But above all things everyone should be acquainted with the nature of his own body, for some are spare, others obese; some hot, others more frigid; some moist, others dry; some are costive, in others the bowels are loose. It is seldom but that a man has some part of his body weak. So then a thin man ought to fatten himself up, a stout one to thin himself down; a hot man to cool himself, a cold man to make himself warmer; the moist to dry himself up, the dry to moisten himself; he should render firmer his motions if loose, relax them if costive; treatment is to be always directed to the part which is mostly in trouble.
Ante omnia autem norit quisque naturam sui corporis, quoniam alii graciles, alii obessi sunt, alii calidi, alii frigidiores, alii umidi, alii sicci; alios adstricta, alios resoluta aluus exercet. Raro quisquam non aliquam partem corporis inbecillam habet. Tenuis uero homo inplere se debet, plenus extenuare; calidus refrigerare, frigidus calefacere; madens siccare, siccus madefacere; itemque aluum firmare is, cui fusa, soluere is, cui adstricta est: succurrendumque semper parti maxime laboranti est.
Now the body is fattened: by moderate exercise, by oftener resting, by anointing, and by the bath if after a meal at midday; by the bowels being confined, by winter cold in moderation, by sleep adequate but not over long, by a soft couch, by a tranquil spirit, by food whether solid or fluid which is sweet and fatty; by meals rather frequent and as large as it is possible to digest. The body is thinned: by hot water if one bathes in it and especially if salt; by the bath on an empty stomach, by a scorching sun, by heat of all kinds, by worry, by late nights; by sleep unduly short or overlong, by a hard bed throughout the summer; by running or much walking or any violent exercise; by a vomit, by purgation, by sour and harsh things consumed; by a single meal a day; by the custom of drinking wine not too cold upon an empty stomach.
Implet autem corpus modica exercitatio, frequentior quies, unctio et, si post prandium est, balineum; contracta aluus, modicum frigus hieme, somnus et plenus et non nimis longus, molle cubile, animi securitas, adsumpta per cibos et potiones maxime dulcia et pinguia; cibus et frequentior et quantus plenissimus potest concoqui. Extenuat corpus aqua calida, si quis in ea descendit, magisque si salsa est; ieiuno balineum, inurens sol ut omnis calor, cura, uigilia; somnus nimium uel breuis uel longus, per aestatem durum cubile; cursus, multa ambulatio, omnisque uehemens exercitatio; uomitus, deiectio, acidae res et austerae; et semel die adsumptae epulae;
But as I have mentioned a vomit and a purge among thinning measures, there are some things to be said in particular concerning them. I note that a vomit was rejected by Asclepiades in the book written by him, entitled De tuenda sanitate; I do not blame him for being disquieted with the custom of those, who by ejecting every day achieve a capacity for gormandizing. He has even gone somewhat further; for from the same volume he has expelled likewise purgings; which indeed are pernicious when procured by too powerful medicaments. Such measures, however, are not to be dispensed with entirely, because regard for different constitutions and times can make them necessary, provided that they are employed in moderation and only when needed. Hence Asclepiades has himself allowed that what is already corrupted ought to be expelled: so this kind of treatment is not wholly to be condemned. But there may be more than one reason for this too; and so a somewhat closer consideration may be given to the matter.
et uini non praefrigidi ieiuno potio in consuetudinem adducta. Cum uero inter extenuantia posuerim uomitum et deiectionem, de his quoque proprie quaedam dicenda sunt. ⟨R⟩eiectum esse ab Asclepiade uomitum in eo uolumine, quod DE TVENDA SANITATE composuit, uideo; neque reprehendo, si offensus eorum est consuetudine, qui cotidie eiciendo uorandi facultatem moliuntur. Paulo etiam longius processit; idem purgationes quoque eodem uolumine expulit: et sunt eae perniciosae, si nimis ualentibus medicamentis fiunt. Sed haec tamen summouenda esse non est perpetuum, quia corporum temporumque ratio potest ea facere necessaria, dum et modo et non nisi cum opus est adhibeantur. Ergo ille quoque ipse, si quid iam corruptum esset, expelli debere confessus est: ita non ex toto res condemnanda est. Sed esse eius etiam plures causae possunt;
A vomit is more advantageous in winter than in summer, for then more phlegm and severer stuffiness in the head occur. It is unsuitable for the thin and for those with a weak stomach, but suitable for the plethoric, and all who have become bilious, whether after overeating or imperfect digestion. For if the meal has been larger than can be digested, it is not well to risk its corruption; and if it has already become corrupted, nothing is more to the purpose than to eject it by whatever way its expulsion is first possible. When, therefore, there are bitter eructations, with pain and weight over the heart, recourse should be had at once to a vomit, which is likewise of service to anyone who has heartburn and copious salivation or nausea, or ringing in the ears, or watering of the eyes, or a bitter taste in the mouth; similarly in the case of one who is making a change of climate or locality; as well as in the case of those who become troubled by pain over the heart when they have not vomited for several days. Nor am I unaware that in such cases there is prescribed rest, but that is not always within the reach of those who are obliged to be busy; nor does rest act in the same way with everybody. Accordingly I allow that vomiting should not be practised for the sake of luxury; on account of health I believe from experiment that it is sometimes rightly practised, nevertheless with this reservation, that no one who wants to keep well, and live to old age, should make it a daily habit. He who after a meal wants to vomit, if he does so easily should first take tepid water by itself; when there is more difficulty, a little salt or honey should be added. To cause a vomit on getting up in the morning, he should first drink some honey or hyssop in wine, or eat a radish, and after that drink tepid water as described above. The other emetics prescribed by the ancient practitioners all disturb the stomach. After a vomit, when the stomach is weak, a little suitable food should be taken, and for drink, unless the vomiting has made the throat raw, three cupfuls of cold water. He who has provoked a vomit, if it be early in the day, should after that take a walk, next undergo anointing, then dine; if after dining, he should the next day bathe, or sweat in the baths. After that the following meal had better be a light one, consisting of bread a day old, harsh undiluted wine, roasted meat, all food being of the dryest. Whoever aims to provoke a vomit twice a month, had better arrange to do so on two consecutive days, rather than once a fortnight, unless this longer interval causes heaviness in the chest.
estque in ea quaedam paulo subtilior obseruatio adhibenda. Vomitus utilior est hieme quam aestate: nam tunc et pituitae plus et capitis grauitas maior subest. Inutilis est gracilibus et inbecillum stomachum habentibus: utilis plenis, biliosis omnibus, si uel nimium se replerunt, uel parum concoxerunt. Nam siue plus est quam quod concoqui possit, periclitari ne conrumpatur non oportet: siue[ro] corruptum est, nihil commodius est quam id, qua uia primum expelli potest, eicere. Itaque ubi amari ructus cum dolore et grauitate praecordiorum sunt, ad hunc protinus confugiendum est. Item prodest ei, cui pectus aestuat et frequens saliua uel nausea est, aut sonant aures, aut madent oculi, aut os amarum est; similiterque ei, qui uel caelum uel locum mutat; isque, quibus, si per plures dies non uomuerunt, dolor praecordia infestat. Neque ignoro inter haec praecipi quietem, quae non semper contingere potest agendi necessitatem habentibus, nec in omnibus idem facit.—Itaque istud luxuriae causa fieri non oportere confiteor: interdum ualetudinis causa recte fieri experimentis credo cum eo tamen, ne quis, qui ualere et senescere uolet, hoc cottidianum habeat. Qui uomere post cibum uolt, si ex facili facit, aquam tantum tepidam ante debet adsumere; si difficilius, aquae uel salis uel mellis paulum adicere. At qui mane uomiturus est, ante bibere mulsum uel hysopum, aut esse radiculam debet, deinde aquam tepidam, ut supra scriptum est, bibere. Cetera, quae antiqui medici praeceperunt, stomachum omnia infestant. Post uomitum, si stomachus infirmus est, paulum cibi, sed huius idonei, gustandum, et aquae frigidae cyathi tres bibendi sunt, nisi tamen fauces uomitus exasperarint. Qui uomuit, si mane id fecit, ambulare debet, tum ungi, dein cenare; si post cenam, postero die lauari et in balneo sudare. Inde proximus cibus mediocris utilior est isque esse debet cum pane hesterno, uino austero meraco et carne assa cibisque omnibus quam siccissimis. Qui uomere bis in mense uult, melius consulet, si biduo continuarit, quam si post quintum decimum diem uomuerit, nisi haec mora grauitatem pectori faciet.
Now defaecation is to be procured also by a medicament, when, the bowels being costive, too little is passed, with the result that there is increase of flatulence, dizziness of vision, headaches, and other disturbances in the upper parts. For what can rest and fasting help in such circumstances which come about so much through them? He who wants to defaecate should in the first place make use of such food and wine as will promote it; then if these have little effect, he should take aloes. But purgatives also, whilst necessary at times, when frequently used entail danger; for the body becomes subject to malnutrition, since a weakened state leaves it exposed to maladies of all sorts.
Deiectio autem medicamento quoque petenda est, ubi uenter suppressus parum reddit, ex eoque inflationes, caligines, capitis dolores, aliaque superioris partis mala increscunt. Quid enim inter haec adiuuare possunt quies et inedia * * *, quae per illas maxime eueniunt? Qui deicere uolet, primum cibis uinisque utetur is, qui hoc praestant; dein, si parum illa proficient, aloen sumat. Sed purgationes quoque, ut interdum necessariae sunt, sic, ubi frequentes sunt, periculum adferunt: adsuescit enim non ali corpus, cum omnibus morbis obnoxia maxime infirmitas sit.
The body is heated: by anointing, by salt-water affusion and the more so when hot; by all food which is salt, bitter and fleshy; and after meals by the bath and harsh wine. On the contrary it is cooled: by the bath and sleep on an empty stomach, if not too prolonged; by all sour food; by the coldest water to drink, by oil affusion when mixed with water.
Calefacit autem unctio, aqua salsa, magisque si calida est, omnia salsa, amara, carnosa; si post cibum est, balneum, uinum austerum. Refrigerant in ieiunio et balneum et somnus, nisi nimis longus est, omnia acida, aqua ⟨quam⟩ frigidissima, oleum, si aqua miscetur.
The body is rendered humid: by more than customary exertion, by a frequent bath, by food in increased amount, by copious drinking, followed by walking and late hours; much walking, early and forced, has by itself the same effect, food being taken not immediately after exercise; so also those classes of edibles which come from cold and rainy and irrigated localities. On the contrary the body is dried: by moderate exercise, hunger, anointing without the addition of water, summer heat with moderate exposure to the sun, cold water to drink, food immediately after exercise, and all edibles coming from hot and dry districts.
Vmidum autem corpus efficit labor maior quam ex consuetudine, frequens balineum, cibus plenior, multa potio, post hanc ambulatio et uigilia; per se quoque ambulatio multa et matutina et uehemens, exercitationi non protinus cibus adiectus; ea genera escae, quae ueniunt ex locis frigidis et pluuiis et inriguis. Contra siccat modica exercitatio, fames, unctio sine aqua, calor, sol modicus, frigida aqua, cibus exercitationi statim subiectus, et is ipse ex siccis et aestuosis locis ueniens.
The bowels are confined by exertion, by sitting still, by besmearing the body with potter's clay, by a scanty diet, and that taken once a day in the case of one accustomed to two meals, by drinking little and that only after the consumption of whatever food is to be taken, also by rest after food. On the contrary they are rendered loose: by increasing the length of the walk, more food and drink; by moving about after the meal; by frequently drinking during the meal. This too should be recognized, that a vomit confines the bowels when relaxed, and relaxes them when costive: again, a vomit immediately after the meal confines the bowels, later it relaxes them.
Aluum adstringit labor, sedile, creta figularis corpori inlita, cibus inminutus, et is ipse semel die adsumptus ab eo, qui bis solet; exigua potio neque adhibita, nisi cum cibi quis, quantum adsumpturus est, cepit, post cibum quies. Contra soluit aucta ambulatio atque esca po⟨tusque⟩, motus, qui post cibum est, subinde potiones cibo inmixtae. Illud quoque scire oportet, quod uentrem uomitus solutum conprimit, compressum soluit; itemque conprimit is uomitus, qui statim post cibum est, soluit is, qui tarde superuenit.
As to what pertains to age: the middle-aged sustain hunger more easily, less so young people, and least of all children and old people. The less readily one supports it, the more often should food be taken; one who is growing needs it most. Children and the old should bathe in warm water. Wine should be diluted for children; for the old men it should be rather undilute: but at neither age be of a kind to cause flatulence. It matters less for the young what they take and the way they are treated. Those who when young are relaxed, when old are generally costive; those constipated in youth are often relaxed when old. It is better to be rather relaxed when young, rather costive when old.
Quod ad aetates uero pertinet, inediam facillime sustinent mediae aetates, minus iuuenes, minime pueri et senectute confecti. Quo minus fert facile quisque, eo saepius debet cibum adsumere, maximeque eo eget, qui increscit. Calida lauatio et pueris et senibus apta est. Vinum dilutius pueris, senibus meracius: neutri aetati, quae inflationes mouent. Iuuenum minus quae adsumant et quomodo curentur, interest. Quibus iuuenibus fluxit aluus, plerumque in senectute contrahitur: quibus in adulescentia fuit adstricta, saepe in senectute soluitur. Melior est autem in iuuene fusior, in sene adstrictior.
The season of the year also merits consideration. In winter it is fitting to eat more, and to drink less but of a stronger wine, to use much bread, meat preferably boiled, vegetables sparingly; to take a single meal unless the bowels are too costive. If a meal is taken at midday, it is better that it should be somewhat scanty, and that dry, without meat, and without drinking. At that season everything taken should be hot or heat-promoting. Venery then is not so pernicious. But in spring food should be reduced a little, the drink added to, but, however, of wine more diluted; more meat along with vegetables should be taken, passing gradually from boiled to roast. Venery is safest at this season of the year. But in summer the body requires both food and drink oftener, and so it is proper in addition to take a meal at midday. At that season both meat and vegetables are most appropriate; wine that is much diluted in order that thirst may be relieved without heating the body; laving with cold water, roasted meat, cold food or food which is cooling. But just as food is taken more frequently, so there should be less of it. In autumn owing to changes in the weather there is most danger. Hence it is not good to go out of doors unless well covered, and with thick shoes, especially on the colder days; nor at night to sleep in the open air, or at any rate to be well covered. A little more food may now be taken, the wine less in quantity but stronger. Some think orchard fruit injurious, which is generally the case when eaten immoderately all day, without reducing more substantial food. Hence it is not the fruit but the heaping of all things together which does harm, but in none of them all is there less harm than in the fruit. But it is not fitting to eat of it oftener than other kinds of food, and when eaten, it is necessary to subtract some of the more substantial food. But venery is useful neither in summer nor in autumn; it is more tolerable nevertheless in autumn, in summer it is to be abstained from entirely, if that possibly be done.
Tempus quoque anni considerare oportet. Hieme plus esse conuenit, minus sed meracius bibere; multo pane uti, carne potius elixa, modice holeribus; semel ⟨die⟩ cibum capere, nisi si nimis uenter adstrictus est. Si prandet aliquis, utilius est exiguum aliquid, et ipsum siccum sine carne, sine potione sumere. Eo tempore anni calidis omnibus potius utendum est uel calorem mouentibus. Venus tum non aeque perniciosa est. At uere paulum cibo demendum, adiciendum potioni, sed dilutius tamen bibendum est; magis carne utendum, magis holeribus; transeundum paulatim ad assa ab elixis. Venus eo tempore anni tutissima est. Aestate uero et potione et cibo saepius corpus eget; ideo prandere quoque commodum est. Ei tempori aptissima sunt et caro et holus, potio quam dilutissima, ut et sitim tollat nec corpus incendat; frigida lauatio, caro assa, frigidi cibi uel qui refrigerent. Vt saepius autem cibo utendum, sic exiguo est. Per autumnum propter caeli uarietatem periculum maximum est. Itaque neque sine ueste neque sine calciamentis prodire oportet, praecipueque diebus frigidioribus, neque sub diuo nocte dormire, aut certe bene operiri. Cibo uero iam paulo pleniore uti licet, minus sed meracius bibere. Poma nocere quidam putant, quae inmodice toto die plerumque sic adsumuntur, ne quid ex densiore cibo remittatur. Ita non haec sed consummatio omnium nocet; ex quibus in nullo tamen minus quam in his noxae est. Sed his uti non saepius quam alio cibo conuenit. Denique aliquid densiori cibo, cum hic accedit, necessarium est demi. Neque aestate uero neque autumno utilis uenus est, tolerabilior tamen per autumnum: aestate in totum, si fieri potest, abstinendum est.
4. 4 I have next to speak of those who have some parts of the body weak. He whose head is infirm ought, after he has digested well, to rub it gently in the morning with his own hands; never if possible cover it with a wrap; have it shaved to the skin. It is well to avoid moonlight, and especially before the actual conjunction of the moon and sun, and to walk nowhere after dinner. If he has retained his hair, he should comb it every day, walk much, but, if possible, not under cover nor in the sun; everywhere, however, he should avoid the sun's blaze, especially after taking food and wine; undergo anointing rather than affusion, but that never before a flaming fire, on occasion before a brazier. If he goes owing to the bath he should first sweat for a while, in the tepidarium, wrapped up, and then undergo anointing there; next pass into the calidarium; after a further sweat he should not go down into the hot bath, but have himself sluiced freely from the head downwards, first with hot, next with tepid, then with cold water, which should be poured for longer on the head than upon other parts, after which it should be rubbed for a while, lastly wiped dry and anointed. Nothing is so beneficial to the head as cold water, and so he who has a weak head every day throughout the summer hold it for a while under the stream from a large conduit. But even if he undergoes anointing without going into the bath, and cannot bear cooling of the whole body, he should always nevertheless douche his head with cold water; but since he does not want the rest of his body wetted, he bends forward for the water not to run down his neck, and with his hands directs the flow to his face, that his eyes or other parts may not be irritated. He must take food in moderation and such as he can easily digest; and if fasting affects his head, he should take a meal at midday; if it does not so suffer, the single meal is preferable. It is more expedient for him to drink a light wine, well diluted, rather than water, in order that he may have something in reserve when his head begins to become heavier; and to him, on the whole, neither wine nor water is proper always; each constitutes a remedy when taken in its turn. To write, to read, to argue, is not beneficial to him, particularly after dinner; after which, indeed, even cogitation is not sufficiently safe; worst of all, however, is a vomit.
4. Proximum est, ut de iis dicam, qui PARTES aliquas corporis inbecillas habent. Cui caput infirmum est, is si bene concoxit, leniter ⟨per⟩fricare id mane manibus suis debet; numquam id, si fieri potest, ueste uelare; ad cutem tonderi. Vtileque lunam uitare, maximeque ante ipsum lunae solisque concursum; sed nusquam post cibum * *. Si cui capilli sunt, cottidie pectere, multum ambulare, sed, si licet, neque sub tecto neque in sole; ubique autem uitare solis ardorem, maximeque post cibum et uinum; potius ungui quam lauari, numquam ad flammam ungui, interdum ad prunam. Si in balineum uenit, sub ueste primum paulum in tepidario insudare, ibi ungui; tum transire in caldarium; ubi sudauit, in solium non descendere, sed multa calida aqua per caput se totum perfundere, tum tepida, deinde frigida. diutiusque ea caput quam ceteras partes perfundere; deinde id aliquamdiu perfricare, nouissime detergere et unguere. Capiti nihil aeque prodest ⟨atque⟩ aqua frigida: itaque is, cui hoc infirmum est, per aestatem id bene largo canali cotidie debet aliquamdiu subicere. Semper autem, etiamsi sine balineo unctus est neque totum corpus refrigerare sustinet, caput tamen aqua frigida perfundere: sed cum ceteras partes adtingi nolit, demittere id, ne ad ceruices aqua descendat; eamque, ne quid oculis aliisue partibus noceat, defluentem subinde manibus [ad os] regere⟨re⟩. Huic modicus cibus necessarius est, quem facile concoquat; isque, si ieiuno caput laeditur, adsumendus etiam medio die est; si non laeditur, semel potius. Bibere huic adsidue uinum dilutum leue quam aquam magis expedit, ut, cum caput grauius esse coeperit, sit quo confugiat. Eique ex toto neque uinum neque aqua semper utilia sunt: medicamentum utrumque est, cum in uicem adsumitur. Scribere, legere, uoce contendere huic opus non est, utique post cenam; post quam ne cogitatio quidem ei satis tuta est; maxime tamen uomitus alienus est.
5. 5 Nor indeed is it only those who are troubled by a weakness of the head that find the use of cold water beneficial, but also those who suffer with persistent running from the eyes, choked nostrils and running from the nose, and tonsillar maladies. In these cases, not only is the head to be douched every day, but also the face bathed with abundance of cold water; especially should this be carried out by all those benefited by it, whenever the south wind renders the weather more oppressive. And whereas after dinner either wrangling or mental worry is injurious to everybody, it is especially so to those who are disposed to pains in the head or windpipe, or to other forms of oral affections. Choked nostrils and running from the nose can be also avoided, or minimized, if one who is liable to these makes as little change as possible in respect to residence and water; if he protects the head, that it may not be scorched by the sun, or be chilled by a passing cloud; if the head be shaved after digestion and the stomach empty; if there be no reading or writing after a meal.
5. Neque uero iis solis, quos capitis inbecillitas torquet, usus aquae frigidae prodest, sed iis etiam, quos adsiduae lippitudines, grauidines, destillationes tonsillaeque male habent. His autem non caput tantum cottidie perfundendum est, sed os quoque multa frigida aqua fouendum est; praecipueque omnibus, quibus hoc utile auxilium est, eo utendum est, ubi grauius caelum austri reddiderunt. Cumque omnibus inutilis sit post cibum aut contentio aut agitatio animi, tum iis praecipue, qui uel capitis uel arteriae dolores habere consuerunt, uel quoslibet alios oris adfectus. Vitari etiam grauedines destillationesque possunt, si quam minime qui his oportunus est loca aquasque mutet; si caput in sole protegit, ne incendatur, neu subito ex repentino nubilo frigus id moueat; si post concoctionem ieiunus caput radit; si post cibum neque legit neque scribit.
6. 6 But one who is often troubled by an urgent motion should exercise his upper parts at handball and the like; walk on an empty stomach, avoid the sun and continual bathing; undergo anointing even without sweating, not make use of multifarious foods, least of all stews or pulse or greens, and of those things which pass through quickly; in a word, to avoid all things which are digested slowly. Especially advantageous are: venison and hard fish and meat of domestic animals roasted. It is never expedient to drink wine treated with sea-water, nor indeed thin or sweet wine, but that which is dry and fuller-bodied, and not too old. If one desires to use honeyed wine, it should be made from boiled honey. Cold drinks are to be used whenever possible, so long as they do not disturb the bowels. When anything in the dinner is felt to disagree, he should provoke a vomit, repeating it the next day; on the third day should be eaten a small quantity of bread soaked in wine with the addition of grapes preserved in a jar or in must which has been boiled down and such like; then he should return to his accustomed habit; but he must always rest after the meal, there must be no tension of mind, no moving about in a walk however short.
6. Quem uero frequenter cita aluus exercet, huic opus est pila similibusque superiores partes exercere; dum ieiunus est, ambulare; uitare solem, continua balinea; ungi citra sudorem; non uti cibis uariis, minimeque iurulentis, aut leguminibus holeribusque, iisque, quae celeriter descendunt; omnia denique fugere, quae tarde concocuntur. Venatio durique pisces et ex domesticis animalibus assa caro maxime iuuant. Numquam uinum salsum bibere expedit, ne tenue quidem aut dulce, sed austerum et plenius, neque id ipsum peruetus. Si mulso uti uolet, id ex decocto melle faciendum est. Si frigidae potiones uentrem eius non turbant, his utendum potissimum est. Si quid offensae in cena sensit, uomere debet, idque postero quoque die facere; tertio modici ponderis panem ex uino esse, adiecta uua ex olla uel ex defruto similibusque aliis; deinde ad consuetudinem redire. Semper autem post cibum conquiescere, ac neque intendere animum, neque ambulatione quamuis leui dimoueri.
7. 7 When the more lax intestine, which they name colon, tends to be painful, and when it is nothing more than an inflation of a sort, the aim should be to promote digestion; to practise reading aloud and other exercises; to use a hot bath, also hot food and drink, and in short, to avoid all manner of cold, all sweets and pulse, and whatever else tends to flatulence.
7. At si laxius intestinum dolere consueuit, quod colum nominant, cum id nihil nisi genus inflationis sit, id agendum est, ut concoquat aliquis; ut lectione aliisque generibus exerceatur; utatur balineo calido, cibis quoque et potionibus calidis, denique omni modo frigus uitet, item dulcia omnia leguminaque et quicquid inflare consueuit.
8. 8 But if anyone suffers from his stomach, he should read out loud, and after the reading take a walk, then exercise himself at handball and at drill or at anything else which brings the upper part of the body into play; on an empty stomach he should not drink water but hot wine; if he digests readily he should take two meals a day; drink light and dry wine, and after a meal drinks should preferably be cold. Weakness of the stomach is indicated by pallor, wasting, pain over the heart, nausea, and involuntary vomiting, headache when the stomach is empty; where these symptoms are absent, the stomach is sound. Nor must one absolutely trust those of our patients who when very unwell have conceived a longing for wine or cold water, and in backing up their desires, lay the blame on their perfectly innocent stomach. But those who digest slowly, and whose parts below the ribs on that account become inflated, or who on account of heat of some kind become thirsty at night, may drink before going to bed three or four cupfuls of wine through a fine reed. Also, to counter slow digestion, it is well to read aloud, next to take a walk, then to be either anointed or laved, taking care to drink wine cold, a large drink after dinner, but as I have said through a tube, ending all by drinking cold water. He whose food tends to turn sour should beforehand take a draught of tepid water and vomit; but if as a consequence he has frequent motions, he should, whenever possible after each stool, take a draught of cold water.
8. Si quis uero stomacho laborat, legere clare debet et post lectionem ambulare; tum pila et armis alioue quo genere, quo superior pars mouetur, exerceri; non aquam sed uinum calidum bibere ieiunus; cibum bis die adsumere, sic tamen ut facile concoquat; uti uino tenui et austero, et si post cibum, frigidis potius potionibus. Stomachum autem infirmum indicant pallor, macies, praecordiorum dolor, nausea, et nolentium uomitus, ieiuno dolor capitis; quae in quo non sunt, is firmi stomachi est. Neque credendum utique nostris est, qui cum in aduersa ualetudine uinum aut frigidam aquam concupiuerunt, deliciarum patrocinium in accusatione[m] non merentis stomachi habent. At qui tarde concocunt, et quorum ideo praecordia inflantur, quiue propter ardorem aliquem noctu sitire consuerunt, ante quam conquiescant duos tresue cyathos per tenuem fistulam bibant. Prodest etiam aduersus tardam concoctionem clare legere, deinde ambulare, tum uel ungui uel lauari; adsidue uinum frigidum bibere, et post cibum magnam potionem, sed, ut supra dixi, per siphonem; deinde omnes potiones aqua frigida includere. Cui uero cibus acescit, is ante eum bibere aquam egelidam debet et uomere: at si cui ex hoc frequens deiectio incidit, quotiens aluus ei constiterit, frigida potione potissimum utatur.
9. 9 When sinews tend to become painful, as is common in foot or hand ache, the affected part should be exercised as far as possible, even exposing it to work or to cold, unless when pain is increasing. Rest in the open air is best. Venery is always inimical; an in all other bodily affections, digestion is a necessity, for indigestion is most harmful, and whenever the body is attacked, the faulty part feels it most. But just as digestion has to do with all sorts of troubles, so has cold with some, heat with others; each person should be guided by his own bodily habit. Cold is inimical to the aged, and to the thin; to wounds, to the parts below the ribs, intestines, bladder, ears, hips, bladebones, genitals, bones, teeth, sinews, womb, brain. It renders the skin pale, dry, hard, black; from it are developed shiverings and tremors. But cold is beneficial to the young and to stout people; in cold weather, with due precautions, the mind is more vigorous and the digestion better. Cold water affusion is of service, not only to the head, but also to the stomach, and to painful joints not accompanied by ulcerations, also for those who are too rubicund, when pain is absent. But heat benefits all that cold harms, such as dimness of eyesight when there is neither pain nor lacrimation, also contracted sinews, and particularly those ulcerations which are due to cold. It gives the surface of the body a good colour; it promotes diuresis. If excessive it weakens the body, mollifies sinews, relaxes the stomach. Yet cold and heat are both least safe when applied suddenly to persons unaccustomed to them; for cold gives rise to pain in the side and other diseases, cold water excites swelling in the neck. Heat hinders concoction, prevents sleep, exhausts by sweating, renders liable the body to pestilential illnesses.
9. Si cui uero dolere nerui solent, quod in podagra cheragraue esse consueuit, huic, quantum fieri potest, exercendum id est, quod adfectum est, obiciendumque labori et frigori, nisi cum dolor increuit. Sub diuo quies optima est. Venus semper inimica est; concoctio, sicut in omnibus corporis adfectibus, necessaria: cruditas enim id maxime laedit, et quotiens offensum corpus est, uitiosa pars maxime sentit. Vt concoctio autem omnibus uitiis occurrit, sic rursus aliis frigus, aliis calor; quae sequi quisque pro habitu corporis sui debet. Frigus inimicum est seni, tenui, uulneri, praecordiis, intestinis, uesicae, auribus, coxis, scapulis, naturalibus, ossibus, dentibus, neruis, uuluae, cerebro. Idem summam cutem facit pallidam, aridam, duram, nigram; ex hoc horrores tremoresque nascuntur. At prodest iuuenibus et omnibus plenis; erectiorque mens est, et melius concoquitur, ubi frigus quidem est sed cauetur. Aqua uero frigida infusa, praeterquam capiti, etiam stomacho prodest, etiam articulis doloribusque, qui sunt sine ulceribus, item rubicundis nimis hominibus, si dolore uacant. Calor autem adiuuat omnia, quae frigus infestat, item lippientis, si nec dolor nec lacrimae sunt, neruos quoque, qui contrahuntur, praecipueque ea ulcera, quae ex frigore sunt. Idem corporis colorem bonum facit, urinam mouet. Si nimius est, corpus effeminat, neruos emollit, stomachum soluit. Minime uero frigus et calor tuta sunt, ubi subita insuetis sunt: nam frigus lateris dolores aliaque uitia, frigida aqua strumas excitat. Calor concoctionem prohibet, somnum aufert, sudorem digerit, obnoxium morbis pestilentibus corpus efficit.
10. 10 There are also observances necessary for a healthy man to employ during a pestilence, although in spite of them he cannot be secure. At such a time, then, he will do well to go abroad, take a voyage; when this cannot be, to be carried in a litter, walk in the open before the heat of the day, gently, and to be anointed in like manner; further as stated above he should avoid fatigue, indigestion, cold, heat, venery, and keep all the more to rule, should he feel any bodily oppression. At such a time he should not get up early in the morning nor walk about barefoot, and least so after a meal or bath. Neither on an empty stomach nor after a meal should he provoke a vomit, or set up a motion; indeed if the bowels tend to be loose, they are to be restrained. The fuller his habit of body, the more abstinence; he should avoid the bath, sweating, a midday siesta, and in any case if food has been taken previously; at such times, however, it is better then to take only one meal a day, and that a moderate one, lest indigestion be provoked. He should drink, one day water, the next day wine; if he observes these rules, there should be the least possible alteration as to the rest of his accustomed dietary. Such then are the things to be done in pestilence of all sorts, and particularly in one brought by south winds. And the same precautions are needed by those who travel, when they have left home during an unhealthy season, or when entering an unhealthy district. Even when something prevents observance of other rules, yet he ought to keep up the alteration, mentioned above, from wine to water, and from water to wine.
10. Est etiam obseruatio necessaria, qua quis in PESTILENTIA utatur adhuc integer, cum tamen securus esse ⟨non⟩ possit. Tum igitur oportet peregrinari, nauigare, ubi id non licet, gestari, ambulare sub diu ante aestum leniter eodemque modo ungui; et, ut supra conprensum est, uitare fatigationem, cruditatem, frigus, calorem, libidinem, multoque magis ⟨se⟩ continere, si qua grauitas in corpore est. Tum neque mane surgendum neque pedibus nudis ambulandum est, minime post cibum aut balineum; neque ieiuno neque cenato uomendum est, neque mouenda aluus; atque etiam, si per se mota est, conprimenda est. Abstinendum potius, si plenius corpus est, itemque uitandum balneum, sudor, somnus meridianus, utique si cibus quoque antecessit; qui tamen semel die tum commodius adsumitur, insuper etiam modicus, ne cruditatem moueat. Alternis diebus in uicem modo aqua modo uinum bibendum est. Quibus seruatis ex reliqua uictus consuetudine quam minimum mutari debet. Cum uero haec in omni pestilentia facienda sint, tum in ea maxime, quam austri excitarint. Atque etiam peregrinantibus eadem necessaria sunt, ubi graui tempore anni discesserunt ex suis sedibus, uel ubi in graues regiones uenerunt. Ac si cetera res aliqua prohibebit, utique retineri debebit a uino ad aquam, ab hac ad uinum qui supra positus est transitus.