---
title: "On the Navy-Boards · Περὶ τῶν συμμοριῶν"
author: "Demosthenes"
translator: "James Herbert Vince"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
url: https://scriptura.si/works/demosthenes-on-the-navy-boards/
cite: "Demosthenes, tr. James Herbert Vince, On the Navy-Boards · Περὶ τῶν συμμοριῶν. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/demosthenes-on-the-navy-boards/"
---

# On the Navy-Boards · Περὶ τῶν συμμοριῶν

*Demosthenes, tr. James Herbert Vince*

His first speech to the assembly (354 BC): reform the fleet’s finances instead of starting a war with Persia.

> Greek: ed. Samuel Henry Butcher, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0014.tlg014, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: James Herbert Vince, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0014.tlg014.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## Contents

1. [Sections 1–41](https://scriptura.si/works/demosthenes-on-the-navy-boards/1.md)

## 1. Sections 1–41

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/demosthenes-on-the-navy-boards/1/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/demosthenes-on-the-navy-boards/1/#p-N

[¶0] 1. Those who praise your ancestors, men of Athens, seem to me to choose an acceptable theme, which yet fails to do any real service to those whom they eulogize; for when they attempt to speak about achievements to which no words could possibly do justice, they earn for themselves the reputation of clever speakers, but leave their hearers with a lower estimate of the merits of those famous men. Indeed, I think the best testimony to their merits is the length of time that has elapsed, during which no other men have been able to surpass their achievements.

> Greek: 1. οἱ μὲν ἐπαινοῦντες, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοὺς προγόνους ὑμῶν λόγον εἰπεῖν μοι δοκοῦσι προαιρεῖσθαι κεχαρισμένον, οὐ μὴν συμφέροντά γʼ ἐκείνοις οὓς ἐγκωμιάζουσι ποιεῖν· περὶ γὰρ πραγμάτων ἐγχειροῦντες λέγειν ὧν οὐδʼ εἷς ἀξίως ἐφικέσθαι τῷ λόγῳ δύναιτο, αὐτοὶ μὲν τοῦ δοκεῖν δύνασθαι λέγειν δόξαν ἐκφέρονται, τὴν δʼ ἐκείνων ἀρετὴν ἐλάττω τῆς ὑπειλημμένης παρὰ τοῖς ἀκούουσιν φαίνεσθαι ποιοῦσιν. ἐγὼ δʼ ἐκείνων μὲν ἔπαινον τὸν χρόνον ἡγοῦμαι μέγιστον, οὗ πολλοῦ γεγενημένου μείζω τῶν ὑπʼ ἐκείνων πραχθέντων οὐδένες ἄλλοι παραδείξασθαι δεδύνηνται·

[¶1] 2. For my own part, however, I shall confine myself to pointing out how you can best prepare for war. For this is how things stand. Even if all of us who are to address you should prove capable speakers, you would, I am sure, be no better off; but if someone, whoever he may be, could come forward and point out convincingly the nature and size of the force that will be serviceable to the city, and show how it is to be provided, all our present fears will be relieved. This is what I will try to do, if only I am able, first giving you briefly my views about our relations with the Great King.

> Greek: 2. αὐτὸς δὲ πειράσομαι τὸν τρόπον εἰπεῖν ὃν ἄν μοι δοκεῖτε μάλιστα δύνασθαι παρασκευάσασθαι. καὶ γὰρ οὕτως ἔχει· εἰ μὲν ἡμεῖς ἅπαντες οἱ μέλλοντες λέγειν δεινοὶ φανείημεν ὄντες, οὐδὲν ἂν τὰ ὑμέτερʼ εὖ οἶδʼ ὅτι βέλτιον σχοίη· εἰ δὲ παρελθὼν εἷς ὁστισοῦν δύναιτο διδάξαι καὶ πεῖσαι, τίς παρασκευὴ καὶ πόση καὶ πόθεν πορισθεῖσα χρήσιμος ἔσται τῇ πόλει, πᾶς ὁ παρὼν φόβος λελύσεται. ἐγὼ δὲ τοῦτʼ, ἂν ἄρʼ οἷός τʼ ὦ, πειράσομαι ποιῆσαι, μικρὰ προειπὼν ὑμῖν ὡς ἔχω γνώμης περὶ τῶν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα.

[¶2] 3. I admit that he is the common enemy of all the Greeks; yet I would not on that account advise you to undertake a war against him by yourselves apart from the rest, for I observe that the Greeks themselves are by no means common friends of one another, but that certain of them repose more confidence in the King than in some of their neighbors. From this state of things I conclude that it is to your interest to be careful that your grounds for entering on war shall be equitable and just, but to proceed with all the necessary preparations, making that the foundation of your policy.

> Greek: 3. ἐγὼ νομίζω κοινὸν ἐχθρὸν ἁπάντων τῶν Ἑλλήνων εἶναι βασιλέα, οὐ μὴν διὰ τοῦτο παραινέσαιμʼ ἂν μόνοις τῶν ἄλλων ὑμῖν πόλεμον πρὸς αὐτὸν ἄρασθαι· οὐδὲ γὰρ αὐτοὺς τοὺς Ἕλληνας ὁρῶ κοινοὺς ἀλλήλοις ὄντας φίλους, ἀλλʼ ἐνίους μᾶλλον ἐκείνῳ πιστεύοντας ἤ τισιν αὑτῶν. ἐκ δὴ τῶν τοιούτων νομίζω συμφέρειν ὑμῖν τὴν μὲν ἀρχὴν τοῦ πολέμου τηρεῖν ὅπως ἴση καὶ δικαία γενήσεται, παρασκευάζεσθαι δʼ ἃ προσήκει πάντα καὶ τοῦθʼ ὑποκεῖσθαι.

[¶3] 4. For I believe, Athenians, that if there were clear and unmistakable signs of the King’s hostile intentions, the other Greeks would join with us, and would be deeply grateful to those who would stand up for them and with them against his attacks; but if we force on a war, while his aims are still obscure, I am afraid, men of Athens, that we shall be obliged to encounter, not only the King, but also those whom we are minded to protect.

> Greek: 4. ἡγοῦμαι γάρ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοὺς Ἕλληνας, εἰ μὲν ἐναργὲς [τι] γένοιτο καὶ σαφὲς ὡς βασιλεὺς αὐτοῖς ἐπιχειρεῖ, κἂν συμμαχῆσαι καὶ χάριν μεγάλην ἔχειν τοῖς πρὸ αὐτῶν καὶ μετʼ αὐτῶν ἐκεῖνον ἀμυνομένοις· εἰ δʼ ἔτʼ ἀδήλου τούτου καθεστηκότος προαπεχθησόμεθʼ ἡμεῖς, δέδιʼ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, μὴ τούτοις μετʼ ἐκείνου πολεμεῖν ἀναγκασθῶμεν, ὑπὲρ ὧν προνοούμεθα.

[¶4] 5. For the King, suspending his designs—if he really intends to invade Greece—will distribute money among them and tempt them with offers of friendship, while they, anxious to bring their private quarrels to a successful issue and keeping that object in view, will overlook the common safety of all. Into such a welter of confusion and folly I beseech you not to plunge our country.

> Greek: 5. ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἐπισχὼν ὧν ὥρμηκεν, εἰ ἄρʼ ἐγχειρεῖν ἔγνωκε τοῖς Ἕλλησι, χρήματα δώσει τισὶν αὐτῶν καὶ φιλίαν προτενεῖται, οἱ δὲ τοὺς ἰδίους πολέμους ἐπανορθῶσαι βουλόμενοι καὶ τοῦτον τὸν νοῦν ἔχοντες τὴν κοινὴν ἁπάντων σωτηρίαν παρόψονται. εἰς δὲ τὴν ταραχὴν ταύτην καὶ τὴν ἀγνωμοσύνην παραινῶ μὴ προκαθεῖναι τὴν πόλιν ἡμῶν.

[¶5] 6. For indeed, as regards your policy towards the King, I see that you are by no means on the same footing as the other Greeks; for many of them it is, I suppose, possible to pursue their private interests and abandon the cause of their countrymen, but for you, even when wronged by them, it would not be honorable to exact such a penalty from the wrong-doers as to leave any of them under the heel of the barbarian.

> Greek: 6. οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδʼ ἀπʼ ἴσης ὁρῶ τοῖς τʼ ἄλλοις Ἕλλησι καὶ ὑμῖν περὶ τῶν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα τὴν βουλὴν οὖσαν, ἀλλʼ ἐκείνων μὲν πολλοῖς ἐνδέχεσθαί μοι δοκεῖ τῶν ἰδίᾳ τι συμφερόντων διοικουμένοις τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων ἀμελῆσαι, ὑμῖν δʼ οὐδʼ ἀδικουμένοις παρὰ τῶν ἀδικούντων καλόν ἐστιν λαβεῖν ταύτην τὴν δίκην, ἐᾶσαί τινας αὐτῶν ὑπὸ τῷ βαρβάρῳ γενέσθαι.

[¶6] 7. But as long as this is so, we must take care that we are not involved in war at a disadvantage, and that the King, whom we believe to have designs against the Greeks, does not win the credit of appearing as their friend. How then can this be ensured? If we make it plain to all that our forces are already marshalled and equipped, but equally plain that our policy is founded on sentiments of justice.

> Greek: 7. ὅτε δʼ οὕτω ταῦτʼ ἔχει, σκεπτέον ὅπως μήθʼ ἡμεῖς ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ γενησόμεθʼ οὐκ ἴσοι, μήτʼ ἐκεῖνος, ὃν ἡμεῖς ἐπιβουλεύειν ἡγούμεθα τοῖς Ἕλλησι, τὴν τοῦ φίλος αὐτοῖς δοκεῖν εἶναι πίστιν λήψεται. πῶς οὖν ταῦτʼ ἔσται; ἂν ἡ μὲν δύναμις τῆς πόλεως ἐξητασμένη καὶ παρεσκευασμένη πᾶσιν ᾖ φανερά, φαίνηται δὲ δίκαιʼ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ φρονεῖν αἱρουμένη.

[¶7] 8. To your rash advisers, who are so eager to hurry you into war, I have this to say, that it is not difficult, when deliberation is needed, to gain a reputation for courage, nor when danger is at hand, to display skill in oratory; but there is something that is both difficult and essential—to display courage in the face of danger, and in deliberation to offer sounder advice than one’s fellows.

> Greek: 8. τοῖς δὲ θρασυνομένοις καὶ σφόδρʼ ἑτοίμως πολεμεῖν κελεύουσιν ἐκεῖνο λέγω, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν χαλεπὸν οὔθʼ ὅταν βουλεύεσθαι δέῃ, δόξαν ἀνδρείας λαβεῖν, οὔθʼ ὅταν κίνδυνός τις ἐγγὺς ᾖ, δεινὸν εἰπεῖν φανῆναι, ἀλλʼ ἐκεῖνο καὶ χαλεπὸν καὶ προσῆκον, ἐπὶ μὲν τῶν κινδύνων τὴν ἀνδρείαν ἐνδείκνυσθαι, ἐν δὲ τῷ συμβουλεύειν φρονιμώτερα τῶν ἄλλων εἰπεῖν ἔχειν.

[¶8] 9. I believe, men of Athens, that the war with the King is a difficult undertaking for our city, though any conflict which the war involved might prove easy enough. Why so? Because the first requisites for every war are necessarily, I suppose, fleets and money and strong positions, and I find that the King is more fully supplied with these than we are; but for the actual conflict I observe that nothing is needed so much as brave soldiers, and of these we and those who share the danger with us have the better supply.

> Greek: 9. ἐγὼ δʼ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, νομίζω τὸν μὲν πόλεμον τὸν πρὸς βασιλέα χαλεπὸν τῇ πόλει, τὸν δʼ ἀγῶνα τὸν ἐκ τοῦ πολέμου ῥᾴδιον ἂν συμβῆναι. διὰ τί; ὅτι τοὺς μὲν πολέμους ἅπαντας ἀναγκαίως ἡγοῦμαι τριήρων καὶ χρημάτων καὶ τόπων δεῖσθαι, ταῦτα δὲ πάντʼ ἀφθονώτερʼ ἐκεῖνον ἔχονθʼ ἡμῶν εὑρίσκω· τοὺς δʼ ἀγῶνας οὐδενὸς οὕτω τῶν ἄλλων ὁρῶ δεομένους ὡς ἀνδρῶν ἀγαθῶν, τούτους δʼ ἡμῖν καὶ τοῖς μεθʼ ἡμῶν κινδυνεύουσι πλείους ὑπάρχειν νομίζω.

[¶9] 10. That is why I advise that we should not on any grounds be the first to plunge into war, but for the conflict we must be properly equipped from the start. If indeed there were one kind of force suitable for defence against Persians and another for defence against Greeks, then we might reasonably be suspected of marshalling ourselves against the King;

> Greek: 10. τὸν μὲν δὴ πόλεμον διὰ ταῦτα παραινῶ μηδʼ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρόπου προτέρους ἀνελέσθαι, ἐπὶ δὲ τὸν ἀγῶνα ὀρθῶς φημι παρεσκευασμένους ὑπάρχειν χρῆναι. εἰ μὲν οὖν ἕτερος μὲν ἦν τις τρόπος δυνάμεως ᾗ τοὺς βαρβάρους οἷόν τʼ ἦν ἀμύνασθαι, ἕτερος δέ τις ᾗ τοὺς Ἕλληνας, εἰκότως ἂν ἴσως φανεροὶ πρὸς ἐκεῖνον ἐγιγνόμεθʼ ἀντιταττόμενοι·

[¶10] 11. but when all preparation for war is on the same lines and the main objects of an armed force are the same—to be strong enough to repel the enemy, to assist one’s allies, and to preserve one’s own possessions-why, having open enemies enough, must we be looking out for another? Let us rather make our preparations against them, and then we shall defend ourselves against him too, if he ventures to molest us.

> Greek: 11. ἐπεὶ δὲ πάσης ἐστὶ παρασκευῆς ὁ αὐτὸς τρόπος καὶ δεῖ ταὔτʼ εἶναι κεφάλαια τῆς δυνάμεως, τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ἀμύνασθαι δύνασθαι, τοῖς οὖσι συμμάχοις βοηθεῖν, τὰ ὑπάρχοντʼ ἀγαθὰ σῴζειν, τί τοὺς ὁμολογουμένως ἐχθροὺς ἔχοντες ἑτέρους ζητοῦμεν; ἀλλὰ παρασκευασώμεθα μὲν πρὸς αὐτούς, ἀμυνούμεθα δὲ κἀκεῖνον, ἂν ἡμᾶς ἀδικεῖν ἐπιχειρῇ.

[¶11] 12. Moreover you are now calling on the Greeks to join you; but if you refuse to do their bidding—and your relations with some of them are not cordial—how can you expect any of them to answer your call? “Because,” you say, “we shall warn them that the King has designs on them.” But seriously, do you imagine that they cannot detect that for themselves? I am sure they can. But as yet their fear of Persia is subordinate to their feuds with you and, in some cases, with one another. Therefore your ambassadors will only go round repeating their heroics.

> Greek: 12. καὶ νῦν μὲν καλεῖτε πρὸς ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς τοὺς Ἕλληνας· ἂν δʼ ἃ κελεύουσιν οὗτοι μὴ ποιῆτε, οὐχ ἡδέως ἐνίων ὑμῖν ἐχόντων, πῶς χρὴ προσδοκᾶν τινʼ ὑπακούσεσθαι; ὅτι νὴ Δίʼ ἀκούσονται παρʼ ἡμῶν ὡς ἐπιβουλεύει βασιλεὺς αὐτοῖς. αὐτοὺς δʼ οὐ προορᾶν, ὦ πρὸς τοῦ Διός, οἴεσθε τοῦτο; ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ οἶμαι. ἀλλʼ οὔπω μείζων ἔσθʼ ὁ φόβος τῶν πρὸς ὑμᾶς καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐνίοις διαφορῶν. οὐδὲν οὖν ἀλλʼ ἢ ῥαψῳδήσουσιν οἱ πρέσβεις περιιόντες.

[¶12] 13. But later on, if what we now deem probable comes to pass, surely no Greek community has such a good conceit of itself that when they see that you have a thousand cavalry and as many infantry as one could desire and three hundred ships, they will not come as our suitors, feeling that with such support their safety is assured. Therefore to invite them at once means that you are the suppliants and, if unsuccessful, have failed utterly, but to wait and at the same time complete your own preparations means saving them at their request, and being well assured that they will all join you.

> Greek: 13. τότε δʼ, ἂν ἄρʼ ἃ νῦν οἰόμεθʼ ἡμεῖς πράττηται, οὐδεὶς δήπου τῶν πάντων Ἑλλήνων τηλικοῦτον ἐφʼ αὑτῷ φρονεῖ, ὅστις ὁρῶν ὑμῖν χιλίους μὲν ἱππέας, ὁπλίτας δʼ ὅσους ἂν ἐθέλῃ τις, ναῦς δὲ τριακοσίας, οὐχ ἥξει καὶ δεήσεται, μετὰ τούτων ἀσφαλέστατʼ ἂν ἡγούμενος σωθῆναι. οὐκοῦν ἐκ μὲν τοῦ καλεῖν ἤδη τὸ δεῖσθαι κἂν μὴ τύχητʼ ἀφαμαρτεῖν, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ μετὰ τοῦ παρεσκευάσθαι τὰ ὑμέτερʼ αὐτῶν ἐπισχεῖν δεομένους σῴζειν καὶ εὖ εἰδέναι πάντας ἥξοντάς ἐστιν.

[¶13] 14. Therefore, men of Athens, moved by this and similar considerations, I was unwilling to compose a confident oration or one of futile length, but I have been at very great pains to consider the best and speediest method of completing our equipment. I venture to think that you ought to hear my plan and vote for it, if it satisfies you. Now the first and most important step in our equipment, men of Athens, is that you should be filled with such resolution that everyone shall be willing and eager to do his part.

> Greek: 14. ἐγὼ τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ταῦτά τε καὶ παραπλήσια τούτοις λογιζόμενος λόγον μὲν οὐδένʼ ἐβουλόμην θρασὺν οὐδʼ ἔχοντα μάταιον μῆκος εὑρεῖν· τὴν μέντοι παρασκευήν, ὅπως ὡς ἄριστα καὶ τάχιστα γενήσεται, πάνυ πολλὰ πράγματʼ ἔσχον σκοπῶν. οἴομαι δὴ δεῖν ἀκούσαντας ὑμᾶς αὐτήν, ἂν ὑμῖν ἀρέσκῃ, ψηφίσασθαι. ἔστι τοίνυν πρῶτον μὲν τῆς παρασκευῆς, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, καὶ μέγιστον, οὕτω διακεῖσθαι τὰς γνώμας ὑμᾶς ὡς ἕκαστον ἑκόντα προθύμως ὅ τι ἂν δέῃ ποιήσοντα.

[¶14] 15. For you will notice, men of Athens, that whenever you have collectively formed some project, and thereafter each individual has realized that it was his personal duty to carry it out, nothing has ever escaped your grasp; but whenever you have formed your project and thereafter have looked to one another to carry it out, each expecting to do nothing while his neighbor worked, then nothing has succeeded with you.

> Greek: 15. ὁρᾶτε γάρ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ὅτι, ὅσα μὲν πώποθʼ ἅπαντες ἐβουλήθητε καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τὸ πράττειν αὐτὸς ἕκαστος ἑαυτῷ προσήκειν ἡγήσατο, οὐδὲν πώποθʼ ὑμᾶς ἐξέφυγεν, ὅσα δʼ ἐβουλήθητε μέν, μετὰ ταῦτα δʼ ἀπεβλέψατʼ εἰς ἀλλήλους ὡς αὐτὸς μὲν ἕκαστος οὐ ποιήσων, τὸν δὲ πλησίον πράξοντα, οὐδὲν πώποθʼ ὑμῖν ἐγένετο.

[¶15] 16. But seeing you thus resolved and enthusiastic, I propose that the register of the twelve hundred should be filled up and enlarged to two thousand by the addition of eight hundred names; for if you fix on that number, I believe that you will get your twelve hundred persons, after striking out wards, orphans, settlers in colonies, joint holders of estates, and anyone otherwise ineligible.

> Greek: 16. ἐχόντων δʼ ὑμῶν οὕτω καὶ παρωξυμμένων, τοὺς διακοσίους καὶ χιλίους ἀναπληρῶσαί φημι χρῆναι καὶ ποιῆσαι δισχιλίους, ὀκτακοσίους αὐτοῖς προσνείμαντας· ἐὰν γὰρ τοῦτʼ ἀποδείξητε τὸ πλῆθος, ἡγοῦμαι, τῶν ἐπικλήρων καὶ τῶν ὀρφανῶν καὶ τῶν κληρουχικῶν καὶ τῶν κοινωνικῶν καὶ εἴ τις ἀδύνατος ἀφαιρεθέντων, ἔσεσθαι χίλια καὶ διακόσια ταῦθʼ ὑμῖν σώματα.

[¶16] 17. Then I propose to divide these into twenty boards, as at present, each containing sixty persons. Each of these boards I would subdivide into five groups of twelve men, always attaching to the wealthiest man those who are poorest, to keep the balance. That is how I propose to arrange these persons; you will understand why, when you have heard the whole of the arrangement.

> Greek: 17. ἐκ τοίνυν τούτων οἶμαι δεῖν ποιῆσαι συμμορίας εἴκοσιν, ὥσπερ νῦν εἰσιν, ἑξήκοντα σώματʼ ἔχουσαν ἑκάστην. τούτων δὲ τῶν συμμοριῶν ἑκάστην διελεῖν κελεύω πέντε μέρη κατὰ δώδεκʼ ἄνδρας, ἀνταναπληροῦντας πρὸς τὸν εὐπορώτατον ἀεὶ τοὺς ἀπορωτάτους. καὶ τὰ μὲν σώμαθʼ οὕτω συντετάχθαι φημὶ δεῖν· διʼ ὃ δʼ, εἴσεσθε, ἐπειδὰν ὅλον τὸν τρόπον τῆς συντάξεως ἀκούσητε.

[¶17] 18. Now what about the war-galleys? I propose to fix the total number at three hundred, divided into twenty squadrons of fifteen ships each, assigning to each squadron five of the first hundred, five of the second, and five of the third; and next to allot a squadron of fifteen to each board, and the board must assign three vessels to each of its own groups.

> Greek: 18. τὰς δὲ τριήρεις πῶς; τὸν ἅπαντʼ ἀριθμὸν κελεύω τριακοσίας ἀποδείξαντας, κατὰ πεντεκαιδεκαναΐαν εἴκοσι ποιῆσαι μέρη, τῶν πρώτων ἑκατὸν πέντε, καὶ τῶν δευτέρων ἑκατὸν πέντε, καὶ τῶν τρίτων ἑκατὸν πένθʼ ἑκάστῳ μέρει διδόντας, εἶτα συγκληρῶσαι συμμορίᾳ σωμάτων ἑκάστῃ τὴν πεντεκαιδεκαναΐαν, τὴν δὲ συμμορίαν ἑκάστῳ τῷ μέρει σφῶν αὐτῶν τρεῖς ἀποδοῦναι τριήρεις.

[¶18] 19. When these preliminaries are settled, I propose that your wealth also should be organized, and that as the ratable value of the country is six thousand talents, this sum should be divided into a hundred parts of sixty talents each, and that then five of these parts should be allotted to each of the twenty full boards, and that the board itself should assign one part, consisting of sixty talents, to each of its own five groups. Thus, if you want a hundred war-galleys the cost of each will be covered by the sixty talents and there will be twelve trierarchs for each; if you want two hundred, there will be thirty talents to cover the cost and six persons to serve as trierarchs; if you want three hundred, there will be twenty talents for the cost and four persons to serve.

> Greek: 19. ἐπειδὰν δὲ ταῦθʼ οὕτως ἔχονθʼ ὑπάρχῃ, κελεύω, ἐπειδὴ τὸ τίμημʼ ἐστὶ τῆς χώρας ἑξακισχιλίων ταλάντων, ἵνʼ ὑμῖν καὶ τὰ χρήματʼ ᾖ συντεταγμένα, διελεῖν τοῦτο καὶ ποιῆσαι καθʼ ἑξήκοντα τάλανθʼ ἑκατὸν μέρη, εἶτα πένθʼ ἑξηκονταταλαντίας εἰς ἑκάστην τῶν μεγάλων τῶν εἴκοσι συμμοριῶν ἐπικληρῶσαι, τὴν δὲ συμμορίαν ἑκάστῳ τῶν μερῶν μίαν ἑξηκονταταλαντίαν ἀποδοῦναι, ὅπως, ἂν μὲν ὑμῖν ἑκατὸν δέῃ τριήρων, τὴν μὲν δαπάνην ἑξήκοντα τάλαντα συντελῇ, τριήραρχοι δʼ ὦσι δώδεκα, ἂν δὲ διακοσίων, τριάκοντα μὲν ᾖ τάλαντα τὴν δαπάνην συντελοῦντα, ἓξ δὲ σώματα τριηραρχοῦντα, ἐὰν δὲ τριακοσίων, εἴκοσιν μὲν ᾖ τάλαντα τὴν δαπάνην διαλύοντα, τέτταρα δὲ σώματα τριηραρχοῦντα.

[¶19] 21. In the same way I propose, men of Athens, that all ships’ gear now on loan should be valued and divided according to the inventory into twenty parts, and then that one part of the debtors liable for it should be allotted to each of the full boards, and that each board should assign an equal share to each of its own groups; and that the twelve members of the group should exact the same from the debtors, and so provide, fully equipped, as many galleys as they are severally responsible for.

> Greek: 21. τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ τὰ νῦν ὀφειλόμενʼ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τῶν σκευῶν ἐπὶ τὰς τριήρεις τιμήσαντας ἅπαντʼ ἐκ τοῦ διαγράμματος νεῖμαι κελεύω μέρη εἴκοσιν, ἔπειτα ταῖς μεγάλαις ἐπικληρῶσαι συμμορίαις μέρος ἓν χρήστων ἑκάστῃ, τὴν δὲ συμμορίαν ἑκάστην διανεῖμαι τῶν αὑτῆς μερῶν ἑκάστῳ τὸ ἴσον, τοὺς δὲ δώδεκα τοὺς ἐν ἑκάστῳ τῷ μέρει ταῦτʼ εἰσπράξαντας τὰς τριήρεις, ἃς ἂν ἕκαστοι λάχωσι, παρεσκευασμένας παρέχειν.

[¶20] 22. That, I think, would be the best way of providing and organizing the money, the hulls, the trierarchs, and the calling in of the ships’ gear. I now proceed to describe a clear and easy way of manning the ships. I suggest that the generals should divide the dockyards into ten areas, so arranging it that there may be dock-room in each for thirty ships, as close together as possible, and that when they have done this, they should apportion two boards and thirty galleys to each area, and then assign the tribes by lot to the areas.

> Greek: 22. τὴν μὲν δαπάνην καὶ τὰ σκάφη καὶ τοὺς τριηράρχους καὶ τὴν τῶν σκευῶν εἴσπραξιν οὕτως ἂν ἄρισθʼ ἡγοῦμαι καὶ πορισθῆναι καὶ παρασκευασθῆναι· πλήρωσιν δʼ, ἣ καὶ σαφὴς ἔσται καὶ ῥᾳδία, μετὰ ταῦτα λέγω. φημὶ τοὺς στρατηγοὺς δεῖν διανεῖμαι τόπους δέκα τῶν νεωρίων, σκεψαμένους ὅπως ὡς ἐγγύτατʼ ἀλλήλων κατὰ τριάκοντʼ ὦσι νεώσοικοι, ἐπειδὰν δὲ τοῦτο ποιήσωσι, δύο συμμορίας καὶ τριάκοντα τριήρεις τούτων ἑκάστῳ προσνεῖμαι τῶν τόπων, εἶτʼ ἐπικληρῶσαι τὰς φυλάς·

[¶21] 23. And each brigade-commander must divide into three parts whatever area his tribe has taken over, and the ships in the same way, and then he must allot the thirds of his tribe in such a way that of the whole space of the dockyards each tribe may have one area and each third of a tribe a third of an area; so that you can know at once, if necessary, where each tribe and each third of a tribe is stationed, who are the trierarchs and what ships they have, and that so each tribe may have thirty ships and each third of a tribe ten. For if we can only get this started, any detail at present omitted (for it is perhaps difficult to provide for everything) will be discovered by the actual working of the plan, and we shall have a uniform system both for the whole navy and for every part of it.

> Greek: 23. τὸν δὲ ταξίαρχον ἕκαστον, ὃν ἂν ἡ φυλὴ τόπον λάχῃ, διελεῖν τρίχα καὶ τὰς ναῦς ὡσαύτως, εἶτʼ ἐπικληρῶσαι τὰς τριττῦς, ὅπως ἂν τῶν μὲν ὅλων νεωρίων ἓν ἑκάστῃ μέρος ᾖ τῶν φυλῶν, τοῦ δὲ μέρους ἑκάστου τὸ τρίτον μέρος ἡ τριττὺς ἔχῃ, εἰδῆτε δʼ, ἄν τι δέῃ, πρῶτον μὲν τὴν φυλήν, ὅπου τέτακται, μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ τὴν τριττύν, εἶτα τριήραρχοι τίνες καὶ τριήρεις ποῖαι[, καὶ τριάκοντα μὲν ἡ φυλή, δέκα δʼ ἡ τριττὺς ἑκάστη τριήρεις ἔχῃ]. ἐὰν γὰρ ταῦθʼ οὕτως εἰς ὁδὸν καταστῇ, εἴ τι καὶ παραλείπομεν νῦν (πάντα γὰρ ἴσως εὑρεῖν οὐ ῥᾴδιον), αὐτὸ τὸ πρᾶγμʼ ἑαυτῷ εὑρήσει, καὶ μία σύνταξις καὶ πασῶν τῶν νεῶν καὶ μέρους ἔσται.

[¶22] 24. But as regards money and a ready supply of it at once, I am aware that I am going to make a startling proposal. The proposal shall, however, be made, because I am confident that if you take the right point of view, it will be clear that I alone have told you the truth, as it is and as it will be. My view is that we ought not to talk about money now; for if we need it, we have a source of supply, abundant, honorable and fair; if we look for it at once, we shall fail so utterly to supply it now that we shall conclude that it is not even in reserve for our future use, but if we leave it alone, it will be there. What, then, is this supply, which is not now, but will be hereafter?

> Greek: 24. ὑπὲρ δὲ χρημάτων καὶ πόρου φανεροῦ τινὸς ἤδη παράδοξον μὲν οἶδα λόγον ὃν μέλλω λέγειν, ὅμως δʼ εἰρήσεται· πιστεύω γάρ, ἐάν τις ὀρθῶς σκοπῇ, μόνος τἀληθῆ καὶ τὰ γενησόμενʼ εἰρηκὼς φανεῖσθαι. ἐγώ φημι χρῆναι μὴ λέγειν νυνὶ περὶ χρημάτων· εἶναι γὰρ πόρον, ἂν δέῃ, μέγαν καὶ καλὸν καὶ δίκαιον, ὃν ἂν μὲν ἤδη ζητῶμεν, οὐδʼ εἰς τόθʼ ὑπάρχειν ἡγησόμεθʼ ἡμῖν· οὕτω πολὺ τοῦ πορίσαι νῦν ἀποσχήσομεν· ἐὰν δʼ ἐῶμεν, ἔσται. τίς οὖν ἔσθʼ οὗτος ὁ νῦν μὲν οὐκ ὤν, ὑπάρξων δʼ εἰς τότε; αἰνίγματι γὰρ ὅμοιον τοῦτό γε.

[¶23] 25. That sounds like a riddle, but I will explain. Look at the great city that lies around you, men of Athens. In that city there is wealth, I might almost say, equal to that of all the other Greek cities together. But that wealth is in the hands of men whose temper is such that if all our orators started a scare that the King is coming, that he is close at hand, that the report must be true, and if the orators were backed by an equal number of oracle-mongers, not only would they fail to contribute, but they would refuse to declare or acknowledge their wealth.

> Greek: 25. ἐγὼ φράσω. ὁρᾶτε τὴν πόλιν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πᾶσαν ταύτην. ἐν ταύτῃ χρήματʼ ἔνεστιν ὀλίγου δέω πρὸς ἁπάσας τὰς ἄλλας εἰπεῖν πόλεις. ταῦτα δʼ οἱ κεκτημένοι τοιοῦτον ἔχουσι νοῦν ὥστʼ, εἰ πάντες οἱ λέγοντες φοβοῖεν ὡς ἥξει βασιλεύς, ὡς πάρεστιν, ὡς οὐδʼ οἷόν τε ταῦτʼ ἄλλως ἔχειν, καὶ μετὰ τῶν λεγόντων ἴσοι τὸ πλῆθος τούτοις χρησμῳδοῖεν, οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἂν εἰσενέγκαιεν, ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ἂν δόξειαν [οὐδʼ ἂν ὁμολογήσαιεν] κεκτῆσθαι.

[¶24] 26. But if once they saw that what alarms them now as a mere rumor was actually taking place, none of them is so foolish that he would not be the first to pay his contribution; for who will choose to sacrifice life and property sooner than contribute a fraction to ensure his person and the remainder of his wealth? The money, I say, we have when it is really needed, but not before. Therefore I advise you not to seek it out, for the whole sum that you could raise, if you insisted on raising it, would be more ridiculous than nothing at all.

> Greek: 26. εἰ μέντοι τὰ νῦν διὰ τῶν λόγων φοβερὰ ἔργῳ πραττόμενʼ αἴσθοιντο, οὐδεὶς οὕτως ἠλίθιός ἐστιν ὅστις οὐχὶ κἂν δοίη καὶ πρῶτος εἰσενέγκαι· τίς γὰρ αἱρήσεται μᾶλλον αὐτὸς καὶ τὰ ὄντʼ ἀπολωλέναι ἢ μέρος τῶν ὄντων ὑπὲρ αὑτοῦ καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν εἰσενεγκεῖν; χρήματα μὲν δή φημʼ εἶναι τότε, ἂν ὡς ἀληθῶς δέῃ, πρότερον δʼ οὔ. διὸ μηδὲ ζητεῖν παραινῶ· ὅσα γὰρ νῦν πορίσαιτʼ ἄν, εἰ προέλοισθε πορίζειν, πλείων ἐστὶ γέλως τοῦ μηδενός.

[¶25] 27. For consider; will anyone propose a tax of one per cent now? Then we get sixty talents. Or double it and make it two per cent? Still only a hundred and twenty talents. And what is that to the twelve hundred camels laden, as our friends here tell us, with the King’s treasure? Then would you have me assume that we shall contribute a twelfth of your wealth, or five hundred talents? But you would not submit to such a tax, nor if you paid up, would the money be sufficient for the war.

> Greek: 27. φέρε γάρ, ἑκατοστήν τις εἰσφέρειν ἐρεῖ νῦν; οὐκοῦν ἑξήκοντα τάλαντα. ἀλλὰ πεντηκοστήν τις ἐρεῖ, τὸ διπλοῦν; οὐκοῦν ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι. καὶ τί τοῦτʼ ἔστι πρὸς διακοσίας καὶ χιλίας καμήλους, ἃς βασιλεῖ τὰ χρήματʼ ἄγειν φασὶν οὗτοι; ἀλλὰ θῶ βούλεσθε δωδεκάτην ἡμᾶς εἰσοίσειν, πεντακόσια τάλαντα; ἀλλʼ οὔτʼ ἂν ἀνάσχοισθε οὔτʼ, εἰ καταθεῖτε, ἄξια τοῦ πολέμου τὰ χρήματα.

[¶26] 28. You must therefore make all your other preparations, but let the money remain for the present in the hands of its owners, for it could not be in better keeping, for the benefit of the State; but if ever the threatened crisis comes, then accept it as a voluntary contribution. These proposals, men of Athens, are both practicable and honorable and advantageous, fit to be reported of you to the King and calculated to inspire him with no little alarm.

> Greek: 28. δεῖ τοίνυν ὑμᾶς τὰ μὲν ἄλλα παρασκευάσασθαι, τὰ δὲ χρήματα νῦν μὲν ἐᾶν τοὺς κεκτημένους ἔχειν (οὐδαμοῦ γὰρ ἂν ἐν καλλίονι σῴζοιτο τῇ πόλει), ἐὰν δέ ποθʼ οὗτος ὁ καιρὸς ἔλθῃ, τόθʼ ἑκόντων εἰσφερόντων αὐτῶν λαμβάνειν. ταῦτα δὲ καὶ δυνάτʼ ἐστίν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, καὶ πράττειν καλὰ καὶ συμφέροντα καὶ βασιλεῖ περὶ ὑμῶν ἐπιτήδειʼ ἀπαγγελθῆναι, καὶ φόβος οὐκ ὀλίγος γένοιτʼ ἂν ἐκείνῳ διὰ τούτων.

[¶27] 29. He knows that with two hundred galleys, of which we provided one hundred, our ancestors destroyed a thousand of his ships, and he will hear that we have three hundred of our own ready for sea, so that even if he were raving mad, he would scarcely think it a light thing to incur the hostility of our city. But indeed, if he bases his confidence on his wealth, he will find this too a less sure foundation than yours.

> Greek: 29. οἶδε μέν γε διακοσίαις τριήρεσιν, ὧν ἑκατὸν παρεσχόμεθʼ ἡμεῖς, τοὺς προγόνους αὐτοῦ χιλίας ἀπολέσαντας ναῦς, ἀκούσεται δὲ τριακοσίας αὐτοὺς ὑμᾶς νῦν παρεσκευασμένους τριήρεις· ὥστε μὴ κομιδῇ, μηδʼ εἰ πάνυ μαίνοιτο, νομίσαι ῥᾴδιόν τι τὸ τὴν ἡμετέραν πόλιν ἐχθρὰν ποιήσασθαι. ἀλλὰ μὴν εἴ γʼ ἐπὶ χρήμασιν αὐτῷ μέγʼ ἐπέρχεται φρονεῖν, καὶ ταύτην ἀσθενεστέραν ἀφορμὴν τῆς ὑμετέρας εὑρήσει.

[¶28] 30. He is bringing, they say, gold in plenty. But if he disburses it, he will look in vain for more; for even springs and wells have a way of failing, if one draws from them constantly and lavishly. But he will hear that our resources consist of the ratable value of our country, and how we can fight in defence of it against invaders from his land, those ancestors of his who fought at Marathon best know; but as long as we are victorious, there is surely no prospect of money failing us.

> Greek: 30. ὁ μέν γε χρυσίον, ὥς φασιν, ἄγει πολύ. τοῦτο δʼ ἂν διαδῷ ζητήσει· καὶ γὰρ τὰς κρήνας καὶ τὰ φρέατʼ ἐπιλείπειν πέφυκεν, ἄν τις ἀπʼ αὐτῶν ἁθρόα πολλὰ λαμβάνῃ. ἡμῖν δὲ τὸ τῆς χώρας τίμημʼ ὑπάρχον ἀφορμὴν [ἑξακισχίλια τάλαντα] ἀκούσεται, ὑπὲρ ἧς ὡς μὲν τοὺς ἐπιόντας ἐκείνων ἀμυνόμεθα, οἱ Μαραθῶνι τῶν προγόνων αὐτοῦ μάλιστʼ ἂν εἰδεῖεν, ἕως δʼ ἂν κρατῶμεν, οὐκ ἔνι δήπου χρήμαθʼ ἡμᾶς ἐπιλείπειν.

[¶29] 31. Again, what frightens some of you—that his wealth will attract a large mercenary army—does not strike me as true. For although I believe that many Greeks would consent to serve in his pay against the Egyptians and Orontes and other barbarians, not so much to enable him to subdue any of those enemies as to win for themselves wealth and relief from their present poverty, yet I do not think that any Greek would attack Greece. For where would he retire afterwards? Will he go to Phrygia and be a slave?

> Greek: 31. καὶ μὴν οὐδʼ ὅ τινες δεδίασι, μὴ ξενικὸν πολὺ συστήσηται χρήματʼ ἔχων, ἀληθὲς εἶναί μοι δοκεῖ. ἐγὼ γὰρ ἡγοῦμαι ἐπὶ μὲν Αἴγυπτον καὶ Ὀρόνταν καί τινας τῶν ἄλλων βαρβάρων πολλοὺς ἂν ἐθελῆσαι τῶν Ἑλλήνων μισθοφορεῖν παρʼ ἐκείνῳ, οὐχ ἵνʼ ἐκεῖνος ἕλῃ τινὰ τούτων, ἀλλʼ ἵνʼ εὐπορίαν τινʼ ἕκαστος ἑαυτῷ κτησάμενος ἀπαλλαγῇ τῆς ὑπαρχούσης πενίας· ἐπὶ δὲ τὴν Ἑλλάδα Ἕλληνʼ οὐδένʼ ἂν ἐλθεῖν ἡγοῦμαι. ποῖ γὰρ αὐτὸς τρέψεται μετὰ ταῦτα;

[¶30] 32. For the objects at stake in a war against the barbarian are nothing less than our country, our life, our habits, our freedom, and all such blessings. Who, then, is so desperate that he will sacrifice himself, his ancestors, his sepulchres, and his native land, all for the sake of a paltry profit? I cannot think that there is such a man. Moreover, it is not even to the King’s advantage that mercenaries should beat the Greeks, for the men who shall beat us have been his masters long ago. No; his object is not, after destroying us, to find himself in the power of others, but to rule all the world, if he can, or if not, at least those who are now his slaves.

> Greek: 32. εἰς Φρυγίαν ἐλθὼν δουλεύσει; οὐ γὰρ ὑπὲρ ἄλλου τινός ἐστιν ὁ πρὸς τὸν βάρβαρον πόλεμος ἢ περὶ χώρας καὶ βίου καὶ ἐθῶν καὶ ἐλευθερίας καὶ πάντων τῶν τοιούτων. τίς οὖν οὕτως δυστυχής ἐστιν ὅστις ἑαυτόν, γονέας, τάφους, πατρίδα εἵνεκα κέρδους βραχέος προέσθαι βουλήσεται; ἐγὼ μὲν οὐδένʼ ἡγοῦμαι. οὐ μὴν οὐδʼ ἐκείνῳ συμφέρει ξένοις κρατῆσαι τῶν Ἑλλήνων· οἱ γὰρ ἡμῶν κρατήσαντες ἐκείνου γε πάλαι κρείττους ὑπάρχουσιν· βούλεται δʼ ἐκεῖνος οὐκ ἀνελὼν ἡμᾶς ἐπʼ ἄλλοις εἶναι, ἀλλὰ μάλιστα μὲν πάντων, εἰ δὲ μή, τῶν γʼ ὑπαρχόντων δούλων ἑαυτῷ νῦν ἄρχειν.

[¶31] 33. Now, if anyone expects the Thebans to take our side, it is difficult to speak to you about them, because you have such a hearty dislike of them that you would not care to hear any good of them, even if it were true; but yet, when dealing with grave matters, one must not on any pretext pass over an important consideration. For my part, I believe that the Thebans are so little likely to join the King in an attack on Greece that they would pay a large sum, if they had it, to get a chance of expiating their former sins against the Greeks.

> Greek: 33. εἰ τοίνυν τις οἴεται Θηβαίους ἔσεσθαι μετʼ ἐκείνου, ἔστι μὲν χαλεπὸς πρὸς ὑμᾶς ὁ περὶ τούτων λόγος· διὰ γὰρ τὸ μισεῖν αὐτοὺς οὐδʼ ἂν ἀληθὲς οὐδὲν ἡδέως ἀγαθὸν περὶ αὐτῶν ἀκούσαιτε· οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ δεῖ τοὺς περὶ πραγμάτων μεγάλων σκοποῦντας μηδένα συμφέροντα λογισμὸν παραλιπεῖν διὰ μηδεμίαν πρόφασιν. ἐγὼ τοίνυν οἶμαι τοσοῦτʼ ἀπέχειν Θηβαίους τοῦ μετʼ ἐκείνου ποτʼ ἂν ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας, ὥστε πολλῶν ἂν χρημάτων, εἰ ἔχοιεν δοῦναι, πρίασθαι γενέσθαι τινʼ αὐτοῖς καιρὸν διʼ οὗ τὰς προτέρας ἀναλύσονται πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἁμαρτίας.

[¶32] 34. If, however, some think that the Thebans are fated always to be on the wrong side, at any rate you all know this, that if the Thebans stand by the King, their enemies are bound to stand by the Greeks.

> Greek: 34. εἰ δʼ ἄρα παντάπασί τις οὕτως οἴεται φύσει δυστυχεῖς Θηβαίους εἶναι, ἐκεῖνό γε δήπουθεν ἅπαντες ἐπίστασθε, ὅτι Θηβαίων τἀκείνου φρονούντων, ἀνάγκη τοὺς τούτων ἐχθροὺς τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων φρονεῖν.

[¶33] 35. I believe, then, that the cause of justice and those who defend it will prove stronger than the traitors and the barbarian against all opposition. Therefore I say that we must not be unduly alarmed, nor must we be tempted to commence hostilities. And indeed I cannot see that any of the other Greeks have reason to dread this war.

> Greek: 35. ἡγοῦμαι τοίνυν ἐγὼ ταύτην τὴν τάξιν τοῦ δικαίου καὶ τοὺς μετʼ αὐτῆς ὄντας κρείττους τῶν προδοτῶν καὶ τοῦ βαρβάρου ἔσεσθαι πρὸς ἅπαντα. ὥστʼ οὔτε φοβεῖσθαί φημι δεῖν πέρα τοῦ μετρίου, οὔθʼ ὑπαχθῆναι προτέρους ἐκφέρειν τὸν πόλεμον. καὶ μὴν οὐδὲ τῶν ἄλλων οὐδένʼ ἂν εἰκότως Ἑλλήνων φοβηθέντα τὸν πόλεμον τοῦτον ὁρῶ.

[¶34] 36. For who of them does not know that as long as they were of one mind and regarded the Persian as their common enemy, they could count on many advantages, but ever since they thought of him as a friend to fall back on and were torn asunder by their own private quarrels, they have suffered such disasters as no one would have devised for them even in an imprecation. If that is so, are we to fear this man, whom fortune and the voice of Heaven proclaim to be an unprofitable friend and an auspicious foe? Never! Yet let us do him no wrong either, both in our own interests and in view of the unrest and disloyalty of the other Greeks.

> Greek: 36. τίς γὰρ οὐκ οἶδεν αὐτῶν ὅτι, τέως μὲν κοινὸν ἐχθρὸν ἐκεῖνον ὑπειληφότες ὡμονόουν ἀλλήλοις, πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν ἦσαν κύριοι, ἐπειδὴ δὲ φίλον αὐτὸν νομίσαντες αὑτοῖς ὑπάρχειν περὶ τῶν πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς διηνέχθησαν διαφόρων, ὅσʼ ἂν οὐδὲ καταρώμενος εὗρέ τις αὐτοῖς, τοσαῦτα πεπόνθασι κακά; εἶθʼ ὃν ἡ τύχη καὶ τὸ δαιμόνιον φίλον μὲν ἀλυσιτελῆ, συμφέροντα δʼ ἐχθρὸν ἐμφανίζει, τοῦτον ἡμεῖς φοβώμεθα; μηδαμῶς· ἀλλὰ μηδʼ ἀδικῶμεν, αὐτῶν ἡμῶν εἵνεκα καὶ τῆς τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων ταραχῆς καὶ ἀπιστίας·

[¶35] 37. If indeed we could attack him with unanimity, all banded against one, I should not count it wrong in us to do him wrong. But since this is impossible, I suggest that we ought to be careful not to give the King an opportunity to pose as the champion of the other Greeks; for as long as you remain quiet, any such action on his part would excite suspicion, but if you are the aggressors, he will seem naturally anxious to befriend the rest, because they are hostile to you.

> Greek: 37. ἐπεὶ εἴ γʼ ὁμοθυμαδὸν ἦν μετὰ πάντων ἐπιθέσθαι μόνῳ, οὐδʼ ἀδικεῖν ἡμᾶς ἐκεῖνον ἀδίκημʼ ἂν ἔθηκα. ἐπειδὴ δὲ τοῦτʼ οὐχ οὕτως ἔχει, φυλάττεσθαί φημι δεῖν μὴ πρόφασιν δῶμεν βασιλεῖ τοῦ τὰ δίκαιʼ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων ζητεῖν· ἡσυχίαν μὲν γὰρ ἐχόντων ὑμῶν ὕποπτος ἂν εἴη τοιοῦτόν τι πράττων, πόλεμον δὲ ποιησαμένων προτέρων εἰκότως ἂν δοκοίη διὰ τὴν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἔχθραν τοῖς ἄλλοις φίλος εἶναι βούλεσθαι.

[¶36] 38. Do not, then, expose the weakness of the Greeks by issuing a summons which they will not obey and declaring a war which you cannot wage; but in quietness and confidence go on with your preparations, and be content that this report of you be brought to the King’s ears, not (Heaven forbid!) that all the Greeks, including the Athenians, are helpless, terrified and distracted—that is far from being the case— but that if falsehood and perjury were not as disgraceful in the eyes of the Greeks as they are respectable in his, you would long ago have marched against him; that as it is, you will not for your own sakes do this, but you pray to all the gods that he may be smitten with the same infatuation as were his ancestors of old.

> Greek: 38. μὴ οὖν ἐξελέγξηθʼ ὡς κακῶς ἔχει τὰ Ἑλληνικά, συγκαλοῦντες ὅτʼ οὐ πείσονται, καὶ πολεμοῦντες ὅτʼ οὐ δυνήσεσθε· ἀλλʼ ἔχεθʼ ἡσυχίαν θαρροῦντες καὶ παρασκευαζόμενοι, καὶ βούλεσθʼ ἀπαγγέλλεσθαι μὲν περὶ ὑμῶν πρὸς βασιλέα, μὴ μὰ Δίʼ ὡς ἀποροῦσιν ἢ φοβοῦνται ἢ θορυβοῦνται πάντες [οἱ Ἕλληνες καὶ Ἀθηναῖοι], πολλοῦ γε καὶ δεῖ·

[¶37] 39. And if it comes into his mind to reflect on this; he will find that your resolutions are not carelessly taken. He knows that the wars we fought against his ancestors have made our city prosperous and powerful, but that the policy of inaction that she once pursued gave her no such supremacy over any of the other Greek states as she enjoys today. And indeed he sees that the Greeks stand in need of a peacemaker, whether voluntary or involuntary, and he knows that in that character he would himself appear to them, if he tried to stir up war. Therefore he will find the reports that reach him easy to understand and easy to believe.

> Greek: 39. ἀλλʼ ὅτι, εἰ μὲν μὴ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὁμοίως αἰσχρὸν ἦν τὸ ψεύδεσθαι καὶ ἐπιορκεῖν ὥσπερ ἐκείνῳ καλόν, πάλαι ἂν ἐπʼ αὐτὸν ὑμεῖς ἐπορεύεσθε, νῦν δὲ τοῦτο μὲν οὐκ ἂν ποιήσαιτε ὑμῶν ἕνεκʼ αὐτῶν, εὔχεσθε δὲ πᾶσι τοῖς θεοῖς τὴν αὐτὴν λαβεῖν παράνοιαν ἐκεῖνον ἥνπερ ποτὲ τοὺς προγόνους αὐτοῦ. καὶ ταῦτʼ ἂν ἐπίῃ σκοπεῖν αὐτῷ, οὐκ ὀλιγώρως ὑμᾶς βουλευομένους εὑρήσει. ἐκ μέν γε τῶν πρὸς τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ προγόνους πολέμων σύνοιδε τὴν πόλιν εὐδαίμονα καὶ μεγάλην γεγενημένην, ἐκ δὲ τῆς ἡσυχίας ἧς ἦγέ ποτε, οὐδεμιᾶς τῶν Ἑλληνίδων πόλεων τοσοῦτον ὅσον νῦν ὑπεραίρουσαν. καὶ μὴν καὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ὁρᾷ δεομένους ἤτοι τινὸς ἑκουσίου ἢ ἀκουσίου διαλλακτοῦ, τοῦτον δʼ αὑτὸν ἂν οἶδε φανέντʼ αὐτοῖς, εἰ πόλεμον κινοίη. ὥστε καὶ γνώριμα καὶ πίστʼ αὐτῷ τῶν ἀπαγγελλόντων ἀκούειν ἔσται.

[¶38] 41. To spare you the tedium of a lengthy speech, men of Athens, I will sum up my suggestions and step down. I recommend you to equip your forces against your existing enemies, but I add that you must employ those same forces in self-defence against the King and against all who venture to do you wrong, though you must not set the example of wrong, either in word or in deed; and you must see to it that our actions, rather than the speeches delivered from this platform, are worthy of our fathers. If you act thus, you will be acting for the good both of yourselves and also of those who give you the contrary advice, since you will not have to be angry with them hereafter for errors you have committed now.

> Greek: 41. ἵνα δʼ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, μὴ μακρὰ λίαν λέγων ἐνοχλῶ, τὰ κεφάλαιʼ ὧν συμβουλεύω φράσας ἄπειμι. παρασκευάζεσθαι μὲν πρὸς τοὺς ὑπάρχοντας ἐχθροὺς κελεύω, ἀμύνεσθαι δὲ καὶ βασιλέα καὶ πάντας, ἂν ἀδικεῖν ἐπιχειρῶσι, ταύτῃ τῇ αὐτῇ δυνάμει φημὶ δεῖν, ἄρχειν δὲ μηδενὸς μήτε λόγου μήτʼ ἔργου ἀδίκου, τὰ δʼ ἔργʼ ἡμῶν ὅπως ἄξια τῶν προγόνων ἔσται σκοπεῖν, μὴ τοὺς ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος λόγους. κἂν ταῦτα ποιῆτε, καὶ ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς καὶ τοῖς τἀναντία πείθουσι συμφέροντα πράξετε· οὐ γὰρ ὀργιεῖσθʼ αὐτοῖς ὕστερον, νῦν ἁμαρτόντες.