---
title: "Against Aristogeiton I · Κατὰ Ἀριστογείτονος α΄"
author: "Demosthenes"
translator: "James Herbert Vince"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
section: 1 of 2
url: https://scriptura.si/works/demosthenes-against-aristogeiton-1/1/
cite: "Demosthenes, tr. James Herbert Vince, Against Aristogeiton I · Κατὰ Ἀριστογείτονος α΄, section 1. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/demosthenes-against-aristogeiton-1/1/"
---

# Against Aristogeiton I · Κατὰ Ἀριστογείτονος α΄

*Demosthenes, tr. James Herbert Vince*

Against a professional informer who spoke in the assembly while in debt to the state.

> Greek: ed. Samuel Henry Butcher, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0014.tlg025, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: James Herbert Vince, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0014.tlg025.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 1. Sections 1–49

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/demosthenes-against-aristogeiton-1/1/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/demosthenes-against-aristogeiton-1/1/#p-N

[¶0] 1. Gentlemen of the jury, as I sat here for a long time and listened with you to the speech of Lycurgus for the prosecution, I thought it in general an excellent speech; but when I observed him unduly exerting himself, I was surprised that he should not realize that the strength of our case does not really depend on the arguments that he has used or that I am going to use, but on the disposition of each juryman either to be indignant at wickedness or to condone it.

> Greek: 1. πάλαι καθήμενος, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, καὶ κατηγοροῦντος ἀκούων, ὥσπερ ὑμεῖς, Λυκούργου, τὰ μὲν ἄλλα καλῶς αὐτὸν ἡγούμην λέγειν, ἓν δὲ τεθαύμακα ὁρῶν ὑπερδιατεινόμενον, εἰ ἀγνοεῖ τοῦθʼ ὅτι οὔτε παρὰ τοὺς ὑφʼ ἑαυτοῦ λόγους εἰρημένους οὔτε παρὰ τοὺς ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ μέλλοντας ῥηθήσεσθαι τὰ τουτουὶ τοῦ ἀγῶνός ἐστιν δίκαιʼ ἰσχυρά, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἂν ἕκαστος ὑμῶν ἔχῃ πρὸς τὸ δυσχεραίνειν ἢ προσίεσθαι πονηρίαν.

[¶1] 2. For myself, I admit it was our duty to undertake the prosecution and to deliver full speeches in accordance with custom and for your information; but I feel that the case has been already decided by each one of you in his inmost conscience, and that now, if the majority of you are men disposed to admire and protect rascals, all our declamation will be wasted, but if you are disposed to hate them, then this man, please God! shall pay the penalty.

> Greek: 2. καὶ ἔγωγʼ ὑπολαμβάνω τὴν μὲν κατηγορίαν καὶ τὸ τῶν λόγων πλῆθος ἔθους ἕνεκα καὶ τῆς ὑμετέρας ἀκροάσεως δεῖν ποιήσασθαι, κεκρίσθαι δὲ τοῦτο τὸ πρᾶγμα πάλαι ὑπὸ τῆς ἑκάστου φύσεως οἴκοθεν, καὶ νυνὶ εἰ μέν εἰσιν ὑμῶν οἱ πλείους οἷοι τοὺς πονηροὺς φιλεῖν καὶ σῴζειν, μάτην ἐρραψῳδηκότας ἡμᾶς ἔσεσθαι, εἰ δʼ οἷοι μισεῖν, δίκην, ἐὰν θεὸς θέλῃ, τοῦτον δώσειν.

[¶2] 3. Though much has been said, and all of it well said, I shall not scruple to put my own views before you, because the present suit seems to me quite different from all others. Just consider. To all our courts the juries come to learn from plaintiff and defendant the facts upon which they are to give their votes, and each litigant comes to prove that the legal right is strong on his side.

> Greek: 3. πολλῶν δὲ λόγων εἰρημένων καὶ πάντων καλῶς, οὐκ ὀκνήσω πρὸς ὑμᾶς εἰπεῖν ἅ γʼ ἐμοὶ φαίνεται. ἐμοὶ γὰρ οὐδʼ ὁτιοῦν ἐοικέναι δοκεῖ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὁ παρὼν ἀγών. σκοπεῖτε δʼ οὑτωσί. πρὸς ἅπαντʼ ἔρχονται τὰ δικαστήρια οἱ μὲν δικασταὶ παρὰ τοῦ κατηγόρου καὶ τοῦ φεύγοντος τὸ πρᾶγμα μαθησόμενοι περὶ οὗ δεήσει τὴν ψῆφον ἐνεγκεῖν αὐτούς, οἱ δʼ ἀντίδικοι μεθʼ ἑαυτοῦ δείξων ἑκάτερος ὄντα τὰ τῶν νόμων δίκαια.

[¶3] 4. But how stands it with the present trial? You who are to give the verdict have come here knowing better than we, the accusers, that this man, since he is a state-debtor and registered as such in the Acropolis, has no right to speak at all; so that each of you is in the position of an accuser, knowing the facts and not needing to be told them.

> Greek: 4. τὰ δὲ τούτου τοῦ ἀγῶνος πῶς ἔχει; οἱ μὲν δικάσοντες ὑμεῖς ἥκετε μᾶλλον ἡμῶν τῶν κατηγόρων εἰδότες καὶ ὀφείλοντα τῷ δημοσίῳ τοῦτον καὶ ἐγγεγραμμένον ἐν ἀκροπόλει καὶ οὐκ ἐξὸν αὐτῷ λέγειν· ὥσθʼ ἕκαστον ὑμῶν κατηγόρου τάξιν ἔχειν καὶ τὸ πρᾶγμʼ εἰδέναι, μὴ μαθεῖν δεῖσθαι.

[¶4] 5. But the defendant is here with nothing whatever to support his acquittal, with no sound plea based on the facts, with no past record of a decent life, with not a single point in his favour. He imagines that he may be saved by what would have frightened anyone else, though innocent; for he bases the hope of his acquittal on the enormity of his wickedness.

> Greek: 5. ὁ δὲ κρινόμενος τῶν μὲν εἰς σωτηρίαν φερόντων ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ὁτιοῦν πάρεστιν ἔχων, οὐ τοὺς ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῦ πράγματος λόγους δικαίους, οὐ τὸν ἑαυτοῦ βίον ἀνθρώπινον, οὐκ ἄλλʼ οὐδʼ ὁτιοῦν ἀγαθόν· διʼ ἃ δʼ ἂν καὶ μηδʼ ὁτιοῦν ἀδικῶν τις ἔδεισε, διὰ ταῦθʼ οὗτος οἴεται σωθήσεσθαι· ἐν γὰρ τῇ τῆς πονηρίας ὑπερβολῇ τὴν ἐλπίδα τῆς σωτηρίας ἔχει.

[¶5] 6. This being so, it seems to me that one would not be wrong in saying that, while Aristogeiton is on his trial, it is your character that is being tested, your reputation that is at stake. For if you make it quite clear that you are angry at such patent and gross offences and are determined to punish them, then it will be seen that you have come here to play your true part as judges and guardians of the law.

> Greek: 6. οὕτω δʼ ἐχόντων τούτων, δοκεῖ μοί τις οὐκ ἂν ἁμαρτεῖν εἰπὼν ὅτι νυνὶ κρίνεται μὲν Ἀριστογείτων, δοκιμάζεσθε δὲ καὶ κινδυνεύεθʼ ὑμεῖς περὶ δόξης. εἰ μὲν γὰρ ὀφθήσεσθʼ ἐπὶ τοῖς οὕτω φανεροῖς καὶ μεγάλοις ἀδικήμασιν ὀργιζόμενοι καὶ τιμωρούμενοι, δόξετε τοῦθʼ, ὅπερ ἐστέ, δικασταὶ καὶ φύλακες τῶν νόμων εἰσεληλυθέναι·

[¶6] 7. But if some other motive prevails, some motive which none would care to confess, but which your votes will betray, then I am afraid that to some you will appear to be playing the part of trainers of any citizen who has a taste for wickedness. For every bad man is in himself weak; he only becomes strong by your countenance and support. Whoever wins that support finds in it his advantage and his strength; to you who give that support, it is a source of shame.

> Greek: 7. εἰ δʼ ἕτερόν τι περιέσται τούτων, ὃ μηδεὶς μὲν ἂν αὐτὸς πεποιηκέναι φήσειεν, ἐν δὲ ταῖς ψήφοις εὑρεθήσεται, δέδοικα μὴ δόξητέ τισιν τὸν ἀεὶ βουλόμενον εἶναι πονηρὸν τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει παιδοτριβεῖν. ἀσθενὴς μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἅπας ὁ πονηρὸς καθʼ ἑαυτόν· ᾧ δʼ ἂν ὑμεῖς πρόσθησθε, οὗτος ἰσχυρὸς γίγνεται. ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο τῷ μὲν λαβόντι παρʼ ὑμῶν ἐργασία καὶ δυναστεία, ὑμῖν δὲ τοῖς δοῦσιν ὄνειδος.

[¶7] 8. But before I speak of the private affairs of the defendant, men of Athens, I should like you seriously but briefly to calculate how much shame and discredit is brought upon our city by these monsters, of whom the defendant is at once the midmost, the first, and the last.

> Greek: 8. βουλοίμην δʼ ἄν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πρὸ τοῦ περὶ τῶν ἰδίων ἐμὲ τῶν τουτουὶ λέγειν, σπουδάσαντας ὑμᾶς ἐξετάσαι διὰ βραχέων εἰς ὅσην αἰσχύνην καὶ ἀδοξίαν προῆχε τὴν πόλιν δημοσίᾳ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα θηρία, ὧν μέσος καὶ τελευταῖος καὶ πρῶτός ἐστιν οὗτος.

[¶8] 9. To mention only one matter; they mount the platform in the Assembly, where you look to your orators to explain their policy, not to flaunt their wickedness; they come equipped with a hardened front, a raucous voice, false charges, intimidation, shamelessness, and all such gifts as these, than which one could name no qualities more hostile to the spirit of debate nor, I think—so Heaven help me!—more discreditable. By these vile tricks they gain supremacy over all that is respectable in the State, over the laws, the committees, the course of public business, and the maintenance of order.

> Greek: 9. καὶ τὰ μὲν ἄλλʼ ἐάσω· ἀλλʼ εἰς τὰς ἐκκλησίας ἀναβαίνουσιν, ἐν αἷς ὑμεῖς γνώμης ἀπόδειξιν, οὐ πονηρίας τοῖς λέγουσι προτίθετε, τόλμαν καὶ κραυγὴν καὶ ψευδεῖς αἰτίας καὶ συκοφαντίαν καὶ ἀναισχυντίαν καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα συνεσκευασμένοι, ὧν οὐκ ἂν εὕροι τις ἐναντιώτερα τῷ βουλεύεσθαι, νομίζω δʼ οὐδʼ ἂν αἰσχίω. καὶ τούτοις τοῖς αἰσχροῖς ἁπάντων τῶν τῆς πόλεως καλῶν περίεισι, τῶν νόμων, τῶν προέδρων, τοῦ προγράμματος, τῆς εὐκοσμίας.

[¶9] 10. Now if that is what you want, if their practice accords with your ideas, we must just let them go their own way; but if you think that even at the eleventh hour you ought to put all this right, and reform what has been allowed to go too far, and has been disgracefully misdirected by these men, you must today avert your eyes from all such practices and give a righteous verdict.

> Greek: 10. εἰ μὲν οὖν ὑμεῖς ταῦτα βούλεσθε καὶ μετὰ τῆς ὑμετέρας γνώμης οὗτοι ταῦτα ποιοῦσιν, ὁδῷ βαδίζει καὶ ἐᾶν δεῖ· εἰ δʼ ἐπανορθώσασθαι ταῦτʼ ἔτι καὶ νῦν οἴεσθε χρῆναι, καὶ τὰ προειμένα πόρρω καὶ πολὺν ἤδη χρόνον αἰσχρῶς καὶ κακῶς ὑπὸ τούτων διακείμενα βελτίω ποιῆσαι, πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτʼ ἔθη παριδόντας ὑμᾶς τήμερον ὀρθῶς δεῖ δικάσαι, τὴν τὰ δίκαιʼ ἀγαπῶσαν Εὐνομίαν περὶ πλείστου ποιησαμένους, ἣ πάσας καὶ πόλεις καὶ χώρας σῴζει·

[¶10] 11. You must magnify the Goddess of Order who loves what is right and preserves every city and every land; and before you cast your votes, each juryman must reflect that he is being watched by hallowed and inexorable Justice, who, as Orpheus, that prophet of our most sacred mysteries, tells us, sits beside the throne of Zeus and oversees all the works of men. Each must keep watch and ward lest he shame that goddess, from whom everyone that is chosen by lot derives his name of juror, because he has this day received a sacred trust from the laws, from the constitution, from the fatherland,—the duty of guarding all that is fair and right and beneficial in our city.

> Greek: 11. καὶ τὴν ἀπαραίτητον καὶ σεμνὴν Δίκην, ἣν ὁ τὰς ἁγιωτάτας ἡμῖν τελετὰς καταδείξας Ὀρφεὺς παρὰ τὸν τοῦ Διὸς θρόνον φησὶ καθημένην πάντα τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐφορᾶν, εἰς αὑτὸν ἕκαστον νομίσαντα βλέπειν οὕτω ψηφίζεσθαι, φυλαττόμενον καὶ προορώμενον μὴ καταισχῦναι ταύτην, ἧς ἐπώνυμός ἐστιν ὑμῶν ἕκαστος ὁ ἀεὶ δικάζειν λαχών, πάντα τὰ ἐν τῇ πόλει καλὰ καὶ δίκαια καὶ συμφέροντα [φυλάττων καὶ] ταύτην τὴν ἡμέραν παρακαταθήκην ἔνορκον εἰληφὼς παρὰ τῶν νόμων καὶ τῆς πολιτείας καὶ τῆς πατρίδος.

[¶11] 12. For if you do not cherish that temper, if you come here and take seats with your usual easy good nature, I am afraid that the case may be reversed, and that we who seem to accuse Aristogeiton may be found to be accusing you; for the more convincingly we prove his guilt without arousing your interest, the greater will be your shame. But enough of that subject!

> Greek: 12. ὡς εἰ μὴ τοῦτον ἕξετε τὸν τρόπον, ἀλλʼ ἀπὸ τῆς συνήθους εὐηθείας εἰσεληλυθότες καθεδεῖσθε, φοβοῦμαι μὴ τὸ πρᾶγμʼ εἰς τοὐναντίον περιστῇ καὶ δοκοῦντες ἡμεῖς Ἀριστογείτονος κατηγορεῖν ὑμῶν κατηγοροῦντες φανῶμεν· ὅσῳ γὰρ ἂν μᾶλλον ἡμῶν δειξάντων τὴν τούτου πονηρίαν μηδὲν ὑμεῖς φροντίσητε, τοσούτῳ μείζων ἡ καθʼ ὑμῶν αἰσχύνη γενήσεται. καὶ περὶ μὲν τούτων ἱκανά.

[¶12] 13. Men of Athens, I shall certainly tell you the truth with the utmost frankness. When I saw you in the Assembly indicating and proposing me as the accuser of Aristogeiton, I was troubled, and I call Heaven to witness that I did not relish the task. For I was not unaware that he who plays such a part in your courts suffers for it in the end, not perhaps so as to feel it at once, but if he undertakes many such tasks and perseveres in them, his character will soon be recognized. I thought it, however, my duty to accede to your wishes.

> Greek: 13. πάνυ δʼ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, μετὰ πάσης οἰκειότητος ἐρῶ τἀληθῆ πρὸς ὑμᾶς. ἐγὼ γὰρ ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις ὁρῶν ὑμᾶς κατατάττοντάς με καὶ προχειριζομένους ἐπὶ τὴν τούτου κατηγορίαν, ἠχθόμην καὶ μὰ τὸν Δία καὶ πάντας θεοὺς οὐκ ἐβουλόμην. οὐ γὰρ ἠγνόουν ὅτι ὁ ποιήσας τι τοιοῦτον παρʼ ὑμῖν καὶ παθὼν ἀπέρχεται. εἰ δὲ μὴ τηλικοῦτον ὥστʼ εὐθὺς αἰσθέσθαι, ἀλλʼ ἐὰν πολλὰ τοιαῦτα ποιῇ καὶ μὴ παύηται, ταχὺ γνώσεται. ὅμως δʼ ἀναγκαῖον ἡγούμην εἶναι πείθεσθαι τοῖς ὑμετέροις βουλήμασιν.

[¶13] 14. Now as regards the laying of the injunction and the legal points, I considered that Lycurgus would deal adequately with them; and I also saw that he was producing witnesses to the wickedness of the defendant. But I resolved to devote my speech to those points which ought always to be considered and examined by those who are deliberating in the interests of the State and of the laws; and I will now proceed to deal with those points. But do you, men of Athens, in Heaven’s name grant me the privilege of addressing you on these topics in the way that suits my natural bent and the scheme of my speech, for indeed I could not speak in any other way.

> Greek: 14. τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τῆς ἐνδείξεως καὶ τῶν νόμων δίκαια αὐτόν, ὅπερ πεποίηκεν, Λυκοῦργον ἐρεῖν ἡγούμην, καὶ τοὺς μάρτυρας τῆς πονηρίας τῆς τούτου τοῦτον ἑώρων προσκαλούμενον· ἃ δὲ καὶ λογίζεσθαι τοὺς ὑπὲρ πόλεως καὶ νόμων βουλευομένους προσήκει καὶ σκοπεῖσθαι δεῖ, ταῦτα προῃρούμην εἰπεῖν, καὶ νῦν ἐπὶ ταῦτα πορεύσομαι. δότε δʼ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, δότε καὶ συγχωρήσατε μοι πρὸς Διός, ὡς πέφυκα καὶ προῄρημαι, περὶ τούτων διαλεχθῆναι πρὸς ὑμᾶς· καὶ γὰρ οὐδʼ ἂν ἄλλως δυναίμην.

[¶14] 15. The whole life of men, Athenians, whether they dwell in a large state or a small one, is governed by nature and by the laws. Of these, nature is something irregular and incalculable, and peculiar to each individual; but the laws are something universal, definite, and the same for all. Now nature, if it be evil, often chooses wrong, and that is why you will find men of an evil nature committing errors.

> Greek: 15. ἅπας ὁ τῶν ἀνθρώπων βίος, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, κἂν μεγάλην πόλιν οἰκῶσι κἂν μικράν, φύσει καὶ νόμοις διοικεῖται. τούτων δʼ ἡ μὲν φύσις ἐστὶν ἄτακτον καὶ κατʼ ἄνδρʼ ἴδιον τοῦ ἔχοντος, οἱ δὲ νόμοι κοινὸν καὶ τεταγμένον καὶ ταὐτὸ πᾶσιν. ἡ μὲν οὖν φύσις, ἂν ᾖ πονηρά, πολλάκις φαῦλα βούλεται· διόπερ τοὺς τοιούτους ἐξαμαρτάνοντας εὑρήσετε.

[¶15] 16. But the laws desire what is just and honorable and salutary; they seek for it, and when they find it, they set it forth as a general commandment, equal and identical for all. The law is that which all men ought to obey for many reasons, but above all because every law is an invention and gift of the gods, a tenet of wise men, a corrective of errors voluntary and involuntary, and a general covenant of the whole State, in accordance with which all men in that State ought to regulate their lives.

> Greek: 16. οἱ δὲ νόμοι τὸ δίκαιον καὶ τὸ καλὸν καὶ τὸ συμφέρον βούλονται, καὶ τοῦτο ζητοῦσιν, καὶ ἐπειδὰν εὑρεθῇ, κοινὸν τοῦτο πρόσταγμʼ ἀπεδείχθη, πᾶσιν ἴσον καὶ ὅμοιον, καὶ τοῦτʼ ἔστι νόμος. ᾧ πάντας πείθεσθαι προσήκει διὰ πολλά, καὶ μάλισθʼ ὅτι πᾶς ἐστι νόμος εὕρημα μὲν καὶ δῶρον θεῶν, δόγμα δʼ ἀνθρώπων φρονίμων, ἐπανόρθωμα δὲ τῶν ἑκουσίων καὶ ἀκουσίων ἁμαρτημάτων, πόλεως δὲ συνθήκη κοινή, καθʼ ἣν πᾶσι προσήκει ζῆν τοῖς ἐν τῇ πόλει.

[¶16] 17. But that Aristogeiton has been convicted on all the heads of the information, and that he has not a single counter-argument worth considering, can be easily proved. For there are two objects, men of Athens, for which all laws are framed—to deter any man from doing what is wrong, and, by punishing the transgressor, to make the rest better men; and it will be shown that both these objects will be secured by the punishment of the defendant. For by his original transgressions he has incurred the due penalties, and for his refusal to acquiesce in them he is now brought into court to receive your punishment; so that no one has any excuse left for acquitting him.

> Greek: 17. ἀλλὰ μὴν ὅτι νῦν Ἀριστογείτων τοῖς μὲν τῆς ἐνδείξεως δικαίοις ἅπασιν ἑάλωκεν, ἕτερος δʼ οὐδὲ εἷς ἔστιν ἀνεκτὸς αὐτῷ λόγος, περὶ τούτων ῥᾴδιον διδάξαι. δυοῖν γὰρ ὄντοιν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ὧν ἕνεκα πάντες τίθενται οἱ νόμοι, τοῦ τε μηδένα μηδὲν ὃ μὴ δίκαιόν ἐστι ποιεῖν, καὶ τοῦ τοὺς παραβαίνοντας ταῦτα κολαζομένους βελτίους τοὺς ἄλλους ποιεῖν, ἀμφοτέροις τούτοις οὗτος ἔνοχος ὢν φανήσεται. ἐπὶ μὲν γὰρ οἷς ἐξ ἀρχῆς παρέβη τοὺς νόμους, τὰ ὀφλήματʼ αὐτῷ γέγονεν· ἐπὶ δʼ οἷς οὐκ ἐμμένει τούτοις, νῦν ἐπὶ τὴν παρʼ ὑμῶν ἄγεται τιμωρίαν, ὥστε μηδεμίαν καταλείπεσθαι πρόφασιν διʼ ἣν ἄν τις αὐτὸν ἀφείη.

[¶17] 18. Nor is it possible to say, “After all, these things do no harm to the State.” I will not dwell on the fact that all the fines due to the State are lost, if you admit his sophistries, or that if we must forgive any of our debtors, it ought to be the most decent and respectable and those who have been fined on the least serious charges, not the greatest villain of all, who has committed most offences and incurred the most deserved fines on the most serious charges.

> Greek: 18. οὐδὲ γὰρ αὖ τοῦτʼ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν, ὡς ἄρʼ ἐκ τούτων οὐδὲν ἡ πόλις βλάπτεται. ἐγὼ γάρ, ὅτι μὲν πάντʼ ἀπόλλυται τὰ τῆς πόλεως ὀφλήματα, εἰ τὰ τούτου σοφίσματα προσδέξεσθε, καὶ ὅτι, εἰ ἄρα δεῖ τινας ἐκ τῶν ὀφειλόντων ἀφιέναι, τοὺς ἐπιεικεστάτους καὶ βελτίστους καὶ τοὺς ἐπὶ τοῖς ἥκιστα δεινοῖς ὠφληκότας, τούτους ἀφιέναι δεῖ, οὐχὶ τὸν πονηρότατον καὶ πλεῖσθʼ ἡμαρτηκότα καὶ δικαιότατʼ ὠφληκότα καὶ ἐπὶ δεινοτάτοις (τί γὰρ ἂν γένοιτο συκοφαντίας καὶ παρανομίας δεινότερον, ἐφʼ οἷς ἀμφοτέροις οὗτος ὤφληκεν;)

[¶18] 19. For what could be more serious than chicanery and breach of the constitution, for both of which the defendant has been condemned? Nor will I urge that even if you let off all other offenders, it is surely wrong to give way to one who resorts to force, for that is surely an outrage. I waive such considerations as these; but I do think that I can clearly prove to you that the defendant’s example confounds and destroys all order in law and in government.

> Greek: 19. καὶ ὅτι οὐδʼ εἰ πᾶσι τοῖς ἄλλοις [ἀφίετε], οὐχὶ τῷ βιαζομένῳ δήπου συγχωρῆσαι προσήκει (ὕβρις γὰρ δὴ τοῦτό γε), καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτʼ ἐάσω· ἀλλʼ ὅτι καὶ πᾶς ὁ τῆς πόλεως καὶ τῶν νόμων κόσμος, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, συνταράττεται καὶ διαφθείρεται ⟨τὸ⟩ κατὰ τοῦτον, καὶ τοῦτʼ οἶμαι σαφῶς ὑμῖν ἐπιδείξειν.

[¶19] 20. I shall say nothing novel or extravagant or peculiar, but only what you all know to be true as well as I do. For if any of you cares to inquire what is the motive-power that calls together the Council, draws the people into the Assembly, fills the law-courts, makes the old officials resign readily to the new, and enables the whole life of the State to be carried on and preserved, he will find that it is the laws and the obedience that all men yield to the laws; since, if once they were done away with and every man were given licence to do as he liked, not only does the constitution vanish, but our life would not differ from that of the beasts of the field.

> Greek: 20. λέξω δʼ οὔτε καινὸν οὔτε περιττὸν οὐδὲν οὔτʼ ἴδιον, ἀλλʼ ὃ πάντες ὑμεῖς ἴσθʼ ὁμοίως ἐμοί. εἰ γάρ τις ὑμῶν ἐξετάσαι βούλεται τί ποτʼ ἐστὶ τὸ αἴτιον καὶ τὸ ποιοῦν τὴν βουλὴν συλλέγεσθαι, τὸν δῆμον εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ἀναβαίνειν, τὰ δικαστήρια πληροῦσθαι, τὰς ἕνας ἀρχὰς ταῖς νέαις ἑκούσας ὑπεξιέναι, καὶ πάντα διʼ ὧν ἡ πόλις οἰκεῖται καὶ σῴζεται γίγνεσθαι, τοὺς νόμους εὑρήσει [τούτων αἰτίους] καὶ τὸ τούτοις ἅπαντας πείθεσθαι, ἐπεὶ λυθέντων γε τούτων, καὶ ἑκάστῳ δοθείσης ἐξουσίας ὅ τι βούλεται ποιεῖν, οὐ μόνον ἡ πολιτεία οἴχεται, ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ὁ βίος ἡμῶν τοῦ τῶν θηρίων οὐδὲν ἂν διενέγκαι.

[¶20] 21. You see what the defendant is, when the laws are in force: what do you think he would do, if the laws were done away with? Since then it is admitted that, next after the gods, the laws preserve the State, it is the duty of all of you to act just as if you were sitting here making up a contribution to your club. If a man obeys the laws, respect and commend him for paying his contribution in full to the welfare of his fatherland; if he disobeys them, punish him.

> Greek: 21. τί γὰρ ἂν τοῦτον αὐτὸν οἴεσθε ποιεῖν λυθέντων τῶν νόμων, ὃς ὄντων κυρίων τοιοῦτός ἐστιν; ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν οἱ νόμοι μετὰ τοὺς θεοὺς ὁμολογοῦνται σῴζειν τὴν πόλιν, δεῖ πάντας ὑμᾶς τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ καθῆσθʼ ἐράνου πληρωταί, τὸν μὲν πειθόμενον τούτοις ὡς φέροντα τὴν τῆς σωτηρίας φορὰν πλήρη τῇ πατρίδι τιμᾶν καὶ ἐπαινεῖν, τὸν δʼ ἀπειθοῦντα κολάζειν.

[¶21] 22. For everything done at the bidding of the laws is a contribution made to the State and the community. Whoever leaves it unpaid, men of Athens, is depriving you of many great, honorable, and glorious benefits, which he is destroying to the best of his ability.

> Greek: 22. ἔρανος γάρ ἐστιν πολιτικὸς καὶ κοινὸς πάνθʼ ὅσα, ταξάντων τῶν νόμων, ἕκαστος ἡμῶν ποιεῖ. ὃν ὁ λείπων, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πολλὰ καὶ καλὰ καὶ σεμνὰ καὶ μεγάλʼ ὑμῶν ἀφαιρεῖται καὶ διαφθείρει τὸ καθʼ αὑτόν.

[¶22] 23. One or two of these benefits I will name for the sake of example, choosing the best known. The Council of the Five Hundred, thanks to this barrier, frail as it is, is master of its own secrets, and no private citizen can enter it. The Council of the Areopagus, when it sits roped off in the King’s Portico, enjoys complete freedom from disturbance, and all men hold aloof.

> Greek: 23. ὧν ἓν ἢ δύʼ ἐρῶ παραδείγματος ἕνεκα, τὰ γνωριμώτατα. τὸ τὴν βουλὴν τοὺς πεντακοσίους ἀπὸ τῆς [ἀσθενοῦς] τοιαυτησὶ κιγκλίδος τῶν ἀπορρήτων κυρίαν εἶναι, καὶ μὴ τοὺς ἰδιώτας ἐπεισιέναι· τὸ τὴν ἐξ Ἀρείου πάγου βουλήν, ὅταν ἐν τῇ βασιλείῳ στοᾷ καθεζομένη περισχοινίσηται, κατὰ πολλὴν ἡσυχίαν ἐφʼ ἑαυτῆς εἶναι, καὶ ἅπαντας ἐκποδὼν ἀποχωρεῖν· τὸ τὰς ἀρχὰς ἁπάσας, ὅσας οἱ λαχόντες ἄρχουσιν ὑμῶν, ἅμα τῷ τὸν ὑπηρέτην εἰπεῖν μετάστητʼ ἔξω τῶν νόμων κρατεῖν ἐφʼ οἷς εἰσεπέμφθησαν, καὶ μηδὲ τοὺς ἀσελγεστάτους βιάζεσθαι· ἄλλα μυρία.

[¶23] 24. All the magistrates who are chosen from you by lot, as soon as the attendant cries “Strangers must withdraw,” control the laws which they were appointed to administer and cannot be disturbed by the most unruly. There are thousands of other benefits. All the noble and reverend qualities that adorn and preserve our city,—sobriety, orderliness, the respect of your younger men for parents and elders—hold their own, backed by the laws, against the base qualities of indecency, audacity, and shamelessness. For vice is vigorous, daring, and grasping; on the other hand probity is peaceful, retiring, inactive, and terribly liable to come off second-best. Therefore those of you who sit upon juries ought to protect and strengthen the laws, for with the help of the laws the good overcome the bad.

> Greek: 24. πάντα γὰρ τὰ σεμνὰ καὶ καλὰ καὶ διʼ ὧν ἡ πόλις κοσμεῖται καὶ σῴζεται, ἡ σωφροσύνη, ἡ πρὸς τοὺς γονέας καὶ τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους ὑμῶν παρὰ τῶν νέων αἰσχύνη, ἡ εὐταξία, τῇ τῶν νόμων προσθήκῃ τῶν αἰσχρῶν περίεστιν, τῆς ἀναισχυντίας, τῆς θρασύτητος, τῆς ἀναιδείας. ἰταμὸν γὰρ ἡ πονηρία καὶ τολμηρὸν καὶ πλεονεκτικόν, καὶ τοὐναντίον ἡ καλοκαγαθία ἡσύχιον καὶ ὀκνηρὸν καὶ βραδὺ καὶ δεινὸν ἐλαττωθῆναι. τοὺς νόμους οὖν δεῖ τηρεῖν καὶ τούτους ἰσχυροὺς ποιεῖν τοὺς ἀεὶ δικάζοντας ὑμῶν· μετὰ γὰρ τούτων οἱ χρηστοὶ τῶν πονηρῶν περίεισιν.

[¶24] 25. If not, all is dissolved, broken up, confounded, and the city becomes the prey of the most profligate and shameless. For tell me this, in Heaven’s name; if everyone in the city copied the audacity and shamelessness of Aristogeiton and argued in the same way as he, that in a democracy a man has an unlimited right to say and do whatever he likes, as long as he does not care what reputation such conduct will bring him, and that no one will put him to death at once for any of his misdoings;

> Greek: 25. εἰ δὲ μή, λέλυται πάντα, ἀνέῳκται, συγκέχυται, τῶν πονηροτάτων καὶ ἀναιδεστάτων ἡ πόλις γίγνεται. φέρε γὰρ πρὸς θεῶν, εἰ ἕκαστος τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει τὴν Ἀριστογείτονος τόλμαν καὶ ἀναισχυντίαν λαβών, καὶ διαλογισάμενος ταῦθʼ ἅπερ οὗτος, ὅτι ἔξεστι καὶ λέγειν καὶ ποιεῖν μέχρι παντὸς ὅ τι ἂν βούληταί τις ἐν δημοκρατίᾳ, ἄνπερ τοῦ ποῖός τις εἶναι δόξει [ὁ] ταῦτα ποιῶν ὀλιγωρήσῃ, καὶ οὐδεὶς ἐπʼ οὐδενὶ τῶν ἀδικημάτων εὐθὺς αὐτὸν ἀποκτενεῖ·

[¶25] 26. if, acting on this principle, the citizen rejected at the ballot or at the election should put himself on an equality with the chosen citizen; if, in a word, neither young nor old should do his duty, but each man, banishing all discipline from life, should regard his own wish as law, as authority, as all in all—if, I say, we should act like this, could the government continue to be carried on? What? Would the laws be any longer valid? What violence, insolence and lawlessness there would be throughout the city every day! What scurrility instead of our present decency of language and behavior!

> Greek: 26. εἰ ταῦτα διανοηθεὶς ὁ μὴ λαχὼν τῷ λαχόντι καὶ ὁ μὴ χειροτονηθεὶς τῷ χειροτονηθέντι ἐξ ἴσου ζητοίη εἶναι καὶ τῶν αὐτῶν μετέχειν, καὶ ὅλως μὴ νέος, μὴ πρεσβύτερος τὰ προσήκοντα πράττοι, ἀλλὰ πᾶν τὸ τεταγμένον ἐξελάσας ἕκαστος ἐκ τοῦ βίου, τὴν ἑαυτοῦ βούλησιν νόμον, ἀρχήν, πάνθʼ ὑπολαμβάνοι· εἰ ταῦτα ποιοῖμεν, ἔστι τὴν πόλιν οἰκεῖσθαι; τί δέ; τοὺς νόμους κυρίους εἶναι; πόσην δʼ ἂν οἴεσθε βίαν καὶ ὕβριν καὶ παρανομίαν ἐν ἁπάσῃ τῇ πόλει καθʼ ἑκάστην τὴν ἡμέραν γίγνεσθαι καὶ βλασφημίαν ἀντὶ τῆς νῦν εὐφημίας καὶ τάξεως;

[¶26] 27. Why need one repeat that order is everywhere maintained by the laws and by obedience to the laws? You yourselves have the sole right of judging our case, though every Athenian was in the ballot and all, I am sure, wanted to be allotted to this court. Why is this? Because by lot you were chosen and then assigned to this case. Those are the instructions of the law. And then will you, who owe your presence here to the laws, allow a man, who flouts the laws by word and deed, to escape from your grasp? Will none of you show anger or bitterness at this shameless ruffian’s defiance of the laws?

> Greek: 27. καὶ τί δεῖ λέγειν ὅτι τοῖς νόμοις ἅπαντα κοσμεῖται καὶ τῷ τούτοις πείθεσθαι; ἀλλʼ ὑμεῖς αὐτοὶ πάντων ἄρτι κληρουμένων Ἀθηναίων, καὶ πάντων εὖ οἶδʼ ὅτι βουλομένων εἰς τοῦτο λαχεῖν τὸ δικαστήριον, μόνοι δικάζεθʼ ἡμῖν. διὰ τί; ὅτι ἐλάχετε, εἶτʼ ἀπεκληρώθητε· ταῦτα δʼ οἱ νόμοι λέγουσιν. εἶθʼ ὑμεῖς αὐτοὶ κατὰ τοὺς νόμους εἰσεληλυθότες τὸν παρὰ τοὺς νόμους λέγειν ἢ πράττειν τι βιαζόμενον λαβόντες ἀφήσετε; καὶ οὐδεὶς ὑμῶν χολὴν οὐδʼ ὀργὴν ἔχων φανήσεται ἐφʼ οἷς ὁ βδελυρὸς καὶ ἀναιδὴς ἄνθρωπος βιάζεται τοὺς νόμους;

[¶27] 28. Vilest of all living men! Shut out from your right of speech, not by barriers or doors which any man might break open, but by so many heavy penalties, which are registered in the temple of the Goddess, you are trying to force your way in and to approach those precincts from which the laws exclude you. Debarred by every right that holds good in Athens, by the decisions of three tribunals, by the registers of the archons and of the collectors of taxes, by the indictment for wrongful entry in which you yourself are the plaintiff, curbed, I might almost say, by chains of steel, you wriggle and force your way through all and imagine that by weaving excuses and trumping up false charges you can overturn all the principles of justice.

> Greek: 28. ὅς, ὦ μιαρώτατε πάντων τῶν ὄντων ἀνθρώπων, κεκλειμένης σου τῆς παρρησίας οὐ κιγκλίσιν οὐδὲ θύραις, ἃ καὶ παρανοίξειεν ἄν τις, ἀλλὰ τοσούτοις καὶ τηλικούτοις ὀφλήμασιν, καὶ τούτων παρὰ τῇ θεῷ κειμένων, εἰς τὸ ἐντὸς τούτων βιάζει καὶ προσέρχει πρὸς ταῦτʼ ἀφʼ ὧν ἀπελαύνουσίν σʼ οἱ νόμοι· ἀπεσχοινισμένος πᾶσι τοῖς ἐν τῇ πόλει δικαίοις, γνώσει δικαστηρίων τριῶν, ἐγγραφῇ θεσμοθετῶν, ἑτέρᾳ πρακτόρων, τῇ τῆς βουλεύσεως, ἣν αὐτὸς διώκεις, γραφῇ, μόνον οὐχ ἁλύσει σιδηρᾷ, ὑποδύει παρὰ ταῦτα καὶ διασπᾷς, καὶ προφάσεις πλάττων καὶ ψευδεῖς αἰτίας συντιθεὶς τὰ κοινὰ δίκαιʼ ἀνατρέψειν οἴει.

[¶28] 29. I will, however, by a clear and forcible example show the jury that they ought not to overlook such conduct; no, not in a single particular. Imagine for a moment that someone proposed that speakers in the Assembly should be confined to the youngest citizens, or to the richest, or to those who had performed a public service, or to some similar category. I am sure you would have him put to death for trying to overthrow the democracy. And indeed you would be justified.

> Greek: 29. καὶ μὴν μέγα καὶ σαφὲς ὑμῖν ἐρῶ παράδειγμα, ὅτι ταῦτʼ οὐδὲ καθʼ ἓν προσήκει παριδεῖν. εἰ γάρ τις αὐτίκα δὴ μάλʼ εἴποι ὡς ἐκ τῶν νεωτάτων ἢ τῶν πλουσιωτάτων ἢ τῶν λελῃτουργηκότων ἢ τῶν τοιούτων τι μερῶν ἀφορίσας, τοὺς λέγοντας εἶναι δεῖ, ἀποκτείναιτʼ ἂν αὐτὸν εὖ οἶδʼ ὅτι, ὡς καταλύοντα τὸν δῆμον, καὶ δικαίως ἂν τοῦτο ποιήσαιτε.

[¶29] 30. Yet any one of these proposals is less dangerous than if it were proposed that speakers should belong to one of the classes to which the defendant belongs—law-breakers, jail-birds, sons of criminals put to death by the people, citizens disqualified after obtaining office by lot, public debtors, men totally disfranchised, or men who by repute and in fact are utter rascals. All these descriptions fit the defendant and apply to those who resemble him in disposition. I think, men of Athens, that he deserves death both for what he is doing now and much more, or at least no less, for what he obviously will do, if he gets the power and opportunity from you; which Heaven forfend!

> Greek: 30. καὶ μὴν ὅ τι βούλεσθε τούτων ἧττόν ἐστι δεινὸν ἢ εἴ τις ἐξ ὧν οὗτός ἐστι μερῶν εἴποι τοῖς βιαζομένοις ἐξεῖναι λέγειν, ἢ τοῖς ἐκ τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου, ἢ τοῖς ὧν ἀπέκτεινεν ὁ δῆμος τοὺς πατέρας, ἢ τοῖς ἀποδεδοκιμασμένοις ἄρχειν λαχοῦσιν, ἢ τοῖς ὀφείλουσι τῷ δημοσίῳ, ἢ τοῖς καθάπαξ ἀτίμοις, ἢ τοῖς πονηροτάτοις καὶ δοκοῦσι καὶ οὖσι· πάντα γὰρ ταῦθʼ ὑπάρχει τούτῳ, καὶ πρόσεστι τοῖς οἷος οὗτός ἐστι τὴν φύσιν. ἐγὼ γάρ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, νομίζω μὲν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐφʼ οἷς νυνὶ ποιεῖ δικαίως ἂν ἀποθανεῖν, πολὺ μέντοι μᾶλλον, ἢ οὐδέν γʼ ἧττον, ἐφʼ οἷς δῆλός ἐστι ποιήσων, εἰ τὴν παρʼ ὑμῶν ἐξουσίαν λήψεται καὶ καιρόν· ὃ μὴ γένοιτο.

[¶30] 31. It is also strange if anyone of you is ignorant that for nothing that is honorable or useful or worthy of our city is he of any use. May Zeus and all the gods grant that Athens may never be so short of real men that any honorable task should have to be performed by an Aristogeiton! We ought to pray Heaven that the occasion may never arise for which such a monster could be found useful. But should it possibly arise, it would be a greater blessing for the city that those who wish for its fall should lack the instrument of their designs than that this fellow should be released and ready to their hand.

> Greek: 31. ὃ καὶ θαυμαστόν ἐστιν, εἴ τις ὑμῶν ἀγνοεῖ ὅτι ἐπὶ μὲν καλὸν ἢ χρηστὸν ἢ τῆς πόλεως ἄξιον πρᾶγμʼ οὐδὲν οὗτός ἐστι χρήσιμος (μὴ γάρ, ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ θεοί, τοσαύτη σπάνις ἀνδρῶν γένοιτο τῇ πόλει ὥστε παρʼ Ἀριστογείτονος τῶν καλῶν τι ποιήσασθαι)· ἐφʼ ἃ δʼ ἂν καὶ χρήσαιτό τις τοιούτῳ θηρίῳ, ἀπεύχεσθαι τοῖς θεοῖς μὴ γενέσθαι δεῖ. εἰ δʼ ἄρα συμβαίη, μεῖζόν ἐστιν εὐτύχημα τῇ πόλει ἀπορῆσαι τοὺς βουλομένους ἐξαμαρτεῖν διʼ οὗ τοῦτο ποιήσουσιν, ἢ τοῦτον ἀφειμένον αὐτοῖς ἕτοιμον ὑπάρξαι.

[¶31] 32. For what fatal or dangerous act will he shrink from, men of Athens,—this polluted wretch, infected with hereditary hatred of democracy? What other man would sooner overthrow the State, if only—which Heaven forbid!—he should gain the power? Do you not see that his character and his policy are not guided by reason or by self-respect, but by recklessness? Or rather, his policy is sheer recklessness. Now that is the very worst quality for its possessor, terribly dangerous for everyone else, and for the State intolerable. For the reckless man has lost all control of himself, all hope of rational safety, and can only be saved, if at all, by some unexpected and incalculable accident.

> Greek: 32. τί γὰρ οὗτος ὀκνήσειεν ἄν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τῶν ἀνηκέστων ἢ δεινῶν, ἄνθρωπος μιαρὸς καὶ πατρικῆς ἔχθρας πρὸς τὸν δῆμον ἀνάμεστος; τίς δʼ ἂν ἄλλος μᾶλλον, ὃ μὴ γένοιτο, ἀνατρέψειεν τὴν πόλιν, εἰ λάβοιτʼ ἐξουσίας; οὐχ ὁρᾶθʼ ὅτι τῆς φύσεως αὐτοῦ καὶ πολιτείας οὐ λογισμὸς οὐδʼ αἰδὼς οὐδεμία, ἀλλʼ ἀπόνοιʼ ἡγεῖται, μᾶλλον δʼ ὅλον ἔστʼ ἀπόνοιʼ ἡ τούτου πολιτεία; ἣ μέγιστον μέν ἐστιν αὐτῷ τῷ ἔχοντι κακόν, δεινὸν δὲ καὶ χαλεπὸν πᾶσι, πόλει δʼ οὐκ ἀνεκτόν. ὁ γὰρ ἀπονενοημένος ἅπας ἑαυτὸν μὲν προεῖται καὶ τὴν ἐκ λογισμοῦ σωτηρίαν, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ παραδόξου καὶ παραλόγου, ἐὰν ἄρα σωθῇ, σῴζεται.

[¶32] 33. Who, then, that is wise would bind up his own or his country’s interests with this failing? Who would not shun it as far as possible, and keep its possessor at arm’s length, that he may not be involved in it even against his will? Patriotic statesmen, Athenians, ought to seek out some adviser who will contribute, not recklessness, but intelligence, sound judgement, and ample forethought; for these qualities conduct all men to happiness; the other leads to that goal for which Aristogeiton is bound.

> Greek: 33. τίς ἂν οὖν εὖ φρονῶν αὑτὸν ἂν ἢ τὰ τῇ πατρίδι συμφέροντα ταύτῃ συνάψειεν; τίς οὐκ ἂν εἰς ὅσον δυνατὸν φεύγοι, καὶ τὸν ἔχοντα ταύτην ἐκποδὼν ποιήσαιτο, ἵνα μηδʼ ἄκων αὐτῇ ποτε περιπέσῃ; οὐκ ἀπονοίας, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοὺς ὑπὲρ πατρίδος βουλευομένους δεῖ ζητεῖν ὅτῳ κοινωνήσουσιν, ἀλλὰ νοῦ καὶ φρενῶν ἀγαθῶν καὶ προνοίας πολλῆς. ταῦτα μὲν γὰρ εἰς εὐδαιμονίαν ἄγει πάντας ἀνθρώπους, ἐκείνη δʼ οἷ τοῦτον ἀπελθεῖν δεῖ.

[¶33] 34. In considering this question, look not at my speech, but at the general character of mankind. All our cities contain shrines and temples of all the gods, and among them is one of Athena, Our Lady of Forethought, worshipped as a beneficent and powerful goddess, and close to the temple of Apollo at Delphi, immediately as you enter the precincts, she has a large and beautiful temple. Apollo, a god and prophet both, knows what is best. But there is no temple of Recklessness or of Shamelessness.

> Greek: 34. θεωρεῖτε δὲ μὴ πρὸς τὸν ἐμὸν λόγον, ἀλλʼ εἰς ἅπαντα τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἔθη βλέποντες. εἰσὶ ταῖς πόλεσι πάσαις βωμοὶ καὶ νεῲ πάντων τῶν θεῶν, ἐν δὲ τούτοις καὶ Προνοίας Ἀθηνᾶς ὡς ἀγαθῆς καὶ μεγάλης θεοῦ, καὶ παρὰ τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι ἐν Δελφοῖς κάλλιστος καὶ μέγιστος νεὼς εὐθὺς εἰσιόντι εἰς τὸ ἱερόν, ὃς ὢν θεὸς καὶ μάντις οἶδε τὸ βέλτιστον· ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἀπονοίας οὐδʼ ἀναιδείας.

[¶34] 35. Of Justice too and Order and Modesty all men have shrines, some, the fairest and holiest, in the very heart and soul of each man, and others built for the common worship of all. But none is raised to Shamelessness or Chicanery or Perjury or Ingratitude—all qualities of the defendant.

> Greek: 35. καὶ δίκης γε καὶ εὐνομίας καὶ αἰδοῦς εἰσι πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις βωμοί, οἱ μὲν κάλλιστοι καὶ ἁγιώτατοι ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ψυχῇ ἑκάστου καὶ τῇ φύσει, οἱ δὲ καὶ κοινῇ τοῖς πᾶσι τιμᾶν ἱδρυμένοι· ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἀναισχυντίας οὐδὲ συκοφαντίας οὐδʼ ἐπιορκίας οὐδʼ ἀχαριστίας, ἃ πάντα τούτῳ πρόσεστιν.

[¶35] 36. Now I know that he will avoid the straight and honest path of defence, and will take a devious course, abusing, slandering, and threatening to prosecute, arrest, imprison, and the like. But he will find all this futile, if you duly attend to the case; for which of these tricks has not been exposed over and over again?

> Greek: 36. οἶδα τοίνυν ὅτι τὴν μὲν ὀρθὴν καὶ δικαίαν ὁδὸν τῆς ἀπολογίας οὗτος φεύξεται, ἔξωθεν δὲ κύκλῳ περίεισιν λοιδορούμενος καὶ διαβάλλων καὶ ὑπισχνούμενος κρινεῖν, εἰσάξειν, παραδώσειν. ἔστιν δὲ πάντʼ αὐτῷ ταῦτα, ἐάνπερ ὑμεῖς ὀρθῶς σκοπῆτε, ἀδόκιμα. τί γὰρ οὐκ ἐξελήλεγκται τούτων ἐπὶ πάντων πολλάκις;

[¶36] 37. To pass over other occasions, seven times, Aristogeiton, have you indicted me, when you had taken the pay of Philip’s agents, and twice you accused me at my audit. As a mere mortal I pay my respects to Nemesis, and I am deeply grateful both to the gods and to all the citizens of Athens for their protection. But as for you, it was never once found that you had spoken the truth; you were always convicted of chicanery. If, then, these gentlemen make the laws invalid by acquitting you today, will you convict me now? On what charge?

> Greek: 37. καὶ τὰ μὲν ἄλλʼ ἐάσω· ἀλλʼ, Ἀριστογεῖτον, ἑπτὰ γραφὰς κέκρικάς με, τοῖς ὑπὲρ Φιλίππου τότε πράττουσιν σεαυτὸν μισθώσας, καὶ εὐθύνας διδόντος δὶς κατηγόρησας· καὶ Ἀδράστειαν μὲν ἄνθρωπος ὢν προσκυνῶ, καὶ ἔχω τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ πᾶσιν ὑμῖν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοῖς σώσασί με πολλὴν χάριν· οὐδεπώποτε δʼ οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς λέγων ἐφάνης, ἀλλʼ ἀεὶ συκοφαντῶν ἠλέγχου. ἐὰν οὖν ἀκύρους τοὺς νόμους οὗτοι ποιήσαντες ἀφῶσί σε τήμερον, νῦν μʼ ἐξελέγξεις; περὶ τοῦ;

[¶37] 38. I ask the jury to reflect. For two years he has been asserting his claim to address you, though it is illegal for him to do so; but he speaks all the same. All that time he saw the State injured by the wretched Phocides, by the coppersmith from Peiraeus, by the tanner, and by all the others whom he has accused in your courts; but had he no eyes for me, the orator with whom he was at open war, or for Lycurgus, or for the other orators about whom he will have so much to say presently? Yet either way he deserves death; in the one case, if he had a charge against us that he could prove, but passed it over to assail private citizens, or on the other hand, if he has no charge against us, but wants to deceive and hoodwink you by his statements.

> Greek: 38. σκοπεῖτε γὰρ οὑτωσί. δύʼ ἔτη βιάζεται λέγειν οὗτος οὐκ ἐξὸν αὐτῷ, ἀλλὰ λέγει γʼ ὅμως. ἔπειτʼ ἐν τούτοις τὸν μὲν ταλαίπωρον Φωκίδην καὶ τὸν χαλκοτύπον τὸν ἐκ Πειραιῶς καὶ τὸν σκυλόδεψον, καὶ ὅσων ἄλλων κατηγόρηκε παρʼ ὑμῖν, εἶδʼ ἀδικοῦντας τὴν πόλιν, ἐμὲ δʼ οὐχ ἑώρα τὸν ῥήτορʼ ᾧ ἐπολέμει, οὐδὲ τὸν Λυκοῦργον, οὐδὲ τοὺς ἄλλους, περὶ ὧν αὐτίκα δὴ τὰ πόλλʼ ἐρεῖ; καὶ μὴν κατʼ ἀμφότερʼ ἄξιός ἐστʼ ἀπολωλέναι, τοῦτο μέν, εἴ τι καθʼ ἡμῶν ἔχων ἀδίκημα δεικνύναι ἡμᾶς μὲν ἀφίει, ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς ἰδιώτας ἐπορεύετο, τοῦτο δέ, εἰ μηδὲν ἔχων ἕνεκα τοῦ παρακρούσασθαι καὶ φενακίσαι ὑμᾶς ταῦτʼ ἐρεῖ.

[¶38] 39. If there really is in our city a man whose disposition prompts him diligently to search for someone ready to accuse and blackmail others, but who does not trouble himself about the justice or injustice of the charges, he could not find an agent less fitted for his purpose than the defendant. And why? Because one who is prepared to accuse others and bring them all to trial, ought to be himself unimpeachable, so that his victims may not escape through his own wickedness. But no one in the city has a record of more numerous and more serious crimes than the defendant.

> Greek: 39. εἰ τοίνυν ἄρα καὶ τοιοῦτός τίς ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος ἐν τῇ πόλει, οἷος ἐκ παντὸς τρόπου τὸν κρινοῦντά τινα [καὶ συκοφαντήσοντα] ζητεῖν, εἰ δὲ δικαίως ἢ ἀδίκως μηδὲν φροντίζειν, οὐδένʼ ἂν ἧττον εὕροι χρήσιμον ὄντʼ ἢ τοῦτον ἑαυτῷ. διὰ τί; ὅτι τὸν κατηγορήσοντα τῶν ἄλλων καὶ πάντας κρινοῦντα αὐτὸν ἀνεξέλεγκτον ὑπάρχειν δεῖ, ἵνα μὴ διὰ τὴν τούτου πονηρίαν ἀποφεύγωσιν ἐκεῖνοι. τούτου δʼ οὔτε πλειόνων οὔτε μειζόνων ἁμαρτημάτων οὐδεὶς μᾶλλόν ἐστι μεστὸς ἐν τῇ πόλει.

[¶39] 40. Now what is the defendant? “He is the watch dog of the democracy,” cry his friends. Yes, but what sort of dog? One that never snaps at those whom he accuses of being wolves, but himself devours the sheep he pretends to guard. To which of the orators has he done so much harm as to the private citizens against whom he has been convicted of moving unlawful decrees? What statesman has he brought to trial, since he again took to public speaking? Not a single one-but plenty of private citizens. But they say that dogs who taste mutton ought to be cut to bits; so the sooner he is cut up the better.

> Greek: 40. τί οὖν οὗτός ἐστι; κύων νὴ Δία, φασί τινες, τοῦ δήμου. ποδαπός; οἷος οὓς μὲν αἰτιᾶται λύκους εἶναι μὴ δάκνειν, ἃ δέ φησι φυλάττειν πρόβατʼ αὐτὸς κατεσθίειν. τίνα γὰρ τῶν ῥητόρων οὗτος εἴργασταί τι κακὸν τοσοῦτον ἡλίκον τοὺς ἰδιώτας, περὶ ὧν ψηφίσματα γράψας ἑάλω; τίνα δʼ, ἐξ οὗ νῦν πάλιν λέγει, κέκρικεν ῥήτορα; οὐδʼ ἕνα· ἀλλʼ ἰδιώτας πολλούς. ἀλλὰ μὴν τοὺς γευομένους κύνας τῶν προβάτων κατακόπτειν φασὶ δεῖν, ὥστʼ οὐκ ἂν φθάνοι κατακοπτόμενος.

[¶40] 41. Men of Athens, he serves no purpose that he claims to serve, but he has turned his attention to an abominable and disgusting trick. In the Assembly he recklessly abuses and attacks all alike, and for all the misrepresentations that he thus foists upon you collectively, he gets his remuneration from each of you separately, when he descends from the platform, by threatening prosecution and by demanding and extorting money. Not from the orators, you may be sure: they know how to throw mud back at him: but from the inexperienced private citizens, as those know who have felt his blows.

> Greek: 41. οὐδέν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, χρήσιμός ἐστιν ὧν φησίν, ἀλλʼ οὗτος πρᾶγμʼ ἑόρακεν μιαρὸν καὶ ἀναιδές. λοιδορούμενος γὰρ ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις καὶ προπετῶς ἅπασι προσκρούων, ὧν ἂν ἐκ τούτων ἁθρόους πάντας ὑμᾶς ἐκεῖ παρακρούσηται, τούτων καταβὰς καθʼ ἕνʼ ὑμῶν παρʼ ἑκάστου δίκην λαμβάνει, συκοφαντῶν, αἰτῶν, εἰσπράττων ἀργύριον, οὐχὶ μὰ Δία τοὺς λέγοντας (οὗτοι μὲν γὰρ ἐπίστανται τούτῳ διαβαπτίζεσθαι), ἀλλὰ τοὺς ἰδιώτας καὶ τοὺς ἀπείρους· ἴσασι δʼ οἱ πεπληγμένοι.

[¶41] 42. But perhaps, while admitting the truth of this, you will say that you consider him a useful servant of the State, so that we must overlook all this and spare him. Men of Athens, when you have had practical experience of something, you should never take a merely theoretical view of it. This man had no dealings with you in the five years when he was deprived of the right to address you. Well, who in all that time regretted him? What neglect of the city’s interests has anyone observed in consequence of his absence, or what improvement now that he is allowed to speak? On the contrary, it seems to me that as long as he did not come before you, the city had respite from the troubles that he caused to everyone, but since he started his harangues again, Athens is in a state of siege from the factious and unruly speeches that he delivers at every meeting of the Assembly.

> Greek: 42. ἀλλὰ νὴ Δία ταῦτα μὲν οὕτως ἔχειν ὁμολογήσετε, χρήσιμον δʼ ἄνθρωπον τῇ πόλει κρίνειν, ὥστε πάντα ταῦτα παριδόντας δεῖν αὐτὸν σῴζειν. ἀλλʼ ὧν ἔργῳ πεῖραν εἰλήφατʼ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, μηδέποτʼ ἐκ λόγου ταῦτα σκοπεῖσθε. οὗτος ὑμῖν οὐχὶ προσῆλθε πέντʼ ἐτῶν, ὧν ἐτιμήθη μὴ λέγειν αὐτῷ. τίς οὖν ἐν τούτῳ τῷ χρόνῳ τοῦτον ἐπόθησεν; τί τῶν τῆς πόλεως ἐλλειφθὲν διὰ τὴν ἀπουσίαν εἶδε τὴν τούτου; τί δέ, ἀφʼ οὗ νῦν λέγει, βέλτιον γεγονός; ἐμοὶ μὲν γὰρ δοκεῖ τοὐναντίον, ὃν μὲν οὐ προσῄει χρόνον ὑμῖν, ἀναπαύσασθαι τῶν κακῶν ἡ πόλις ὧν ἅπασιν οὗτος παρεῖχεν, ἀφʼ οὗ δὲ πάλιν δημηγορεῖ, πολιορκεῖσθαι, λόγους στασιώδεις καὶ ταραχώδεις ἐν ἁπάσαις ἀεὶ ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις λέγοντος τούτου.

[¶42] 43. I will now trench upon a dangerous topic and offer some remarks to those who, for these reasons, admire him. How such persons ought to be regarded, you shall judge for yourselves; I will say nothing myself, except that they are not wise in taking his part. Now of you who are here in court, I assume that this does not apply to any: it is only fair, men of Athens, and honorable and proper that I should both say and think that of you.

> Greek: 43. βούλομαι τοίνυν καὶ παρακινδυνευτικοῦ τινος ἅψασθαι λόγου καὶ διαλεχθῆναι τοῖς διὰ ταῦτα φιλοῦσιν αὐτόν· οὓς ὁποίους μέν τινας χρὴ νομίζειν, αὐτοὶ σκοπεῖσθε, ἐγὼ δʼ οὐδὲν ἂν εἴποιμι, πλὴν ὅτι γʼ οὐ σωφρονοῦσι προσνέμοντες αὑτοὺς τούτῳ. τῶν μὲν οὖν ἐν τῷ δικαστηρίῳ νῦν ὄντων ὑμῶν οὐδένʼ εἶναι τοιοῦτον τίθεμαι· καὶ γὰρ δίκαιον, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, καὶ καλὸν καὶ συμφέρον οὕτω καὶ λέγειν ἐμὲ καὶ φρονεῖν περὶ ὑμῶν.

[¶43] 44. But of the rest of our citizens—to confine the reproach to as few as possible—his pupil, or, if you like, his teacher, Philocrates of Eleusis, is the only one whom I account as such, not as if there were not more (for I would that no one else found satisfaction in Aristogeiton), but I have no right publicly to bring a charge against other citizens which I shrink from bringing against you. Moreover the argument, though it applies to one man alone, will have the same force.

> Greek: 44. ἐκ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων πολιτῶν, ἵνʼ ὡς εἰς ἐλαχίστους τὴν βλασφημίαν ἀγάγω, τὸν μαθητήν, εἰ δὲ βούλεσθε, τὸν διδάσκαλον αὐτοῦ, Φιλοκράτην τὸν Ἐλευσίνιον, μόνον εἶναι τοιοῦτον τίθεμαι, οὐχ ὡς οὐχὶ πλειόνων ὄντων (ὤφελε γὰρ μηδεὶς ἄλλος Ἀριστογείτονι χαίρειν), ἀλλʼ ὃ καθʼ ὑμῶν ὡς ὄνειδος ὀκνῶ λέγειν, οὐδὲ τῶν ἄλλων πολιτῶν δίκαιός εἰμι δημοσίᾳ κατηγορεῖν· εἶτα καὶ ταὐτὸ ποιήσει καὶ πρὸς ἕνα ῥηθεὶς ὁ λόγος.

[¶44] 45. I will not discuss too minutely what character we must assign to an admirer of Aristogeiton, for fear lest I should be committed to a long tirade of vituperation. But one thing I will say. If Aristogeiton is in plain language a rascally and malicious blackmailer, the sort of man in fact that he professes to be, then you have my hearty consent, Philocrates, to support one who so closely resembles you; because, if every one else does his duty and upholds the law, I do not think that your attitude will produce any effect.

> Greek: 45. τὸ μὲν οὖν ἐξετάζειν ἀκριβῶς οἷον ἀνάγκη τὴν φύσιν εἶναι τὸν Ἀριστογείτονι χαίροντα, ἐάσω, ἵνα μὴ πολλὰ καὶ βλάσφημʼ ἀναγκάζωμαι λέγειν καὶ διεξιέναι· ἀλλʼ ἐκεῖνο λέγω. εἰ πονηρός ἐστιν Ἀριστογείτων ἁπλῶς καὶ πικρὸς καὶ συκοφάντης καὶ τοιοῦτος οἷος ὑπισχνεῖται, δίδωμι, συγχωρῶ, Φιλόκρατες, σοὶ τῷ τοιούτῳ τὸν ὅμοιον σῴζειν· τῶν γὰρ ἄλλων ἁπάντων καὶ φρονούντων ἃ δεῖ καὶ φυλαττόντων τοὺς νόμους, οὐδὲν ἂν παρὰ τοῦτʼ οἶμαι γενέσθαι.

[¶45] 46. But if he is a jobber and pedlar and retail-dealer in wickedness, if he has all but sold by scale and balance every action of his whole life, why, you silly fellow, do you egg him on? Surely a cook has no use for a knife that does not cut, and in the same way a man who wants by his own efforts to cause trouble and annoyance to everybody has no use for a blackmailer who is ready to sell such services.

> Greek: 46. εἰ δὲ κάπηλός ἐστι πονηρίας καὶ παλιγκάπηλος καὶ μεταβολεύς, καὶ μόνον οὐ ζυγὰ καὶ στάθμʼ ἔχων πάνθʼ ὅσα πώποτʼ ἔπραξεν ἐπώλει, τί τοῦτον, ὦ μάταιʼ, ἀκονᾷς; οὔτε γὰρ μαγείρῳ μαχαίρας οὐδέν ἐστʼ ὄφελος δήπουθεν ἥτις μὴ τέμνει, οὔτε τῷ βουλομένῳ διʼ αὑτοῦ πᾶσι πράγματα καὶ κακὰ γίγνεσθαι ὁ ταῦτʼ ἀποδωσόμενος συκοφάντης οὐδέν ἐστι χρήσιμος.

[¶46] 47. That, I may tell you, is the sort of man the defendant is, though you now it already. You remember how he sold the impeachment of Hegemon. You know how he threw up his brief against Demades. At the trial of Agathon, the olive-merchant, a day or two ago, he bellowed and ranted and cried “Ha-ha!” and threw the Assembly into confusion, saying it was a case for the rack; and after pocketing some trifle or other, though he was present at his acquittal, he kept his mouth shut. He held the threat of impeachment over Democles’ head, and what did he make of it? There are thousands of other cases. I should find it a task to mention them all, but you, who were his jackal, must have notes of them.

> Greek: 47. ἀλλὰ μὴν ὅτι τοιοῦτος οὗτός ἐστιν εἰδότι σοι φράσω. τὴν καθʼ Ἡγήμονος εἰσαγγελίαν μέμνησαι ὡς ἀπέδοτο· τὰς κατὰ Δημάδου γραφὰς οἶσθʼ ὡς ἐξέλιπεν. τὸν ἐλαιοπώλην Ἀγάθωνα (ταυτὶ γὰρ τὰ πρώην) βοῶν καὶ κεκραγὼς καὶ ἰοὺ ἰού, πάντʼ ἄνω τε καὶ κάτω ποιῶν ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις ὡς δέον στρεβλοῦν, λαβὼν ὁτιδήποτε, παρὼν ὅτʼ ἀφίετο, ἄφωνος ἐγένετο. τὴν κατὰ Δημοκλέους εἰσαγγελίαν ἀνασείσας ποῖ ἔτρεψεν; ἄλλα μυρία, ὧν ἐμοὶ μὲν ἔργον ἁπάντων μνησθῆναι, σὺ δʼ εὖ οἶδʼ ὅτι καὶ τὰ ἀντίγραφʼ αὐτῶν ἔχεις, ἐργολαβῶν αὐτῷ.

[¶47] 48. Then what man, be he good or bad, wants to spare such a fellow? Why spare one who is the betrayer of those who resemble him, and the foe, by instinct and by inheritance, of good men; unless one thinks that the State should preserve, as a farmer might do, the seed and stock of the blackmailer and rascal? But that would be a disgrace, men of Athens; yes, by Heaven! and I account it an impiety too. I cannot believe that your ancestors built you these law-courts as a hotbed for rogues of this sort, but rather to enable you to check and chastise them, until no man shall admire or covet vice.

> Greek: 48. τίς οὖν ὁ τὸν τοιοῦτον σώσων ἢ πονηρὸς ἢ χρηστός; ἢ διὰ τί; τῶν μὲν γὰρ ὁμοίων προδότης, τῶν δὲ χρηστῶν ἐχθρὸς ἐκ φύσεως καὶ γένους· πλὴν εἰ συκοφάντου τις καὶ πονηροῦ σπέρμα καὶ ῥίζαν, ὡσπερανεὶ γεωργός, οἴεται δεῖν ὑπάρχειν τῇ πόλει. τοῦτο δʼ οὐ καλόν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, νομίζω δὲ μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς οὐδʼ ὅσιον· οὐδὲ γὰρ τοὺς προγόνους ὑπολαμβάνω τὰ δικαστήρια ταῦθʼ ὑμῖν οἰκοδομῆσαι, ἵνα τοὺς τοιούτους ἐν αὐτοῖς μοσχεύητε, ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον ἵνʼ ἀνείργητε καὶ κολάζητε καὶ μηδεὶς ζηλοῖ μηδʼ ἐπιθυμῇ κακίας.

[¶48] 49. Depravity may prove a difficult thing to check. When Aristogeiton, for acknowledged misdeeds, is only now on his trial and has not been put to death long ago, what is one to do or say? His wickedness has reached such a pitch that after information had been laid against him, he did not cease to bluster and blackmail and threaten; and because the generals, to whom you have entrusted the most important interests, refused to give him money, he said that they did not deserve to be appointed inspectors of latrines.

> Greek: 49. δυσκατάπαυστον δέ τι κινδυνεύει πρᾶγμʼ εἶναι πονηρία. ὅπου γὰρ Ἀριστογείτων ἐπὶ τοῖς ὡμολογημένοις ἀδικήμασι κρίνεται καὶ οὐκ ἀπόλωλε πάλαι, τί χρὴ ποιεῖν ἢ λέγειν; ὃς εἰς τοῦθʼ ἥκει πονηρίας ὥστʼ ἐνδεδειγμένος ἤδη βοῶν, συκοφαντῶν, ἀπειλῶν οὐκ ἐπαύετο, οἷς μὲν ὑμεῖς τὰ μέγιστʼ ἐνεχειρίζετε στρατηγοῖς, ὅτι αὐτῷ ἀργύριον αἰτοῦντι οὐκ ἔδοσαν, οὐδὲ τῶν κοπρώνων ἂν ἐπιστάτας ἑλέσθαι φάσκων, οὐκ ἐκείνους ὑβρίζων, οὔ (ἐκείνοις μὲν γὰρ ἐξῆν μικρὸν ἀργύριον δοῦσι τούτῳ μὴ ἀκούειν ταῦτα), ἀλλὰ τὴν ὑμετέραν χειροτονίαν προπηλακίζων καὶ τῆς αὑτοῦ πονηρίας ἐπίδειξιν ποιούμενος, τὰς δὲ κληρωτὰς ἀρχὰς σπαράττων, αἰτῶν, εἰσπράττων ἀργύριον, τί κακὸν οὐ παρέχων;