16. If two numbers be prime to one another, the second will not be to any other number as the first is to the second. For let the two numbers A, B be prime to one another; I say that B is not to any other number as A is to B. For, if possible, as A is to B, so let B be to C. Now A, B are prime, primes are also least, [] and the least numbers measure those which have the same ratio the same number of times, the antecedent the antecedent and the consequent the consequent; [] therefore A measures B as antecedent antecedent. But it also measures itself; therefore A measures A, B which are prime to one another: which is absurd. Therefore B will not be to C, as A is to B. Q. E. D.
16. ἐὰν δύο ἀριθμοὶ πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὦσιν, οὐκ ἔσται ὡς ὁ πρῶτος πρὸς τὸν δεύτερον, οὕτως ὁ δεύτερος πρὸς ἄλλον τινά. δύο γὰρ ἀριθμοὶ οἱ Α, Β πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἔστωσαν· λέγω, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Β, οὕτως ὁ Β πρὸς ἄλλον τινά. εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, ἔστω ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Β, ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Γ. οἱ δὲ Α, Β πρῶτοι, οἱ δὲ πρῶτοι καὶ ἐλάχιστοι, οἱ δὲ ἐλάχιστοι ἀριθμοὶ μετροῦσι τοὺς τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἔχοντας ἰσάκις ὅ τε ἡγούμενος τὸν ἡγούμενον καὶ ὁ ἑπόμενος τὸν ἑπόμενον· μετρεῖ ἄρα ὁ Α τὸν Β ὡς ἡγούμενος ἡγούμενον. μετρεῖ δὲ καὶ ἑαυτόν· ὁ Α ἄρα τοὺς Α, Β μετρεῖ πρώτους ὄντας πρὸς ἀλλήλους· ὅπερ ἄτοπον. οὐκ ἄρα ἔσται ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Β, οὕτως ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Γ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
17. If there be as many numbers as we please in continued proportion, and the extremes of them be prime to one another, the last will not be to any other number as the first to the second. For let there be as many numbers as we please, A, B, C, D, in continued proportion, and let the extremes of them, A, D, be prime to one another; I say that D is not to any other number as A is to B. For, if possible, as A is to B, so let D be to E; therefore, alternately, as A is to D, so is B to E. [] But A, D are prime, primes are also least, [] and the least numbers measure those which have the same ratio the same number of times, the antecedent the antecedent and the consequent the consequent. [] Therefore A measures B. And, as A is to B, so is B to C. Therefore B also measures C; so that A also measures C. And since, as B is to C, so is C to D, and B measures C, therefore C also measures D. But A measured C; so that A also measures D. But it also measures itself; therefore A measures A, D which are prime to one another: which is impossible. Therefore D will not be to any other number as A is to B. Q. E. D.
17. ἐὰν ὦσιν ὁσοιδηποτοῦν ἀριθμοὶ ἑξῆς ἀνάλογον, οἱ δὲ ἄκροι αὐτῶν πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὦσιν, οὐκ ἔσται ὡς ὁ πρῶτος πρὸς τὸν δεύτερον, οὕτως ὁ ἔσχατος πρὸς ἄλλον τινά. ἔστωσαν ὁσοιδηποτοῦν ἀριθμοὶ ἑξῆς ἀνάλογον οἱ Α, Β, Γ, Δ, οἱ δὲ ἄκροι αὐτῶν οἱ Α, Δ πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἔστωσαν· λέγω, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Β, οὕτως ὁ Δ πρὸς ἄλλον τινά. εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, ἔστω ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Β, οὕτως ὁ Δ πρὸς τὸν Ε· ἐναλλὰξ ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Δ, ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Ε. οἱ δὲ Α, Δ πρῶτοι, οἱ δὲ πρῶτοι καὶ ἐλάχιστοι, οἱ δὲ ἐλάχιστοι ἀριθμοὶ μετροῦσι τοὺς τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἔχοντας ἰσάκις ὅ τε ἡγούμενος τὸν ἡγούμενον καὶ ὁ ἑπόμενος τὸν ἑπόμενον. μετρεῖ ἄρα ὁ Α τὸν Β. καί ἐστιν ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Β, ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Γ. καὶ ὁ Β ἄρα τὸν Γ μετρεῖ· ὥστε καὶ ὁ Α τὸν Γ μετρεῖ. καὶ ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Γ, ὁ Γ πρὸς τὸν Δ, μετρεῖ δὲ ὁ Β τὸν Γ, μετρεῖ ἄρα καὶ ὁ Γ τὸν Δ. ἀλλʼ ὁ Α τὸν Γ ἐμέτρει· ὥστε ὁ Α καὶ τὸν Δ μετρεῖ. μετρεῖ δὲ καὶ ἑαυτόν. ὁ Α ἄρα τοὺς α, Δ μετρεῖ πρώτους ὄντας πρὸς ἀλλήλους· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀδύνατον. οὐκ ἄρα ἔσται ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Β, οὕτως ὁ Δ πρὸς ἄλλον τινά· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
18. Given two numbers, to investigate whether it is possible to find a third proportional to them. Let A, B be the given two numbers, and let it be required to investigate whether it is possible to find a third proportional to them. Now A, B are either prime to one another or not. And, if they are prime to one another, it has been proved that it is impossible to find a third proportional to them. [] Next, let A, B not be prime to one another, and let B by multiplying itself make C. Then A either measures C or does not measure it. First, let it measure it according to D; therefore A by multiplying D has made C. But, further, B has also by multiplying itself made C; therefore the product of A, D is equal to the square on B. Therefore, as A is to B, so is B to D; [] therefore a third proportional number D has been found to A, B. Next, let A not measure C; I say that it is impossible to find a third proportional number to A, B. For, if possible, let D, such third proportional, have been found. Therefore the product of A, D is equal to the square on B. But the square on B is C; therefore the product of A, D is equal to C. Hence A by multiplying D has made C; therefore A measures C according to D. But, by hypothesis, it also does not measure it: which is absurd. Therefore it is not possible to find a third proportional number to A, B when A does not measure C. Q. E. D.
18. δύο ἀριθμῶν δοθέντων ἐπισκέψασθαι, εἰ δυνατόν ἐστιν αὐτοῖς τρίτον ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν. ἔστωσαν οἱ δοθέντες δύο ἀριθμοὶ οἱ Α, Β, καὶ δέον ἔστω ἐπισκέψασθαι, εἰ δυνατόν ἐστιν αὐτοῖς τρίτον ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν. οἱ δὴ Α, Β ἤτοι πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἰσὶν ἢ οὔ. καὶ εἰ πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἰσίν, δέδεικται, ὅτι ἀδύνατόν ἐστιν αὐτοῖς τρίτον ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν. ἀλλὰ δὴ μὴ ἔστωσαν οἱ Α, Β πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους, καὶ ὁ Β ἑαυτὸν πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Γ ποιείτω· ὁ Α δὴ τὸν Γ ἤτοι μετρεῖ ἢ οὐ μετρεῖ. μετρείτω πρότερον κατὰ τὸν Δ· ὁ Α ἄρα τὸν Δ πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Γ πεποίηκεν. ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ ὁ Β ἑαυτὸν πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Γ πεποίηκεν· ὁ ἄρα ἐκ τῶν Α, Δ ἴσος ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ Β. ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Β, ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Δ· τοῖς Α, Β ἄρα τρίτος ἀριθμὸς ἀνάλογον προσηύρηται ὁ Δ. ἀλλὰ δὴ μὴ μετρείτω ὁ Α τὸν Γ· λέγω, ὅτι τοῖς Α, Β ἀδύνατόν ἐστι τρίτον ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν ἀριθμόν. εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, προσηυρήσθω ὁ Δ. ὁ ἄρα ἐκ τῶν Α, Δ ἴσος ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ Β. ὁ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ Β ἐστιν ὁ Γ· ὁ ἄρα ἐκ τῶν Α, Δ ἴσος ἐστὶ τῷ Γ. ὥστε ὁ Α τὸν Δ πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Γ πεποίηκεν· ὁ Α ἄρα τὸν Γ μετρεῖ κατὰ τὸν Δ. ἀλλὰ μὴν ὑπόκειται καὶ μὴ μετρῶν· ὅπερ ἄτοπον. οὐκ ἄρα δυνατόν ἐστι τοῖς Α, Β τρίτον ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν ἀριθμόν, ὅταν ὁ Α τὸν Γ μὴ μετρῇ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
19. Given three numbers, to investigate when it is possible to find a fourth proportional to them. Let A, B, C be the given three numbers, and let it be required to investigate when it is possible to find a fourth proportional to them. Now either they are not in continued proportion, and the extremes of them are prime to one another; or they are in continued proportion, and the extremes of them are not prime to one another; or they are not in continued proportion, nor are the extremes of them prime to one another; or they are in continued proportion, and the extremes of them are prime to one another. If then A, B, C are in continued proportion, and the extremes of them A, C are prime to one another, it has been proved that it is impossible to find a fourth proportional number to them. [] †Next, let A, B, C not be in continued proportion, the extremes being again prime to one another; I say that in this case also it is impossible to find a fourth proportional to them. For, if possible, let D have been found, so that, as A is to B, so is C to D, and let it be contrived that, as B is to C, so is D to E. Now, since, as A is to B, so is C to D, and, as B is to C, so is D to E, therefore, ex aequali, as A is to C, so is C to E. [] But A, C are prime, primes are also least, [] and the least numbers measure those which have the same ratio, the antecedent the antecedent and the consequent the consequent. [] Therefore A measures C as antecedent antecedent. But it also measures itself; therefore A measures A, C which are prime to one another: which is impossible. Therefore it is not possible to find a fourth proportional to A, B, C.† Next, let A, B, C be again in continued proportion, but let A, C not be prime to one another. I say that it is possible to find a fourth proportional to them. For let B by multiplying C make D; therefore A either measures D or does not measure it. First, let it measure it according to E; therefore A by multiplying E has made D. But, further, B has also by multiplying C made D; therefore the product of A, E is equal to the product of B, C; therefore, proportionally, as A is to B, so is C to E; [] therefore E has been found a fourth proportional to A, B, C. Next, let A not measure D; I say that it is impossible to find a fourth proportional number to A, B, C. For, if possible, let E have been found; therefore the product of A, E is equal to the product of B, C. [] But the product of B, C is D; therefore the product of A, E is also equal to D. Therefore A by multiplying E has made D; therefore A measures D according to E, so that A measures D. But it also does not measure it: which is absurd. Therefore it is not possible to find a fourth proportional number to A, B, C when A does not measure D. Next, let A, B, C not be in continued proportion, nor the extremes prime to one another. And let B by multiplying C make D. Similarly then it can be proved that, if A measures D, it is possible to find a fourth proportional to them, but, if it does not measure it, impossible. Q. E. D.
19. τριῶν ἀριθμῶν δοθέντων ἐπισκέψασθαι, πότε δυνατόν ἐστιν αὐτοῖς τέταρτον ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν. ἔστωσαν οἱ δοθέντες τρεῖς ἀριθμοὶ οἱ Α, Β, Γ, καὶ δέον ἔστω ἐπισκέψασθαι, πότε δυνατόν ἐστιν αὐτοῖς τέταρτον ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν. ἤτοι οὖν οὔκ εἰσιν ἑξῆς ἀνάλογον, καὶ οἱ ἄκροι αὐτῶν πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἰσίν, ἢ ἑξῆς εἰσιν ἀνάλογον, καὶ οἱ ἄκροι αὐτῶν οὔκ εἰσι πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους, ἢ οὔτε ἑξῆς εἰσιν ἀνάλογον, οὔτε οἱ ἄκροι αὐτῶν πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἰσίν, ἢ καὶ ἑξῆς εἰσιν ἀνάλογον, καὶ οἱ ἄκροι αὐτῶν πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἰσίν. εἰ μὲν οὖν οἱ Α, Β, Γ ἑξῆς εἰσιν ἀνάλογον, καὶ οἱ ἄκροι αὐτῶν οἱ Α, Γ πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἰσίν, δέδεικται, ὅτι ἀδύνατόν ἐστιν αὐτοῖς τέταρτον ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν ἀριθμόν. μὴ ἔστωσαν δὴ οἱ Α, Β, Γ ἑξῆς ἀνάλογον τῶν ἄκρων πάλιν ὄντων πρώτων πρὸς ἀλλήλους. λέγω, ὅτι καὶ οὕτως ἀδύνατόν ἐστιν αὐτοῖς τέταρτον ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν. εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, προσευρήσθω ὁ Δ, ὥστε εἶναι ὡς τὸν Α πρὸς τὸν Β, τὸν Γ πρὸς τὸν Δ, καὶ γεγονέτω ὡς ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Γ, ὁ Δ πρὸς τὸν Ε. καὶ ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς μὲν ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Β, ὁ Γ πρὸς τὸν Δ, ὡς δὲ ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Γ, ὁ Δ πρὸς τὸν Ε, διʼ ἴσου ἄρα ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Γ, ὁ Γ πρὸς τὸν Ε. οἱ δὲ Α, Γ πρῶτοι, οἱ δὲ πρῶτοι καὶ ἐλάχιστοι, οἱ δὲ ἐλάχιστοι μετροῦσι τοὺς τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἔχοντας ὅ τε ἡγούμενος τὸν ἡγούμενον καὶ ὁ ἑπόμενος τὸν ἑπόμενον. μετρεῖ ἄρα ὁ Α τὸν Γ ὡς ἡγούμενος ἡγούμενον. μετρεῖ δὲ καὶ ἑαυτόν· ὁ Α ἄρα τοὺς Α, Γ μετρεῖ πρώτους ὄντας πρὸς ἀλλήλους· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀδύνατον. οὐκ ἄρα τοῖς Α, Β, Γ δυνατόν ἐστι τέταρτον ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν. ἀλλὰ δὴ πάλιν ἔστωσαν οἱ Α, Β, Γ ἑξῆς ἀνάλογον, οἱ δὲ Α, Γ μὴ ἔστωσαν πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους. λέγω, ὅτι δυνατόν ἐστιν αὐτοῖς τέταρτον ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν. ὁ γὰρ Β τὸν Γ πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Δ ποιείτω· ὁ Α ἄρα τὸν Δ ἤτοι μετρεῖ ἢ οὐ μετρεῖ. μετρείτω αὐτὸν πρότερον κατὰ τὸν Ε· ὁ Α ἄρα τὸν Ε πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Δ πεποίηκεν. ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ ὁ Β τὸν Γ πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Δ πεποίηκεν· ὁ ἄρα ἐκ τῶν Α, Ε ἴσος ἐστὶ τῷ ἐκ τῶν Β, Γ. ἀνάλογον ἄρα [ἐστὶν] ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Β, ὁ Γ πρὸς τὸν Ε· τοῖς Α, Β, Γ ἄρα τέταρτος ἀνάλογον προσηύρηται ὁ Ε. ἀλλὰ δὴ μὴ μετρείτω ὁ Α τὸν Δ· λέγω, ὅτι ἀδύνατόν ἐστι τοῖς Α, Β, Γ τέταρτον ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν ἀριθμόν. εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, προσευρήσθω ὁ Ε· ὁ ἄρα ἐκ τῶν Α, Ε ἴσος ἐστὶ τῷ ἐκ τῶν Β, Γ. ἀλλὰ ὁ ἐκ τῶν Β, Γ ἐστιν ὁ Δ· καὶ ὁ ἐκ τῶν Α, Ε ἄρα ἴσος ἐστὶ τῷ Δ. ὁ Α ἄρα τὸν Ε πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Δ πεποίηκεν· ὁ Α ἄρα τὸν Δ μετρεῖ κατὰ τὸν Ε· ὥστε μετρεῖ ὁ Α τὸν Δ. ἀλλὰ καὶ οὐ μετρεῖ· ὅπερ ἄτοπον. οὐκ ἄρα δυνατόν ἐστι τοῖς Α, Β, Γ τέταρτον ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν ἀριθμόν, ὅταν ὁ Α τὸν Δ μὴ μετρῇ. ἀλλὰ δὴ οἱ Α, Β, Γ μήτε ἑξῆς ἔστωσαν ἀνάλογον μήτε οἱ ἄκροι πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους. καὶ ὁ Β τὸν Γ πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Δ ποιείτω. ὁμοίως δὴ δειχθήσεται, ὅτι εἰ μὲν μετρεῖ ὁ Α τὸν Δ, δυνατόν ἐστιν αὐτοῖς ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν, εἰ δὲ οὐ μετρεῖ, ἀδύνατον· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
20. Prime numbers are more than any assigned multitude of prime numbers. Let A, B, C be the assigned prime numbers; I say that there are more prime numbers than A, B, C. For let the least number measured by A, B, C be taken, and let it be DE; let the unit DF be added to DE. Then EF is either prime or not. First, let it be prime; then the prime numbers A, B, C, EF have been found which are more than A, B, C. Next, let EF not be prime; therefore it is measured by some prime number. [] Let it be measured by the prime number G. I say that G is not the same with any of the numbers A, B, C. For, if possible, let it be so. Now A, B, C measure DE; therefore G also will measure DE. But it also measures EF. Therefore G, being a number, will measure the remainder, the unit DF: which is absurd. Therefore G is not the same with any one of the numbers A, B, C. And by hypothesis it is prime. Therefore the prime numbers A, B, C, G have been found which are more than the assigned multitude of A, B, C. Q. E. D.
20. οἱ πρῶτοι ἀριθμοὶ πλείους εἰσὶ παντὸς τοῦ προτεθέντος πλήθους πρώτων ἀριθμῶν. ἔστωσαν οἱ προτεθέντες πρῶτοι ἀριθμοὶ οἱ Α, Β, Γ· λέγω, ὅτι τῶν Α, Β, Γ πλείους εἰσὶ πρῶτοι ἀριθμοί. εἰλήφθω γὰρ ὁ ὑπὸ τῶν Α, Β, Γ ἐλάχιστος μετρούμενος καὶ ἔστω ὁ ΔΕ, καὶ προσκείσθω τῷ ΔΕ μονὰς ἡ ΔΖ. ὁ δὴ ΕΖ ἤτοι πρῶτός ἐστιν ἢ οὔ. ἔστω πρότερον πρῶτος· εὑρημένοι ἄρα εἰσὶ πρῶτοι ἀριθμοὶ οἱ Α, Β, Γ, ΕΖ πλείους τῶν Α, Β, Γ. ἀλλὰ δὴ μὴ ἔστω ὁ ΕΖ πρῶτος· ὑπὸ πρώτου ἄρα τινὸς ἀριθμοῦ μετρεῖται. μετρείσθω ὑπὸ πρώτου τοῦ Η· λέγω, ὅτι ὁ Η οὐδενὶ τῶν Α, Β, Γ ἐστιν ὁ αὐτός. εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, ἔστω. οἱ δὲ Α, Β, Γ τὸν ΔΕ μετροῦσιν· καὶ ὁ Η ἄρα τὸν ΔΕ μετρήσει. μετρεῖ δὲ καὶ τὸν ΕΖ· καὶ λοιπὴν τὴν ΔΖ μονάδα μετρήσει ὁ Η ἀριθμὸς ὤν· ὅπερ ἄτοπον. οὐκ ἄρα ὁ Η ἑνὶ τῶν Α, Β, Γ ἐστιν ὁ αὐτός. καὶ ὑπόκειται πρῶτος. εὑρημένοι ἄρα εἰσὶ πρῶτοι ἀριθμοὶ πλείους τοῦ προτεθέντος πλήθους τῶν Α, Β, Γ οἱ Α, Β, Γ, Η· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
21. If as many even numbers as we please be added together, the whole is even. For let as many even numbers as we please, AB, BC, CD, DE, be added together; I say that the whole AE is even. For, since each of the numbers AB, BC, CD, DE is even, it has a half part; [] so that the whole AE also has a half part. But an even number is that which is divisible into two equal parts; [id.] therefore AE is even. Q. E. D.
21. ἐὰν ἄρτιοι ἀριθμοὶ ὁποσοιοῦν συντεθῶσιν, ὁ ὅλος ἄρτιός ἐστιν. Συγκείσθωσαν γὰρ ἄρτιοι ἀριθμοὶ ὁποσοιοῦν οἱ ΑΒ, ΒΓ, ΓΔ, ΔΕ· λέγω, ὅτι ὅλος ὁ ΑΕ ἄρτιός ἐστιν. ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἕκαστος τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ, ΓΔ, ΔΕ ἄρτιός ἐστιν, ἔχει μέρος ἥμισυ· ὥστε καὶ ὅλος ὁ ΑΕ ἔχει μέρος ἥμισυ. ἄρτιος δὲ ἀριθμός ἐστιν ὁ δίχα διαιρούμενος· ἄρτιος ἄρα ἐστὶν ὁ ΑΕ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
22. If as many odd numbers as we please be added together, and their multitude be even, the whole will be even. For let as many odd numbers as we please, AB, BC, CD, DE, even in multitude, be added together; I say that the whole AE is even. For, since each of the numbers AB, BC, CD, DE is odd, if an unit be subtracted from each, each of the remainders will be even; [] so that the sum of them will be even. [] But the multitude of the units is also even. Therefore the whole AE is also even. [] Q. E. D.
22. ἐὰν περισσοὶ ἀριθμοὶ ὁποσοιοῦν συντεθῶσιν, τὸ δὲ πλῆθος αὐτῶν ἄρτιον ᾖ, ὁ ὅλος ἄρτιος ἔσται. Συγκείσθωσαν γὰρ περισσοὶ ἀριθμοὶ ὁσοιδηποτοῦν ἄρτιοι τὸ πλῆθος οἱ ΑΒ, ΒΓ, ΓΔ, ΔΕ· λέγω, ὅτι ὅλος ὁ ΑΕ ἄρτιός ἐστιν. ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἕκαστος τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ, ΓΔ, ΔΕ περιττός ἐστιν, ἀφαιρεθείσης μονάδος ἀφʼ ἑκάστου ἕκαστος τῶν λοιπῶν ἄρτιος ἔσται· ὥστε καὶ ὁ συγκείμενος ἐξ αὐτῶν ἄρτιος ἔσται. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν μονάδων ἄρτιον. καὶ ὅλος ἄρα ὁ ΑΕ ἄρτιός ἐστιν· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
23. If as many odd numbers as we please be added together, and their multitude be odd, the whole will also be odd. For let as many odd numbers as we please, AB, BC, CD, the multitude of which is odd, be added together; I say that the whole AD is also odd. Let the unit DE be subtracted from CD; therefore the remainder CE is even. [] But CA is also even; [] therefore the whole AE is also even. [] And DE is an unit. Therefore AD is odd. [] Q. E. D.
23. ἐὰν περισσοὶ ἀριθμοὶ ὁποσοιοῦν συντεθῶσιν, τὸ δὲ πλῆθος αὐτῶν περισσὸν ᾖ, καὶ ὁ ὅλος περισσὸς ἔσται. Συγκείσθωσαν γὰρ ὁποσοιοῦν περισσοὶ ἀριθμοί, ὧν τὸ πλῆθος περισσὸν ἔστω, οἱ ΑΒ, ΒΓ, ΓΔ· λέγω, ὅτι καὶ ὅλος ὁ ΑΔ περισσός ἐστιν. ἀφῃρήσθω ἀπὸ τοῦ ΓΔ μονὰς ἡ ΔΕ· λοιπὸς ἄρα ὁ ΓΕ ἄρτιός ἐστιν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ὁ ΓΑ ἄρτιος· καὶ ὅλος ἄρα ὁ ΑΕ ἄρτιός ἐστιν. καί ἐστι μονὰς ἡ ΔΕ. περισσὸς ἄρα ἐστὶν ὁ ΑΔ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
24. If from an even number an even number be subtracted, the remainder will be even. For from the even number AB let the even number BC be subtracted: I say that the remainder CA is even. For, since AB is even, it has a half part. [] For the same reason BC also has a half part; so that the remainder [CA also has a half part, and] AC is therefore even. Q. E. D.
24. ἐὰν ἀπὸ ἀρτίου ἀριθμοῦ ἄρτιος ἀφαιρεθῇ, ὁ λοιπὸς ἄρτιος ἔσται. ἀπὸ γὰρ ἀρτίου τοῦ ΑΒ ἄρτιος ἀφῃρήσθω ὁ ΒΓ· λέγω, ὅτι ὁ λοιπὸς ὁ ΓΑ ἄρτιός ἐστιν. ἐπεὶ γὰρ ὁ ΑΒ ἄρτιός ἐστιν, ἔχει μέρος ἥμισυ. διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ καὶ ὁ ΒΓ ἔχει μέρος ἥμισυ· ὥστε καὶ λοιπὸς [ὁ ΓΑ ἔχει μέρος ἥμισυ] ἄρτιος [ἄρα] ἐστὶν ὁ ΑΓ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
25. If from an even number an odd number be subtracted, the remainder will be odd. For from the even number AB let the odd number BC be subtracted; I say that the remainder CA is odd. For let the unit CD be subtracted from BC; therefore DB is even. [] But AB is also even; therefore the remainder AD is also even. [] And CD is an unit; therefore CA is odd. [] Q. E. D.
25. ἐὰν ἀπὸ ἀρτίου ἀριθμοῦ περισσὸς ἀφαιρεθῇ, ὁ λοιπὸς περισσὸς ἔσται. ἀπὸ γὰρ ἀρτίου τοῦ ΑΒ περισσὸς ἀφῃρήσθω ὁ ΒΓ· λέγω, ὅτι ὁ λοιπὸς ὁ ΓΑ περισσός ἐστιν. ἀφῃρήσθω γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ ΒΓ μονὰς ἡ ΓΔ· ὁ ΔΒ ἄρα ἄρτιός ἐστιν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ὁ ΑΒ ἄρτιος· καὶ λοιπὸς ἄρα ὁ ΑΔ ἄρτιός ἐστιν. καί ἐστι μονὰς ἡ ΓΔ· ὁ ΓΑ ἄρα περισσός ἐστιν· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
26. If from an odd number an odd number be subtracted, the remainder will be even. For from the odd number AB let the odd number BC be subtracted; I say that the remainder CA is even. For, since AB is odd, let the unit BD be subtracted; therefore the remainder AD is even. [] For the same reason CD is also even; [] so that the remainder CA is also even. [] Q. E. D.
26. ἐὰν ἀπὸ περισσοῦ ἀριθμοῦ περισσὸς ἀφαιρεθῇ, ὁ λοιπὸς ἄρτιος ἔσται. ἀπὸ γὰρ περισσοῦ τοῦ ΑΒ περισσὸς ἀφῃρήσθω ὁ ΒΓ· λέγω, ὅτι ὁ λοιπὸς ὁ ΓΑ ἄρτιός ἐστιν. ἐπεὶ γὰρ ὁ ΑΒ περισσός ἐστιν, ἀφῃρήσθω μονὰς ἡ ΒΔ· λοιπὸς ἄρα ὁ ΑΔ ἄρτιός ἐστιν. διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ καὶ ὁ ΓΔ ἄρτιός ἐστιν· ὥστε καὶ λοιπὸς ὁ ΓΑ ἄρτιός ἐστιν· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
27. If from an odd number an even number be subtracted, the remainder will be odd. For from the odd number AB let the even number BC be subtracted; I say that the remainder CA is odd. Let the unit AD be subtracted; therefore DB is even. [] But BC is also even; therefore the remainder CD is even. [] Therefore CA is odd. [] Q. E. D.
27. ἐὰν ἀπὸ περισσοῦ ἀριθμοῦ ἄρτιος ἀφαιρεθῇ, ὁ λοιπὸς περισσὸς ἔσται. ἀπὸ γὰρ περισσοῦ τοῦ ΑΒ ἄρτιος ἀφῃρήσθω ὁ ΒΓ· λέγω, ὅτι ὁ λοιπὸς ὁ ΓΑ περισσός ἐστιν. ἀφῃρήσθω [γὰρ] μονὰς ἡ ΑΔ· ὁ ΔΒ ἄρα ἄρτιός ἐστιν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ὁ ΒΓ ἄρτιος· καὶ λοιπὸς ἄρα ὁ ΓΔ ἄρτιός ἐστιν. περισσὸς ἄρα ὁ ΓΑ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
28. If an odd number by multiplying an even number make some number, the product will be even. For let the odd number A by multiplying the even number B make C; I say that C is even. For, since A by multiplying B has made C, therefore C is made up of as many numbers equal to B as there are units in A. [] And B is even; therefore C is made up of even numbers. But, if as many even numbers as we please be added together, the whole is even. [] Therefore C is even. Q. E. D.
28. ἐὰν περισσὸς ἀριθμὸς ἄρτιον πολλαπλασιάσας ποιῇ τινα, ὁ γενόμενος ἄρτιος ἔσται. περισσὸς γὰρ ἀριθμὸς ὁ Α ἄρτιον τὸν Β πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Γ ποιείτω· λέγω, ὅτι ὁ Γ ἄρτιός ἐστιν. ʼἐπεὶ γὰρ ὁ Α τὸν Β πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Γ πεποίηκεν, ὁ Γ ἄρα σύγκειται ἐκ τοσούτων ἴσων τῷ Β, ὅσαι εἰσὶν ἐν τῷ Α μονάδες. καί ἐστιν ὁ Β ἄρτιος· ὁ Γ ἄρα σύγκειται ἐξ ἀρτίων. ἐὰν δὲ ἄρτιοι ἀριθμοὶ ὁποσοιοῦν συντεθῶσιν, ὁ ὅλος ἄρτιός ἐστιν. ἄρτιος ἄρα ἐστὶν ὁ Γ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
29. If an odd number by multiplying an odd number make some number, the product will be odd. For let the odd number A by multiplying the odd number B make C; I say that C is odd. For, since A by multiplying B has made C, therefore C is made up of as many numbers equal to B as there are units in A. [] And each of the numbers A, B is odd; therefore C is made up of odd numbers the multitude of which is odd. Thus C is odd. [] Q. E. D.
29. ἐὰν περισσὸς ἀριθμὸς περισσὸν ἀριθμὸν πολλαπλασιάσας ποιῇ τινα, ὁ γενόμενος περισσὸς ἔσται. περισσὸς γὰρ ἀριθμὸς ὁ Α περισσὸν τὸν Β πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Γ ποιείτω· λέγω, ὅτι ὁ Γ περισσός ἐστιν. ἐπεὶ γὰρ ὁ Α τὸν Β πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Γ πεποίηκεν, ὁ Γ ἄρα σύγκειται ἐκ τοσούτων ἴσων τῷ Β, ὅσαι εἰσὶν ἐν τῷ Α μονάδες. καί ἐστιν ἑκάτερος τῶν Α, Β περισσός· ὁ Γ ἄρα σύγκειται ἐκ περισσῶν ἀριθμῶν, ὧν τὸ πλῆθος περισσόν ἐστιν. ὥστε ὁ Γ περισσός ἐστιν· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
30. If an odd number measure an even number, it will also measure the half of it. For let the odd number A measure the even number B; I say that it will also measure the half of it. For, since A measures B, let it measure it according to C; I say that C is not odd. For, if possible, let it be so. Then, since A measures B according to C, therefore A by multiplying C has made B. Therefore B is made up of odd numbers the multitude of which is odd. Therefore B is odd: [] which is absurd, for by hypothesis it is even. Therefore C is not odd; therefore C is even. Thus A measures B an even number of times. For this reason then it also measures the half of it. Q. E. D.
30. ἐὰν περισσὸς ἀριθμὸς ἄρτιον ἀριθμὸν μετρῇ, καὶ τὸν ἥμισυν αὐτοῦ μετρήσει. περισσὸς γὰρ ἀριθμὸς ὁ Α ἄρτιον τὸν Β μετρείτω· λέγω, ὅτι καὶ τὸν ἥμισυν αὐτοῦ μετρήσει. ἐπεὶ γὰρ ὁ Α τὸν Β μετρεῖ, μετρείτω αὐτὸν κατὰ τὸν Γ· λέγω, ὅτι ὁ Γ οὐκ ἔστι περισσός. εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, ἔστω. καὶ ἐπεὶ ὁ Α τὸν Β μετρεῖ κατὰ τὸν Γ, ὁ Α ἄρα τὸν Γ πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Β πεποίηκεν. ὁ Β ἄρα σύγκειται ἐκ περισσῶν ἀριθμῶν, ὧν τὸ πλῆθος περισσόν ἐστιν. ὁ Β ἄρα περισσός ἐστιν· ὅπερ ἄτοπον· ὑπόκειται γὰρ ἄρτιος. οὐκ ἄρα ὁ Γ περισσός ἐστιν· ἄρτιος ἄρα ἐστὶν ὁ Γ. ὥστε ὁ Α τὸν Β μετρεῖ ἀρτιάκις. διὰ δὴ τοῦτο καὶ τὸν ἥμισυν αὐτοῦ μετρήσει· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
31. If an odd number be prime to any number, it will also be prime to the double of it. For let the odd number A be prime to any number B, and let C be double of B; I say that A is prime to C. For, if they are not prime to one another, some number will measure them. Let a number measure them, and let it be D. Now A is odd; therefore D is also odd. And since D which is odd measures C, and C is even, therefore [D] will measure the half of C also. [] But B is half of C; therefore D measures B. But it also measures A; therefore D measures A, B which are prime to one another: which is impossible. Therefore A cannot but be prime to C. Therefore A, C are prime to one another. Q. E. D.
31. ἐὰν περισσὸς ἀριθμὸς πρός τινα ἀριθμὸν πρῶτος ᾖ, καὶ πρὸς τὸν διπλασίονα αὐτοῦ πρῶτος ἔσται. περισσὸς γὰρ ἀριθμὸς ὁ Α πρός τινα ἀριθμὸν τὸν Β πρῶτος ἔστω, τοῦ δὲ Β διπλασίων ἔστω ὁ Γ· λέγω, ὅτι ὁ Α [καὶ] πρὸς τὸν Γ πρῶτός ἐστιν. εἰ γὰρ μή εἰσιν [οἱ Α, Γ] πρῶτοι, μετρήσει τις αὐτοὺς ἀριθμός. μετρείτω, καὶ ἔστω ὁ Δ. καί ἐστιν ὁ Α περισσός· περισσὸς ἄρα καὶ ὁ Δ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ὁ Δ περισσὸς ὢν τὸν Γ μετρεῖ, καί ἐστιν ὁ Γ ἄρτιος, καὶ τὸν ἥμισυν ἄρα τοῦ Γ μετρήσει [ὁ Δ]. τοῦ δὲ Γ ἥμισύ ἐστιν ὁ Β· ὁ Δ ἄρα τὸν Β μετρεῖ. μετρεῖ δὲ καὶ τὸν Α. ὁ Δ ἄρα τοὺς Α, Β μετρεῖ πρώτους ὄντας πρὸς ἀλλήλους· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀδύνατον. οὐκ ἄρα ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Γ πρῶτος οὔκ ἐστιν. οἱ Α, Γ ἄρα πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἰσίν· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
32. Each of the numbers which are continually doubled beginning from a dyad is even-times even only. For let as many numbers as we please, B, C, D, have been continually doubled beginning from the dyad A; I say that B, C, D are eventimes even only. Now that each of the numbers B, C, D is even-times even is manifest; for it is doubled from a dyad. I say that it is also even-times even only. For let an unit be set out. Since then as many numbers as we please beginning from an unit are in continued proportion, and the number A after the unit is prime, therefore D, the greatest of the numbers A, B, C, D, will not be measured by any other number except A, B, C. [] And each of the numbers A, B, C is even; therefore D is even-times even only. [] Similarly we can prove that each of the numbers B, C is even-times even only. Q. E. D.
32. τῶν ἀπὸ δυάδος διπλασιαζομένων ἀριθμῶν ἕκαστος ἀρτιάκις ἄρτιός ἐστι μόνον. ἀπὸ γὰρ δυάδος τῆς Α δεδιπλασιάσθωσαν ὁσοιδηποτοῦν ἀριθμοὶ οἱ Β, Γ, Δ· λέγω, ὅτι οἱ Β, Γ, Δ ἀρτιάκις ἄρτιοί εἰσι μόνον. ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἕκαστος [τῶν Β, Γ, Δ] ἀρτιάκις ἄρτιός ἐστιν, φανερόν· ἀπὸ γὰρ δυάδος ἐστὶ διπλασιασθείς. λέγω, ὅτι καὶ μόνον. ἐκκείσθω γὰρ μονάς. ἐπεὶ οὖν ἀπὸ μονάδος ὁποσοιοῦν ἀριθμοὶ ἑξῆς ἀνάλογόν εἰσιν, ὁ δὲ μετὰ τὴν μονάδα ὁ Α πρῶτός ἐστιν, ὁ μέγιστος τῶν Α, Β, Γ, Δ ὁ Δ ὑπʼ οὐδενὸς ἄλλου μετρηθήσεται παρὲξ τῶν Α, Β, Γ. καί ἐστιν ἕκαστος τῶν Α, Β, Γ ἄρτιος· ὁ Δ ἄρα ἀρτιάκις ἄρτιός ἐστι μόνον. ὁμοίως δὴ δείξομεν, ὅτι [καὶ] ἑκάτερος τῶν Β, Γ ἀρτιάκις ἄρτιός ἐστι μόνον· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
33. If a number have its half odd, it is even-times odd only. For let the number A have its half odd; I say that A is even-times odd only. Now that it is even-times odd is manifest; for the half of it, being odd, measures it an even number of times. [] I say next that it is also even-times odd only. For, if A is even-times even also, it will be measured by an even number according to an even number; [] so that the half of it will also be measured by an even number though it is odd: which is absurd. Therefore A is even-times odd only. Q. E. D.
33. ἐὰν ἀριθμὸς τὸν ἥμισυν ἔχῃ περισσόν, ἀρτιάκις περισσός ἐστι μόνον. ἀριθμὸς γὰρ ὁ Α τὸν ἥμισυν ἐχέτω περισσόν· λέγω, ὅτι ὁ Α ἀρτιάκις περισσός ἐστι μόνον. ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἀρτιάκις περισσός ἐστιν, φανερόν· ὁ γὰρ ἥμισυς αὐτοῦ περισσὸς ὢν μετρεῖ αὐτὸν ἀρτιάκις. λέγω δή, ὅτι καὶ μόνον. εἰ γὰρ ἔσται ὁ Α καὶ ἀρτιάκις ἄρτιος, μετρηθήσεται ὑπὸ ἀρτίου κατὰ ἄρτιον ἀριθμόν· ὥστε καὶ ὁ ἥμισυς αὐτοῦ μετρηθήσεται ὑπὸ ἀρτίου ἀριθμοῦ περισσὸς ὤν· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἄτοπον. ὁ Α ἄρα ἀρτιάκις περισσός ἐστι μόνον· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
34. If a number neither be one of those which are continually doubled from a dyad, nor have its half odd, it is both eventimes even and even-times odd. For let the number A neither be one of those doubled from a dyad, nor have its half odd; I say that A is both even-times even and even-times odd. Now that A is even-times even is manifest; for it has not its half odd. [] I say next that it is also even-times odd. For, if we bisect A, then bisect its half, and do this continually, we shall come upon some odd number which will measure A according to an even number. For, if not, we shall come upon a dyad, and A will be among those which are doubled from a dyad: which is contrary to the hypothesis. Thus A is even-times odd. But it was also proved even-times even. Therefore A is both even-times even and even-times odd. Q. E. D.
34. ἐὰν ἀριθμὸς μήτε τῶν ἀπὸ δυάδος διπλασιαζομένων ᾖ μήτε τὸν ἥμισυν ἔχῃ περισσόν, ἀρτιάκις τε ἄρτιός ἐστι καὶ ἀρτιάκις περισσός. ἀριθμὸς γὰρ ὁ Α μήτε τῶν ἀπὸ δυάδος διπλασιαζομένων ἔστω μήτε τὸν ἥμισυν ἐχέτω περισσόν· λέγω, ὅτι ὁ Α ἀρτιάκις τέ ἐστιν ἄρτιος καὶ ἀρτιάκις περισσός. ὅτι μὲν οὖν ὁ Α ἀρτιάκις ἐστὶν ἄρτιος, φανερόν· τὸν γὰρ ἥμισυν οὐκ ἔχει περισσόν. λέγω δή, ὅτι καὶ ἀρτιάκις περισσός ἐστιν. ἐὰν γὰρ τὸν Α τέμνωμεν δίχα καὶ τὸν ἥμισυν αὐτοῦ δίχα καὶ τοῦτο ἀεὶ ποιῶμεν, καταντήσομεν εἴς τινα ἀριθμὸν περισσόν, ὃς μετρήσει τὸν Α κατὰ ἄρτιον ἀριθμόν. εἰ γὰρ οὔ, καταντήσομεν εἰς δυάδα, καὶ ἔσται ὁ Α τῶν ἀπὸ δυάδος διπλασιαζομένων· ὅπερ οὐχ ὑπόκειται. ὥστε ὁ Α ἀρτιάκις περισσός ἐστιν. ἐδείχθη δὲ καὶ ἀρτιάκις ἄρτιος. ὁ Α ἄρα ἀρτιάκις τε ἄρτιός ἐστι καὶ ἀρτιάκις περισσός· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
35. If as many numbers as we please be in continued proportion, and there be subtracted from the second and the last numbers equal to the first, then, as the excess of the second is to the first, so will the excess of the last be to all those before it. Let there be as many numbers as we please in continued proportion, A, BC, D, EF, beginning from A as least, and let there be subtracted from BC and EF the numbers BG, FH, each equal to A; I say that, as GC is to A, so is EH to A, BC, D. For let FK be made equal to BC, and FL equal to D. Then, since FK is equal to BC, and of these the part FH is equal to the part BG, therefore the remainder HK is equal to the remainder GC. And since, as EF is to D, so is D to BC, and BC to A, while D is equal to FL, BC to FK, and A to FH, therefore, as EF is to FL, so is LF to FK, and FK to FH. Separando, as EL is to LF, so is LK to FK, and KH to FH. [] Therefore also, as one of the antecedents is to one of the consequents, so are all the antecedents to all the consequents; [] therefore, as KH is to FH, so are EL, LK. KH to LF, FK, HF. But KH is equal to CG, FH to A, and LF, FK, HF to D, BC, A; therefore, as CG is to A, so is EH to D, BC, A. Therefore, as the excess of the second is to the first, so is the excess of the last to all those before it. Q. E. D.
35. ἐὰν ὦσιν ὁσοιδηποτοῦν ἀριθμοὶ ἑξῆς ἀνάλογον, ἀφαιρεθῶσι δὲ ἀπό τε τοῦ δευτέρου καὶ τοῦ ἐσχάτου ἴσοι τῷ πρώτῳ, ἔσται ὡς ἡ τοῦ δευτέρου ὑπεροχὴ πρὸς τὸν πρῶτον, οὕτως ἡ τοῦ ἐσχάτου ὑπεροχὴ πρὸς τοὺς πρὸ ἑαυτοῦ πάντας. ἔστωσαν ὁποσοιδηποτοῦν ἀριθμοὶ ἑξῆς ἀνάλογον οἱ Α, ΒΓ, Δ, ΕΖ ἀρχόμενοι ἀπὸ ἐλαχίστου τοῦ Α, καὶ ἀφῃρήσθω ἀπὸ τοῦ ΒΓ καὶ τοῦ ΕΖ τῷ Α ἴσος ἑκάτερος τῶν ΒΗ, ΖΘ· λέγω, ὅτι ἐστὶν ὡς ὁ ΗΓ πρὸς τὸν Α, οὕτως ὁ ΕΘ πρὸς τοὺς Α, ΒΓ, Δ. κείσθω γὰρ τῷ μὲν ΒΓ ἴσος ὁ ΖΚ, τῷ δὲ Δ ἴσος ὁ ΖΛ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ὁ ΖΚ τῷ ΒΓ ἴσος ἐστίν, ὧν ὁ ΖΘ τῷ ΒΗ ἴσος ἐστίν, λοιπὸς ἄρα ὁ ΘΚ λοιπῷ τῷ ΗΓ ἐστιν ἴσος. καὶ ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς ὁ ΕΖ πρὸς τὸν Δ, οὕτως ὁ Δ πρὸς τὸν ΒΓ καὶ ὁ ΒΓ πρὸς τὸν Α, ἴσος δὲ ὁ μὲν Δ τῷ ΖΛ, ὁ δὲ ΒΓ τῷ ΖΚ, ὁ δὲ Α τῷ ΖΘ, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ὁ ΕΖ πρὸς τὸν ΖΛ, οὕτως ὁ ΛΖ πρὸς τὸν ΖΚ καὶ ὁ ΖΚ πρὸς τὸν ΖΘ. διελόντι, ὡς ὁ ΕΛ πρὸς τὸν ΛΖ, οὕτως ὁ ΛΚ πρὸς τὸν ΖΚ καὶ ὁ ΚΘ πρὸς τὸν ΖΘ. ἔστιν ἄρα καὶ ὡς εἷς τῶν ἡγουμένων πρὸς ἕνα τῶν ἑπομένων, οὕτως ἅπαντες οἱ ἡγούμενοι πρὸς ἅπαντας τοὺς ἑπομένους· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ὁ ΚΘ πρὸς τὸν ΖΘ, οὕτως οἱ ΕΛ, ΛΚ, ΚΘ πρὸς τοὺς ΛΖ, ΖΚ, ΘΖ. ἴσος δὲ ὁ μὲν ΚΘ τῷ ΓΗ, ὁ δὲ ΖΘ τῷ Α, οἱ δὲ ΛΖ, ΖΚ, ΘΖ τοῖς Δ, ΒΓ, Α· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ὁ ΓΗ πρὸς τὸν Α, οὕτως ὁ ΕΘ πρὸς τοὺς Δ, ΒΓ, Α. ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ τοῦ δευτέρου ὑπεροχὴ πρὸς τὸν πρῶτον, οὕτως ἡ τοῦ ἐσχάτου ὑπεροχὴ πρὸς τοὺς πρὸ ἑαυτοῦ πάντας· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
36. If as many numbers as we please beginning from an unit be set out continuously in double proportion, until the sum of all becomes prime, and if the sum multiplied into the last make some number, the product will be perfect. For let as many numbers as we please, A, B, C, D, beginning from an unit be set out in double proportion, until the sum of all becomes prime, let E be equal to the sum, and let E by multiplying D make FG; I say that FG is perfect. For, however many A, B, C, D are in multitude, let so many E, HK, L, M be taken in double proportion beginning from E; therefore, ex aequali, as A is to D, so is E to M. [] Therefore the product of E, D is equal to the product of A, M. [] And the product of E, D is FG; therefore the product of A, M is also FG. Therefore A by multiplying M has made FG; therefore M measures FG according to the units in A. And A is a dyad; therefore FG is double of M. But M, L, HK, E are continuously double of each other; therefore E, HK, L, M, FG are continuously proportional in double proportion. Now let there be subtracted from the second HK and the last FG the numbers HN, FO, each equal to the first E; therefore, as the excess of the second is to the first, so is the excess of the last to all those before it. [] Therefore, as NK is to E, so is OG to M, L, KH, E. And NK is equal to E; therefore OG is also equal to M, L, HK, E. But FO is also equal to E, and E is equal to A, B, C, D and the unit. Therefore the whole FG is equal to E, HK, L, M and A, B, C, D and the unit; and it is measured by them. I say also that FG will not be measured by any other number except A, B, C, D, E, HK, L, M and the unit. For, if possible, let some number P measure FG, and let P not be the same with any of the numbers A, B, C, D, E, HK, L, M. And, as many times as P measures FG, so many units let there be in Q; therefore Q by multiplying P has made FG. But, further, E has also by multiplying D made FG; therefore, as E is to Q, so is P to D. [] And, since A, B, C, D are continuously proportional beginning from an unit, therefore D will not be measured by any other number except A, B, C. [] And, by hypothesis, P is not the same with any of the numbers A, B, C; therefore P will not measure D. But, as P is to D, so is E to Q; therefore neither does E measure Q. [] And E is prime; and any prime number is prime to any number which it does not measure. [] Therefore E, Q are prime to one another. But primes are also least, [] and the least numbers measure those which have the same ratio the same number of times, the antecedent the antecedent and the consequent the consequent; [] and, as E is to Q, so is P to D; therefore E measures P the same number of times that Q measures D. But D is not measured by any other number except A, B, C; therefore Q is the same with one of the numbers A, B, C. Let it be the same with B. And, however many B, C, D are in multitude, let so many E, HK, L be taken beginning from E. Now E, HK, L are in the same ratio with B, C, D; therefore, ex aequali, as B is to D, so is E to L. [] Therefore the product of B, L is equal to the product of D, E. [] But the product of D, E is equal to the product of Q, P; therefore the product of Q, P is also equal to the product of B, L. Therefore, as Q is to B, so is L to P. [] And Q is the same with B; therefore L is also the same with P; which is impossible, for by hypothesis P is not the same with any of the numbers set out. Therefore no number will measure FG except A, B, C, D, E, HK, L, M and the unit. And FG was proved equal to A, B, C, D, E, HK, L, M and the unit; and a perfect number is that which is equal to its own parts; [] therefore FG is perfect. Q. E. D.
36. ἐὰν ἀπὸ μονάδος ὁποσοιοῦν ἀριθμοὶ ἑξῆς ἐκτεθῶσιν ἐν τῇ διπλασίονι ἀναλογίᾳ, ἕως οὗ ὁ σύμπας συντεθεὶς πρῶτος γένηται, καὶ ὁ σύμπας ἐπὶ τὸν ἔσχατον πολλαπλασιασθεὶς ποιῇ τινα, ὁ γενόμενος τέλειος ἔσται. ἀπὸ γὰρ μονάδος ἐκκείσθωσαν ὁσοιδηποτοῦν ἀριθμοὶ ἐν τῇ διπλασίονι ἀναλογίᾳ, ἕως οὗ ὁ σύμπας συντεθεὶς πρῶτος γένηται, οἱ Α, Β, Γ, Δ, καὶ τῷ σύμπαντι ἴσος ἔστω ὁ Ε, καὶ ὁ Ε τὸν Δ πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν ΖΗ ποιείτω. λέγω, ὅτι ὁ ΖΗ τέλειός ἐστιν. ὅσοι γάρ εἰσιν οἱ Α, Β, Γ, Δ τῷ πλήθει, τοσοῦτοι ἀπὸ τοῦ Ε εἰλήφθωσαν ἐν τῇ διπλασίονι ἀναλογίᾳ οἱ Ε, ΘΚ, Λ, Μ· διʼ ἴσου ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Δ, οὕτως ὁ Ε πρὸς τὸν Μ. ὁ ἄρα ἐκ τῶν Ε, Δ ἴσος ἐστὶ τῷ ἐκ τῶν Α, Μ. καί ἐστιν ὁ ἐκ τῶν Ε, Δ ὁ ΖΗ· καὶ ὁ ἐκ τῶν Α, Μ ἄρα ἐστὶν ὁ ΖΗ. ὁ Α ἄρα τὸν Μ πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν ΖΗ πεποίηκεν· ὁ Μ ἄρα τὸν ΖΗ μετρεῖ κατὰ τὰς ἐν τῷ Α μονάδας. καί ἐστι δυὰς ὁ Α· διπλάσιος ἄρα ἐστὶν ὁ ΖΗ τοῦ Μ. εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ οἱ Μ, Λ, ΘΚ, Ε ἑξῆς διπλάσιοι ἀλλήλων· οἱ Ε, ΘΚ, Λ, Μ, ΖΗ ἄρα ἑξῆς ἀνάλογόν εἰσιν ἐν τῇ διπλασίονι ἀναλογίᾳ. ἀφῃρήσθω δὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ δευτέρου τοῦ ΘΚ καὶ τοῦ ἐσχάτου τοῦ ΖΗ τῷ πρώτῳ τῷ Ε ἴσος ἑκάτερος τῶν ΘΝ, ΖΞ· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ τοῦ δευτέρου ἀριθμοῦ ὑπεροχὴ πρὸς τὸν πρῶτον, οὕτως ἡ τοῦ ἐσχάτου ὑπεροχὴ πρὸς τοὺς πρὸ ἑαυτοῦ πάντας. ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ὁ ΝΚ πρὸς τὸν Ε, οὕτως ὁ ΞΗ πρὸς τοὺς Μ, Λ, ΚΘ, Ε. καί ἐστιν ὁ ΝΚ ἴσος τῷ Ε· καὶ ὁ ΞΗ ἄρα ἴσος ἐστὶ τοῖς Μ, Λ, ΘΚ, Ε. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ὁ ΖΞ τῷ Ε ἴσος, ὁ δὲ Ε τοῖς Α, Β, Γ, Δ καὶ τῇ μονάδι. ὅλος ἄρα ὁ ΖΗ ἴσος ἐστὶ τοῖς τε Ε, ΘΚ, Λ, Μ καὶ τοῖς Α, Β, Γ, Δ καὶ τῇ μονάδι· καὶ μετρεῖται ὑπʼ αὐτῶν. λέγω, ὅτι καὶ ὁ ΖΗ ὑπʼ οὐδενὸς ἄλλου μετρηθήσεται παρὲξ τῶν Α, Β, Γ, Δ, Ε, ΘΚ, Λ, Μ καὶ τῆς μονάδος. εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, μετρείτω τις τὸν ΖΗ ὁ Ο, καὶ ὁ Ο μηδενὶ τῶν Α, Β, Γ, Δ, Ε, ΘΚ, Λ, Μ ἔστω ὁ αὐτός. καὶ ὁσάκις ὁ Ο τὸν ΖΗ μετρεῖ, τοσαῦται μονάδες ἔστωσαν ἐν τῷ Π· ὁ Π ἄρα τὸν Ο πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν ΖΗ πεποίηκεν. ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ ὁ Ε τὸν Δ πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν ΖΗ πεποίηκεν· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ὁ ε πρὸς τὸν Π, ὁ Ο πρὸς τὸν Δ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἀπὸ μονάδος ἑξῆς ἀνάλογόν εἰσιν οἱ Α, Β, Γ, Δ, ὁ Δ ἄρα ὑπʼ οὐδενὸς ἄλλου ἀριθμοῦ μετρηθήσεται παρὲξ τῶν Α, Β, Γ. καὶ ὑπόκειται ὁ Ο οὐδενὶ τῶν Α, Β, Γ ὁ αὐτός· οὐκ ἄρα μετρήσει ὁ Ο τὸν Δ. ἀλλʼ ὡς ὁ Ο πρὸς τὸν Δ, ὁ Ε πρὸς τὸν Π· οὐδὲ ὁ Ε ἄρα τὸν Π μετρεῖ. καί ἐστιν ὁ Ε πρῶτος· πᾶς δὲ πρῶτος ἀριθμὸς πρὸς ἅπαντα, ὃν μὴ μετρεῖ, πρῶτος [ἐστιν]. οἱ Ε, Π ἄρα πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἰσίν. οἱ δὲ πρῶτοι καὶ ἐλάχιστοι, οἱ δὲ ἐλάχιστοι μετροῦσι τοὺς τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἔχοντας ἰσάκις ὅ τε ἡγούμενος τὸν ἡγούμενον καὶ ὁ ἑπόμενος τὸν ἑπόμενον· καί ἐστιν ὡς ὁ Ε πρὸς τὸν Π, ὁ Ο πρὸς τὸν Δ· ἰσάκις ἄρα ὁ Ε τὸν Ο μετρεῖ καὶ ὁ Π τὸν Δ· ἰσάκις ἄρα ὁ Ε τὸν Ο μετρεῖ καὶ ὁ Π τὸν Δ. ὁ δὲ Δ ὑπʼ οὐδενὸς ἄλλου μετρεῖται παρὲξ τῶν Α, Β, Γ· ὁ Π ἄρα ἑνὶ τῶν Α, Β, Γ ἐστιν ὁ αὐτός. ἔστω τῷ Β ὁ αὐτός. καὶ ὅσοι εἰσὶν οἱ Β, Γ, Δ τῷ πλήθει τοσοῦτοι εἰλήφθωσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ε οἱ Ε, ΘΚ, Λ. καί εἰσιν οἱ Ε, ΘΚ, Λ τοῖς Β, Γ, Δ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ· διʼ ἴσου ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Δ, ὁ Ε πρὸς τὸν Λ. ὁ ἄρα ἐκ τῶν Β, Λ ἴσος ἐστὶ τῷ ἐκ τῶν Δ, Ε· ἀλλʼ ὁ ἐκ τῶν Δ, Ε ἴσος ἐστὶ τῷ ἐκ τῶν π, Ο· καὶ ὁ ἐκ τῶν Π, Ο ἄρα ἴσος ἐστὶ τῷ ἐκ τῶν Β, Λ. ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ὁ Π πρὸς τὸν Β, ὁ Λ πρὸς τὸν Ο. καί ἐστιν ὁ Π τῷ Β ὁ αὐτός· καὶ ὁ Λ ἄρα τῷ Ο ἐστιν ὁ αὐτός· ὅπερ ἀδύνατον· ὁ γὰρ Ο ὑπόκειται μηδενὶ τῶν ἐκκειμένων ὁ αὐτός. οὐκ ἄρα τὸν ΖΗ μετρήσει τις ἀριθμὸς παρὲξ τῶν α, Β, Γ, Δ, Ε, ΘΚ, Λ, Μ καὶ τῆς μονάδος. καὶ ἐδείχθη ὁ ΖΗ τοῖς Α, Β, Γ, Δ, Ε, ΘΚ, Λ, Μ καὶ τῇ μονάδι ἴσος. τέλειος δὲ ἀριθμός ἐστιν ὁ τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ μέρεσιν ἴσος ὤν· τέλειος ἄρα ἐστὶν ὁ ΖΗ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.