54. The Law “When there has been a prior judgement audit or adjudication about any matter in a court of law, whether in a public or a private suit, or where the State has been vendor, none of the magistrates may bring the matter into court or put any question to the vote, nor shall they permit any accusation forbidden by law.”
54. ΝΟΜΟΣ. ὅσων δίκη πρότερον ἐγένετο ἢ εὔθυνα ἢ διαδικασία περί του ἐν δικαστηρίῳ, ἢ ἰδίᾳ ἢ δημοσίᾳ, ἢ τὸ δημόσιον ἀπέδοτο, μὴ εἰσάγειν περὶ τούτων εἰς τὸ δικαστήριον μηδʼ ἐπιψηφίζειν τῶν ἀρχόντων μηδένα, μηδὲ κατηγορεῖν ἐώντων ἃ οὐκ ἐῶσιν οἱ νόμοι.
55. Why, it looks as though Timocrates were compiling evidence of his own transgressions; for at the very outset of his law he makes a proposal exactly contrary to these provisions. The legislator does not permit any question once decided by judgement of the court to be put a second time; the law of Timocrates reads that, if any penalty has been inflicted on a man in pursuance of a law or a decree, the Assembly must reconsider the matter for him, in order that the decision of the court may be overruled, and sureties put in by the person amerced. The statute forbids any magistrate even to put the question contrary to these provisions; Timocrates proposes that, if sureties are nominated, the Commissioners shall be obliged to submit their names, and adds the phrase, “whenever any debtor wishes.”— Read another statute.
55. Τιμοκράτης τοίνυν, ὥσπερ μαρτυρίαν ὧν ἀδικεῖ γράφων, εὐθὺς ἀρχόμενος τοῦ νόμου τἀναντίʼ ἔθηκε τούτοις. ὁ μέν γʼ οὐκ ἐᾷ περὶ ὧν ἂν ἅπαξ γνῷ δικαστήριον πάλιν χρηματίζειν· ὁ δʼ ἔγραψεν, καὶ εἴ τινι προστετίμηται κατὰ νόμον ἢ κατὰ ψήφισμα, τὸν δῆμον τούτῳ χρηματίζειν, ὅπως ἃ μὲν ἔγνω τὸ δικαστήριον λυθήσεται, καταστήσει δʼ ἐγγυητὰς ὁ ὀφλών. καὶ ὁ μὲν νόμος μηδʼ ἐπιψηφίζειν φησὶ τῶν ἀρχόντων παρὰ ταῦτα μηδένα· ὁ δʼ ἔγραψε τοῖς προέδροις ἐπάναγκες, ἐάν τις καθιστῇ, προσάγειν, καὶ προσέγραψεν ὁπότʼ ἄν τις βούληται.
56. The Law “Judgements and awards given under the law while the government was democratic shall be valid.” No, says Timocrates; they shall not be valid, at least when the penalty of imprisonment has been imposed.—Proceed. Law “But acts done and judgements delivered during the time of the Thirty Tyrants, whether in private or public suits, shall be invalid.”
56. λέγʼ ἄλλον νόμον. ΝΟΜΟΣ. τὰς δίκας καὶ τὰς διαίτας, ὅσαι ἐγένοντο ἐπὶ τοῖς νόμοις ἐν δημοκρατουμένῃ τῇ πόλει, κυρίας εἶναι. οὔ φησι Τιμοκράτης, οὔκουν ὁπόσοις γʼ ἂν δεσμοῦ προστιμηθῇ. λέγε. ΝΟΜΟΣ. ὁπόσα δʼ ἐπὶ τῶν τριάκοντα ἐπράχθη ἢ δίκη ἐδικάσθη, ἢ ἰδίᾳ ἢ δημοσίᾳ, ἄκυρα εἶναι.
57. Stop. Tell me; hearing that, what would all of you name as the most terrible misfortune? Against what would you pray most earnestly? I suppose that your prayer would be that the state of things under the Thirty Tyrants should never recur. Anyhow, that, as I understand it, is the misfortune against which this statute provides, by ordaining that the acts of that time shall be invalid. Well, the defendant condemns as illegal acts done under popular government, exactly as you condemned the acts of the tyranny; or at least he makes them equally invalid.
57. ἐπίσχες. εἰπέ μοι, τί δεινότατον πάντες ἂν ἀκούσαντες φήσαιτε, καὶ τί μάλιστʼ ἂν ἀπεύξαισθε; οὐχὶ ταῦτα τὰ πράγμαθʼ ἅπερ ἦν ἐπὶ τῶν τριάκοντα μὴ γενέσθαι; ἔγωγʼ οἶμαι. ὁ γοῦν νόμος οὑτοσί, εὐλαβούμενος, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ, τὸ τοιοῦτον ἀπεῖπε τὰ πραχθέντʼ ἐπʼ ἐκείνων μὴ κύριʼ εἶναι. οὑτοσὶ τοίνυν τὴν αὐτὴν κατέγνω παρανομίαν τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς δημοκρατίας πεπραγμένων ἥνπερ τῶν ἐπʼ ἐκείνων ὑμεῖς· ὁμοίως γοῦν ἄκυρα ποιεῖ.
58. Then what are we to say for ourselves, men of Athens, if we allow this law to be confirmed? That our tribunals, composed under popular government of men who have taken the judicial oath, are guilty of the same iniquities as the tribunals of the Thirty Tyrants? Preposterous! That they give righteous judgements? Then what reason can we allege for enacting a law to reverse those judgements? Unless indeed we plead that we were out of our minds. We have no other excuse to offer.— Read another statute.
58. καίτοι τί φήσομεν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοῦτον κύριον τὸν νόμον ἐάσαντες γενέσθαι; πότερον τὰ δικαστήρια, ἃ δημοκρατουμένης τῆς πόλεως ἐκ τῶν ὀμωμοκότων πληροῦται, ταὔτʼ ἀδικήματα τοῖς ἐπὶ τῶν τριάκοντʼ ἀδικεῖν; καὶ πῶς οὐ δεινόν; ἀλλὰ δικαίως ἐψηφίσθαι; τίνος οὖν εἵνεκα τὸν λύσοντα ταῦτα νόμον θέσθαι φήσομεν; πλὴν εἰ τοῦτό τις εἴποι, μανέντες· ἄλλο γὰρ οὐκ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν.
59. The Law “Nor shall it be lawful to propose a law applying to a particular man, unless the same be applicable to all Athenian citizens, except by the votes of not less than six thousand citizens voting in the affirmative by ballot.” It forbids the introduction of any law that does not affect all citizens alike,—an injunction conceived in the true spirit of democracy. As every man has an equal share in the constitution generally, so this statute asserts his equal share in the laws. You know as well as I do for whose sake Timocrates introduced his law; but, leaving those names out of the question, we have his own admission that his law is not of universal application, for he added a clause excepting from its operation tax-farmers, lessees, and their sureties.—When, sir, there are certain persons whom you have put outside your law, you cannot claim that you have made the same law for all alike.
59. λέγʼ ἄλλον νόμον. ΝΟΜΟΣ. μηδὲ νόμον ἐξεῖναι ἐπʼ ἀνδρὶ θεῖναι, ἐὰν μὴ τὸν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ πᾶσιν Ἀθηναίοις [τιθῇ] ⟨ἐὰν μὴ⟩ ψηφισαμένων μὴ ἔλαττον ἑξακισχιλίων οἷς ἂν δόξῃ κρύβδην ψηφιζομένοις. οὐκ ἐᾷ νόμον ἀλλʼ ἢ τὸν αὐτὸν τιθέναι κατὰ τῶν πολιτῶν πάντων, καλῶς καὶ δημοτικῶς λέγων. ὥσπερ γὰρ τῆς ἄλλης πολιτείας ἴσον μέτεστιν ἑκάστῳ, οὕτω καὶ τούτων ἴσον μετέχειν ἕκαστον ἀξιοῖ. διʼ οὓς μὲν τοίνυν οὗτος εἰσέφερεν, ὑμεῖς οὐδὲν ἐμοῦ χεῖρον γιγνώσκετε· ἄνευ δὲ τούτων αὐτὸς ὡμολόγησεν μὴ ἐπὶ πᾶσι τὸν αὐτὸν τεθηκέναι, πλὴν περὶ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ τῶν μισθουμένων καὶ τῶν τούτων ἐγγυητῶν χρῆσθαι προσγράψας τῷ νόμῳ. οὐκοῦν ὁπότʼ εἰσίν τινες οὓς ἀφορίζεις, οὐκ ἂν ἔτʼ εἴης ἐπὶ πᾶσιν τὸν αὐτὸν τεθηκώς.
60. And there is another thing that you cannot say,— that of all persons punished by imprisonment tax farmers are the greatest offenders and do us the gravest wrong, and that that is why you do not give them the benefit of your law. Surely men who are traitors to the commonwealth, men who maltreat their own parents, men who enter the market-place with unclean hands, offend far more heinously; and all those criminals are threatened with imprisonment by the standing laws, while your law offers them instant release. But here again you reveal the men in whose favour you moved your law. They got into our debt not by tax-farming, but by embezzling, or rather by plundering, our money; and that, I warrant you, is the true reason why you had no consideration for the tax-farmers.
60. καὶ μὴν οὐδʼ ἐκεῖνό γʼ ἂν εἴποις, ὡς ὅσοις δεσμοῦ προστιμᾶται, τούτων μάλιστʼ ἢ τὰ μέγιστʼ ἀδικοῦσιν οἱ τελῶναι, ὥστε μόνοις αὐτοῖς μὴ μεταδοῦναι τοῦ νόμου. πολὺ γὰρ δήπου μᾶλλον οἱ προδιδόντες τι τῶν κοινῶν, οἱ τοὺς γονέας κακοῦντες, οἱ μὴ καθαρὰς τὰς χεῖρας ἔχοντες, εἰσιόντες δʼ εἰς τὴν ἀγοράν, ἀδικοῦσιν. οἷς ἅπασιν οἱ μὲν ὑπάρχοντες νόμοι δεσμὸν προλέγουσιν, ὁ δὲ σὸς λελύσθαι δίδωσιν. ἀλλʼ ἐνταῦθα πάλιν καταμηνύεις ὑπὲρ ὧν ἐτίθεις· διὰ γὰρ τὸ μὴ τελωνήσαντας ὀφείλειν αὐτούς, ἀλλὰ κλέψαντας, μᾶλλον δʼ ἁρπάσαντας τὰ χρήματα, διὰ τοῦτʼ οὐκ ἐφρόντισας, οἶμαι, τῶν τελωνῶν.
61. Many other excellent statutes might be cited, all contradicted by the law he has proposed. However, if I discuss every one of them, I shall, perhaps, be robbed of my chance of arguing that the law is altogether disadvantageous to the citizens. On the other hand, even if it is repugnant to one only of the existing laws, you can have no doubt that it is open to the indictment. What, then, is my decision? To pass over all the other laws, but to discuss one law proposed on a former occasion by the defendant himself, before I proceed to that part of my accusation in which I allege that the law, if operative, will be most injurious to the commonwealth.
61. πολλοὺς δʼ ἄν τις ἔχοι νόμους ἔτι καὶ καλῶς ἔχοντας δεικνύναι, οἷς πᾶσιν ἐναντίος ἐστὶν ὃν οὗτος τέθηκεν. ἀλλʼ ἴσως ἐγὼ μέν, εἰ περὶ πάντων ἐρῶ, ἐξωσθήσομαι περὶ τοῦ μηδʼ ἐπιτήδειον ὅλως ὑμῖν εἶναι τὸν νόμον εἰπεῖν, ὑμῖν δʼ ὁμοίως ἔνοχος φανεῖται τῇ γραφῇ, καὶ εἰ ἑνὶ τῶν ὄντων νόμων ἐναντίος ἐστίν. πῶς οὖν μοι δοκεῖ; τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους ἐᾶν, περὶ δʼ οὗ πρότερόν ποτʼ αὐτὸς οὗτος ἔθηκεν νόμου διελθόντʼ ἐπʼ ἐκεῖνʼ ἰέναι τὸ μέρος τῆς κατηγορίας ἤδη, ὡς καὶ μεγάλʼ ἂν βλάπτοι γενόμενος κύριος τὴν πόλιν.
62. To have introduced a law contrary to the laws of others is a serious offence, but one which requires accusation by someone else; but, when a man legislates in opposition to a former enactment of his own, he is really making himself his own accuser. To show you that such is really the case, the clerk will read to you the actual law proposed by him, while I hold my peace.—Read.
62. τὸ μὲν οὖν τοῖς τῶν ἄλλων ἐναντίον εἰσενηνοχέναι νόμον δεινὸν μέν, ἀλλʼ ἄλλου δεῖται κατηγόρου· τὸ δʼ ὑφʼ αὑτοῦ πρότερον κειμένῳ νόμῳ τἀναντία θεῖναι, τοῦτʼ ἤδη ποιεῖ κατήγορον αὐτὸν αὑτοῦ γεγενῆσθαι. ἵνʼ οὖν τοῦτʼ εἰδῆτε γιγνόμενον, ἀναγνώσεται τὸν νόμον ὑμῖν αὐτὸν ὃν οὗτος ἔθηκεν· ἐγὼ δὲ σιωπήσομαι. λέγε.
63. The Law “Moved by Timocrates: if any Athenian citizens are now in jail or shall hereafter be imprisoned on impeachment by the Council, if the judgement against such prisoners be not delivered to the Judges by the Secretary of the Presidency in pursuance of the law of impeachment, be it enacted that the Eleven shall bring them before the Court within thirty days of the day on which they receive them into custody, unless prevented by public business, and, if so prevented, as soon as possible. Any Athenian qualified as a prosecutor may prosecute. If the culprit be convicted, the Court of Heliaea shall assess such penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, as he appears to deserve. If the penalty assessed be pecuniary, he shall be imprisoned until he has paid the full amount of the fine inflicted.”
63. ΝΟΜΟΣ. Τιμοκράτης εἶπεν· ὁπόσοι Ἀθηναίων κατʼ εἰσαγγελίαν ἐκ τῆς βουλῆς ἢ νῦν εἰσιν ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ ἢ τὸ λοιπὸν κατατεθῶσι, καὶ μὴ παραδοθῇ ἡ κατάγνωσις αὐτῶν τοῖς θεσμοθέταις ὑπὸ τοῦ γραμματέως τοῦ κατὰ πρυτανείαν κατὰ τὸν εἰσαγγελτικὸν νόμον, δεδόχθαι τοῖς νομοθέταις εἰσάγειν τοὺς ἕνδεκα εἰς τὸ δικαστήριον τριάκονθʼ ἡμερῶν ἀφʼ ἧς ἂν παραλάβωσιν, ἐὰν μή τι δημοσίᾳ κωλύῃ, ἐὰν δὲ μή, ὅταν πρῶτον οἷόν τʼ ᾖ. κατηγορεῖν δʼ Ἀθηναίων τὸν βουλόμενον οἷς ἔξεστιν. ἐὰν δʼ ἁλῷ, τιμάτω ἡ ἡλιαία περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅ τι ἂν δοκῇ ἄξιος εἶναι παθεῖν ἢ ἀποτεῖσαι. ἐὰν δʼ ἀργυρίου τιμηθῇ, δεδέσθω τέως ἂν ἐκτείσῃ ὅ τι ἂν αὐτοῦ καταγνωσθῇ.
64. You hear that, gentlemen of the jury?—Read those words again. The Law “If the penalty assessed be pecuniary he shall be imprisoned until he has paid the full amount—” That will do.—Could a man possibly propose two more contradictory enactments than these,—that convicted malefactors shall be kept in jail until they have paid their fines, and that these same malefactors may put in sureties, but must not be imprisoned. Here, then, is an accusation brought against Timocrates by Timocrates, not by Diodorus nor by any other of the great multitude of citizens.
64. ἀκούετʼ, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί; λέγʼ αὐτοῖς αὐτὸ τοῦτο πάλιν. ΝΟΜΟΣ. ἐὰν δʼ ἀργυρίου τιμηθῇ, δεδέσθω τέως ἂν ἐκτείσῃ. πέπαυσο. ἔστιν οὖν ὅπως ἂν ἐναντιώτερά τις δύο θείη τοῦ δεδέσθαι, τέως ἂν ἐκτείσωσι, τοὺς ἁλόντας, καὶ τοῦ καθιστάναι τοὺς αὐτοὺς τούτους ἐγγυητάς, ἀλλὰ μὴ δεῖν; ταῦτα τοίνυν κατηγορεῖ Τιμοκράτης Τιμοκράτους, οὐ Διόδωρος, οὐδʼ ἄλλος ὑμῶν οὐδεὶς τοσούτων ὄντων τὸ πλῆθος.
65. Yet from what gain do you think that such a man would restrain his hand, or what would he hesitate to do for lucre’s sake, when he did not disdain to legislate in contradiction of himself, though the laws forbid contradiction even of others? It seems to me that, so far as effrontery goes, such a man is ready to do anything. Inasmuch, therefore, as the laws provide that evil doers of other kinds shall upon confession be punished without trial, you, men of Athens, have a right to give your verdict against this man without allowing him to speak or giving him a hearing, now that he has been caught in the act of maltreating the laws; for by proposing this law in contravention of the former law, he has pleaded guilty.
65. καίτοι τίνος ἂν ὑμῖν ἀποσχέσθαι δοκεῖ λήμματος ἢ τί ποιεῖν ἂν ὀκνῆσαι κέρδους εἵνεκα, ὅστις ἐναντίʼ αὐτὸς αὑτῷ νομοθετεῖν ἠξίωσεν, οὐδὲ τοῖς ἄλλοις τῶν νόμων ἐώντων; ἐμοὶ μὲν γὰρ εἵνεκʼ ἀναιδείας ὁ τοιοῦτος δοκεῖ πᾶν ἂν ἑτοίμως ἔργον ποιῆσαι. ὥσπερ τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τῶν περὶ τἄλλα κακούργων τοὺς ὁμολογοῦντας ἄνευ κρίσεως κολάζειν οἱ νόμοι κελεύουσιν, οὕτω δίκαιον καὶ τούτου, ἐπειδὴ τοὺς νόμους κακουργῶν εἴληπται, μὴ δόντας λόγον μηδʼ ἐθελήσαντας ἀκοῦσαι καταψηφίσασθαι· ὡμολόγηκε γὰρ θατέρῳ [τῷ προτέρῳ] νόμῳ τόνδε τιθεὶς ἀδικεῖν.
66. That the law he has proposed is contrary to the statutes just read, to those which I cited before, and, I may almost say, to every law in Athens, is now, I suppose, manifest to every one of you. I really wonder what he will have the face to say about those statutes. He cannot show that his law does not contradict the others; and he will not be able to convince you that he is a simple layman who did not know what he was doing through lack of experience, because for a long time past he has been celebrated for composing and introducing laws at so much apiece.
66. ὅτι μὲν τοίνυν καὶ παρὰ τούτους τοὺς νόμους καὶ παρὰ τοὺς προειρημένους, καὶ μικροῦ δέω παρὰ πάντας εἰπεῖν τοὺς ὄντας ἐν τῇ πόλει, τέθηκε τὸν νόμον, οἶμαι δῆλον ἅπασιν ὑμῖν εἶναι. θαυμάζω δʼ αὐτοῦ τί ποτε καὶ τολμήσει λέγειν περὶ τούτων. οὔτε γὰρ ὡς οὐκ ἐναντίος ἔσθʼ ὁ νόμος τοῖς ἄλλοις δεικνύειν ἕξει, οὔθʼ ὡς διʼ ἀπειρίαν ἰδιώτην αὐτὸν ὄντα τοῦτʼ ἔλαθεν δύναιτʼ ἂν πεῖσαι· πάλαι γὰρ μισθοῦ καὶ γράφων καὶ νόμους εἰσφέρων ὦπται.
67. Moreover, there is another course that is not open to him: he cannot admit that he has done wrong and then plead that he deserves forgiveness; for it is quite clear that he did not propose his law unwillingly, or to help the distressed, or his own family, or people who have a claim upon him. He did it by intention, on behalf of men who have done you a grave injury, and who are in no way related to him,—unless he pretends that payment of wages is a bond of kinship.
67. καὶ μὴν οὐδʼ ἐκεῖνό γʼ ἔνεστιν αὐτῷ, ἀδίκημα μὲν εἶναι τὸ πρᾶγμʼ ὁμολογῆσαι, συγγνώμης δὲ τυχεῖν ἀξιοῦν· οὐ γὰρ ἄκων οὐδʼ ὑπὲρ ἠτυχηκότων οὐδʼ ὑπὲρ συγγενῶν καὶ ἀναγκαίων αὐτῷ τεθηκὼς φαίνεται τὸν νόμον, ἀλλʼ ἑκὼν ὑπὲρ μεγάλʼ ἠδικηκότων ὑμᾶς, οὐδὲν προσηκόντων αὐτῷ, πλὴν εἰ συγγενεῖς ὑπολαμβάνειν φησὶν τοὺς μισθουμένους αὐτόν.
68. I will now do my best to prove that the law he introduced is unacceptable and disadvantageous to the citizens. I presume that you will all agree with me that a really wholesome law, such as is calculated to benefit the people, ought, in the first place, to be drawn simply and intelligibly, not in such terms that one man thinks it means this and another that; and, secondly, that the proceedings prescribed by the law ought to be practicable, for if a law, though well-meant, were to enjoin what is impossible, it would be attempting the work not of a law, but of a prayer.
68. ὡς τοίνυν οὐδʼ ἐπιτήδειον νόμον ὑμῖν οὐδὲ συμφέροντʼ εἰσενήνοχεν, τοῦτʼ ἤδη πειράσομαι νυνὶ δεικνύειν. οἶμαι δὴ πάντας ἂν ὑμᾶς ὁμολογῆσαι, δεῖν τὸν ὀρθῶς ἔχοντα νόμον καὶ συνοίσειν μέλλοντα τῷ πλήθει πρῶτον μὲν ἁπλῶς καὶ πᾶσι γνωρίμως γεγράφθαι, καὶ μὴ τῷ μὲν εἶναι ταυτὶ περὶ αὐτοῦ νομίζειν, τῷ δὲ ταυτί. ἔπειτʼ εἶναι δυνατὰς τὰς πράξεις ἃς δεῖ γίγνεσθαι διὰ τοῦ νόμου· εἰ γὰρ αὖ καλῶς μὲν ἔχοι, μὴ δυνατὸν δέ τι φράζοι, εὐχῆς, οὐ νόμου διαπράττοιτʼ ἂν ἔργον.
69. Furthermore, it should plainly appear that it does not offer an easy time to any wrongdoer. For if anyone supposes that indulgent laws are the mark of popular government, let him ask this further question: to whom are they to be indulgent? If he will look at the matter rightly, he will find that the answer is, to persons who are going to be tried, not to persons already convicted. For of the former we may say that it is still uncertain whether they have been unjustly calumniated; but the latter can no longer plead that they are not evil-doers.
69. πρὸς δὲ τούτοις μηδενὶ τῶν ἀδικούντων φαίνεσθαι μηδεμίαν διδόντα ῥᾳστώνην. εἰ γὰρ δημοτικόν τις ὑπείληφεν τὸ πράους εἶναι τοὺς νόμους, τίσιν τούτοις προσεξεταζέτω, κἄνπερ ὀρθῶς βούληται σκοπεῖν, εὑρήσει τοῖς κρίνεσθαι μέλλουσιν, οὐ τοῖς ἐξεληλεγμένοις· ἐν μὲν γὰρ τοῖς ἄδηλον εἴ τις ἔστʼ ἀδίκως διαβεβλημένος, τοῖς δʼ οὐδὲ λόγος λείπεται τὸ μὴ οὐ πονηροῖς εἶναι.
70. Now it shall be made clear that the law before us exhibits none of the traits I have enumerated, but the very opposite, taking them one by one. There are many ways in which I might make good that statement; the best will be to go through the law itself, phrase by phrase. It is not a law well-conceived in parts, and defective in parts; from beginning to end, from the first syllable to the last, it is enacted to your detriment.— The clerk shall take the actual manuscript, and read the law to the jury as far as the end of the first section.—That is the easiest way for me to explain, and for you to apprehend, what I mean.
70. τούτων τοίνυν ὧν διεξελήλυθʼ ἐγὼ νῦν οὐδʼ ὁτιοῦν οὗτος ἔχων ὁ νόμος φανήσεται, τἀναντία δʼ ἑξῆς πάντα. πολλαχόθεν μὲν οὖν ἄν τις ἔχοι τοῦτο διδάσκειν, μάλιστα δὲ τὸν νόμον αὐτὸν ὃν τέθηκε διεξιών. ἔστι γὰρ οὐ τὸ μὲν αὐτοῦ καλῶς κείμενον, τὸ δʼ ἡμαρτημένον, ἀλλʼ ὅλος ἐξ ἀρχῆς, ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης συλλαβῆς μέχρι τῆς τελευταίας, ἐφʼ ὑμῖν κεῖται.
71. The Law of Timocrates “During the first presidency, namely, that of the Pandionid Tribe, on the twelfth day of that presidency, the question was put by Aristocles of Myrrhinus, one of the Commissioners: moved by Timocrates, that if the additional penalty of imprisonment has been or shall hereafter be inflicted in pursuance of any law or decree upon any person in debt to the treasury, it shall be competent for him or for any person on his behalf to nominate as sureties for the debt—” Stop; you shall read it clause by clause presently.
71. λαβὲ δʼ αὐτοῖς τὴν γραφὴν αὐτήν, καὶ μέχρι τοῦ πρώτου μέρους ἀνάγνωθι τὸν νόμον· ῥᾷστα γὰρ οὕτως ἐγώ τε διδάξω καὶ ὑμεῖς μαθήσεσθʼ ἃ λέγω. ΝΟΜΟΣ. ἐπὶ τῆς Πανδιονίδος πρώτης δωδεκάτῃ τῆς πρυτανείας τῶν προέδρων ἐπεψήφισεν Ἀριστοκλῆς Μυρρινούσιος, Τιμοκράτης εἶπεν· καὶ εἴ τινι τῶν ὀφειλόντων τῷ δημοσίῳ προστετίμηται κατὰ νόμον ἢ κατὰ ψήφισμα δεσμοῦ ἢ τὸ λοιπὸν προστιμηθῇ, εἶναι αὐτῷ ἢ ἄλλῳ ὑπὲρ ἐκείνου ἐγγυητὰς καταστῆσαι.
72. This, gentlemen of the jury, is very nearly the most scandalous provision of the whole statute. I do not think that any other man, when introducing a law for the use of his fellow-citizens, ever ventured upon an attempt to rescind judgements passed under earlier statutes. Yet that is what the defendant Timocrates has done without shame and even without concealment, inserting these plain words: “if the additional penalty of imprisonment has been or shall hereafter be inflicted in pursuance of any law or decree upon any person in debt to the treasury.”
72. ἐπίσχες· αὐτίκα γὰρ καθʼ ἕκαστον ἀναγνώσει. τουτὶ πάντων, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, τῶν γεγραμμένων ἐν τῷ νόμῳ σχεδόν ἐστι δεινότατον. οἶμαι γὰρ οὐδὲ ἕνʼ ἀνθρώπων ἄλλον τολμῆσαι, νόμον εἰσφέροντʼ ἐπὶ τῷ χρῆσθαι τοὺς πολίτας αὐτῷ, τὰς κατὰ τοὺς πρότερον κυρίους νόμους κρίσεις γεγενημένας ἐπιχειρῆσαι λύειν. τοῦτο τοίνυν οὑτοσὶ Τιμοκράτης ἀναιδῶς καὶ οὐδʼ ἀποκρυψάμενος πεποίηκεν, γράψας διαρρήδην καὶ εἴ τινι τῶν ὀφειλόντων τῷ δημοσίῳ προστετίμηται κατὰ νόμον ἢ κατὰ ψήφισμα δεσμοῦ ἢ τὸ λοιπὸν προστιμηθῇ.
73. If he had merely advised us of the right course for the future, there would have been no harm in it but, when a court of justice has given its verdict and determined the issue, is it not outrageous to introduce a law by which that verdict is to be rescinded? It is as though, after allowing the law of Timocrates to become operative, someone should draft a second law to this effect: “if any persons being indebted, and having had the further penalty of imprisonment passed upon them, shall have put in sureties as the law directs, they shall not be entitled to such bail, and it shall not be lawful hereafter to release anyone on bail.”
73. περὶ μὲν δὴ τῶν μελλόντων εἴ τι δίκαιον ἔπεισεν ὑμᾶς, οὐκ ἂν ἠδίκει· περὶ δʼ ὧν δικαστήριον ἔγνωκεν καὶ τέλος ἔσχηκεν, πῶς οὐ δεινὰ ποιεῖ νόμον εἰσφέρων διʼ οὗ ταῦτα λυθήσεται; ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις ἐάσας κύριον τὸν τούτου γενέσθαι νόμον γράψειʼ ἕτερον τοιόνδε καὶ εἴ τινες, ὠφληκότες χρήματα καὶ δεσμοῦ προστετιμημένον αὐτοῖς, ἐγγυητὰς κατέστησαν κατὰ τὸν νόμον, μὴ εἶναι τὴν διεγγύησιν αὐτοῖς, μηδὲ τὸ λοιπὸν ἐξεγγυᾶν μηδένα.
74. I suppose that no man in his senses would do such a thing; and you, sir, were guilty when you tried to annul those other provisions. For if he thought it a fair thing to do, his proper course was to introduce a law governing future transactions; not to lump together all offences, past and future, proven and unproven, and then register an indiscriminate judgement upon all together. Surely it is outrageous that men who have already been convicted of offences against the common weal should be deemed worthy of the same judicial treatment as men of whom it is not yet known whether they will ever do anything that deserves prosecution?
74. ἀλλʼ οὔτε ταῦτα ποιήσειεν ἂν οὐδεὶς ὑγιαίνων, οἶμαι, σύ τʼ ἐκεῖνα λύων ἠδίκεις. χρῆν γὰρ αὐτόν, εἰ τὸ πρᾶγμʼ ἐνόμιζεν δίκαιον, ἐπὶ τοῖς ὕστερον γενησομένοις θεῖναι τὸν νόμον, καὶ μὴ συνενεγκόντʼ εἰς ταὐτὸ τὰ μέλλοντα τοῖς παρεληλυθόσιν καὶ τὰ μὴ δῆλα τοῖς φανεροῖς ἀδικήμασιν, εἶτʼ ἐπὶ πᾶσι γράψαι τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην. πῶς γὰρ οὐ δεινὸν τῶν αὐτῶν ἠξιωκέναι δικαίων τοὺς ἐξεληλεγμένους ἀδικοῦντας τὴν πόλιν πρότερον καὶ τοὺς μηδʼ εἰ κρίσεως ἄξιον ἐργάσονταί τι δήλους;
75. Again, we may discern how monstrously he has acted in making his law retrospective, by asking ourselves what is the real difference between government by law and oligarchy; and why we regard those who prefer to live under laws as honest, sober-minded persons, and those who submit to oligarchical rule as cowards and slaves.
75. καὶ μὴν κἀκεῖθεν ἴδοι τις ἂν ὡς δεινὸν πεποίηκεν τὸ θεῖναι περὶ τῶν παρεληλυθότων τὸν νόμον, εἰ λογίσαιτο παρʼ αὑτῷ τί ποτʼ ἐστὶν ᾧ νόμος ὀλιγαρχίας διαφέρει, καὶ τί δή ποθʼ οἱ μὲν ὑπὸ νόμων ἐθέλοντες ἄρχεσθαι σώφρονες καὶ χρηστοὶ νομίζονται, οἱ δʼ ὑπὸ τῶν ὀλιγαρχιῶν ἄνανδροι καὶ δοῦλοι.
76. The outstanding difference you will find to be really this: under oligarchical government everybody is entitled to undo the past, and to prescribe future transactions according to his own pleasure; whereas the laws of a free state prescribe what shall be done in the future, such laws having been enacted by convincing people that they will be beneficial to those who live under them. Timocrates however, legislating in a democratically governed city, has introduced into his law the characteristic iniquity of oligarchy; and in dealing with past transactions has presumed to claim for himself an authority higher than that of the convicting jury.
76. εὕροι γὰρ ἂν ὡς ἀληθῶς τοῦτο προχειρότατον, ὅτι τῶν μὲν ἐν ταῖς ὀλιγαρχίαις ἕκαστος καὶ τὰ πεπραγμένα λῦσαι καὶ περὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἃν αὐτῷ δοκῇ προστάξαι κύριός ἐστιν, οἱ δὲ νόμοι περὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἃ χρὴ γίγνεσθαι φράζουσιν, μετὰ τοῦ πεῖσαι τεθέντες ὡς συνοίσουσι τοῖς χρωμένοις. Τιμοκράτης τοίνυν ἐν δημοκρατουμένῃ τῇ πόλει νομοθετῶν τὴν ἐκ τῆς ὀλιγαρχίας ἀδικίαν εἰς τὸν αὑτοῦ νόμον μετήνεγκεν, καὶ περὶ τῶν παρεληλυθότων αὑτὸν κυριώτερον τῶν καταγνόντων δικαστῶν ἠξίωσε ποιῆσαι.
77. Nor is this the only example of his arrogance. It is further enacted that “if hereafter the additional penalty of imprisonment shall have been imposed, the prisoner may be released on producing sureties for payment of his fine.” If he really thought imprisonment such a dreadful infliction, his proper course was to enact that no man who produces sureties shall be committed to prison; but not, having first found that you have passed sentence of imprisonment and so incurred the resentment of the convict, then to give him a discharge on bail. In fact, he has introduced his law in this fashion by way of advertising himself as one who will, on his own authority, release prisoners, though you may have decided to keep them in jail.
77. καὶ οὐ τοῦτο μόνον πεποίηκεν ὑβριστικόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ γέγραπται, ἢ τὸ λοιπὸν ἐάν τινι προστιμηθῇ δεσμοῦ, εἶναι καταστήσαντι τοὺς ἐγγυητάς, ἦ μὴν ἐκτείσειν, ἀφεῖσθαι. καίτοι χρῆν αὐτόν, εἰ τὸ δεδέσθαι δεινὸν ἡγεῖτο, μηδενὶ προστιμᾶν ὃς ἂν ὑμῖν ἐγγυητὰς καθιστῇ δεσμοῦ νομοθετῆσαι, μὴ προλαβόντα κατεγνωκότας ὑμᾶς τὸν δεσμὸν μηδʼ ἐχθρῶς διαθέντα πρὸς ὑμᾶς τὸν ἑαλωκότα, τηνικαῦτα ποιεῖν τὴν ἐξεγγύησιν. νυνὶ δʼ, ὥσπερ ἐνδεικνύμενος ὅτι, κἂν ὑμῖν δοκῇ δεδέσθαι τινά, αὐτὸς ἀφήσει, τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον τὸν νόμον εἰσήνεγκεν.
78. Can anyone see any public advantage in a law that is to override the decisions of a court of justice, and that requires unsworn persons to cancel the judgements of sworn juries? I hope not. It is clear that the law of Timocrates has both these faults; and if you have, each one of you, any regard for the constitution, or if you claim authority for your own decision of the questions on which you give your verdict under oath, you must abrogate a law like this, and not permit it to be made valid today.
78. ἆρʼ οὖν τῷ δοκεῖ συμφέρειν τῇ πόλει τοιοῦτος νόμος ὃς δικαστηρίου γνώσεως αὐτὸς κυριώτερος ἔσται, καὶ τὰς ὑπὸ τῶν ὀμωμοκότων γνώσεις τοῖς ἀνωμότοις προστάξει λύειν; ἐγὼ μὲν οὐκ οἶμαι. φαίνεται τοίνυν ὁ τούτου νόμος ταῦτʼ ἔχων ἀμφότερα. ὥστʼ εἴπερ ὑμῶν ἑκάστῳ μέλει τι τῆς πολιτείας καὶ δεῖν οἴεται κυρίαν εἶναι τὴν αὑτοῦ γνώμην περὶ ὧν ἂν ὀμωμοκὼς ψηφίσηται, λυτέος καὶ οὐκ ἐατέος οὗτος ὁ τοιοῦτος νόμος κύριος νυνὶ γενέσθαι.
79. He was not satisfied with destroying the authority of this court in respect of additional penalties, but you will find that even the proceedings which he has prescribed in his law, and imposed upon culprits who have been condemned, have not been drafted with honesty and sincerity, but as though his main purpose was to mislead and overreach you. Observe the phrasing: “Moved by Timocrates that, if the additional penalty of imprisonment has been or shall hereafter be inflicted in pursuance of any law or decree upon any person in debt to the treasury, it shall be competent for him or for any other person on his behalf to nominate as sureties for the debt such persons as shall be approved on vote by the Assembly.”
79. οὐ τοίνυν ἀπέχρησεν αὐτῷ τὰ δικαστήριʼ ἄκυρα ποιῆσαι τῶν προστιμημάτων, ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ἃ δίκαιʼ ὡρίσατʼ αὐτὸς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ καὶ προσέταξε τοῖς ὠφληκόσιν, οὐδὲ ταῦθʼ ἁπλῶς οὐδʼ ἀδόλως φανήσεται γεγραφώς, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἂν μάλιστά τις ὑμᾶς ἐξαπατῆσαι καὶ παρακρούσασθαι βουλόμενος. σκέψασθε γὰρ ὡς γέγραφεν. Τιμοκράτης εἶπεν φησὶ καὶ εἴ τινι τῶν ὀφειλόντων τῷ δημοσίῳ προστετίμηται κατὰ νόμον ἢ κατὰ ψήφισμα δεσμοῦ ἢ τὸ λοιπὸν προστιμηθῇ, εἶναι αὐτῷ ἢ ἄλλῳ ὑπὲρ ἐκείνου ἐγγυητὰς καταστῆσαι, οὓς ἂν ὁ δῆμος χειροτονήσῃ, ἦ μὴν ἐκτείσειν.
80. See what a long stride he has taken from the court of justice and its sentences! Even to the Assembly; for he steals the person of the criminal, as well as the right to hand him over to the Eleven. What magistrate will ever hand over the delinquent? What member of the Eleven will ever accept custody? The order of Timocrates is that sureties are to be nominated in the Assembly; it is impossible for the Assembly and the Courts to be in session on the same day; and there is no injunction to keep the man in custody until he has named his sureties.
80. ἐνθυμεῖσθʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ δικαστηρίου καὶ τῆς καταγνώσεως οἷ διεπήδησεν· ἐπὶ τὸν δῆμον, ἐκκλέπτων τὸν ἠδικηκότα καὶ τὴν παράδοσιν αὐτοῦ τὴν τοῖς ἕνδεκα. τίς γὰρ ἀρχὴ παραδώσει τὸν ὀφλόντα; τίς τῶν ἕνδεκα παραλήψεται; κελεύοντος μὲν τούτου ἐν τῷ δήμῳ καθιστάναι τοὺς ἐγγυητάς, ἀδυνάτου δʼ ὄντος αὐθημερὸν ἐκκλησίαν ἅμα καὶ δικαστήριον γενέσθαι, οὐδαμοῦ δʼ ἐπιτάττοντος φυλάττειν τέως ἂν καταστήσῃ τοὺς ἐγγυητάς.
81. Why should he have been afraid to add a distinct injunction that “the magistrate shall keep the delinquent in custody until he shall have put in his sureties”? Is not that quite fair? I am sure you will all say yes. Would it have been contrary to any statute? No, indeed; it would have been the only clause that does conform to the statutes. Then what was his reason? There is no discoverable reason except this,—that his purpose was not to help but to obstruct the punishment of criminals condemned by you.
81. καίτοι τί ποτʼ ἦν διʼ ὃ προσγράψαι σαφῶς ὤκνησεν τὴν δʼ ἀρχὴν τὸν ὀφλόντα φυλάττειν τέως ἂν καταστήσῃ τοὺς ἐγγυητάς; πότερʼ οὐχὶ δίκαιον; εὖ οἶδʼ ὅτι πάντες ἂν φήσαιτε. ἀλλʼ ἐναντίον ἦν τινὶ τοῦτο νόμῳ; οὔκ, ἀλλὰ μόνον κατὰ τοὺς νόμους. τί ποτʼ οὖν ἦν; οὐδὲν ἂν ἄλλο τις εὕροι πλὴν ὅτι οὐχ ὅπως δώσουσι δίκην ὧν ἂν ὑμεῖς καταγνῶτʼ ἐσκόπει, ἀλλʼ ὅπως μή.
82. Well, how does it go on? “To nominate sureties on an undertaking to pay in full the amount in which he was indebted.” Here again he has stolen away the right of the sacred funds to a tenfold payment, and one-half of the claim of the civil treasury, in cases where double payment is required by law. And how does he manage that? By writing “the amount” instead of “the penalty,” and “in which he was indebted” instead of “which has accrued.”
82. εἶτα πῶς γέγραπται μετὰ ταῦτα; καθιστάναι τοὺς ἐγγυητὰς ἦ μὴν ἐκτείσειν τὸ ἀργύριον ὃ ὦφλεν. ἐνταυθὶ πάλιν τῶν ἱερῶν μὲν χρημάτων τὴν δεκαπλασίαν ὑφῄρηται, τῶν δʼ ὁσίων, ὁπόσων ἐν τῷ νόμῳ διπλασιάζεται, τὸ ἥμισυ. πῶς δὴ τοῦτο ποιεῖ; γράψας ἀντὶ μὲν τοῦ τιμήματος τὸ ἀργύριον, ἀντὶ δὲ τοῦ τὸ γιγνόμενον, ὃ ὦφλεν.
83. The difference is this: if he had proposed that sureties should be appointed to guarantee the payment of the accruing penalty, he would have embraced in his enactment the statutes under which certain debts are doubled, and others multiplied by ten; and so the debtor would have been obliged not only to pay in full the amount of the debt as recorded, but also to liquidate the penal payments legally added thereto. As it is, by the words “nominate sureties on an undertaking to pay in full the amount in which he was indebted,” he makes the payment depend on the plaint and the documents upon which the several delinquents were brought to trial; and in those documents only the original amount of the debt is recorded.
83. διαφέρει δὲ τί; εἰ μὲν ἔγραψε καθιστάναι τοὺς ἐγγυητὰς ἦ μὴν ἐκτείσειν τὸ τίμημα τὸ γιγνόμενον, προσπεριειλήφει τοὺς νόμους ἂν καθʼ οὓς τὰ μὲν διπλᾶ, τὰ δὲ καὶ δεκαπλᾶ γίγνεται τῶν ὀφλημάτων· ὥστʼ ἐκ τούτων ἦν ἀνάγκη τοῖς ὀφλοῦσιν τὸ γεγραμμένον τʼ ἐκτίνειν καὶ τὰς ἐκ τῶν νόμων προσούσας ζημίας καταβάλλειν. νῦν δʼ ἐν τῷ γράψαι τὴν κατάστασιν εἶναι τῶν ἐγγυητῶν ἦ μὴν ἐκτείσειν τὸ ἀργύριον ὃ ὦφλεν, ἐκ τῆς λήξεως καὶ τῶν γραμμάτων ἐφʼ οἷς ἕκαστος εἰσήχθη ποιεῖ τὴν ἔκτισιν, ἐν οἷς πᾶσιν ἁπλοῦν ὅ τις ὦφλεν ἀργύριον γέγραπται.
84. Again, after making such a big hole in the laws by juggling with words, he adds: “the Commissioners are required to put the question whensoever any debtor wishes to nominate sureties,” for right through his law he thinks it his business to rescue the criminal who has been convicted in this court. By allowing the nomination of sureties to take place at the pleasure of the delinquent, he puts it into his power never to pay, and never to go to prison.
84. μετὰ ταῦτα τοίνυν τηλικοῦτο πρᾶγμʼ ἀνελὼν ἐν τῇ τῶν ῥημάτων μεταθέσει, προσέγραψεν τοὺς δὲ προέδρους ἐπιχειροτονεῖν ἐπάναγκες, ὅταν τις καθιστάναι βούληται, παρὰ πάντα τὸν νόμον οἰόμενος δεῖν σῴζειν τὸν ἠδικηκότα καὶ τὸν ἐν ὑμῖν ἑαλωκότα. δοὺς γὰρ ὅταν βούληται τὴν κατάστασιν αὐτῷ τῶν ἐγγυητῶν, ἐπʼ ἐκείνῳ πεποίηκεν μηδέποτʼ ἐκτεῖσαι μηδὲ δεθῆναι.
85. Of course he will put forward men of straw, and by the time you have rejected them, he will be out of your reach. For if anyone demands his retention in jail for failing to produce sureties, he will reply that he has done so, and intends to do so; and then he will point to the statute of Timocrates, which bids him nominate sureties whenever he likes, but says nothing about custody in the meantime, which gives no instruction for imprisonment in case you reject the sureties, which is, in short, a sort of universal talisman for would-be evil-doers.
85. τίς γὰρ οὐ ποριεῖται φαύλους ἀνθρώπους, οὓς ὅταν ὑμεῖς ἀποχειροτονήσητʼ ἀπηλλάξεται; ἐὰν γάρ τις ὡς οὐ καθιστάντα τοὺς ἐγγυητὰς ἀξιοῖ δεδέσθαι, φήσει καὶ καθιστάναι καὶ καταστήσειν, καὶ δείξει τὸν τούτου νόμον, ὃς καθιστάναι μὲν ὅταν βούληται κελεύει, φυλάττειν δὲ τέως οὐ λέγει, οὐδʼ, ἂν ἀποχειροτονήσηθʼ ὑμεῖς τοὺς ἐγγυητάς, προστάττει δεδέσθαι, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἀληθῶς ὥσπερ ἀλεξιφάρμακόν ἐστι τοῖς ἀδικεῖν βουλομένοις.
86. “The debtor who has given sureties,” he goes on, “shall be released from the penalty of imprisonment on payment to the State of the money in respect of which he gave sureties.” Here again he persisted in the trick I mentioned just now; he had not forgotten it; he enacted that the man shall be released from prison on payment, not of the accruing penalty, but of the original debt.
86. τῷ δὲ καταστήσαντι φησὶ τοὺς ἐγγυητάς, ἐὰν ἀποδιδῷ τῇ πόλει τὸ ἀργύριον. πάλιν ἐνταῦθʼ ἐπέμεινʼ ἐπὶ τοῦ κακουργήματος ὃ μικρῷ πρότερον εἶπον, καὶ οὐκ ἐπελάθετο, οὐδʼ ἔγραψε τὸ τίμημα τὸ γιγνόμενον, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἀργύριον ὃ ὦφλεν, ἐὰν ἀποδιδῷ, ἀφεῖσθαι τοῦ δεσμοῦ.
87. “But if at the time of the ninth presidency neither he nor his sureties shall have paid in the money, the man who gave sureties shall be imprisoned, and the property of the sureties shall be confiscated.” In this final clause, you will find, he has at last become the accuser of his own iniquities in the fullest sense. He did not forbid imprisonment on the broad ground that to imprison a free citizen is something shameful or terrible; but he stole from you your chance of catching your criminal in the place where he is, and so he left to you, who are the party aggrieved, the empty name of retribution, but robbed you of the reality. Without your consent he gave a discharge to people who forcibly appropriate your money; and he was within an ace of adding a clause enabling an action at law against the juries that had imposed the penalty of imprisonment.
87. ἐὰν δὲ μὴ καταβάλῃ τὸ ἀργύριον ἢ αὐτὸς ἢ οἱ ἐγγυηταὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐνάτης πρυτανείας, τὸν μὲν ἐξεγγυηθέντα δεδέσθαι, τῶν δʼ ἐγγυητῶν δημοσίαν εἶναι τὴν οὐσίαν. ἐν δὴ τῷ τελευταίῳ τούτῳ παντελῶς αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ κατήγορος, ὡς ἀδικεῖ, γεγονὼς φανήσεται. οὐ γὰρ ὅλως τὸ δεδέσθαι τινὰ τῶν πολιτῶν αἰσχρὸν ἢ δεινὸν νομίσας ἀπεῖπε μὴ δεῖν, ἀλλὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἐν ᾧ τὸν ἠδικηκότʼ ἐνῆν παρόντα λαβεῖν ἐκκλέψας, τοὔνομα μὲν τῆς τιμωρίας ἔλιπεν τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις ὑμῖν, τὸ δʼ ἔργον ἀφείλετο. καὶ παρʼ ἀκόντων ἔδωκʼ ἄφεσιν τοῖς τὰ ὑμέτερʼ ἀξιοῦσιν ἔχειν βίᾳ, καὶ μόνον οὐ προσέγραψε δίκην ἐξεῖναι λαχεῖν αὐτῷ κατὰ τῶν δικαστῶν τῶν προστιμησάντων τοῦ δεσμοῦ.
88. But of all the objectionable enactments of his law, that of which I will now speak deserves our most vehement indignation. From beginning to end it is addressed to delinquents who put in sureties; but there is neither prosecution nor penalty for the man who offers no sureties, good or bad, but simply defies you. For that man he has provided the fullest imaginable impunity. The days of grace, defined as extending to the ninth presidency, he offers to the man who has put in bail.
88. ὃ δέ, πολλῶν ὄντων καὶ δεινῶν ὧν ἐν τῷ νόμῳ τέθηκε, μάλιστʼ ἄξιόν ἐστʼ ἀγανακτῆσαι, βούλομαι πρὸς ὑμᾶς εἰπεῖν. διʼ ὅλου γὰρ τοῦ νόμου τῷ καταστήσαντι τοὺς ἐγγυητὰς ἅπαντα λέγει, τῷ δὲ μὴ καθιστάντι μήτε βελτίους μήτε χείρους, μηδʼ ὅλως προσέχοντι τὸν νοῦν ὑμῖν, οὐδεμίαν οὔτε δίκην οὔτε τιμωρίαν προσγέγραφεν, ἀλλʼ ἄδειαν πεποίηκε τοσαύτην ὅσην οἷόν τε γενέσθαι πλείστην. καὶ γὰρ τὸν χρόνον ὃν διώρισε, τὴν ἐνάτην πρυτανείαν, τῷ καταστήσαντι λέγει τοὺς ἐγγυητάς.
89. You will see the point by observing that he adds a clause to the effect that the property of the sureties shall be confiscated, if they do not pay the debt in full. Yes, but suppose a man has not named any sureties,—then of course there are no sureties to punish. He compels the Commissioners, men chosen for that office by lot from the ranks of the citizens, to accept sureties whenever named; but on men who defraud the commonwealth he imposes no sort of compulsion,—he treats them as benefactors, and gives them the right to choose whether they will be punished or not.
89. γνοίη δʼ ἄν τις ἐκεῖθεν· προσέγραψε δημοσίαν εἶναι τὴν οὐσίαν τὴν τῶν ἐγγυητῶν, ἂν μή τις ἐκτείσῃ· τοῦ δὲ μὴ καταστήσαντος οὐκ ἔνι δήπουθεν ὑπάρχειν ἐγγυητάς. καὶ τοῖς μὲν προέδροις, οἳ κεκληρωμένοι καθίζουσιν ἐξ ὑμῶν, ἐπάναγκες ἐποίησεν, ὅταν καθιστῇ τις, δέχεσθαι· τοῖς δʼ ἀδικοῦσι τὴν πόλιν οὐδεμίαν προσέγραψεν ἀνάγκην, ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ εὐεργέταις αἵρεσιν αὐτοῖς ἔδωκεν εἰ χρὴ δοῦναι δίκην ἢ μή.
90. Could any conceivable statute be more unsound or more opposed to your interests? First, it enjoins the reversal of your judgements in cases long ago decided; and secondly, in cases still to be tried, while instructing sworn jurors to inflict penalties, it makes those penalties inoperative. Further, it enfranchises state-debtors who do not discharge their liabilities, and, in general, it makes an exhibition of you jurors as men whose oaths, whose penalties, whose verdicts, whose censures, whose acts, in short, are all utterly futile. For my part, I conceive that if the author of the statute had been Critias of the Thirty Tyrants, he would hardly have framed and introduced it in any other fashion than this.
90. καίτοι πῶς ἂν ἀσυμφορώτερος ὑμῖν τούτου γένοιτο νόμος ἢ κάκιον ἔχων; ὃς πρῶτον μὲν περὶ τῶν ἐκ τοῦ παρεληλυθότος χρόνου κριθέντων ἐναντία τοῖς ὑφʼ ὑμῶν ἐγνωσμένοις προστάττει, δεύτερον δὲ περὶ τῶν μελλόντων κριθήσεσθαι προστιμᾶν κελεύων τοὺς δικαστὰς τοὺς ὀμωμοκότας, ἄκυρα τὰ προστιμήματα ποιεῖ, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἐπιτίμους τοὺς ὀφείλοντας οὐ τὰ προσήκοντʼ ἐκτίνοντας καθίστησιν, ὅλως δʼ ἐπιδείκνυσι μάτην ὀμνύντας, τιμῶντας, δικάζοντας, ὀργιζομένους, ἅπαντα ποιοῦντας ὑμᾶς. ἐγὼ μὲν γάρ, εἰ Κριτίας ὁ γενόμενος τῶν τριάκοντʼ εἰσέφερεν τὸν νόμον, οὐκ ἂν ἄλλον τρόπον οἶμαι γράψαντʼ εἰσενεγκεῖν ἢ τοῦτον.
91. I think that you will easily be convinced that this law upsets the constitution, throws public business into confusion, and denudes the commonwealth of many honorable ambitions. For you cannot be unconscious that our city has often owed her safety to the warlike adventures of our navy and our land forces; and that you have frequently performed glorious achievements in the deliverance, or the chastisement, or the reconciliation, of other cities. What do I infer?
91. ὅτι τοίνυν ὅλην συγχεῖ τὴν πολιτείαν καὶ καταλύει πάντα τὰ πράγμαθʼ ὁ νόμος, καὶ πολλὰς φιλοτιμίας περιαιρεῖται τῆς πόλεως, καὶ τοῦτο ῥᾳδίως ὑμᾶς νομίζω μαθήσεσθαι. ἴστε γὰρ δήπου τοῦθʼ ὅτι σῴζεται πολλάκις ἡμῶν ἡ πόλις διὰ τὰς στρατείας καὶ τὰς ναυτικὰς καὶ τὰς πεζάς, καὶ πολλὰ καὶ καλὰ πολλάκις ἤδη διεπράξασθε καὶ σώσαντές τινας καὶ τιμωρησάμενοι καὶ διαλλάξαντες.
92. Such successes could only have been organized by the aid of those decrees and laws under which you levy contributions on some citizens, and require others to furnish war-galleys; bid some to serve in the navy, and others to perform their several duties. With that object, therefore, you impanel juries, and punish the insubordinate with imprisonment. Now mark how this gallant gentleman’s statute vitiates and makes havoc of all that business.
92. πῶς οὖν ἀνάγκη τὰ τοιαῦτα διοικεῖν ἐστιν; διὰ ψηφισμάτων καὶ νόμων τοῖς μὲν εἰσφέρειν ἐπιτάττοντας, τοὺς δὲ τριηραρχεῖν κελεύοντας, τοὺς δὲ πλεῖν, τοὺς δʼ ἕκαστα ποιεῖν ὧν δεῖ. οὐκοῦν ταῦθʼ ὅπως γίγνηται δικαστήρια πληροῦτε καὶ καταγιγνώσκετε δεσμὸν τῶν ἀκοσμούντων. σκέψασθε δὴ τὸν τοῦ καλοῦ κἀγαθοῦ τούτου νόμον, ὡς λυμαίνεται ταῦτα καὶ διαφθείρει.
93. His clause reads, you remember: “if the penalty of imprisonment has been or shall hereafter be inflicted upon any debtor, he shall, on nominating sureties on an undertaking to pay the money during the ninth presidency, be released from imprisonment.” Then where are our resources? How shall any expedition be dispatched? How shall we collect ways and means, if every defaulter nominates sureties under this man’s act instead of discharging his obligation?
93. γέγραπται γὰρ δήπου [ἐν τῷ νόμῳ αὐτοῦ], καὶ εἴ τινι τῶν ὀφειλόντων προστετίμηται δεσμοῦ ἢ καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν προστιμηθῇ, εἶναι καταστήσαντι ἐγγυητάς, ἦ μὴν ἐπὶ τῆς ἐνάτης πρυτανείας ἐκτείσειν τὸ ἀργύριον, ἀφεῖσθαι τοῦ δεσμοῦ. τίς οὖν πόρος ἔσται; τίνʼ ἀποσταλήσεται τρόπον ἡ στρατιά; πῶς τὰ χρήματʼ εἰσπράξομεν, ἂν ἕκαστος ὀφλισκάνων ἐγγυητὰς καθιστῇ κατὰ τὸν τούτου νόμον, ἀλλὰ μὴ τὸ προσῆκον ποιῇ;
94. I presume that our reply to the Hellenic world will be: “We have a law here,—the statute of Timocrates. Kindly wait till the ninth presidency; then after that we will start.” No other excuse is left. And if you have to fight in self-defence, do you really think that the enemy will wait for the evasions and rogueries of every scoundrel in Athens? If our city enacts laws for her own discomfiture, laws exactly contrary to her own interests, do you think she will ever be able to play her true part in the world?
94. ἐροῦμεν νὴ Δία τοῖς Ἕλλησιν Τιμοκράτους νόμος ἐστὶ παρʼ ἡμῖν· ἀναμείνατʼ οὖν τὴν ἐνάτην πρυτανείαν· εἶτα τότʼ ἔξιμεν· τοῦτο γὰρ λοιπόν. ἂν δʼ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν ἀμύνεσθαι δέῃ, ἆρά γʼ οἴεσθε τοὺς ἐχθροὺς τὰς τῶν παρʼ ἡμῖν πονηρῶν διαδύσεις καὶ κακουργίας ἀναμενεῖν; ἢ τὴν πόλιν, αὑτὴν ἐμποδίζοντας νόμους εἰ θήσεται καὶ τἀναντία τῶν συμφερόντων λέγοντας, δυνήσεσθαί τι ποιῆσαι τῶν δεόντων;
95. Men of Athens, we may well be satisfied if, with everything in good order, and with no such law as this, we hold advantage over our enemies, keep pace with the swift emergencies and sudden chances of warfare, and are never behindhand.—But if you, sir, distinguish yourself as the author of a law that makes havoc of everything by which our city has earned the respect and admiration of the world, is there any punishment that you do not deserve to suffer?
95. ἀλλʼ ἀγαπητόν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, εἰ πάντων καλῶς ἐχόντων ἡμῖν καὶ μηδενὸς ὄντος τοιούτου νόμου, κρατοῖμεν τῶν ἐχθρῶν καὶ ταῖς ὀξύτησι δυναίμεθα καὶ τοῖς τοῦ πολέμου καιροῖς ἀκολουθεῖν καὶ μηδενὸς ὑστερίζειν. ἀλλὰ μὴν εἰ φαίνει τοιοῦτον τεθηκὼς νόμον ὃς τὰ τοιαῦτα λυμαίνεται διʼ ὧν ἡ πόλις καὶ σεμνὴ καὶ λαμπρὰ παρὰ πᾶσι καθέστηκεν, πῶς οὐχὶ δικαίως ὁτιοῦν ἂν πάθοις;
96. Moreover, men of Athens, the law shatters our financial system, both sacred and civil; and I will tell you how. You have a law in operation, as good a law as ever was enacted, that holders of sacred or civil moneys shall pay the money in to the Council house, and that, failing such payment, the Council shall recover the money by enforcing the statutes applicable to tax-farmers;
96. ἔτι τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τὴν διοίκησιν ἀναιρεῖ, τήν θʼ ἱερὰν καὶ τὴν ὁσίαν. ὡς δέ, ἐγὼ φράσω. ἔστιν ὑμῖν κύριος νόμος, καλῶς εἴπερ τις καὶ ἄλλος κείμενος, τοὺς ἔχοντας τά θʼ ἱερὰ καὶ τὰ ὅσια χρήματα καταβάλλειν εἰς τὸ βουλευτήριον, εἰ δὲ μή, τὴν βουλὴν αὐτοὺς εἰσπράττειν χρωμένην τοῖς νόμοις τοῖς τελωνικοῖς.
97. and on that law the administration of the treasury depends. That is the law that ensures the supplementary supply for the expenses of meetings of the Assembly, religious services, the Council, the cavalry, and so forth, because the revenue from taxation is not sufficient for current expenses, and what we call the supplementary payments are made under the constraint of that law.
97. διὰ τοίνυν τοῦ νόμου τούτου διοικεῖται τὰ κοινά· τὰ γὰρ εἰς τὰς ἐκκλησίας καὶ τὰς θυσίας καὶ τὴν βουλὴν καὶ τοὺς ἱππέας καὶ τἄλλα χρήματʼ ἀναλισκόμενα, οὗτός ἐσθʼ ὁ νόμος ὁ ποιῶν προσευπορεῖσθαι. οὐ γὰρ ὄντων ἱκανῶν τῶν ἐκ τῶν τελῶν χρημάτων τῇ διοικήσει, τὰ προσκαταβλήματʼ ὀνομαζόμενα διὰ τὸν τοῦ νόμου τούτου φόβον καταβάλλεται.
98. It follows that the whole business of the State must go to rack and ruin when, the payments on account of taxation being insufficient, there is a large deficiency, when that deficiency cannot be made up until towards the end of the year, and when, as regards the supplementary payments, neither the Council nor the law-courts have authority to imprison defaulters, if they put in sureties until the ninth presidency.
98. πῶς οὖν οὐχ ἅπαντʼ ἀνάγκη καταλυθῆναι τὰ τῆς πόλεως, ὅταν αἱ μὲν τῶν τελῶν καταβολαὶ μὴ ὦσʼ ἱκαναὶ τῇ διοικήσει, ἀλλʼ ἐνδέῃ πολλῶν, καὶ μηδὲ ταῦτʼ ἀλλʼ ἢ περὶ λήγοντα τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν ᾖ λαβεῖν, τὰ δὲ προσκαταβλήματα τοὺς μὴ τιθέντας μὴ ᾖ κυρία δεῖν ἡ βουλὴ μηδὲ τὰ δικαστήρια, ἀλλὰ καθιστῶσιν ἐγγυητὰς ἄχρι τῆς ἐνάτης πρυτανείας;
99. What are we to do for the first eight? Tell us this, Timocrates: are we never to meet and deliberate? If so, shall we still be living under popular government? Shall there be no sessions of the courts, civil or criminal? If so, what security will there be for complainants? Shall the Council not attend at their office to transact their legal business? If so, what remains but complete disorganization? You nay reply that we shall go on without payment of fees. Then is it not monstrous that the Assembly, the Council, and the law-courts must go unpaid for the sake of a statute which you were paid to introduce?
99. τὰς δʼ ὀκτὼ τί ποιήσομεν; εἰπέ, Τιμόκρατες· οὐ σύνιμεν καὶ βουλευσόμεθʼ ἄν τι δέῃ; εἶτʼ ἔτι δημοκρατησόμεθα; οὐ δικάσει τὰ δικαστήρια τά τʼ ἴδια καὶ τὰ δημόσια; καὶ τίς ὑπάρξει τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις ἀσφάλεια; οὐκ εἴσεισιν ἡ βουλὴ καὶ διοικήσει τὰ ἐκ τῶν νόμων; καὶ τί λοιπὸν ἔσθʼ ἡμῖν ἀλλʼ ἢ καταλελύσθαι; ἀλλὰ νὴ Δίʼ ἀμισθεὶ ταῦτα ποιήσομεν. καὶ πῶς οὐ δεινόν, εἰ διὰ τὸν νόμον, ὃν σὺ τέθηκας μισθὸν λαβών, ἄμισθος ὁ δῆμος καὶ ἡ βουλὴ καὶ τὰ δικαστήριʼ ἔσται;
100. You ought at least to have added a clause, as you did in dealing with the tax-farmers and their sureties, that “if in any other statute or decree it is provided that the debts of any defaulter may be recovered as in the case of tax-farmers, recovery from such defaulters shall be effected in accordance with the existing laws.”
100. χρῆν γὰρ τοῦτό γέ σʼ, ὦ Τιμόκρατες, προσγράψαι τῷ νόμῳ, οὗπερ ἐποίεις κατὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ τῶν ἐγγυητῶν [τὰς πράξεις κατὰ τοὺς ὑπάρχοντας νόμους], καὶ εἰ κατά τινων ἐν ἄλλῳ τινὶ νόμῳ ἢ ψηφίσματι τὰς αὐτὰς εἴρηται πράξεις ὧν ὀφείλουσιν εἶναι ἃς περὶ τῶν τελωνῶν, καὶ κατὰ τούτων εἶναι τὰς πράξεις κατὰ τοὺς ὑπάρχοντας νόμους.
101. —But in fact he went out of his way to avoid the statutes of tax-farming; and, because Euctemon’s decree did authorize recovery from losers of suits according to those statutes, for that very reason he omitted to add the clause. In that manner, by cancelling the existing punishment of public defaulters without substituting any other, he makes havoc of all our business,—the Assembly, the cavalry, the Council, the sacred funds, the civil revenue. And for that offence, men of Athens, if you are wise men, he will be chastised and treated as he deserves, and so made an example to deter others from bringing in such laws.
101. νῦν δὲ κύκλῳ φεύγων τοὺς νόμους τοὺς τελωνικούς, ὅτι τὸ ψήφισμα τὸ Εὐκτήμονος εἴρηκε πράττειν τοὺς ὠφληκότας κατὰ τούτους τοὺς νόμους, διὰ ταῦτʼ οὐ προσέγραψε τοῦτο. ἐκ δὲ τούτου τοῦ τρόπου τὴν μὲν ὑπάρχουσαν τιμωρίαν λύσας κατὰ τῶν τὰ τῆς πόλεως ἐχόντων, ἑτέραν δʼ οὐ γράψας πάντα τὰ πράγματʼ ἀναιρεῖ, δῆμον, ἱππέας, βουλήν, ἱερά, ὅσια· ἀνθʼ ὧν, ἄνπερ ὑμεῖς, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, σωφρονῆτε, κολασθεὶς καὶ δοὺς ἀξίαν δίκην τοῖς ἄλλοις παράδειγμα γενήσεται μὴ τιθέναι τοιούτους νόμους.
102. Not only, then, does he deprive the court of authority in respect of supplementary payments, offer immunity to defrauders of the State, cripple our national service, and undermine our financial system, but also, by abrogating the penalties imposed by the existing statutes, he has enacted his law for the benefit of swindlers, parricides, and shirkers.
102. οὐ τοίνυν μόνον τὰ δικαστήριʼ ἄκυρα ποιεῖ τῶν προστιμημάτων, τοῖς ἀδικοῦσι τὰ κοινὰ δίδωσιν ἄδειαν, τὰς ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως στρατείας λυμαίνεται, τὴν διοίκησιν καταλύει, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς κακούργοις καὶ τοῖς πατραλοίαις καὶ τοῖς ἀστρατεύτοις βοηθοῦντα τέθηκε τὸν νόμον· τὰς γὰρ ὑπαρχούσας ἐκ τῶν νῦν κυρίων νόμων τιμωρίας καταλύει.
103. The statutes enacted by Solon, a very different legislator from the defendant, provided that if a man is convicted of theft, and not punished with death, he shall suffer imprisonment; that if a man found guilty of ill-treating his parents intrudes upon the market-place, he shall go to jail; and that if a man, having been convicted of shirking military service, behaves as though he were not disfranchised, he also shall be imprisoned. Timocrates gives impunity to all these offenders, for he abolishes imprisonment if they put in bail.
103. λεγόντων γὰρ τῶν νόμων οὓς ἔθηκε Σόλων, οὐδὲν ὅμοιος ὢν τούτῳ νομοθέτης, ἄν τις ἁλῷ κλοπῆς καὶ μὴ τιμηθῇ θανάτου, προστιμᾶν αὐτῷ δεσμόν, κἄν τις ἁλοὺς [τῆς] κακώσεως τῶν γονέων εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν ἐμβάλλῃ, δεδέσθαι, κἂν ἀστρατείας τις ὄφλῃ καί τι τῶν αὐτῶν τοῖς ἐπιτίμοις ποιῇ, καὶ τοῦτον δεδέσθαι, Τιμοκράτης ἅπασι τούτοις ἄδειαν ποιεῖ, τῇ καταστάσει τῶν ἐγγυητῶν τὸν δεσμὸν ἀφαιρῶν.
104. Therefore, in my judgement )and though you may think what I am going to say rather coarse, I will say it without hesitation(, he deserves, on that very account, to be punished with death, so that he may pass this law in Hell for the benefit of the wicked, and leave us who are still alive in the continued enjoyment of our holy and righteous laws.—Read also the laws I have mentioned. Laws Concerning Theft, Maltreatment of Parents, and Desertion “If a man has recovered the property lost, the penalty shall be twice the value of such property; if he has not recovered it, ten times the value in addition to the lawful amercement.
104. ὥστʼ ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ (καὶ γὰρ εἰ φορτικώτερον εἶναι τὸ ῥηθησόμενον δόξει, λέξω καὶ οὐκ ἀποτρέψομαι) κατὰ τοῦτʼ αὔτʼ ἄξιον αὐτὸν εἶναι θανάτῳ ζημιῶσαι, ἵνʼ ἐν Ἅιδου τοῖς ἀσεβέσιν θῇ τοῦτον τὸν νόμον, ἡμᾶς δὲ τοὺς ζῶντας τοῖσδε τοῖς ὁσίοις καὶ δικαίοις ἐᾷ τὸ λοιπὸν χρῆσθαι. ἀνάγνωθι δὲ καὶ τούτους τοὺς νόμους. ΝΟΜΟΙ ΚΛΟΠΗΣ, ΚΑΚΩΣΕΩΣ ΓΟΝΕΩΝ, ΑΣΤΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ.
105. The thief shall be kept in the stocks for five days and five nights, if an additional penalty is awarded by the court; and such additional penalty may be proposed by anyone, when the question of sentence is raised.—If any man be put under arrest after being found guilty of ill-treating his parents or of shirking service, or for entering any forbidden place after notice of outlawry, the Eleven shall put him into prison and bring him before the Court of Heliaea, and any person being a lawful prosecutor may prosecute him. If he be found guilty, the Court shall determine what penalty, corporal or pecuniary, he shall suffer; and if the penalty be pecuniary, he shall be kept in prison until he has paid the fine.”
105. ὅ τι ἄν τις ἀπολέσῃ, ἐὰν μὲν αὐτὸ λάβῃ, τὴν διπλασίαν καταδικάζειν, ἐὰν δὲ μή, τὴν διπλασίαν πρὸς τοῖς ἐπαιτίοις. δεδέσθαι δʼ ἐν τῇ ποδοκάκκῃ τὸν πόδα πένθʼ ἡμέρας καὶ νύκτας ἴσας, ἐὰν προστιμήσῃ ἡ ἡλιαία. προστιμᾶσθαι δὲ τὸν βουλόμενον, ὅταν περὶ τοῦ τιμήματος ᾖ. —ἐὰν δέ τις ἀπαχθῇ, τῶν γονέων κακώσεως ἑαλωκὼς ἢ ἀστρατείας ἢ προειρημένον αὐτῷ τῶν νόμων εἴργεσθαι, εἰσιὼν ὅποι μὴ χρή, δησάντων αὐτὸν οἱ ἕνδεκα καὶ εἰσαγόντων εἰς τὴν ἡλιαίαν, κατηγορείτω δὲ ὁ βουλόμενος οἷς ἔξεστιν. ἐὰν δʼ ἁλῷ, τιμάτω ἡ ἡλιαία ὅ τι χρὴ παθεῖν αὐτὸν ἢ ἀποτεῖσαι. ἐὰν δʼ ἀργυρίου τιμηθῇ, δεδέσθω τέως ἂν ἐκτείσῃ.
106. Much alike these two legislators, Solon and Timocrates,—are they not, men of Athens? Solon aims at the reformation of the living and of the unborn; Timocrates points the scoundrels of the past to a road by which they may escape justice, and invents a scheme of impunity for malefactors present and malefactors to come, providing deliverance and reprieve for past, present, and future sinners alike.
106. ὅμοιός γʼ, οὐ γάρ; ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, Σόλων νομοθέτης καὶ Τιμοκράτης. ὁ μέν γε καὶ τοὺς ὄντας βελτίους ποιεῖ καὶ τοὺς μέλλοντας ἔσεσθαι· ὁ δὲ καὶ τοῖς γεγενημένοις πονηροῖς, ὅπως μὴ δώσουσι δίκην, ὁδὸν δείκνυσιν, καὶ τοῖς οὖσιν ὅπως ἄδεια γενήσεται κακουργεῖν εὑρίσκει, καὶ τοῖς μέλλουσιν ἔσεσθαι, τοὺς ἐξ ἁπάντων τῶν χρόνων πονηρούς, ὅπως ἔσονται σῷοι καὶ μηδὲν πείσονται, παρασκευάζων.
107. —What adequate satisfaction can you render, or by what punishment can you be punished as you deserve, you who, to say nothing of the rest, subvert the laws that protect old age, that compel the maintenance of parents in their lifetime, and ensure that they shall be honored with due observance when they die? How can you escape being adjudged the basest of mankind, you reprobate, who openly account thieves and scoundrels and shirkers of more value than your fatherland, and for their sake bring in a law to our detriment?
107. καίτοι τίνʼ ἂν ἀξίαν δοίης δίκην, ἢ τί σὺ παθὼν ἂν τὰ προσήκοντʼ εἴης πεπονθώς, ὅς, τὰ μὲν ἄλλʼ ἐῶ, ἀλλὰ τοὺς τῷ γήρᾳ βοηθοὺς ⟨νόμους⟩ λυμαίνει, οἳ καὶ ζῶντας ἀναγκάζουσι [τοὺς παῖδας] τοὺς γονέας τρέφειν, καὶ ἐπειδὰν ἀποθάνωσιν, ὅπως τῶν νομιζομένων τύχωσι παρασκευάζουσιν; ἢ πῶς οὐ κάκιστος ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων δικαίως ἂν νομίζοιο, ὅστις, ὦ κατάρατε, περὶ πλείονος φαίνει τοὺς κλέπτας καὶ τοὺς κακούργους καὶ τοὺς ἀστρατεύτους τῆς πατρίδος ποιούμενος, καὶ διὰ τούτους καθʼ ἡμῶν νόμον τίθης;
108. Now I propose to reckon up how I have fulfilled the promises I made at the outset of my address. I undertook to prove that he is amenable to the indictment in every respect, first, because he legislated illegally; secondly, because his proposals were contrary to existing statutes; and thirdly, because they were injurious to the commonwealth. Well, you have now heard the statutes, and what they enjoin upon the author of a new law; and again I have satisfied you that the defendant has not observed any one of those injunctions.
108. βούλομαι τοίνυν ὑμῖν, ἃ ὑπεσχόμην ἐν ἀρχῇ τοῦ λόγου, ἀπολογίσασθαι πεποιηκότʼ ἐμαυτόν. ἔφην γὰρ αὐτὸν ἐξελέγξειν κατὰ πάντʼ ἔνοχον ὄντα τῇ γραφῇ, πρῶτον μὲν παρὰ τοὺς νόμους νομοθετοῦντα, δεύτερον δʼ ὑπεναντία τοῖς οὖσι νόμοις γεγραφότα, τρίτον δὲ τοιαῦτα διʼ ὧν βλάπτει τὴν πόλιν. οὐκοῦν ἠκούσατε τῶν νόμων, ἃ κελεύουσι ποιεῖν τὸν τιθέντα νόμον καινόν· καὶ πάλιν ὑμᾶς ἐδίδαξʼ ὅτι τούτων οὐδʼ ὁτιοῦν ἐποίησεν οὗτος.