1. It should be the duty of all speakers, men of Athens, to give no expression to their hatred or their partiality, but to put forward just what each thinks the best counsel, especially when you are debating a question of urgent public importance. But since there are speakers who are impelled to address you, either as partisans or from some other motive, whatever it may be, you citizens who form the majority ought to dismiss all else from your minds, and vote and act in such a way as you think will best serve our city.
1. ἔδει μέν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοὺς λέγοντας ἅπαντας μήτε πρὸς ἔχθραν ποιεῖσθαι λόγον μηδένα μήτε πρὸς χάριν, ἀλλʼ ὃ βέλτιστον ἕκαστος ἡγεῖτο, τοῦτʼ ἀποφαίνεσθαι, ἄλλως τε καὶ περὶ κοινῶν πραγμάτων καὶ μεγάλων ὑμῶν βουλευομένων· ἐπεὶ δʼ ἔνιοι τὰ μὲν φιλονικίᾳ, τὰ δʼ ᾑτινιδήποτʼ αἰτίᾳ προάγονται λέγειν, ὑμᾶς, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοὺς πολλοὺς δεῖ πάντα τἄλλʼ ἀφελόντας, ἃ τῇ πόλει νομίζετε συμφέρειν, ταῦτα καὶ ψηφίζεσθαι καὶ πράττειν.
2. The really serious problem is the state of the Chersonese and Philip’s Thracian campaign, now in its eleventh month; yet most of the speeches have been confined to what Diopithes is doing or what he is going to do. For my part, when charges are brought against any of those whom you can legally punish whenever you like, I hold that it is open to you either to deal with their case at once or to postpone it; and it is quite unnecessary for me or anyone else to take a strong line on the subject of such charges.
2. ἡ μὲν οὖν σπουδὴ περὶ τῶν ἐν Χερρονήσῳ πραγμάτων ἐστὶ καὶ τῆς στρατείας, ἣν ἑνδέκατον μῆνα τουτονὶ Φίλιππος ἐν Θρᾴκῃ ποιεῖται· τῶν δὲ λόγων οἱ πλεῖστοι περὶ ὧν Διοπείθης πράττει καὶ μέλλει ποιεῖν εἴρηνται. ἐγὼ δʼ ὅσα μέν τις αἰτιᾶταί τινα τούτων, οὓς κατὰ τοὺς νόμους ἐφʼ ὑμῖν ἐστιν, ὅταν βούλησθε, κολάζειν, κἂν ἤδη δοκῇ κἂν ἐπισχοῦσιν περὶ αὐτῶν σκοπεῖν ἐγχωρεῖν ἡγοῦμαι, καὶ οὐ πάνυ δεῖ περὶ τούτων οὔτʼ ἔμʼ οὔτʼ ἄλλον οὐδένʼ ἰσχυρίζεσθαι·
3. But when our national enemy, with a strong force, is trying to forestall us in the neighborhood of the Hellespont, and when, if we are once too late, we shall never again be able to save the situation, then I think it is to our interest to complete our plans and preparations as quickly as we can, and not be diverted from our purpose by clamorous accusations about extraneous matters.
3. ὅσα δʼ ἐχθρὸς ὑπάρχων τῇ πόλει καὶ δυνάμει πολλῇ περὶ Ἑλλήσποντον ὢν πειρᾶται προλαβεῖν, κἂν ἅπαξ ὑστερήσωμεν, οὐκέθʼ ἕξομεν σῶσαι, περὶ τούτων δʼ οἴομαι τὴν ταχίστην συμφέρειν καὶ βεβουλεῦσθαι καὶ παρεσκευάσθαι, καὶ μὴ τοῖς περὶ τῶν ἄλλων θορύβοις καὶ ταῖς κατηγορίαις ἀπὸ τούτων ἀποδρᾶναι.
4. I often wonder at the sort of speeches that are delivered here, but nothing, men of Athens, has surprised me more than what I heard uttered in the Council the other day, that your advisers are bound to put before you the plain alternative of fighting or observing the peace.
4. πολλὰ δὲ θαυμάζων τῶν εἰωθότων λέγεσθαι παρʼ ὑμῖν, οὐδενὸς ἧττον, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τεθαύμακα, ὃ καὶ πρώην τινὸς ἤκουσʼ εἰπόντος ἐν τῇ βουλῇ, ὡς ἄρα δεῖ τὸν συμβουλεύοντα ἢ πολεμεῖν ἁπλῶς ἢ τὴν εἰρήνην ἄγειν συμβουλεύειν.
5. But the fact is, if Philip keeps quiet and does not retain any of our territory contrary to the terms of peace, and does not form a general coalition against us, there is nothing more to be said and we must simply observe the peace, and I perceive a readiness to do so on your part at any rate; but if the oath that we took and the terms on which we made peace are published for all men to read, and if it is proved that from the first, even before Diopithes set sail with colonists, whom they now accuse of having started hostilities, Philip has unfairly taken much that is ours, about which your decrees denouncing him still stand good, and that he is all the time repeatedly seizing the property of the other Greeks and of the barbarians, and so equipping himself for an attack upon us, what do they mean by saying that we must either make war or keep peace?
5. ἔστι δέ, εἰ μὲν ἡσυχίαν Φίλιππος ἄγει καὶ μήτε τῶν ἡμετέρων ἔχει παρὰ τὴν εἰρήνην μηδὲν μήτε συσκευάζεται πάντας ἀνθρώπους ἐφʼ ἡμᾶς, οὐκέτι δεῖ λέγειν, ἀλλʼ ἁπλῶς εἰρήνην ἀκτέον, καὶ τά γʼ ἀφʼ ὑμῶν ἕτοιμʼ ὑπάρχονθʼ ὁρῶ· εἰ δʼ ἃ μὲν ὠμόσαμεν καὶ ἐφʼ οἷς τὴν εἰρήνην ἐποιησάμεθα, ἔστιν ἰδεῖν καὶ γεγραμμένα κεῖται, φαίνεται δʼ ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς ὁ Φίλιππος, πρὶν Διοπείθην ἐκπλεῦσαι καὶ τοὺς κληρούχους, οὓς νῦν αἰτιῶνται πεποιηκέναι τὸν πόλεμον, πολλὰ μὲν τῶν ἡμετέρων ἀδίκως εἰληφώς, ὑπὲρ ὧν ψηφίσμαθʼ ὑμέτερʼ ἐγκαλοῦντα κύρια ταυτί, πάντα δὲ τὸν χρόνον συνεχῶς τὰ τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων καὶ βαρβάρων λαμβάνων καὶ ἐφʼ ἡμᾶς συσκευαζόμενος, τί τοῦτο λέγουσιν, ὡς πολεμεῖν ἢ ἄγειν εἰρήνην δεῖ;
7. For we have no choice in the matter, but there remains the most righteous and most necessary task of all, which these gentlemen deliberately pass over in silence. What then is that task? To defend ourselves against the aggressor. Or perhaps they mean that if Philip keeps his hands off Attica and the Piraeus, he is neither injuring our city nor provoking hostilities.
7. οὐ γὰρ αἵρεσίς ἐστιν ἡμῖν τοῦ πράγματος, ἀλλʼ ὑπολείπεται τὸ δικαιότατον καὶ ἀναγκαιότατον τῶν ἔργων, ὃ ὑπερβαίνουσιν ἑκόντες οὗτοι. τί οὖν ἐστι τοῦτο; ἀμύνεσθαι τὸν πρότερον πολεμοῦνθʼ ἡμῖν. πλὴν εἰ τοῦτο λέγουσι νὴ Δίʼ, ὡς, ἂν ἀπέχηται τῆς Ἀττικῆς καὶ τοῦ Πειραιῶς Φίλιππος, οὔτʼ ἀδικεῖ τὴν πόλιν οὔτε ποιεῖ πόλεμον.
8. But if they ground their plea upon this principle, if this is their interpretation of the peace, it is obvious to all that their argument is assuredly impious and intolerable and dangerous to Athens; and it follows besides that their own words flatly contradict their indictment of Diopithes. For why on earth are we to give Philip leave to do everything else, provided he keeps clear of Attica, while Diopithes is not allowed to help the Thracians, or else we shall have to admit that he is starting a war?
8. εἰ δʼ ἐκ τούτων τὰ δίκαια τίθενται καὶ τὴν εἰρήνην ταύτην ὁρίζονται, ὅτι μὲν δήπουθεν οὔθʼ ὅσιʼ οὔτʼ ἀνεκτὰ λέγουσιν οὔθʼ ὑμῖν ἀσφαλῆ, δῆλόν ἐστιν ἅπασιν, οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ ἐναντία συμβαίνει ταῖς κατηγορίαις ἃς Διοπείθους κατηγοροῦσι καὶ αὐτὰ ταῦτα λέγειν αὐτούς. τί γὰρ δήποτε τῷ μὲν Φιλίππῳ πάντα τἄλλα ποιεῖν ἐξουσίαν δώσομεν, ἂν τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἀπέχηται, τῷ Διοπείθει δʼ οὐδὲ βοηθεῖν τοῖς Θρᾳξὶν ἐξέσται, ἢ πόλεμον ποιεῖν αὐτὸν φήσομεν;
9. Yes, you may say, as to that indeed the speakers are proved wrong, but the mercenaries are really acting abominably in ravaging the shores of the Hellespont, and Diopithes is wrong in detaining the merchantmen, and we must not sanction it. Very well; be it so. I have no objection.
9. ἀλλὰ νὴ Δία, ταῦτα μὲν ἐξελέγχονται, δεινὰ ποιοῦσι δʼ οἱ ξένοι περικόπτοντες τὰ ἐν Ἑλλησπόντῳ, καὶ Διοπείθης ἀδικεῖ κατάγων τὰ πλοῖα, καὶ δεῖ μὴ ἐπιτρέπειν αὐτῷ. ἔστω, γιγνέσθω ταῦτα, οὐδὲν ἀντιλέγω. οἶμαι μέντοι δεῖν, εἴπερ ὡς ἀληθῶς ἐπὶ πᾶσι δικαίοις ταῦτα συμβουλεύουσιν, ὥσπερ τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν τῇ πόλει δύναμιν καταλῦσαι ζητοῦσι, τὸν ἐφεστηκότα καὶ πορίζοντα χρήματα ταύτῃ διαβάλλοντες ἐν ὑμῖν, οὕτω τὴν Φιλίππου δύναμιν δεῖξαι διαλυθησομένην, ἂν ὑμεῖς ταῦτα πεισθῆτε.
10. Only I think that, if their advice is really given in perfect good faith, even as they are trying to break up the force belonging to our city by bringing charges before you against the commander, who provides for its maintenance, so they are bound to show that Philip’s force will also be disbanded, if you accept their advice. If not, you must observe that they are merely reducing our city to the same plight that has already caused her to forfeit all her existing advantages. For I need not tell you that Philip owes his successes to nothing in the world more than to his being the first in the field. For the man who always keeps a standing army by him, and who knows beforehand what he wants to do, is ready in an instant for anyone that he chooses to attack, while it is only after we have heard of something happening that we begin to bustle about and make our preparations.
10. εἰ δὲ μή, σκοπεῖθʼ ὅτι οὐδὲν ἄλλο ποιοῦσιν ἢ καθιστᾶσι τὴν πόλιν εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον διʼ οὗ τὰ [παρόντα] πράγμαθʼ ἅπαντʼ ἀπολώλεκεν. ἴστε γὰρ δήπου τοῦθʼ ὅτι οὐδενὶ τῶν πάντων πλέον κεκράτηκε Φίλιππος, ἢ τῷ πρότερος πρὸς τοῖς πράγμασι γίγνεσθαι. ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἔχων δύναμιν συνεστηκυῖαν ἀεὶ περὶ αὑτὸν καὶ προειδὼς ἃ βούλεται πρᾶξαι, ἐξαίφνης ἐφʼ οὓς ἂν αὐτῷ δόξῃ πάρεστιν· ἡμεῖς δʼ ἐπειδὰν πυθώμεθά τι γιγνόμενον, τηνικαῦτα θορυβούμεθα καὶ παρασκευαζόμεθα.
12. Hence, I believe, it results that Philip, quite at his leisure, keeps whatever he assails, while we are too late, and whatever we have spent has been lavished in vain; we have succeeded in showing our enmity and our will to thwart him, but by being too late for action we only incur additional ignominy.
12. εἶτʼ, οἶμαι, συμβαίνει τῷ μὲν ἐφʼ ἃν ἔλθῃ, ταῦτʼ ἔχειν κατὰ πολλὴν ἡσυχίαν, ἡμῖν δʼ ὑστερίζειν, καὶ ὅσʼ ἂν δαπανήσωμεν, ἅπαντα μάτην ἀνηλωκέναι, καὶ τὴν μὲν ἔχθραν καὶ τὸ βούλεσθαι κωλύειν ἐνδεδεῖχθαι, ὑστερίζοντας δὲ τῶν ἔργων αἰσχύνην προσοφλισκάνειν.
13. Do not, therefore, fail to observe, Athenians, that at present all else is mere talk and pretence; the real object of this scheming and contriving is that you should stay at home, with no Athenian force in field, while Philip, without the least trouble, settles everything to suit his wishes. For you must first note what is going on at the present moment.
13. μὴ τοίνυν ἀγνοεῖτʼ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ὅτι καὶ τὰ νῦν τἄλλα μέν ἐστι λόγοι ταῦτα καὶ προφάσεις, πράττεται δὲ καὶ κατασκευάζεται τοῦτο, ὅπως ὑμῶν μὲν οἴκοι μενόντων, ἔξω δὲ μηδεμιᾶς οὔσης τῇ πόλει δυνάμεως, μετὰ πλείστης ἡσυχίας ἅπανθʼ ὅσα βούλεται Φίλιππος διοικήσεται. θεωρεῖτε γὰρ τὸ παρὸν πρῶτον, ὃ γίγνεται.
14. He is now established in Thrace with a large force, and is sending for considerable reinforcements from Macedonia and Thessaly, according to the statements of those on the spot. Now, if he waits for the Etesian winds to blow and marches to the siege of Byzantium, do you think that the Byzantines will remain in their present state of infatuation and will not call upon you and demand your help?
14. νυνὶ δύναμιν μεγάλην ἐκεῖνος ἔχων ἐν Θρᾴκῃ διατρίβει, καὶ μεταπέμπεται πολλήν, ὥς φασιν οἱ παρόντες, ἀπὸ Μακεδονίας καὶ Θετταλίας. ἐὰν οὖν περιμείνας τοὺς ἐτησίας ἐπὶ Βυζάντιον ἐλθὼν πολιορκῇ, πρῶτον μὲν οἴεσθε τοὺς Βυζαντίους μενεῖν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνοίας τῆς αὐτῆς ὥσπερ νῦν, καὶ οὔτε παρακαλεῖν ὑμᾶς οὔτε βοηθεῖν αὑτοῖς ἀξιώσειν;
15. I think not. Nay, even if there are others whom they distrust more than us, I think they will rather admit such within their walls than surrender their city to Philip—if indeed he does not forestall them by capturing it. Therefore, if we cannot sail from Athens, and if there is no force ready to help them on the spot, their doom is sealed.
15. ἐγὼ μὲν οὐκ οἴομαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἴ τισι μᾶλλον ἀπιστοῦσιν ἢ ἡμῖν, καὶ τούτους εἰσφρήσεσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ ʼκείνῳ παραδώσειν τὴν πόλιν, ἄν περ μὴ φθάσῃ λαβὼν αὐτούς. οὐκοῦν ἡμῶν μὲν μὴ δυναμένων ἐνθένδʼ ἀναπλεῦσαι, ἐκεῖ δὲ μηδεμιᾶς ὑπαρχούσης ἑτοίμου βοηθείας, οὐδὲν αὐτοὺς ἀπολωλέναι κωλύσει.
16. “Because,” you say, “the wretched creatures are infatuated and stupid beyond measure.” Quite so, but still we are bound to preserve them in the interests of Athens. And then again we are not certain of another thing, that he will not attack the Chersonese. Indeed, if we may judge from the letter which he sent you, he means to take vengeance on the settlers there.
16. νὴ Δία, κακοδαιμονῶσι γὰρ ἅνθρωποι καὶ ὑπερβάλλουσιν ἀνοίᾳ. πάνυ γε, ἀλλʼ ὅμως αὐτοὺς δεῖ σῶς εἶναι· συμφέρει γὰρ τῇ πόλει. καὶ μὴν οὐδʼ ἐκεῖνό γε δῆλόν ἐστιν ἡμῖν, ὡς ἐπὶ Χερρόνησον οὐχ ἥξει· ἀλλʼ εἴγʼ ἐκ τῆς ἐπιστολῆς δεῖ σκοπεῖν ἧς ἔπεμψε πρὸς ὑμᾶς, ἀμυνεῖσθαί φησι τοὺς ἐν Χερρονήσῳ.
17. If, therefore, our present force is still in being, it will be able both to save the Chersonese and to make raids upon Philip’s territory. But if it is once disbanded, what shall we do if he marches against the Chersonese? “Bring Diopithes to trial,” you say. And how will that help matters? “Well, then, we will set out from Athens ourselves.” But suppose the winds will not let us? “But surely Philip will not attack.”
17. ἂν μὲν τοίνυν ᾖ τὸ συνεστηκὸς στράτευμα, καὶ τῇ χώρᾳ βοηθῆσαι δυνήσεται καὶ τῶν ἐκείνου τι κακῶς ποιῆσαι· εἰ δʼ ἅπαξ διαλυθήσεται, τί ποιήσομεν, ἂν ἐπὶ Χερρόνησον ἴῃ; κρινοῦμεν Διοπείθη νὴ Δία. καὶ τί τὰ πράγματʼ ἔσται βελτίω; ἀλλʼ ἐνθένδʼ ἂν βοηθήσαιμεν αὐτοί. ἂν δʼ ὑπὸ τῶν πνευμάτων μὴ δυνώμεθα; ἀλλὰ μὰ Δίʼ οὐχ ἥξει.
18. And who will go bail for that? Do you not observe and consider, men of Athens, what season of the year is upon us—the season at which certain people think it their duty to keep the Hellespont clear of you and hand it over to Philip? What if he quits Thrace and never approaches the Chersonese or Byzantium—for you must take that also into your reckoning—but turns up at Chalcis and Megara, just as he did at Oreus not long ago? Will it be better to make our stand here and let the war spread to Attica, or to contrive some employment for him away yonder? I prefer the latter.
18. καὶ τίς ἐγγυητής ἐστι τούτου; ἆρʼ ὁρᾶτε καὶ λογίζεσθʼ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν ὥραν τοῦ ἔτους, εἰς ἣν ἔρημόν τινες οἴονται δεῖν τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον ὑμῶν ποιῆσαι καὶ παραδοῦναι Φιλίππῳ; τί δʼ, ἂν ἀπελθὼν ἐκ Θρᾴκης καὶ μηδὲ προσελθὼν Χερρονήσῳ μηδὲ Βυζαντίῳ (καὶ γὰρ ταῦτα λογίζεσθε) ἐπὶ Χαλκίδα καὶ Μέγαρʼ ἥκῃ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ὅνπερ ἐπʼ Ὠρεὸν πρώην, πότερον κρεῖττον ἐνθάδʼ αὐτὸν ἀμύνεσθαι καὶ προσελθεῖν τὸν πόλεμον πρὸς τὴν Ἀττικὴν ἐᾶσαι, ἢ κατασκευάζειν ἐκεῖ τινʼ ἀσχολίαν αὐτῷ; ἐγὼ μὲν οἴομαι τοῦτο.
19. Therefore, knowing and weighing these facts, it is the duty of all of you, not surely to try to disparage and break up the force that Diopithes is doing his best to provide for the state, but to provide an additional force yourselves and to keep him well supplied with funds and in every way to give him your loyal co-operation.
19. ταῦτα τοίνυν ἅπαντας εἰδότας καὶ λογιζομένους χρή, οὐ μὰ Δίʼ οὐχ ἣν Διοπείθης πειρᾶται τῇ πόλει δύναμιν παρασκευάζειν, ταύτην βασκαίνειν καὶ διαλῦσαι πειρᾶσθαι, ἀλλʼ ἑτέραν αὐτοὺς προσπαρασκευάζειν καὶ συνευποροῦντας ἐκείνῳ χρημάτων καὶ τἄλλʼ οἰκείως συναγωνιζομένους.
20. For suppose someone should ask Philip, “Tell me, which would you prefer? That the troops now serving with Diopithes, whatever their character may be”—for I am not discussing that—“should prosper and win credit at Athens and grow in numbers with the co-operation of the government, or that a few accusers and detractors should cause them to be broken up and destroyed?” I think he would choose the latter. And what Philip would pray the gods to vouchsafe him, are some of us here trying to compass? And do you still ask how our interests are sacrificed everywhere?
20. εἰ γάρ τις ἔροιτο Φίλιππον, εἰπέ μοι, πότερʼ ἂν βούλοιο τούτους τοὺς στρατιώτας οὓς Διοπείθης νῦν ἔχει, τοὺς ὁποιουστινασοῦν (οὐδὲν γὰρ ἀντιλέγω) εὐθενεῖν καὶ παρʼ Ἀθηναίοις εὐδοξεῖν καὶ πλείους γίγνεσθαι τῆς πόλεως συναγωνιζομένης, ἢ διαβαλλόντων τινῶν καὶ κατηγορούντων διασπασθῆναι καὶ διαφθαρῆναι; ταῦτʼ ἂν οἶμαι φήσειεν. εἶθʼ ἃ Φίλιππος ἂν εὔξαιτο τοῖς θεοῖς, ταῦθʼ ἡμῶν τινες ἐνθάδε πράττουσιν; εἶτʼ ἔτι ζητεῖτε πόθεν τὰ τῆς πόλεως ἀπόλωλεν ἅπαντα;
21. I want therefore to examine frankly the present state of our affairs, and to find out what we are doing ourselves now and how we are dealing with the situation. We refuse to pay war-taxes or to serve in person; we cannot keep our hands off the public funds; we will not pay Diopithes the allowances agreed upon, nor sanction the sums that he raises for himself; but we grumble and criticize his methods, and ask what he intends to do, and all that sort of thing; and yet, while maintaining that attitude, we refuse to perform our own tasks; with our lips we praise those whose speeches are worthy of our city, but our actions serve only to encourage their opponents.
21. βούλομαι τοίνυν [ὑμᾶς] μετὰ παρρησίας ἐξετάσαι τὰ παρόντα πράγματα τῇ πόλει, καὶ σκέψασθαι τί ποιοῦμεν αὐτοὶ νῦν καὶ ὅπως χρώμεθʼ αὐτοῖς. ἡμεῖς οὔτε χρήματʼ εἰσφέρειν βουλόμεθα, οὔτʼ αὐτοὶ στρατεύεσθαι, οὔτε τῶν κοινῶν ἀπέχεσθαι δυνάμεθα, οὔτε τὰς συντάξεις Διοπείθει δίδομεν, οὔθʼ ὅσʼ ἂν αὐτὸς αὑτῷ πορίσηται ἐπαινοῦμεν, ἀλλὰ βασκαίνομεν καὶ σκοποῦμεν πόθεν, καὶ τί μέλλει ποιεῖν, καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαυτί, οὔτʼ, ἐπειδήπερ οὕτως ἔχομεν, τὰ ἡμέτερʼ αὐτῶν πράττειν ἐθέλομεν, ἀλλʼ ἐν μὲν τοῖς λόγοις τοὺς τῆς πόλεως λέγοντας ἄξιʼ ἐπαινοῦμεν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἔργοις τοῖς ἐναντιουμένοις τούτοις συναγωνιζόμεθα.
23. Now, you have a habit of asking a speaker on every occasion, “What then must be done?”; but I prefer to ask you, “What then must be said?” Because, if you are not going to pay your contributions, nor serve in person, nor keep your hands off the public funds, nor grant Diopithes his allowances, nor sanction the sums that he raises for himself, nor consent to perform your own tasks, I have nothing to say. You who have gone so far in granting license to those whose object is fault-finding and calumny, that even about what they say he is going to do, even on that ground they accuse him in advance and you listen to them—what can anyone say?
23. ὑμεῖς μὲν τοίνυν εἰώθαθʼ ἑκάστοτε τὸν παριόντʼ ἐρωτᾶν, τί οὖν χρὴ ποιεῖν; ἐγὼ δʼ ὑμᾶς ἐρωτῆσαι βούλομαι, τί οὖν χρὴ λέγειν; εἰ γὰρ μήτʼ εἰσοίσετε, μήτʼ αὐτοὶ στρατεύσεσθε, μήτε τῶν κοινῶν ἀφέξεσθε, μήτε τὰς συντάξεις δώσετε, μήθʼ ὅσʼ ἂν αὐτὸς αὑτῷ πορίσηται ἐάσετε, μήτε τὰ ὑμέτερʼ αὐτῶν πράττειν ἐθελήσετε, οὐκ ἔχω τί λέγω. οἱ γὰρ ἤδη τοσαύτην ἐξουσίαν τοῖς αἰτιᾶσθαι καὶ διαβάλλειν βουλομένοις διδόντες, ὥστε καὶ περὶ ὧν φασι μέλλειν αὐτὸν ποιεῖν, καὶ περὶ τούτων προκατηγορούντων ἀκροᾶσθαι, —τί ἄν τις λέγοι;
24. Now, some of you ought to be told the possible result of all this. I shall speak freely, for indeed I could not speak otherwise. All the generals that have ever set sail from your land—if I am wrong, I submit myself to any penalty—raise money from the Chians, from the Erythraeans, from whatever people they can, I mean of the Greeks of Asia Minor.
24. ὅ τι τοίνυν δύναται ταῦτα ποιεῖν, ἐνίους μαθεῖν ὑμῶν δεῖ. λέξω δὲ μετὰ παρρησίας· καὶ γὰρ οὐδʼ ἂν ἄλλως δυναίμην. πάντες ὅσοι πώποτʼ ἐκπεπλεύκασι παρʼ ὑμῶν στρατηγοί (ἢ ʼγὼ πάσχειν ὁτιοῦν τιμῶμαι) καὶ παρὰ Χίων καὶ παρʼ Ἐρυθραίων καὶ παρʼ ὧν ἂν ἕκαστοι δύνωνται, τούτων τῶν τὴν Ἀσίαν οἰκούντων λέγω, χρήματα λαμβάνουσιν.
25. Generals with only one or two ships raise less; those with a larger fleet raise more. Also those who pay do not pay the sum, be it large or small, for nothing; they are not such madmen. No, they purchase for the merchants sailing from their own harbors immunity from injury or robbery, or a safe conduct for their own ships, or something of that sort. They say that they are granting “benevolences.” That is the name for these exactions.
25. λαμβάνουσι δʼ οἱ μὲν ἔχοντες μίαν ἢ δύο ναῦς ἐλάττονα, οἱ δὲ μείζω δύναμιν πλείονα. καὶ διδόασιν οἱ διδόντες οὔτε τὰ μικρὰ οὔτε τὰ πολλὰ ἀντʼ οὐδενός (οὐ γὰρ οὕτω μαίνονται), ἀλλʼ ὠνούμενοι μὴ ἀδικεῖσθαι τοὺς παρʼ αὑτῶν ἐκπλέοντας ἐμπόρους, μὴ συλᾶσθαι, παραπέμπεσθαι τὰ πλοῖα τὰ αὑτῶν, τὰ τοιαῦτα· φασὶ δʼ εὐνοίας διδόναι, καὶ τοῦτο τοὔνομʼ ἔχει τὰ λήμματα ταῦτα.
26. And so too in this case, while Diopithes has a force with him, it is perfectly plain that all these people will pay up. For where else do you suppose that he looks for the maintenance of his troops, if he gets nothing from you and has no private fortune to furnish their pay? To the sky? No, indeed; it is from what he can collect or beg or borrow that he keeps things going.
26. καὶ δὴ καὶ νῦν τῷ Διοπείθει στράτευμʼ ἔχοντι σαφῶς ἐστι τοῦτο δῆλον ὅτι δώσουσι χρήματα πάντες οὗτοι· πόθεν γὰρ οἴεσθʼ ἄλλοθεν τὸν μήτε λαβόντα παρʼ ὑμῶν μηδὲν μήτʼ αὐτὸν ἔχονθʼ ὁπόθεν μισθοδοτήσει, στρατιώτας τρέφειν; ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ; οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα, ἀλλʼ ἀφʼ ὧν ἀγείρει καὶ προσαιτεῖ καὶ δανείζεται, ἀπὸ τούτων διάγει.
27. So those who denounce him to you are simply warning everybody not to grant him a penny, because he will be punished for what he intends to do, apart from what he has done or what he has acquired for himself. That is what they mean when they cry, “He intends to besiege the towns! He is betraying the Greeks!” Do any of these gentlemen really care about the Asiatic Greeks?—and yet they would, I expect, be better champions of other countries than of their own.
27. οὐδὲν οὖν ἄλλο ποιοῦσιν οἱ κατηγοροῦντες ἐν ὑμῖν ἢ προλέγουσιν ἅπασι μηδʼ ὁτιοῦν ἐκείνῳ διδόναι, ὡς καὶ τοῦ μελλῆσαι δώσοντι δίκην, μή τι ποιήσαντί γʼ ἢ καταπραξαμένῳ. τοῦτʼ εἰσὶν οἱ λόγοι· μέλλει πολιορκεῖν, τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐκδίδωσιν. μέλει γάρ τινι τούτων τῶν τὴν Ἀσίαν οἰκούντων Ἑλλήνων; ἀμείνους μέντἂν εἶεν τῶν ἄλλων ἢ τῆς πατρίδος κήδεσθαι.
28. That, too, is the meaning of the dispatch of a second general to the Hellespont. For if Diopithes is acting outrageously in detaining the merchantmen, a note, men of Athens, a brief note, could put a stop to all this at once; and there are the laws, which direct us to impeach such offenders, but not, of course, to mount guard over ourselves, at such a cost and with so large a fleet; for that would be the height of madness.
28. καὶ τό γʼ εἰς τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον εἰσπέμπειν ἕτερον στρατηγὸν τοῦτʼ ἐστίν. εἰ γὰρ δεινὰ ποιεῖ Διοπείθης καὶ κατάγει τὰ πλοῖα, μικρόν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, μικρὸν πινάκιον ταῦτα πάντα κωλῦσαι δύναιτʼ ἄν, καὶ λέγουσιν οἱ νόμοι, ταῦτα τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας εἰσαγγέλλειν, οὐ μὰ Δίʼ οὐ δαπάναις καὶ τριήρεσιν τοσαύταις ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς φυλάττειν, ἐπεὶ τοῦτό γʼ ἐστὶν ὑπερβολὴ μανίας·
29. No, against our enemies, who are not amenable to the laws, it is right and necessary to maintain troops, to send out fleets, and to raise funds; but against ourselves we have these resources, a decree, an impeachment, and a dispatch-boat. Those are what right-minded citizens would employ; malignants, bent on the ruin of the State, would do as these men are doing.
29. ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ μὲν τοὺς ἐχθρούς, οὓς οὐκ ἔστι λαβεῖν ὑπὸ τοῖς νόμοις, καὶ στρατιώτας τρέφειν καὶ τριήρεις ἐκπέμπειν καὶ χρήματʼ εἰσφέρειν δεῖ καὶ ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστιν, ἐπὶ δʼ ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς ψήφισμα, εἰσαγγελία, πάραλος ταῦτʼ ἔστιν. ταῦτʼ ἦν εὖ φρονούντων ἀνθρώπων, ἐπηρεαζόντων δὲ καὶ διαφθειρόντων τὰ πράγμαθʼ ἃ νῦν οὗτοι ποιοῦσιν.
30. And that there are some men of this type among you, though bad enough, is not the real evil; but you who sit here are by now in such a mood that if anyone comes forward and asserts that the cause of all our evil is Diopithes or Chares or Aristophon, or any other citizen that he happens to name, you at once agree and applaud the truth of the remark.
30. καὶ τὸ μὲν τούτων τινὰς εἶναι τοιούτους, δεινὸν ὂν οὐ δεινόν ἐστιν· ἀλλʼ ὑμεῖς οἱ καθήμενοι οὕτως ἤδη διάκεισθε, ὥστʼ, ἂν μέν τις εἴπῃ παρελθὼν ὅτι Διοπείθης ἐστὶ τῶν κακῶν πάντων αἴτιος, ἢ Χάρης ἢ Ἀριστοφῶν ἢ ὃν ἂν τῶν πολιτῶν εἴπῃ τις, εὐθέως φατὲ καὶ θορυβεῖθʼ ὡς ὀρθῶς λέγει·
31. But if anyone rises and tells you the real truth and says, “Nonsense, Athenians! The cause of all these evils and all these troubles is Philip, for if he had kept quiet, our city would have been free from trouble,” you cannot gainsay it, but you seem to me to be vexed and to feel that you are, as it were, losing something.
31. ἂν δὲ παρελθὼν λέγῃ τις τἀληθῆ, ὅτι ληρεῖτʼ, Ἀθηναῖοι· πάντων τῶν κακῶν καὶ τῶν πραγμάτων τούτων Φίλιππός ἐστʼ αἴτιος· εἰ γὰρ ἐκεῖνος ἦγεν ἡσυχίαν, οὐδὲν ἂν ἦν πρᾶγμα τῇ πόλει, ὡς μὲν οὐκ ἀληθῆ ταῦτʼ ἐστὶν οὐκ ἔχετʼ ἀντιλέγειν, ἄχθεσθαι δέ μοι δοκεῖτε καὶ ὥσπερ ἀπολλύναι τι νομίζειν.
32. But as to the reason for this—and in Heaven’s name, when I am pleading for your best interests, allow me to speak freely—some of our politicians have been training you to be threatening and intractable in the meetings of the Assembly, but in preparing for war, careless and contemptible. If, then, the culprit named is someone on whom you know you can lay hands in Athens, you agree and assent; but if it is someone whom you cannot chastise unless you overcome him by force of arms, you find yourselves helpless, I suppose, and to be proved so causes you annoyance.
32. αἴτιον δὲ τούτων (καί μοι πρὸς θεῶν, ὅταν εἵνεκα τοῦ βελτίστου λέγω, ἔστω παρρησία)· παρεσκευάκασιν ὑμᾶς τῶν πολιτευομένων ἔνιοι ἐν μὲν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις φοβεροὺς καὶ χαλεπούς, ἐν δὲ ταῖς παρασκευαῖς ταῖς τοῦ πολέμου ῥᾳθύμους καὶ εὐκαταφρονήτους. ἂν μὲν οὖν τὸν αἴτιον εἴπῃ τις ὃν ἴσθʼ ὅτι λήψεσθε παρʼ ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς, φατὲ καὶ βούλεσθε· ἂν δὲ τοιοῦτον λέγῃ τις, ὃν κρατήσαντας τοῖς ὅπλοις, ἄλλως δʼ οὐκ ἔστιν κολάσαι, οὐκ ἔχετʼ, οἶμαι, τί ποιήσετε, ἐξελεγχόμενοι δʼ ἄχθεσθε.
33. For it ought to have been the reverse, men of Athens; all your politicians should have trained you to be gentle and humane in the Assembly, for there you are dealing with rights that concern yourselves and your allies, but in preparing for war they should have made you threatening and intractable, because there you are pitted against your enemies and rivals.
33. ἐχρῆν γάρ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοὐναντίον ἢ νῦν ἅπαντας τοὺς πολιτευομένους ἐν μὲν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις πράους καὶ φιλανθρώπους ὑμᾶς ἐθίζειν εἶναι (πρὸς γὰρ ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς καὶ τοὺς συμμάχους ἐν ταύταις ἐστὶ τὰ δίκαια), ἐν δὲ ταῖς παρασκευαῖς ταῖς τοῦ πολέμου φοβεροὺς καὶ χαλεποὺς ἐπιδεικνύναι· πρὸς γὰρ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς καὶ τοὺς ἀντιπάλους ἐκεῖνός ἐσθʼ ἁγών.
34. As it is, by persuasive arts and caresses they have brought you to such a frame of mind that in your assemblies you are elated by their flattery and have no ear but for compliments, while in your policy and your practice you are at this moment running the gravest risks. For tell me, in Heaven’s name, if the Greeks should call you to account for the opportunities that your carelessness has already thrown away, and should question you thus: “Men of Athens, do you send us embassies on every occasion to explain how Philip is plotting against us and all the other Greeks, and how we must be on our guard against that man, and all that sort of thing?”—(we are bound to admit it and plead guilty, for that is just what we do)—“And yet, you most futile of mortals, when that man has been out of sight for ten months, cut off from all chance of returning home by disease, by winter, and by war,” “have you neither liberated Euboea nor regained any of your lost possessions? On the other hand, while you stay at home, at leisure and in health”—(if indeed they could say that men who behave thus are in health)—“Philip has set up two despots in Euboea, entrenching one right over against Attica and the other as a menace to Sciathus;”
34. νῦν δὲ δημαγωγοῦντες ὑμᾶς καὶ χαριζόμενοι καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν οὕτω διατεθήκασιν, ὥστʼ ἐν μὲν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τρυφᾶν καὶ κολακεύεσθαι πάντα πρὸς ἡδονὴν ἀκούοντας, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πράγμασι καὶ τοῖς γιγνομένοις περὶ τῶν ἐσχάτων ἤδη κινδυνεύειν. φέρε γὰρ πρὸς Διός, εἰ λόγον ὑμᾶς ἀπαιτήσειαν οἱ Ἕλληνες ὧν νυνὶ παρείκατε καιρῶν διὰ ῥᾳθυμίαν, καὶ ἔροινθʼ ὑμᾶς, ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πέμπεθʼ ὡς ἡμᾶς ἑκάστοτε πρέσβεις, καὶ λέγεθʼ ὡς ἐπιβουλεύει Φίλιππος ἡμῖν καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς Ἕλλησι, καὶ ὡς φυλάττεσθαι δεῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον, καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαυτί; ἀνάγκη φάσκειν καὶ ὁμολογεῖν· ποιοῦμεν γὰρ ταῦτα. εἶτʼ, ὦ πάντων ἀνθρώπων φαυλότατοι, δέκα μῆνας ἀπογενομένου τἀνθρώπου καὶ νόσῳ καὶ χειμῶνι καὶ πολέμοις ἀποληφθέντος ὥστε μὴ ἂν δύνασθαι ἐπανελθεῖν οἴκαδε, οὔτε τὴν Εὔβοιαν ἠλευθερώσατε, οὔτε τῶν ὑμετέρων αὐτῶν οὐδὲν ἐκομίσασθε, ἀλλʼ ἐκεῖνος μὲν ὑμῶν οἴκοι μενόντων, σχολὴν ἀγόντων, ὑγιαινόντων (εἰ δὴ τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα ποιοῦντας ὑγιαίνειν φήσαιμεν), δύʼ ἐν Εὐβοίᾳ κατέστησε τυράννους, τὸν μὲν ἀπαντικρὺ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἐπιτειχίσας, τὸν δʼ ἐπὶ Σκίαθον,
37. “but you—have you never cleared away these obstacles, even if you had no further ambitions, and have you tamely submitted? Undoubtedly you have stood aside from his path and made it abundantly clear that, were he to die ten times over, you at least will make no further move. Then why do you pester us with your embassies and your complaints?” If these are their words, what are we to say, Athenians? How are we to answer? For my part, I cannot tell.
37. ὑμεῖς δʼ οὐδὲ ταῦτʼ ἀπελύσασθε, εἰ μηδὲν ἄλλʼ ἐβούλεσθε, ἀλλʼ εἰάκατε; ἀφέστατε δῆλον ὅτι αὐτῷ, καὶ φανερὸν πεποιήκατε ὅτι οὐδʼ ἂν δεκάκις ἀποθάνῃ, οὐδὲν μᾶλλον κινήσεσθε. τί οὖν πρεσβεύετε καὶ κατηγορεῖτε καὶ πράγμαθʼ ἡμῖν παρέχετε; ἂν ταῦτα λέγωσι, τί ἐροῦμεν ἢ τί φήσομεν, Ἀθηναῖοι; ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ οὐχ ὁρῶ.
38. Now there are some who think they confute a speaker the moment they ask, “What then ought we to do?” To these I will give the fairest and truest answer: not what you are doing now. I will not, however, shrink from going carefully into details; only they must be as willing to act as they are eager to question.
38. εἰσὶ τοίνυν τινὲς οἳ τότʼ ἐξελέγχειν τὸν παριόντʼ οἴονται, ἐπειδὰν ἐρωτήσωσι τί οὖν χρὴ ποιεῖν; οἷς ἐγὼ μὲν τὸ δικαιότατον καὶ ἀληθέστατον τοῦτʼ ἀποκρινοῦμαι, ταῦτα μὴ ποιεῖν ἃ νυνὶ ποιεῖτε, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ καθʼ ἕκαστον ἀκριβῶς ἐρῶ. καὶ ὅπως, ὥσπερ ἐρωτῶσι προθύμως, οὕτω καὶ ποιεῖν ἐθελήσουσιν.
39. First, men of Athens, you must fix this firmly in your minds, that Philip is at war with us and has broken the peace. Yes, let there be no more wrangling over that question. He is ill-disposed and hostile to the whole city and to the very soil on which the city stands, and, I will add, to every man in the city, even to those who imagine that they stand highest in his good graces. If they doubt it, let them look at Euthycrates and Lasthenes, the Olynthians, who thought they were such bosom-friends of his, and then, when they had betrayed their city, met the most ignominious fate of all. The chief object, however, of his arms and his diplomacy is our free constitution; on nothing in the world is he more bent than on its destruction.
39. πρῶτον μέν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοῦτο παρʼ ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς βεβαίως γνῶναι, ὅτι τῇ πόλει Φίλιππος πολεμεῖ καὶ τὴν εἰρήνην λέλυκεν (καὶ παύσασθε περὶ τούτου κατηγοροῦντες ἀλλήλων) καὶ κακόνους μέν ἐστι καὶ ἐχθρὸς ὅλῃ τῇ πόλει καὶ τῷ τῆς πόλεως ἐδάφει, προσθήσω δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἐν τῇ πόλει πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις, καὶ τοῖς μάλιστʼ οἰομένοις αὐτῷ χαρίζεσθαι (εἰ δὲ μή, σκεψάσθων Εὐθυκράτη καὶ Λασθένη τοὺς Ὀλυνθίους, οἳ δοκοῦντες οἰκειότατʼ αὐτῷ διακεῖσθαι, ἐπειδὴ τὴν πόλιν προὔδοσαν, πάντων κάκιστʼ ἀπολώλασιν), οὐδενὶ μέντοι μᾶλλον ἢ τῇ πολιτείᾳ πολεμεῖ οὐδʼ ἐπιβουλεύει, καὶ σκοπεῖ μᾶλλον οὐδὲ ἓν τῶν πάντων, ἢ πῶς ταύτην καταλύσει.