are acquainted with, practise it. And it was a good saying of Damon the Athenian, that songs and dances must inevitably exist where the mind was excited in any manner; and liberal, and gentlemanly, and honourable feelings of the mind produce corresponding kinds of music, and the opposite feelings likewise produce the opposite kinds of music. On which account, that saying of Clisthenes the tyrant of Sicyon was a witty one, and a sign of a well-educated intellect. For when he saw, as it is related, one of the suitors for his daughter dancing in an unseemly manner (it was Hippoclides the Athenian), he told him that he had danced away his marriage, thinking, as it should seem, that the mind of the man corresponded to the dance which he had exhibited; for in dancing and walking decorum and good order are honourable, and disorder and vulgarity are discreditable. And it is on this principle that the poets originally arranged dances for freeborn men, and employed figures only to be emblems of what was being sung, always preserving the principles of nobleness and manliness in them; on which account it was that they gave them the name of ὑπορχήματα(accompaniment to the dance). And if any one, while dancing indulged in unseemly postures or figures, and did nothing at all corresponding to the songs sung, he was considered blameworthy; on which account, Aristophanes or Plato, in his Preparations (as Chamæleon quotes the play), spoke thus:—So that if any one danced well, the sightWas pleasing: but they now do nothing rightly,But stand as if amazed, and roar at random.For the kind of dancing which was at that time used in the choruses was decorous and magnificent, and to a certain extent imitated the motions of men under arms; on which account Socrates in his Poems says that those men who dance best are the best in warlike exploits; and thus he writes:—But they who in the dance most suitablyDo honour to the Gods, are likewise bestIn all the deeds of war.For the dance is very nearly an armed exercise, and is a dis- play not only of good discipline in other respects, but also of the care which the dancers bestow on their persons.
καὶ πρὸς γυμνασίαν δὲ καὶ ὀξύτητα διανοίας συμβάλλεται ἡ μουσικὴ· διὸ καὶ τῶν ʽἙλλήνων ἕκαστοι καὶ τῶν βαρβάρων οἱ γινωσκόμενοι τυγχάνουσιν χρώμενοι. οὐ κακῶς· δὲ λέγουσιν οἱ περὶ Δάμωνα τὸν Ἀθηναῖον ὅτι καὶ τὰς ᾠδὰς καὶ τὰς ὀρχήσεις ἀνάγκη γίνεσθαι κινουμένης πως τῆς ψυχῆς· καὶ αἱ μὲν ἐλευθέριοι καὶ καλαὶ ποιοῦσι τοιαύτας, αἱ δ’ ἐναντίαι τὰς ἐναντίας, ὅθεν καὶ τὸ Κλεοσθένους τοῦ Σικυωνίων τυράννου χαρίεν καὶ σημεῖον διανοίας πεπαιδευμένης. ἰδὼν γάρ, ὣς φασι, φορτικῶς ὀρχησάμενον ἕνα τῶν τῆς θυγατρὸς μνηστήρων （Ἱπποκλείδης δ’ ἦν ὁ ᾽ Ἀθηναῖοσ） ἀπωρχῆσθαι τὸν γάμον αὐτὸν ἔφησεν, νομίζων ὡς ἔοικεν καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν τἀνδρὸς εἶναι τοιαύτην. καὶ γὰρ ἐν ὀρχήσει καὶ πορείᾳ καλὸν μὲν εὐσχημοσύνη καὶ κόσμος, αἰσχρὸν δὲ ἀταξία καὶ τὸ φορτικόν. διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ ἐξ ἀρχῆς συνέταττον οἱ ποιηταὶ τοῖς ἐλευθέροις τὰς ὀρχήσεις καὶ ἐχρῶντο τοῖς σχήμασι σημείοις μόνον τῶν ᾀδομένων, τηροῦντες αἰεὶ τὸ εὐγενὲς καὶ ἀνδρῶδες ἐπ’ αὐτῶν, ὅθεν καὶ ὑπορχήματα τὰ τοιαῦτα προσηγόρευον. εἰ δὲ τις ἀμέτρως διαθείη τὴν σχηματοποιίαν καὶ ταῖς ᾠδαῖς ἐπιτυγχάνων μηδὲν λέγοι κατὰ τὴν ὄρχησιν, οὗτος δ’ ἦν ἀδόκιμος. διὸ καὶ Ἀριστοφάνης ἢ Πλάτων ἐν ταῖς Σκευαῖς, ὡς Χαμαιλέων φησίν, εἴρηκεν οὕτως· ὥστ’ εἴ τις ὀρχοῖτ’ εὖ, θέαμ’ ἦν· νῦν δὲ δρῶσιν οὐδέν, ἀλλ’ ὥσπερ ἀπόπληκτοι στάδην ἑστῶτες ὠρύονται. ἦν γὰρ τὸ τῆς ὀρχήσεως γένος τῆς ἐν τοῖς χοροῖς εὔσχημον τότε καὶ μεγαλοπρεπὲς καὶ ὡσανεὶ τὰς ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις κινήσεις ἀπομιμούμενον. ὅθεν καὶ Σωκράτης ἐν τοῖς ποιήμασιν τοὺς κάλλιστα χορεύοντας ἀρίστους φησὶν εἶναι τὰ πολέμια λέγων οὕτως οἳ δὲ χοροῖς κάλλιστα θεοὺς τιμῶσιν, ἄριστοι ἐν πολέμῳ. σχεδὸν γὰρ ὥσπερ ἐξοπλισία τις ἦν ἡ χορεία καὶ ἐπίδειξις οὐ μόνον τῆς λοιπῆς εὐταξίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς τῶν σωμάτων ἐπιμελείας.
And Amphion the Thespiæan, in the second book of his treatise on the Temple of the Muses on Mount Helicon, says that in Helicon there are dances of boys, got up with great care, quoting this ancient epigram:—I both did dance, and taught the citizensThe art of music, and my flute-playerWas Anacus the Phialensian;My name was Bacchides of Sicyon;And this my duty to the gods perform'dWas honourable to my country Sicyon. And it was a good answer which was made by Caphesias the flute-player, when one of his pupils began to pay on the flute very loudly, and was endeavouring to play as loudly as he could; on which he struck him, and said, “Goodness does not consist in greatness, but greatness in goodness” There are also relics and traces of the ancient dancing in some statues which we have, which were made by ancient statuaries; on which account men at that time paid more attention to moving their hands with graceful gestures; for in his parti- cular also they aimed at graceful and gentlemanlike motions, comprehending what was great in what was well done. And from these motions of the hands they transferred some figures to the dances, and from the dances to the palæstra; for they sought to improve their manliness by music and by paying attention to their persons. And they practised to the accompaniment of song with reference to their movements when under arms; and it was from this practice that the dance called the Pyrrhic dance originated, and every other dance of this kind, and all the others which have the same name or any similar one with a slight change: such as the Cretan dances called ὀρσίτης and ἐπικρήδιος; and that dance, too, which is named ἀπόκινος, (and it is mentioned under this name by Cratinus in his Nemesis, and by Cephisodorus in his Amazons, and by Aristophanes in his Centaur, and by several other poets,) though afterwards it came to be called μακτρισμός; and many women used to dance it, who, I am aware, were afterwards called μαρκτύπιαι.
Ἀμφίων δ’ ὁ Θεσπιεὺς ἐν δευτέρῳ περὶ τοῦ ἐν Ἑλικῶνι Μουσείου ἄγεσθαί φησιν ἐν Ἑλικῶνι παίδων ὀρχήσεις μετὰ σπουδῆς, παρατιθέμενος ἀρχαῖον Ἐπίγραμμα τόδε· ἀμφότερ᾽, ὠρχεύμην τε καὶ ἐν Μώσαις ἐδίδασκον ἄνδρας· ὁ δ’ αὐλητὰς ἦν Ἄνακος Φιαλεύς. εἰμὶ δὲ Βακχιάδας Σικυώνιος. ἦ ῥα θεοῖσι ταῖς Σικυῶνι καλὸν τοῦτ’ ἀπέκειτο γέρας. οὐ κακῶς δὲ καὶ Καφισίας ὁ αὐλητής, ἐπιβαλλομένου τινὸς τῶν μαθητῶν αὐλεῖν μέγα καὶ τοῦτο μελετῶντος, πατάξας εἶπεν οὐκ ἐν τῷ μεγάλῳ τὸ εὖ κείμενον εἶναι, ἀλλὰ ἐν τῷ εὖ τὸ μέγα. ἐστὶ δὲ καὶ τὰ τῶν ἀρχαίων δημιουργῶν ἀγάλματα τῆς παλαιᾶς ὀρχήσεως λείψανα· διὸ καὶ συνέστη τὰ κατὰ τὴν χειρονομίαν ἐπιμελεστέρως διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν. ἐζήτουν γὰρ κἀν ταύτῃ κινήσεις καλὰς καὶ ἐλευθερίους, ἐν τῷ εὖ τὸ μέγα περιλαμβάνοντες· καὶ τὰ σχήματα μετέφερον ἐντεῦθεν εἰς τοὺς χορούς, ἐκ δὲ τῶν χορῶν εἰς τὰς παλαίστρας, καὶ γὰρ ἐν τῇ μουσικῇ κἀν τῇ τῶν σωμάτων ἐπιμελείᾳ περιεποιοῦντο τὴν ἀνδρείαν καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις κινήσεις ἐγυμνάζοντο μετὰ ᾠδῆς· ὅθεν ἐκινήθησαν αἱ καλούμεναι πυρρίχαι καὶ πᾶς ὁ τοιοῦτος τρόπος τῆς ὀρχήσεως· πολλαὶ γὰρ αἱ ὀνομασίαι αὐτῶν, ὡς παρὰ Κρησὶν ὀρσίτης καὶ ἐπικρήδιος. τὴν δ’ ἀπόκινον καλουμένην ὄρχησιν, ἧς μνημονεύει Κρατῖνος ἐν Νεμέσει καὶ Κηφισόδωρος ἐν Ἀμαζόσιν ᾽ι Ἀριστοφάνης τ’ ἐν Κενταύρῳ καὶ ἄλλοι πλείονες, ὕστερον μακτρισμὸν ὠνόμασαν· ἣν καὶ πολλαὶ γυναῖκες ὠρχοῦντο, ἃς καὶ μακτριστρίας ὀνομαζομένας οἶδα.
But the more sedate kinds of dance, both the more varied kinds and those too whose figures are more simple, are the following:—The Dactylus, the Iambic, the Molossian, the Emmelea, the Cordax, the Sicinnis, the Persian, the Phrygian, the Nibatismus, the Thracian, the Calabrismus, the Telesias (and this is a Macedonian dance which Ptolemy was practising when he slew Alexander the brother of Philip, as Marsyas relates in the third book of his History of Macedon). The following dances are of a frantic kind:—The Cernophorus, and the Mongas, and the Thermaustris. There was also a kind of dance in use among private individuals, called the ἄνθεμα, and they used to dance this while repeating the following form of words with a sort of mimicking gesture, saying—Where are my roses, and where are my violets?Where is my beautiful parsleyAre these then my roses, are these then my violetsAnd is this my beautiful parsley? Among the Syracusans there was a kind of dance called the Chitoneas, sacred to Diana, and it is a peculiar kind of dance, accompanied with the flute. There was also an Ionian kind of dance practised at drinking parties. They also practised the dance called ἀγγελικὴ at their drinking parties. And there is another kind of dance called the Burning of the World, which Menippus the Cynic mentions in his Banquet. There are also some dances of a ridiculous character:—the Igdis, the Mactrismus, the Apocinus, and the Sobas; and besides these, the Morphasmus, and the Owl, and the Lion, and the Pouring out of Meal, and the Abolition of Debt, and the Elements, and the Pyrrhic dance. And they also lanced to the accompaniment of the flute a dance which they called the Dance of the Master of the Ship, and the Platter Dance. The figures used in dances are the Xiphismus, the Calathismus, the Callabides, the Scops, and the Scopeuma. And the Scops was a figure intended to represent people looking out from a distance, making an arch over their brows with their hand so as to shade their eyes. And it is mentioned by Aeschylus in his Spectators:—And all these old σκωπεύματα of yours.And Eupolis, in his Flatterers, mentions the Callabides, when he says—He walks as though he were dancing the Callabides. Other figures are the Thermastris, the Hecaterides, the Scopus, the Hand-down, the Hand-up, the Dipodismus, the Taking-hold of Wood, the Epanconismus, the Calathiscus, the Strobilus. There is also a dance called the Telesias; and this is a martial kind of dance, deriving its title from a man of the name of Telesias, who was the first person who ever danced it, holding arms in his hands, as Hippagoras tells us in the first book of his treatise on the Constitution of the Carthaginians.
τὰ δὲ στασιμώτερα καὶ πυκνότερα καὶ τὴν ὄρχησιν ἁπλουστέραν ἔχοντα καλεῖται δάκτυλοι, ἰαμβική, Μολοσσικὴ ἐμμέλεια, κόρδαξ, σίκιννις, Περσική, Φρύγιος νιβατισμός, Θρᾴκιος κολαβρισμός, τελεσιὰς· Μακεδονικὴ δ’ ἐστὶν αὕτη ὄρχησις, ᾗ χρησάμενοι οἱ περὶ Πτολεμαῖον Ἀλέξανδρον τὸν Φιλίππου ἀδελφὸν ἀνεῖλον, ὡς ἱστορεῖ Μαρσύας ἐν τρίτῳ Μακεδονικῶν. μανιώδεις δ’ εἰσὶν ὀρχήσεις κερνοφόρος καὶ μογγὰς καὶ θερμαυστρίς. ἦν δὲ καὶ παρὰ τοῖς ἰδιώταις ἡ καλουμένη ἄνθεμα. ταύτην δὲ ὠρχοῦντο μετὰ λέξεως τοιαύτης μιμούμενοι καὶ λέγοντες· ποῦ μοι τὰ ῥόδα, ποῦ μοι τὰ ἴα, ποῦ μοι τὰ καλὰ σέλινα; ταδὶ τὰ ῥόδα, ταδὶ τὰ ἴα, ταδὶ τὰ καλὰ σέλινα. παρὰ δὲ Συρακοσίοις καὶ Χιτωνέας Ἀρτέμιδος ὄρχησὶς τίς ἐστιν ἴδιος καὶ αὔλησις. ἦν δέ τις καὶ Ἰωνικὴ ὄρχησις παροίνιος. καὶ τὴν ἀγγελικὴν δὲ πάροινον ἠκρίβουν ὄρχησιν. καλεῖται δέ τις καὶ ἄλλη ὄρχησις κόσμου ἐκπύρωσις, ἧς μνημονεύει Μένιππος ὁ κυνικὸς ἐν τῷ Συμποσίῳ. καὶ γελοῖαι δ’ εἰσὶν ὀρχήσεις ἴγδις καὶ μακτρισμὸς ἀπόκινός τε καὶ σοβάς, ἔτι δὲ μορφασμὸς καὶ γλαὺξ καὶ λέων ἀλφίτων τε ἔκχυσις καὶ χρεῶν ἀποκοπή· καὶ στοιχεῖα καὶ πυρρίχη. μετ’ αὐλῶν δ’ ὠρχοῦντο τὴν τοῦ κελευστοῦ καὶ τὴν καλουμένην πινακίδα. σχήματα δέ ἐστιν ὀρχήσεως ξιφισμός, καλαθίσκος, καλλαβίδες, σκώψ, σκώπευμα. ἦν δὲ ὁ σκώψ τῶν ἀποσκοπούντων τι σχῆμα ἄκραν τὴν χεῖρα ὑπὲρ τοῦ μετώπου κεκυρτωκότων. μνημονεύει Αἰσχύλος ἐν Θεωροῖς· καὶ μὴν παλαιῶν τῶνδέ σοι σκωπευμάτων. καλλαβίδων δ’ Εὔπολις ἐν Κόλαξιν· καλλαβίδας δὲ βαίνει, σησαμίδας δὲ χέζει. θερμαυστρίς, ἑκατερίδες, σκοπός, χεὶρ καταπρηνής, χεὶρ σιμή, διποδισμός, ξύλου παράληψις, ἐπαγκωνισμός, καλαθίσκος, στρόβιλος, καὶ τελεσιὰς δ’ ἐστὶν ὄρχησις καλουμένη· στρατιωτικὴ δ’ ἐστὶν αὕτη ἀπό τινος ἀνδρὸς Τελεσίου λαβοῦσα τοὔνομα, μεθ’ ὅπλων τὸ πρῶτον αὐτὴν ἐκείνου ὀρχησαμένου, ὥς φησιν Ἱππαγόρας ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ περὶ τῆς Καρχηδονίων Πολιτείας.
There is also a kind of satyric dance called the Sicinnis, as Aristocles says in the eighth book of his treatise on Dances; and the Satyrs are called Sicinnistæ. But some say that a barbarian of the name of Sicinnus was the inventor of it, though others say that Sicinnus was a Cretan by birth; and certainly the Cretans are dancers, as is mentioned by Aristoxenus. But Scamon, in the first book of his treatise on Inventions, says that this dance is called Sicinnis, from being shaken (ἀπὸ τοῦ σείεσθαι), and that Thersippus was the first person who danced the Sicinnis. Now in dancing, the motion of the feet was adopted long before any motion of the lands was considered requisite; for the ancients exercised their feet more than their hands in games and in hunting; and the Cretans are greatly addicted to hunting, owing to which they are swift of foot. But there are people to be found who assert that Sicinnis is a word formed poetically from κίνησις, because in dancing it the Satyrs use most rapid movements; for this kind of dance gives no scope for a display of the passions, on which account also it is never slow. Now all satyric poetry formerly consisted of choruses, as also did tragedy, such as it existed at the same time; and that was the chief reason why tragedy had no regular actors. Arid there are three kinds of dance appropriate to dramatic poetry, —the tragic, the comic, and the satyric; and in like manner, there are three kinds of lyric dancing,—the pyrrhic the gymnopædic, and the hyporchematic. And the pyrrhic dance resembles the satyric; for they both consist of rapid movements; but the pyrrhic appears to be a warlike kind of dance, for it is danced by armed boys. And men in war have need of swiftness to pursue their enemies, and also, when defeated,To flee, and not like madmen to stand firm,Nor be afraid to seem a short time cowards.But the dance called Gymnopædica is like the dance in tragedy which is called Emmelea; for in each there is seen a degree of gravity and solemnity. But the hyporchematic dance is very nearly identical with the comic one which is called Cordax. And they are both a sportive kind of figure.
καλεῖται δ’ ἡ μὲν σατυρικὴ ὄρχησις, ὥς φησιν Ἀριστοκλῆς ἐν πρώτῳ περὶ Χορῶν, σίκιννις καὶ οἱ σάτυροι σικιννισταί. τινὲς δέ φασιν Σίκιννόν τινα βάρβαρον εὑρετὴν αὐτῆς γενέσθαι, ἄλλοι δὲ Κρῆτα λέγουσι τὸ γένος εἶναι τὸν Σίκιννον. ὀρχησταὶ δ’ οἱ Κρῆτες, ὥς φησιν Ἀριστόξενος. Σκάμων δ’ ἐν πρώτῳ περὶ Εὑρημάτων σίκιννιν αὐτὴν εἰρῆσθαι ἀπὸ τοῦ σείεσθαι, καὶ πρῶτον ὀρχήσασθαι τὴν σίκιννιν Θέρσιππον. προτέρα δ’ εὕρηται ἡ περὶ τοὺς πόδας κίνησις τῆς διὰ τῶν χειρῶν, οἱ γὰρ παλαιοὶ τοὺς πόδας μᾶλλον ἐγυμνάζοντο ἐν τοῖς ἀγῶσι καὶ τοῖς κυνηγεσίοις. οἱ δὲ Κρῆτες κυνηγετικοί, διὸ καὶ ποδώκεις. εἰσὶ δέ τινες οἵ φασι τὴν σίκιννιν ποιητικῶς ὠνομάσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς κινήσεως, ἣν καὶ οἱ σάτυροι ὀρχοῦνται ταχυτάτην οὖσαν. οὐ γὰρ ἔχει πάθος αὕτη ἡ ὄρχησις, διὸ οὐδὲ βραδύνει, συνέστηκεν δὲ καὶ σατυρική· πᾶσα ποίησις τὸ παλαιὸν ἐκ χορῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡ τότε τραγῳδία· διόπερ οὐδὲ ὑποκριτὰς εἶχον. τρεῖς δ’ εἰσὶ τῆς σκηνικῆς ποιήσεως ὀρχήσεις, τραγική, κωμική, σατυρική, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῆς λυρικῆς ποιήσεως τρεῖς, πυρρίχη, γυμνοπαιδική, ὑπορχηματική. καὶ ἐστὶν ὁμοία ἡ μὲν πυρρίχη τῇ σατυρικῇ· ἀμφότεραι γὰρ διὰ τάχους, πολεμικὴ δὲ δοκεῖ εἶναι ἡ πυρρίχη· ἔνοπλοι γὰρ αὐτὴν παῖδες ὀρχοῦνται. τάχους δὲ δεῖ τῷ πολέμῳ εἰς τὸ διώκειν καὶ εἰς τὸ ἡττωμένους φεύγειν μηδὲ μένειν μηδ’ αἰδεῖσθαι κακοὺς εἶναι. ἡ δὲ γυμνοπαιδικὴ παρεμφερής ἐστι τῇ τραγικῇ ὀρχήσει ἥτις ἐμμέλεια καλεῖται· ἐν ἑκατέρᾳ δὲ ὁρᾶται τὸ βαρὺ καὶ σεμνόν. ἡ δ’ ὑπορχηματικὴ τῇ κωμικῇ οἰκειοῦται ἥτις καλεῖται κόρδαξ· παιγνιώδεις δ’ εἰσὶν ἀμφότεραι.