1. The matters that you are debating, men of Athens, are to my mind so important and even vital to the State, that I will endeavour to offer you what I consider profitable advice on the subject. While the faults that have produced this unhappy state of things are neither few nor recently accumulated, there is nothing, men of Athens, more vexing at the present time than the way in which you detach your thoughts from affairs, and display an interest only so long as you sit here listening, or when some fresh item of news arrives; after that, each man goes home, and not only pays no attention to public business, but does not even recall it to mind.
1. καὶ σπουδαῖα νομίζων, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, περὶ ὧν βουλεύεσθε, καὶ ἀναγκαῖα τῇ πόλει, πειράσομαι περὶ αὐτῶν εἰπεῖν ἃ νομίζω συμφέρειν. οὐκ ὀλίγων δʼ ὄντων ἁμαρτημάτων οὐδʼ ἐκ μικροῦ χρόνου συνειλεγμένων, ἐξ ὧν φαύλως ταῦτʼ ἔχει, οὐδέν ἐστιν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τῶν πάντων δυσκολώτερον εἰς τὸ παρὸν ἢ ὅτι ταῖς γνώμαις ὑμεῖς ἀφεστήκατε τῶν πραγμάτων, καὶ τοσοῦτον χρόνον σπουδάζεθʼ ὅσον ἂν κάθησθʼ ἀκούοντες ἢ προσαγγελθῇ τι νεώτερον, εἶτʼ ἀπελθὼν ἕκαστος ὑμῶν οὐ μόνον οὐδὲν φροντίζει περὶ αὐτῶν, ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ μέμνηται.
2. Now the extent of the recklessness and rapacity that Philip shows in his dealings with all men is indeed as great as it has been described to you; but how impossible it is to stay him in this career by argument and declamation, assuredly no one is ignorant. For indeed, if no single thing else can teach a man the truth of that, let him weigh the following consideration. When we have had to speak in defence of our rights, we have never yet been defeated or proved in the wrong, but in every case we vanquish all our opponents and have the best of it in argument.
2. ἡ μὲν οὖν ἀσέλγεια καὶ πλεονεξία, ᾗ πρὸς ἅπαντας ἀνθρώπους Φίλιππος χρῆται, τοσαύτη τὸ πλῆθος ὅσην ἀκούετε· ὅτι δʼ οὐκ ἔνι ταύτης ἐκεῖνον ἐπισχεῖν ἐκ λόγου καὶ δημηγορίας οὐδεὶς ἀγνοεῖ δήπου. καὶ γὰρ εἰ μηδʼ ἀφʼ ἑνὸς τῶν ἄλλων τοῦτο μαθεῖν δύναταί τις, ὡδὶ λογισάσθω. ἡμεῖς οὐδαμοῦ πώποτε, ὅπου περὶ τῶν δικαίων εἰπεῖν ἐδέησεν, ἡττήθημεν οὐδʼ ἀδικεῖν ἐδόξαμεν, ἀλλὰ πάντων πανταχοῦ κρατοῦμεν καὶ περίεσμεν τῷ λόγῳ.
3. Is, then, Philip any the worse off for that, or Athens any the better? Far from it; for afterwards, when he takes up arms and marches to battle, ready to risk all he has, and we sit idle, alike those who have pleaded our cause and those who have been listening to them, then, naturally enough, deeds outweigh words, and the world in general gives heed, not to what we once said with justice or might now say, but to what we do. And what we do is insufficient to protect any of the victims of injustice; in fact, I need say no more about it.
3. ἆρʼ οὖν διὰ τοῦτʼ ἐκείνῳ φαύλως ἔχει τὰ πράγματα, ἢ τῇ πόλει καλῶς; πολλοῦ γε καὶ δεῖ· ἐπειδὰν γὰρ ὁ μὲν λαβὼν μετὰ ταῦτα βαδίζῃ τὰ ὅπλα, πᾶσιν τοῖς οὖσιν ἑτοίμως κινδυνεύσων, ἡμεῖς δὲ καθώμεθʼ εἰρηκότες τὰ δίκαια, οἱ δʼ ἀκηκοότες, εἰκότως, οἶμαι, τοὺς λόγους τἄργα παρέρχεται, καὶ προσέχουσιν ἅπαντες οὐχ οἷς εἴπομέν ποθʼ ἡμεῖς δικαίοις ἢ νῦν ἂν εἴποιμεν, ἀλλʼ οἷς ποιοῦμεν. ἔστι δὲ ταῦτʼ οὐδένα τῶν ἀδικουμένων σῴζειν δυνάμενα· οὐδὲν γὰρ δεῖ πλείω περὶ αὐτῶν λέγειν.
4. Therefore, as the Greeks in every city are divided into these two parties—the one desiring neither to rule others by force nor to be slaves to any man, but to enjoy liberty and equality under a free constitution; the other eager to rule their fellow-countrymen, but to take their orders from some third person, who they think will enable them to compass their ends—Philip’s faction, those who hanker after tyrannies and oligarchies, have everywhere gained the supremacy, and I doubt whether of all the states there is any stable democracy left except our own.
4. τοιγάρτοι διεστηκότων εἰς δύο ταῦτα τῶν ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι, τῶν μὲν εἰς τὸ μήτʼ ἄρχειν βίᾳ βούλεσθαι μηδενὸς μήτε δουλεύειν ἄλλῳ, ἀλλʼ ἐν ἐλευθερίᾳ καὶ νόμοις ἐξ ἴσου πολιτεύεσθαι, τῶν δʼ εἰς τὸ ἄρχειν μὲν τῶν πολιτῶν ἐπιθυμεῖν, ἑτέρῳ δʼ ὑπακούειν, διʼ ὅτου ποτʼ ἂν οἴωνται τοῦτο δυνήσεσθαι ποιῆσαι, οἱ τῆς ἐκείνου προαιρέσεως, οἱ τυραννίδων καὶ δυναστειῶν ἐπιθυμοῦντες, κεκρατήκασι πανταχοῦ, καὶ πόλις δημοκρατουμένη βεβαίως οὐκ οἶδʼ εἴ τίς ἐστι τῶν πασῶν λοιπὴ πλὴν ἡ ἡμετέρα.
5. Moreover, this supremacy of the constitution-mongers who rely on Philip’s support has been gained by all the devices usual in politics, first and foremost by providing a dispenser of wealth to such as covet it, secondly, and not less effectively, by having at their back a force capable of crushing their opponents on any occasion when they may call upon it.
5. καὶ κεκρατήκασιν οἱ διʼ ἐκείνου τὰς πολιτείας ποιούμενοι πᾶσιν ὅσοις πράγματα πράττεται, πρώτῳ μὲν πάντων καὶ πλείστῳ τῷ τοῖς βουλομένοις χρήματα λαμβάνειν ἔχειν τὸν δώσονθʼ ὑπὲρ αὑτῶν, δευτέρῳ δὲ καὶ οὐδὲν ἐλάττονι τούτου τῷ δύναμιν τὴν καταστρεψομένην τοὺς ἐναντιουμένους αὐτοῖς ἐν οἷς ἂν αἰτήσωσι χρόνοις παρεῖναι.
6. But we, Athenians, are not only behindhand in this respect, but we cannot even rouse ourselves from sleep; we are like men who have drunk mandragora or some such drug. Hence, I believe—for I must speak the truth as I conceive it—we have been so discredited and despised that of those who are involved in actual danger some dispute with us about the right of leadership, others about the meeting-place for a congress, and some have made up their minds to defend themselves single-handed rather than with us.
6. ἡμεῖς δʼ οὐ μόνον τούτοις ὑπολειπόμεθʼ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ἀνεγερθῆναι δυνάμεθα, ἀλλὰ μανδραγόραν πεπωκόσιν ἤ τι φάρμακον ἄλλο τοιοῦτον ἐοίκαμεν ἀνθρώποις· εἶτʼ, οἶμαι, (δεῖ γάρ, ὡς ἐγὼ κρίνω, λέγειν τἀληθῆ) οὕτω διαβεβλήμεθα καὶ καταπεφρονήμεθʼ ἐκ τούτων ὥστε τῶν ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ κινδυνεύειν ὄντων οἱ μὲν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἡγεμονίας ἡμῖν ἀντιλέγουσιν, οἱ δʼ ὑπὲρ τοῦ ποῦ συνεδρεύσουσι, τινὲς δὲ καθʼ αὑτοὺς ἀμύνεσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ μεθʼ ἡμῶν ἐγνώκασιν.
7. What is my object in treating this matter so fully? For I protest in Heaven’s name that I have no ambition to incur your hostility. It is that each one of you, Athenians, may know and realize this—that in state affairs, as well as in private life, daily indifference and carelessness do not make their result felt at once on each occasion when duty is neglected, but come home to us when the total result of our policy is seen.
7. τοῦ χάριν δὴ ταῦτα λέγω καὶ διεξέρχομαι; οὐ γὰρ ἀπεχθάνεσθαι μὰ τὸν Δία καὶ πάντας θεοὺς προαιροῦμαι. ἵνʼ ὑμῶν ἕκαστος, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοῦτο γνῷ καὶ εἰδῇ, ὅτι ἡ καθʼ ἡμέραν ῥᾳστώνη καὶ ῥᾳθυμία, ὥσπερ τοῖς ἰδίοις βίοις, οὕτω καὶ ταῖς πόλεσιν οὐκ ἐφʼ ἑκάστου τῶν ἀμελουμένων ποιεῖ τὴν αἴσθησιν εὐθέως, ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ τῷ κεφαλαίῳ τῶν πραγμάτων ἀπαντᾷ.
8. Look at Serrium and Doriscus; for these were the places that were disregarded immediately after the peace, and many of you perhaps do not even know of their existence. Yet it was your neglect and abandonment of them that ruined Thrace and Cersobleptes, who was your ally. Again, Philip, seeing that these were overlooked and were receiving no help from you, proceeded to raze Porthmus to the ground and founded a tyranny in Euboea over against Attica as a menace to you.
8. ὁρᾶτε Σέρριον καὶ Δορίσκον· ταῦτα γὰρ πρῶτον ὠλιγωρήθη μετὰ τὴν εἰρήνην, ἃ πολλοῖς ὑμῶν οὐδὲ γνώριμʼ ἐστὶν ἴσως. ταῦτα μέντοι τότʼ ἐαθέντα καὶ παροφθέντʼ ἀπώλεσε Θρᾴκην καὶ Κερσοβλέπτην, σύμμαχον ὄνθʼ ὑμῶν. πάλιν ταῦτʼ ἀμελούμενʼ ἰδὼν καὶ οὐδεμιᾶς βοηθείας τυγχάνοντα παρʼ ὑμῶν κατέσκαπτε Πορθμόν, καὶ τυραννίδʼ ἀπαντικρὺ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἐπετείχισεν ὑμῖν ἐν τῇ Εὐβοίᾳ.
9. Because we neglected Euboea, Megara was very nearly captured. You showed no concern nor anxiety about any of these proceedings, and gave no indication that you would not allow Philip to continue them; so he bought up Antrones and soon afterwards got Oreus under his control.
9. ταύτης ὀλιγωρουμένης, Μέγαρʼ ἑάλω παρὰ μικρόν. οὐδὲν ἐφροντίσατʼ οὐδʼ ἐπεστράφητʼ οὐδὲν τούτων, οὐδʼ ἐνεδείξασθε τοῦθʼ ὅτι οὐκ ἐπιτρέψετε τοῦτο ποιεῖν αὐτῷ· Ἀντρῶνας ἐπρίατο καὶ μετʼ οὐ πολὺν χρόνον τὰ ἐν Ὠρεῷ πράγματʼ εἰλήφει.
10. I pass over many other instances, such as Pherae, the raid against Ambracia, the massacres at Elis, and countless others. I have gone into these details, not to give you a complete catalogue of the victims of Philip’s oppression and injustice, but to make it clear to you that he will never desist from molesting all of us and bringing us under his sway, unless someone restrains him.
10. πολλὰ δὲ καὶ παραλείπω, Φεράς, τὴν ἐπʼ Ἀμβρακίαν ὁδόν, τὰς ἐν Ἤλιδι σφαγάς, ἄλλα μυρία· οὐ γὰρ ἵνʼ ἐξαριθμήσωμαι τοὺς βεβιασμένους καὶ τοὺς ἠδικημένους ὑπὸ Φιλίππου, ταῦτα διεξῆλθον, ἀλλʼ ἵνα τοῦθʼ ὑμῖν δείξω, ὅτι οὐ στήσεται πάντας ἀνθρώπους ἀδικῶν, τὰ δʼ ὑφʼ αὑτῷ ποιούμενος Φίλιππος, εἰ μή τις αὐτὸν κωλύσει.
11. But there are some who, without waiting to hear the speeches on these questions, are in the habit of asking at once, “What then ought we to do?”—not in order to do it, when they have heard it, for if so, they would be the most helpful of all citizens, but simply to get rid of the speaker. Nevertheless, you must be told what you ought to do. First, men of Athens, you must fix this firmly in your minds, that Philip is at war with us and has broken the peace, and that he is ill-disposed and hostile to the whole city and to the very soil on which the city stands, and, I will add, to the gods that dwell in it; and may those same gods complete his ruin! The chief object, however, of his arms and his diplomacy is our free constitution, and on nothing in the world is he more bent than on its destruction.
11. εἰσὶν δέ τινες οἳ πρὶν ἀκοῦσαι τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν πραγμάτων λόγους εὐθέως εἰώθασιν ἐρωτᾶν τί οὖν χρὴ ποιεῖν; οὐχ ἵνʼ ἀκούσαντες ποιήσωσι (χρησιμώτατοι γὰρ ἂν ἦσαν ἁπάντων), ἀλλʼ ἵνα τοῦ λέγοντος ἀπαλλαγῶσιν. δεῖ δʼ ὅμως εἰπεῖν ὅ τι χρὴ ποιεῖν. πρῶτον μέν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοῦτο παρʼ ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς βεβαίως γνῶναι, ὅτι τῇ πόλει Φίλιππος πολεμεῖ καὶ τὴν εἰρήνην λέλυκεν, καὶ κακόνους μέν ἐστι καὶ ἐχθρὸς ὅλῃ τῇ πόλει καὶ τῷ τῆς πόλεως ἐδάφει, προσθήσω δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἐν τῇ πόλει θεοῖς, οἵπερ αὐτὸν ἐξολέσειαν, οὐδενὶ μέντοι μᾶλλον ἢ τῇ πολιτείᾳ πολεμεῖ οὐδʼ ἐπιβουλεύει, καὶ σκοπεῖ μᾶλλον οὐδὲν τῶν πάντων ἢ πῶς ταύτην καταλύσει.
12. And it is in a way inevitable that he should now be acting thus. For observe! He wants to rule, and he has made up his mind that you, and you only, bar the way. He has long injured you; of nothing is he more conscious than of that. For it is by holding the cities that are really yours that he retains safe possession of all the rest; and if he gave up Amphipolis and Potidaea, even Macedonia would be no safe place for him.
12. καὶ τοῦτʼ ἐξ ἀνάγκης τρόπον τινὰ νῦν γε δὴ ποιεῖ. λογίζεσθε γάρ. ἄρχειν βούλεται, τούτου δʼ ἀνταγωνιστὰς μόνους ὑπείληφεν ὑμᾶς. ἀδικεῖ πολὺν χρόνον ἤδη, καὶ τοῦτʼ αὐτὸς ἄριστα σύνοιδεν αὑτῷ· οἷς γὰρ οὖσιν ὑμετέροις ἔχει [χρῆσθαι], τούτοις ἅπαντα τἄλλα βεβαίως κέκτηται· εἰ γὰρ Ἀμφίπολιν καὶ Ποτείδαιαν προεῖτο, οὐδʼ ἂν ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ μένειν ἀσφαλῶς ἐδύνατο.
13. He knows, then, these two facts—that he is intriguing against you and that you are aware of it. Assuming that you are intelligent, he concludes that you hate him. Besides these weighty considerations, he knows for certain that even if he masters all else, his power will be precarious as long as you remain a democracy, but if ever he meets with some mischance (and there are many to which mankind is liable), all the forces that are now under restraint will be attracted to your side.
13. ἀμφότερʼ οὖν οἶδε, καὶ αὑτὸν ὑμῖν ἐπιβουλεύοντα καὶ ὑμᾶς αἰσθανομένους· εὖ φρονεῖν δʼ ὑμᾶς ὑπολαμβάνων μισεῖν αὑτὸν ἡγεῖται. πρὸς δὲ τούτοις τοσούτοις οὖσιν οἶδεν ἀκριβῶς ὅτι, οὐδʼ ἂν ἁπάντων τῶν ἄλλων γένηται κύριος, οὐδὲν ἔστʼ αὐτῷ βεβαίως ἔχειν, ἕως ἂν ὑμεῖς δημοκρατῆσθε, ἀλλʼ ἄν ποτε συμβῇ τι πταῖσμα (πολλὰ δʼ ἂν γένοιτʼ ἀνθρώπῳ), ἥξει πάντα τὰ νῦν βεβιασμένα καὶ καταφεύξεται πρὸς ὑμᾶς.
14. For nature has not equipped you to seek aggrandizement and secure empire, but you are clever at thwarting another’s designs and wresting from him his gains, and quick to confound utterly the plots of the ambitious and vindicate the freedom of all mankind. Therefore he does not want to have the Athenian tradition of liberty watching to seize every chance against himself; nor is his reasoning here either faulty or idle.
14. ἐστὲ γὰρ ὑμεῖς οὐκ αὐτοὶ πλεονεκτῆσαι καὶ κατασχεῖν ἀρχὴν εὖ πεφυκότες, ἀλλʼ ἕτερον λαβεῖν κωλῦσαι καὶ ἔχοντʼ ἀφελέσθαι καὶ ὅλως ἐνοχλῆσαι τοῖς ἄρχειν βουλομένοις καὶ πάντας ἀνθρώπους εἰς ἐλευθερίαν ἐξελέσθαι δεινοί. οὔκουν βούλεται τοῖς αὑτοῦ καιροῖς τὴν παρʼ ὑμῶν ἐλευθερίαν ἐφεδρεύειν, οὐ κακῶς οὐδʼ ἀργῶς ταῦτα λογιζόμενος.
15. This, then, is the first thing needful, to recognize in Philip the inveterate enemy of constitutional government and democracy; and your second need is to convince yourselves that all his activity and all his organization is preparing the way for an attack on our city. For none of you is so simple as to believe that though Philip covets these wretched objects in Thrace—for what else can one call Drongilus and Cabyle and Mastira and the other places he is said to be now holding?—and though he endures toil and winter storms and deadly peril for the privilege of taking them, yet he does not covet the Athenian harbours and dockyards and war-galleys and the place itself and the glory of it—and never may Philip or any other man make himself master of these by the conquest of our city!—but will allow you to retain them, while he winters in that purgatory for the sake of the rye and millet of the Thracian store-pits.
15. πρῶτον μὲν δὴ τοῦτο δεῖ, ἐχθρὸν ὑπειληφέναι τῆς πολιτείας καὶ τῆς δημοκρατίας ἀδιάλλακτον ἐκεῖνον, δεύτερον δʼ εἰδέναι σαφῶς ὅτι πάνθʼ ὅσα πραγματεύεται καὶ κατασκευάζεται νῦν, ἐπὶ τὴν ἡμετέραν πόλιν παρασκευάζεται. οὐ γὰρ οὕτως εὐήθης ὑμῶν ἐστὶν οὐδεὶς ὥσθʼ ὑπολαμβάνειν τὸν Φίλιππον τῶν μὲν ἐν Θρᾴκῃ κακῶν (τί γὰρ ἂν ἄλλο τις εἴποι Δρογγίλον καὶ Καβύλην καὶ Μάστειραν καὶ ἃ νῦν φασιν αὐτὸν ἔχειν;) τούτων μὲν ἐπιθυμεῖν καὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦ ταῦτα λαβεῖν καὶ πόνους καὶ χειμῶνας καὶ τοὺς ἐσχάτους κινδύνους ὑπομένειν, τῶν δʼ Ἀθηναίων λιμένων καὶ νεωρίων καὶ τριήρων καὶ τόπου καὶ δόξης, ὧν μήτʼ ἐκείνῳ μήτʼ ἄλλῳ γένοιτο μηδενὶ χειρωσαμένῳ τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἡμετέραν κυριεῦσαι, οὐκ ἐπιθυμεῖν, ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ὑμᾶς ἐάσειν ἔχειν, ὑπὲρ δὲ τῶν μελινῶν καὶ τῶν ὀλυρῶν τῶν ἐν τοῖς Θρᾳκίοις σιροῖς ἐν τῷ βαράθρῳ χειμάζειν.
17. It is not so, but it is to win these prizes that he devotes his activities to all those other objects. Therefore each must know and feel in his own mind the truth of this, but you must not, of course, call for a declaration of war from the statesman who is trying, in all honesty, to give you the best advice; for that would be the act of men who want to find someone to fight with, not of men who seek the interests of their state.
17. οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα, ἀλλὰ κἀκεῖνʼ ὑπὲρ τοῦ τούτων γίγνεσθαι κύριος καὶ τἄλλα πάντα πραγματεύεται. ταῦτα τοίνυν ἕκαστον εἰδότα καὶ γιγνώσκοντα παρʼ αὑτῷ δεῖ μὰ Δίʼ οὐ γράψαι κελεύειν πόλεμον τὸν τὰ βέλτιστʼ ἐπὶ πᾶσι δικαίοις συμβουλεύοντα· τοῦτο μὲν γάρ ἐστι λαβεῖν ὅτῳ πολεμήσετε βουλομένων, οὐχ ἃ τῇ πόλει συμφέρει πράττειν.
18. For consider. If for his first violation of the peace, or his second or third—for there was a long series of them—someone had proposed a declaration of war against him, and if Philip, just as he is doing now when no one proposes such a declaration, had gone to the help of the Cardians, would not the proposer have been suppressed, and blamed by everybody as the real author of Philip’s expedition?
18. ὁρᾶτε γάρ. εἰ διʼ ἃ πρῶτα παρεσπόνδησε Φίλιππος ἢ δεύτερʼ ἢ τρίτα (πολλὰ γάρ ἐστιν ἐφεξῆς) ἔγραψέ τις αὐτῷ πολεμεῖν, ὁ δʼ ὁμοίως ὥσπερ νῦν, οὐ γράφοντος οὐδενὸς ὑμῶν πόλεμον, Καρδιανοῖς ἐβοήθει, οὐκ ἂν ἀνηρπασμένος ἦν ὁ γράψας, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πάντες ᾐτιῶντʼ ἂν αὐτὸν Καρδιανοῖς βεβοηθηκέναι;
19. Then do not look about for a scapegoat for Philip’s sins, someone whom you can throw for his hirelings to rend limb from limb. Do not vote for war and then fall to disputing among yourselves whether you ought or ought not to have done so, but imitate his methods of warfare, supplying those who are now resisting him with money and whatever else they need, and raising a war-fund yourselves, Athenians, and providing an army, swift-sailing galleys, horses, cavalry-transports, and everything that war requires.
19. μὴ τοίνυν ζητεῖθʼ ὅντινʼ ἀνθʼ ὧν Φίλιππος ἐξαμαρτάνει μισήσετε καὶ τοῖς παρʼ ἐκείνου μισθαρνοῦσι διασπάσασθαι παραβαλεῖτε· μηδʼ αὐτοὶ χειροτονήσαντες πόλεμον βούλεσθε παρʼ αὐτοῖς ὑμῖν ἐρίζειν, εἰ δέον ἢ μὴ δέον ὑμᾶς τοῦτο πεποιηκέναι· ἀλλʼ ὃν ἐκεῖνος πολεμεῖ τρόπον, τοῦτον μιμεῖσθε, τοῖς μὲν ἀμυνομένοις ἤδη χρήματα καὶ τἄλλʼ ὅσων δέονται διδόντες, αὐτοὶ δʼ εἰσφέροντες, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, καὶ κατασκευαζόμενοι στράτευμα, τριήρεις ταχείας, ἵππους, ἱππαγωγούς, τἄλλʼ ὅσʼ εἰς πόλεμον·
20. For at present our system is a mockery, and, by Heaven, I do not believe that even Philip himself would pray that Athens might act otherwise than she is acting. You are behind your time and waste your money; you look round for someone to manage the business and then quarrel with him; you throw the blame on one another. I will explain how this comes about and will tell you how to stop it.
20. ἐπεὶ νῦν γε γέλως ἔσθʼ ὡς χρώμεθα τοῖς πράγμασι, καὶ Φίλιππον δʼ αὐτὸν οὐδὲν ἂν ἄλλʼ οἶμαι μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς εὔξασθαι ποιεῖν τὴν πόλιν ἢ ταῦθʼ ἃ νῦν ποιεῖτε· ὑστερίζετε, ἀναλίσκετε· ὅτῳ παραδώσετε τὰ πράγματα ζητεῖτε, δυσχεραίνετε· ἀλλήλους αἰτιᾶσθε. ἀφʼ οὗ δὲ ταῦτα γίγνεται ἐγὼ διδάξω, καὶ ὅπως παύσεται λέξω.
21. Never yet, Athenians, have you instituted or organized a single plan of action properly at the start, but you always follow in the track of each event, and then, when you find yourselves too late, you give up the pursuit; when the next event occurs, you are again in a bustle of preparation.
21. οὐδὲν πώποτʼ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τῶν πραγμάτων ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐνεστήσασθʼ οὐδὲ κατεσκευάσασθʼ ὀρθῶς, ἀλλὰ τὸ συμβαῖνον ἀεὶ διώκετε, εἶτʼ ἐπειδὰν ὑστερίσητε παύεσθε· ἕτερον πάλιν ἂν συμβῇ τι παρασκευάζεσθε καὶ θορυβεῖσθε.
22. But that is not the way. If you trust to occasional levies, you can never gain any of your essential objects; but you must first raise a force and provide for its maintenance, and appoint paymasters and clerks, and arrange that there shall be the strictest watch kept over your expenditure, and afterwards you must demand from your paymasters an account of their moneys, and from the general an account of his campaign, and you must leave the general no excuse for sailing elsewhere or engaging in any other business.
22. τὸ δʼ οὐχ οὕτως ἔχει· οὐκ ἔνεστι βοηθείαις χρωμένους οὐδὲν τῶν δεόντων ποτὲ πρᾶξαι, ἀλλὰ κατασκευάσαντας δεῖ δύναμιν, καὶ τροφὴν ταύτῃ πορίσαντας καὶ ταμίας καὶ δημοσίους, καὶ ὅπως ἔνι τὴν τῶν χρημάτων φυλακὴν ἀκριβεστάτην γενέσθαι, οὕτω ποιήσαντας, τὸν μὲν τῶν χρημάτων λόγον παρὰ τούτων λαμβάνειν, τὸν δὲ τῶν ἔργων παρὰ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ, καὶ μηδεμίαν πρόφασιν τοῦ πλεῖν ἄλλοσε ἢ πράττειν ἄλλο τι τῷ στρατηγῷ καταλείπειν.
23. If you do this, and you are really in earnest about it, you will either compel Philip to keep the peace fairly and to stay in one place, or you will fight him on equal terms; and perhaps—perhaps, just as you are now inquiring what Philip is doing and where he is marching, so he may be anxious to know where the Athenian force is bound for, and in what quarter it will appear.
23. ἂν οὕτω ποιήσητε καὶ τοῦτʼ ἐθελήσηθʼ ὡς ἀληθῶς, ἄγειν εἰρήνην δικαίαν καὶ μένειν ἐπὶ τοῦ τόπου Φίλιππον ἀναγκάσετε, ἢ πολεμήσετʼ ἐξ ἴσου· καὶ ἴσως ἄν, ἴσως, ὥσπερ νῦν ὑμεῖς πυνθάνεσθε τί ποιεῖ Φίλιππος καὶ ποῖ πορεύεται, οὕτως ἂν ἐκεῖνος φροντίσαι ποῖ ποθʼ ἡ τῆς πόλεως ἀπῆρκεν δύναμις καὶ ποῦ φανήσεται.
24. But if anyone thinks that all this means great expense and much toil and worry, he is quite correct, but if he reckons up what will hereafter be the result to Athens if she refuses to act, he will conclude that it is to our interest to perform our duty willingly. For if you have the guarantee of some god, since no mere mortal could be a satisfactory surety for such an event, that if you remain inactive and abandon everything, Philip will not in the end march against yourselves, by Zeus and all the other gods, it would be disgraceful and unworthy of you and of the resources of your city and the record of your ancestors to abandon all the other Greeks to enslavement for the sake of your own ease, and I for one would rather die than be guilty of proposing such a policy.
24. εἰ δέ τῳ δοκεῖ ταῦτα καὶ δαπάνης πολλῆς καὶ πόνων πολλῶν καὶ πραγματείας εἶναι, καὶ μάλʼ ὀρθῶς δοκεῖ· ἀλλʼ ἐὰν λογίσηται τὰ τῇ πόλει μετὰ ταῦτα γενησόμενα, ἐὰν ταῦτα μὴ ἐθέλῃ ποιεῖν, εὑρήσει λυσιτελοῦν τὸ ἑκόντας ποιεῖν τὰ δέοντα. εἰ μὲν γάρ ἐστί τις ἐγγυητὴς ὑμῖν θεῶν (οὐ γὰρ ἀνθρώπων γʼ οὐδεὶς ἂν γένοιτʼ ἀξιόχρεως τηλικούτου πράγματος) ὡς, ἐὰν ἄγηθʼ ἡσυχίαν καὶ ἅπαντα προῆσθε, οὐκ ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς ὑμᾶς τελευτῶν ἐκεῖνος ἥξει, αἰσχρὸν μὲν νὴ τὸν Δία καὶ πάντας θεοὺς καὶ ἀνάξιον ὑμῶν καὶ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων τῇ πόλει καὶ πεπραγμένων τοῖς προγόνοις, τῆς ἰδίας ῥᾳθυμίας ἕνεκα τοὺς ἄλλους ἅπαντας Ἕλληνας εἰς δουλείαν προέσθαι, καὶ ἔγωγε αὐτὸς μὲν τεθνάναι μᾶλλον ἂν ἢ ταῦτʼ εἰρηκέναι βουλοίμην·
26. All the same, if someone does propose it and wins your assent, so be it; offer no resistance, sacrifice everything. But if no one approves of this, and if on the contrary we all of us foresee that the more we allow him to extend his power, the stronger and more formidable we shall find him in war, what escape is open to us, or why do we delay? When, men of Athens, shall we consent to do our duty?
26. οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ εἴ τις ἄλλος λέγει καὶ ὑμᾶς πείθει, ἔστω, μὴ ἀμύνεσθε, ἅπαντα πρόεσθε. εἰ δὲ μηδενὶ τοῦτο δοκεῖ, τοὐναντίον δὲ πρόϊσμεν ἅπαντες ὅτι, ὅσῳ ἂν πλειόνων ἐάσωμεν ἐκεῖνον γενέσθαι κύριον, τοσούτῳ χαλεπωτέρῳ καὶ ἰσχυροτέρῳ χρησόμεθʼ ἐχθρῷ, ποῖ ἀναδυόμεθα, ἢ τί μέλλομεν; ἢ πότʼ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τὰ δέοντα ποιεῖν ἐθελήσομεν; ὅταν νὴ Δίʼ ἀναγκαῖον ᾖ.
27. “Whenever it is necessary,” you will say. But what any free man would call necessity is not merely present now, but is long ago past, and from the necessity that constrains a slave we must surely pray to be delivered. Do you ask the difference? The strongest necessity that a free man feels is shame for his own position, and I know not if we could name a stronger; but for a slave necessity means stripes and bodily outrage, unfit to name here, from which Heaven defend us!
27. ἀλλʼ ἣν μὲν ἄν τις ἐλευθέρων ἀνθρώπων ἀνάγκην εἴποι, οὐ μόνον ἤδη πάρεστιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάλαι παρελήλυθε, τὴν δὲ τῶν δούλων ἀπεύχεσθαι δήπου μὴ γενέσθαι δεῖ. διαφέρει δὲ τί; ὅτι ἐστὶν ἐλευθέρῳ μὲν ἀνθρώπῳ μεγίστη ἀνάγκη ἡ ὑπὲρ τῶν γιγνομένων αἰσχύνη, καὶ μείζω ταύτης οὐκ οἶδʼ ἥντινʼ ἂν εἴποι τις· δούλῳ δὲ πληγαὶ χὠ τοῦ σώματος αἰκισμός, ὃ μήτε γένοιτο οὔτε λέγειν ἄξιον.
28. Now, men of Athens, with regard to such public services as it is the duty of everyone to discharge, both with person and with property, that there should be a disposition to avoid them is not right—indeed, far from it—but still it does admit of some excuse notwithstanding; but to refuse even to listen to all that you ought to hear and all that you are bound to decide deserves, at such a time as this, absolute condemnation.
28. τὸ μὲν τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πρὸς τὰ τοιαῦτʼ ὀκνηρῶς διακεῖσθαι, ἃ δεῖ τοῖς σώμασι καὶ ταῖς οὐσίαις λῃτουργῆσαι ἕκαστον, ἐστὶ μὲν οὐκ ὀρθῶς ἔχον, οὐδὲ πολλοῦ δεῖ, οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ ἔχει τινὰ πρόφασιν ὅμως· τὸ δὲ μηδʼ ὅσʼ ἀκοῦσαι δεῖ μηδʼ ὅσα βουλεύσασθαι προσήκει, μηδὲ ταῦτʼ ἐθέλειν [ἀκούειν], τοῦτʼ ἤδη πᾶσαν ἐπιδέχεται κατηγορίαν.
29. Your habit, then, is not to listen until, as now, the events themselves are upon you, and not to discuss any question at your leisure but whenever Philip makes his preparations, you neglect the chance of doing the same, and you are too remiss to make counter-preparations; and if anyone speaks out, you drive him from the platform, but when you learn of the loss of this place or the siege of that, then you pay attention and begin to prepare.
29. ὑμεῖς τοίνυν οὐκ ἀκούειν, πρὶν ἂν ὥσπερ νῦν αὐτὰ παρῇ τὰ πράγματα, οὐχὶ βουλεύεσθαι περὶ οὐδενὸς εἰώθατʼ ἐφʼ ἡσυχίας, ἀλλʼ ὅταν μὲν ἐκεῖνος παρασκευάζηται, ἀμελήσαντες τοῦ ποιεῖν ταὐτὸ καὶ ἀντιπαρασκευάζεσθαι ῥᾳθυμεῖτε, καὶ ἄν τι λέγῃ τις, ἐκβάλλετε, ἐπειδὰν δʼ ἀπολωλὸς ἢ πολιορκούμενόν τι πύθησθε, ἀκροᾶσθε καὶ παρασκευάζεσθε·
30. But the time to have listened and made your decision was just then, when you would not do it; now, when you are listening, is the time to act and put your preparations to use. Therefore in consequence of these bad habits you alone reverse the general practice of mankind; for other people deliberate before the event, but you after the event.
30. ἦν δʼ ἀκηκοέναι μὲν καὶ βεβουλεῦσθαι τότε καιρός, ὅθʼ ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἠθέλετε, πράττειν δὲ καὶ χρῆσθαι τοῖς παρεσκευασμένοις νῦν, ἡνίκʼ ἀκούετε. τοιγαροῦν ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων ἐθῶν μόνοι τῶν πάντων ἀνθρώπων ὑμεῖς τοῖς ἄλλοις τοὐναντίον ποιεῖτε· οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἄλλοι πρὸ τῶν πραγμάτων εἰώθασι χρῆσθαι τῷ βουλεύεσθαι, ὑμεῖς δὲ μετὰ τὰ πράγματα.
31. The one thing that remains and that ought to have been done long ago, though even now the chance is not lost, I will tell you. There is nothing that the State needs so much for the coming struggle as money. Some strokes of good fortune we have enjoyed without our design, and if we make the right use of them, the desired results may perhaps follow. For first, the men whom the king of Persia trusts and has accepted as his “benefactors,” hate Philip and are at war with him.
31. ὃ δὴ λοιπόν ἐστι, καὶ πάλαι μὲν ἔδει, διαφεύγει δʼ οὐδὲ νῦν, τοῦτʼ ἐρῶ. οὐδενὸς τῶν πάντων οὕτως ὡς χρημάτων δεῖ τῇ πόλει πρὸς τὰ νῦν ἐπιόντα πράγματα. συμβέβηκε δʼ εὐτυχήματʼ ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου, οἷς ἂν χρησώμεθʼ ὀρθῶς, ἴσως ἂν γένοιτο τὰ δέοντα. πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ οἷς βασιλεὺς πιστεύει καὶ εὐεργέτας ὑπείληφεν ἑαυτοῦ, οὗτοι μισοῦσι καὶ πολεμοῦσι Φίλιππον.
32. Secondly, the agent who was privy to all Philip’s schemes against the king of Persia has been kidnapped, and the king will hear of all these plots, not as the complaint of Athenians, whom he might suspect of speaking for our own private advantage, but from the lips of the very man who planned and carried them out, so that their credit is established, and the only suggestion for our ambassadors to make is one which the king would be delighted to hear, that the man who is wronging both parties should be punished by both in common, and that Philip is much more dangerous to the king if he has attacked us first, for if we are left to our own resources and anything happens to us, he will soon be marching confidently against the king.
32. ἔπειθʼ ὁ πράττων καὶ συνειδὼς ἅπανθʼ ἃ Φιλλιππος κατὰ βασιλέως παρασκευάζεται, οὗτος ἀνάσπαστος γέγονε, καὶ πάσας τὰς πράξεις βασιλεὺς οὐχ ἡμῶν κατηγορούντων ἀκούσεται, οὓς ὑπὲρ τοῦ συμφέροντος ἂν ἡγήσαιτο τοῦ ἰδίου λέγειν, ἀλλὰ τοῦ πράξαντος αὐτοῦ καὶ διοικοῦντος, ὥστʼ εἶναι πιστάς, καὶ λοιπὸν λόγον εἶναι τοῖς παρʼ ὑμῶν πρέσβεσιν, ὃν βασιλεὺς ἥδιστʼ ἂν ἀκούσαι, ὡς τὸν ἀμφοτέρους ἀδικοῦντα κοινῇ τιμωρήσασθαι δεῖ, καὶ ὅτι πολὺ τῷ βασιλεῖ φοβερώτερός ἐσθʼ ὁ Φίλιππος, ἂν προτέροις ἡμῖν ἐπιθῆται·
33. I think you ought to send an embassy to put all these matters before the king, and you ought to drop the foolish prejudice that has so often brought about your discomfiture—“the barbarian,” “the common foe of us all,” and all such phrases.
33. εἰ γὰρ ἐγκαταλειπόμενοί τι πεισόμεθʼ ἡμεῖς, ἀδεῶς ἐπʼ ἐκεῖνον ἤδη πορεύσεται. ὑπὲρ δὴ τούτων ἁπάντων οἶμαι δεῖν ὑμᾶς πρεσβείαν ἐκπέμπειν, ἥτις τῷ βασιλεῖ διαλέξεται, καὶ τὴν ἀβελτερίαν ἀποθέσθαι, διʼ ἣν πολλάκις ἠλαττώθητε, ὁ δὴ βάρβαρος, καὶ ὁ κοινὸς ἅπασιν ἐχθρός, καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα.
34. For my part, whenever I see a man afraid of one who dwells at Susa and Ecbatana and insisting that he is ill-disposed to Athens, though he helped to restore our fortunes in the past and was even now making overtures to us (and if you did not accept them but voted their rejection, the fault is not his); and when I find the same man using very different language about this plunderer of the Greeks, who is extending his power, as you see, at our very doors and in the heart of Greece, I am astonished, and, whoever he may be, it is I that fear him, just because he does not fear Philip.
34. ἐγὼ γὰρ ὅταν τινʼ ἴδω τὸν μὲν ἐν Σούσοις καὶ Ἐγβατάνοις δεδοικότα καὶ κακόνουν εἶναι τῇ πόλει φάσκοντα, ὃς καὶ πρότερον συνεπηνώρθωσε τὰ τῆς πόλεως πράγματα καὶ νῦν ἐπηγγέλλετο (εἰ δὲ μὴ ἐδέχεσθʼ ὑμεῖς, ἀλλʼ ἀπεψηφίζεσθε, οὐ τἀκείνου αἴτια), ὑπὲρ δὲ τοῦ ἐπὶ ταῖς θύραις ἐγγὺς οὑτωσὶ ἐν μέσῃ τῇ Ἑλλάδι αὐξανομένου λῃστοῦ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἄλλο τι λέγοντα, θαυμάζω, καὶ δέδοικα τοῦτον, ὅστις ἂν ᾖ ποτʼ, ἔγωγε, ἐπειδὴ οὐχ οὗτος Φίλιππον.
35. Now there is also another matter, the misrepresentation of which by unfair obloquy and in intemperate language is injuring the State, and furthermore is affording a pretext for those who are unwilling to perform any of their duties as citizens; indeed, you will find that in every case where a man has failed to do his duty, this has been given as the excuse. I am really afraid to speak on this subject, but I will do so nevertheless;
35. ἔστι τοίνυν τι πρᾶγμα καὶ ἄλλο, ὃ λυμαίνεται τὴν πόλιν ὑπὸ βλασφημίας ἀδίκου καὶ λόγων οὐ προσηκόντων διαβεβλημένον, εἶτα τοῖς μηδὲν τῶν ἐν τῇ πολιτείᾳ δικαίων βουλομένοις ποιεῖν πρόφασιν παρέχει· καὶ πάντων, ὅσʼ ἐκλείπει, δέον παρά του γίγνεσθαι, ἐπὶ τοῦθʼ εὑρήσετε τὴν αἰτίαν ἀναφερομένην. περὶ οὗ πάνυ μὲν φοβοῦμαι, οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ ἐρῶ·
36. for I think I shall be able, with advantage to the State, to plead the cause both of the poor against the rich and of the property-owners against the necessitous. If we could banish from our midst both the obloquy which some heap on the Theoric Fund, and also the fear that the Fund will not be maintained without doing a great deal of harm, we could not perform a greater service nor one more likely to strengthen the whole body politic.
36. οἶμαι γὰρ ἕξειν καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀπόρων τὰ δίκαιʼ ἐπὶ τῷ συμφέροντι τῆς πόλεως εἰπεῖν πρὸς τοὺς εὐπόρους, καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν κεκτημένων τὰς οὐσίας πρὸς τοὺς ἐπιδεεῖς. εἰ ἀνέλοιμεν ἐκ μέσου καὶ τὰς βλασφημίας ἃς ἐπὶ τῷ θεωρικῷ ποιοῦνταί τινες οὐχὶ δικαίως, καὶ τὸν φόβον, ὡς οὐ στήσεται τοῦτʼ ἄνευ μεγάλου τινὸς κακοῦ, οὐδὲν ἂν εἰς τὰ πράγματα μεῖζον εἰσενεγκαίμεθα, οὐδʼ ὅ τι κοινῇ μᾶλλον ἂν ὅλην ἐπιρρώσειε τὴν πόλιν.
37. Follow my argument while I state first the case of those who are regarded as the poorer classes. There was a time not long ago when the revenue of your state did not exceed a hundred and thirty talents, and yet of those competent to undertake the trierarchy or pay the property-tax there is not one that declined the duty that devolved on him in the absence of a surplus; but the war-galleys sailed out, and the money came in, and we did all that was required.
37. οὑτωσὶ δὲ σκοπεῖτε· ἐρῶ δʼ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐν χρείᾳ δοκούντων εἶναι πρότερον. ἦν ποτʼ οὐ πάλαι παρʼ ὑμῖν, ὅτʼ οὐ προσῄει τῇ πόλει τάλανθʼ ὑπὲρ τριάκοντα καὶ ἑκατόν· καὶ οὐδεὶς [ἐστι] τῶν τριηραρχεῖν δυναμένων οὐδὲ τῶν εἰσφέρειν ὅστις οὐκ ἠξίου τὰ καθήκοντʼ ἐφʼ ἑαυτὸν ποιεῖν, ὅτι χρήματʼ οὐ περιῆν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τριήρεις ἔπλεον καὶ χρήματʼ ἐγίγνετο καὶ πάντʼ ἐποιοῦμεν τὰ δέοντα.
38. Since then fortune has smiled on us and increased our revenues, and the exchequer now receives four hundred instead of one hundred talents, though no property-owner suffers any loss but is rather the gainer, for all the rich citizens come up to receive their share of this increase, as indeed they have a perfect right to do.
38. μετὰ ταῦθʼ ἡ τύχη, καλῶς ποιοῦσα, πολλὰ πεποίηκε τὰ κοινά, καὶ τετρακόσιʼ ἀντὶ τῶν ἑκατὸν ταλάντων προσέρχεται, οὐδενὸς οὐδὲν ζημιουμένου τῶν τὰς οὐσίας ἐχόντων, ἀλλὰ καὶ προσλαμβάνοντος· οἱ γὰρ εὔποροι πάντες ἔρχονται μεθέξοντες τούτου, καὶ καλῶς ποιοῦσιν.