For AB is either greater or less than CD.
ἔστω πρότερον μεῖζον·
First, let it be greater; let a rational straight line EF be set out, let there be applied to EF the rectangle EG equal to AB, producing EH as breadth, and let HI, equal to DC, be applied to EF, producing HK as breadth.
καὶ ἐκκείσθω ῥητὴ ἡ ΕΖ, καὶ παραβεβλήσθω παρὰ τὴν ΕΖ τῷ ΑΒ ἴσον τὸ ΕΗ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΕΘ· τῷ δὲ ΔΓ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΕΖ παραβεβλήσθω τὸ ΘΙ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΘΚ.
Then, since AB is rational and is equal to EG, therefore EG is also rational.
καὶ ἐπεὶ ῥητόν ἐστι τὸ ΑΒ καί ἐστιν ῥητόν ἐστι τὸ ΑΒ καί ἐστιν ἴσον τῷ ΕΗ, ῥητὸν ἄρα καὶ τὸ ΕΗ.
And it has been applied to EF, producing EH as breadth; therefore EH is rational and commensurable in length with EF. []
καὶ παρὰ [ῥητὴν] τὴν ΕΖ παραβέβληται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΕΘ· ἡ ΕΘ ἄρα ῥητή ἐστι καὶ σύμμετρος τῇ ΕΖ μήκει.
Again, since CD is medial and is equal to HI, therefore HI is also medial.
πάλιν, ἐπεὶ μέσον ἐστὶ τὸ ΓΔ καί ἐστιν ἴσον τῷ ΘΙ, μέσον ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ ΘΙ.
And it is applied to the rational straight line EF, producing HK as breadth; therefore HK is rational and incommensurable in length with EF []
καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΕΖ παράκειται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΘΚ· ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΘΚ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΕΖ μήκει.
And, since CD is medial, while AB is rational, therefore AB is incommensurable with CD, so that EG is also incommensurable with HI.
καὶ ἐπεὶ μέσον ἐστὶ τὸ ΓΔ, ῥητὸν δὲ τὸ ΑΒ, ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΑΒ τῷ ΓΔ· ὥστε καὶ τὸ ΕΗ ἀσύμμετρόν ἐστι τῷ ΘΙ.
But, as EG is to HI, so is EH to HK; [] therefore EH is also incommensurable in length with HK. []
ὡς δὲ τὸ ΕΗ πρὸς τὸ ΘΙ, οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΘ πρὸς τὴν ΘΚ·
And both are rational; therefore EH, HK are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore EK is a binomial straight line, divided at H. []
ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΕΘ τῇ ΘΚ μήκει. καί εἰσιν ἀμφότεραι ῥηταί· αἱ ΕΘ, ΘΚ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι· ἐκ δύο ἄρα ὀνομάτων ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΚ διῃρημένη κατὰ τὸ Θ.
And, since AB is greater than CD, while AB is equal to EG and CD to HI, therefore EG is also greater than HI; therefore EH is also greater than HK.
καὶ ἐπεὶ μεῖζόν ἐστι τὸ ΑΒ τοῦ ΓΔ, ἴσον δὲ τὸ μὲν ΑΒ τῷ ΕΗ, τὸ δὲ ΓΔ τῷ ΘΙ, μεῖζον ἄρα καὶ τὸ ΕΗ τοῦ ΘΙ·
The square, then, on EH is greater than the square on HK either by the square on a straight line commensurable in length with EH or by the square on a straight line incommensurable with it.
καὶ ἡ ΕΘ ἄρα μείζων ἐστὶ τῆς ΘΚ. ἤτοι οὖν ἡ ΕΘ τῆς ΘΚ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ μήκει ἢ τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου. δυνάσθω πρότερον τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ.
First, let the square on it be greater by the square on a straight line commensurable with itself.
καί ἐστιν ἡ μείζων ἡ ΘΕ σύμμετρος τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ τῇ ΕΖ·
Now the greater straight line HE is commensurable in length with the rational straight line EF set out; therefore EK is a first binomial. []
ἡ ἄρα ΕΚ ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἐστὶ πρώτη. ῥητὴ δὲ ἡ ΕΖ· ἐὰν δὲ χωρίον περιέχηται ὑπὸ ῥητῆς καὶ τῆς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων πρώτης, ἡ τὸ χωρίον δυναμένη ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἐστίν.
But EF is rational; and, if an area be contained by a rational straight line and the first binomial, the side of the square equal to the area is binomial. []
ἡ ἄρα τὸ ΕΙ δυναμένη ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἐστίν· ὥστε καὶ ἡ τὸ ΑΔ δυναμένη ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἐστίν.
Therefore thesideof EI is binomial; so that thesideof AD is also binomial.
ἀλλὰ δὴ δυνάσθω ἡ ΕΘ τῆς ΘΚ μεῖζον τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ·
Next, let the square on EH be greater than the square on HK by the square on a straight line incommensurable with EH.
καί ἐστιν ἡ μείζων ἡ ΕΘ σύμμετρος τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ τῇ ΕΖ μήκει· ἡ ἄρα ΕΚ ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἐστὶ τετάρτη.
Now the greater straight line EH is commensurable in length with the rational straight line EF set out; therefore EK is a fourth binomial. []
ῥητὴ δὲ ἡ ΕΖ· ἐὰν δὲ χωρίον περιέχηται ὑπὸ ῥητῆς καὶ τῆς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων τετάρτης, ἡ τὸ χωρίον δυναμένη ἄλογός ἐστιν ἡ καλουμένη μείζων.
But EF is rational; and, if an area be contained by a rational straight line and the fourth binomial, thesideof the area is the irrational straight line called major. []
ἡ ἄρα τὸ ΕΙ χωρίον δυναμένη μείζων ἐστίν· ὥστε καὶ ἡ τὸ ΑΔ δυναμένη μείζων ἐστίν. ἀλλὰ δὴ ἔστω ἔλασσον τὸ ΑΒ τοῦ ΓΔ·
Therefore thesideof the area EI is major; so that thesideof the area AD is also major.
καὶ τὸ ΕΗ ἄρα ἔλασσόν ἐστι τοῦ ΘΙ· ὥστε καὶ ἡ ΕΘ ἐλάσσων ἐστὶ τῆς ΘΚ.
Next, let AB be less than CD; therefore EG is also less than HI, so that EH is also less than HK.
ἤτοι δὲ ἡ ΘΚ τῆς ΕΘ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ ἢ τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου.
Now the square on HK is greater than the square on EH either by the square on a straight line commensurable with HK or by the square on a straight line incommensurable with it.
δυνάσθω πρότερον τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ μήκει· καί ἐστιν ἡ ἐλάσσων ἡ ΕΘ σύμμετρος τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ τῇ ΕΖ μήκει· ἡ ἄρα ΕΚ ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἐστὶ δευτέρα.
First, let the square on it be greater by the square on a straight line commensurable in length with itself.
ῥητὴ δὲ ἡ ΕΖ· ἐὰν δὲ χωρίον περιέχηται ὑπὸ ῥητῆς καὶ τῆς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων δευτέρας, ἡ τὸ χωρίον δυναμένη ἐκ δύο μέσων ἐστὶ πρώτη.
Now the lesser straight line EH is commensurable in length with the rational straight line EF set out; therefore EK is a second binomial. []
ἡ ἄρα τὸ ΕΙ χωρίον δυναμένη ἐκ δύο μέσων ἐστὶ πρώτη·
But EF is rational, and, if an area be contained by a rational straight line and the second binomial, the side of the square equal to it is a first bimedial; [] therefore thesideof the area EI is a first bimedial, so that thesideof AD is also a first bimedial.
ὥστε καὶ ἡ τὸ ΑΔ δυναμένη ἐκ δύο μέσων ἐστὶ πρώτη. ἀλλὰ δὴ ἡ ΘΚ τῆς ΘΕ μεῖζον δυνάσθω τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ. καί ἐστιν ἡ ἐλάσσων ἡ ΕΘ σύμμετρος τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ τῇ ΕΖ· ἡ ἄρα ΕΚ ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἐστὶ πέμπτη. ῥητὴ δὲ ἡ ΕΖ·
Next, let the square on HK be greater than the square on HE by the square on a straight line incommensurable with HK.
ἐὰν δὲ χωρίον περιέχηται ὑπὸ ῥητῆς καὶ τῆς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων πέμπτης, ἡ τὸ χωρίον δυναμένη ῥητὸν καὶ μέσον δυναμένη ἐστίν.
Now the lesser straight line EH is commensurable with the rational straight line EF set out; therefore EK is a fifth binomial. []
ἡ ἄρα τὸ ΕΙ χωρίον δυναμένη ῥητὸν καὶ μέσον δυναμένη ἐστίν· ὥστε καὶ ἡ τὸ ΑΔ χωρίον δυναμένη ῥητὸν καὶ μέσον δυναμένη ἐστίν.
But EF is rational; and, if an area be contained by a rational straight line and the fifth binomial, the side of the square equal to the area is a side of a rational plus a medial area. []
ῥητοῦ ἄρα καὶ μέσου συντιθεμένου τέσσαρες ἄλογοι γίγνονται ἤτοι ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἢ ἐκ δύο μέσων πρώτη ἢ μείζων ἢ ῥητὸν καὶ μέσον δυναμένη·
Therefore thesideof the area EI is a side of a rational plus a medial area, so that thesideof the area AD is also a side of a rational plus a medial area. Therefore etc. Q. E. D.
ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. δύο μέσων ἀσυμμέτρων ἀλλήλοις συντιθεμένων αἱ λοιπαὶ δύο ἄλογοι γίγνονται ἤτοι ἐκ δύο μέσων δευτέρα ἢ [ἡ] δύο μέσα δυναμένη.
If two medial areas incommensurable with one another be added together, the remaining two irrational straight lines arise, namely either a second bimedial or a side of the sum of two medial areas.
Συγκείσθω γὰρ δύο μέσα ἀσύμμετρα ἀλλήλοις τὰ ΑΒ, ΓΔ· λέγω, ὅτι ἡ τὸ ΑΔ χωρίον δυναμένη ἤτοι ἐκ δύο μέσων ἐστὶ δευτέρα ἢ δύο μέσα δυναμένη. τὸ γὰρ ΑΒ τοῦ ΓΔ ἤτοι μεῖζόν ἐστιν ἢ ἔλασσον.
For let two medial areas AB, CD incommensurable with one another be added together; I say that thesideof the area AD is either a second bimedial or a side of the sum of two medial areas. For AB is either greater or less than CD. First, if it so chance, let AB be greater than CD.
ἔστω, εἰ τύχοι, πρότερον μεῖζον τὸ ΑΒ τοῦ ΓΔ· καὶ ἐκκείσθω ῥητὴ ἡ ΕΖ, καὶ τῷ μὲν ΑΒ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΕΖ παραβεβλήσθω τὸ ΕΗ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΕΘ, τῷ δὲ ΓΔ ἴσον τὸ ΘΙ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΘΚ.
Let the rational straight line EF be set out, and to EF let there be applied the rectangle EG equal to AB and producing EH as breadth, and the rectangle HI equal to CD and producing HK as breadth.
καὶ ἐπεὶ μέσον ἐστὶν ἑκάτερον τῶν ΑΒ, ΓΔ, μέσον ἄρα καὶ ἑκάτερον τῶν ΕΗ, ΘΙ. καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΖΕ παράκειται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὰς ΕΘ, ΘΚ· ἑκατέρα ἄρα τῶν ΕΘ, ΘΚ ῥητή ἐστι καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΕΖ μήκει.
Now, since each of the areas AB, CD is medial, therefore each of the areas EG, HI is also medial.
καὶ ἐπεὶ ἀσύμμετρόν ἐστι τὸ ΑΒ τῷ ΓΔ, καί ἐστιν ἴσον τὸ μὲν ΑΒ τῷ ΕΗ, τὸ δὲ ΓΔ τῷ ΘΙ, ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ ΕΗ τῷ ΘΙ.
And they are applied to the rational straight line FE, producing EH, HK as breadth; therefore each of the straight lines EH, HK is rational and incommensurable in length with EF. []
ὡς δὲ τὸ ΕΗ πρὸς τὸ ΘΙ, οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΘ πρὸς ΘΚ· ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΘ τῇ ΘΚ μήκει.
And, since AB is incommensurable with CD, and AB is equal to EG, and CD to HI, therefore EG is also incommensurable with HI.
αἱ ΕΘ, ΘΚ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι· ἐκ δύο ἄρα ὀνομάτων ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΚ.
But, as EG is to HI, so is EH to HK; [] therefore EH is incommensurable in length with HK. []
ἤτοι δὲ ἡ ΕΘ τῆς ΘΚ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ ἢ τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου. δυνάσθω πρότερον τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ μήκει·
Therefore EH, HK are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore EK is binomial. []
καὶ οὐδετέρα τῶν ΕΘ, ΘΚ σύμμετρός ἐστι τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ τῇ ΕΖ μήκει·
But the square on EH is greater than the square on HK either by the square on a straight line commensurable with EH or by the square on a straight line incommensurable with it.
ἡ ΕΚ ἄρα ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἐστὶ τρίτη. ῥητὴ δὲ ἡ ΕΖ· ἐὰν δὲ χωρίον περιέχηται ὑπὸ ῥητῆς καὶ τῆς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων τρίτης, ἡ τὸ χωρίον δυναμένη ἐκ δύο μέσων ἐστὶ δευτέρα·
First, let the square on it be greater by the square on a straight line commensurable in length with itself.
ἡ ἄρα τὸ ΕΙ, τουτέστι τὸ ΑΔ, δυναμένη ἐκ δύο μέσων ἐστὶ δευτέρα.
Now neither of the straight lines EH, HK is commensurable in length with the rational straight line EF set out; therefore EK is a third binomial. []
ἀλλὰ δὴ ἡ ΕΘ τῆς ΘΚ μεῖζον δυνάσθω τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ μήκει· καὶ ἀσύμμετρός ἐστιν ἑκατέρα τῶν ΕΘ, ΘΚ τῇ ΕΖ μήκει·
But EF is rational; and, if an area be contained by a rational straight line and the third binomial, thesideof the area is a second bimedial; [] therefore thesideof EI, that is, of AD, is a second bimedial.
ἡ ἄρα ΕΚ ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἐστὶν ἕκτη. ἐὰν δὲ χωρίον περιέχηται ὑπὸ ῥητῆς καὶ τῆς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἕκτης, ἡ τὸ χωρίον δυναμένη ἡ δύο μέσα δυναμένη ἐστίν·
Next, let the square on EH be greater than the square on HK by the square on a straight line incommensurable in length with EH. Now each of the straight lines EH, HK is incommensurable in length with EF; therefore EK is a sixth binomial. []
ὥστε καὶ ἡ τὸ ΑΔ χωρίον δυναμένη ἡ δύο μέσα δυναμένη ἐστίν. [Ὁμοίως δὴ δείξομεν, ὅτι κἂν ἔλαττον ᾖ τὸ ΑΒ τοῦ ΓΔ, ἡ τὸ ΑΔ χωρίον δυναμένη ἢ ἐκ δύο μέσων δευτέρα ἐστὶν ἤτοι δύο μέσα δυναμένη].
But, if an area be contained by a rational straight line and the sixth binomial, thesideof the area is the side of the sum of two medial areas; [] so that thesideof the area AD is also the side of the sum of two medial areas. Therefore etc. Q. E. D.
δύο ἄρα μέσων ἀσυμμέτρων ἀλλήλοις συντιθεμένων αἱ λοιπαὶ δύο ἄλογοι γίγνονται ἤτοι ἐκ δύο μέσων δευτέρα ἢ δύο μέσα δυναμένη. ἡ ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων καὶ αἱ μετʼ αὐτὴν ἄλογοι οὔτε τῇ μέσῃ οὔτε ἀλλήλαις εἰσὶν αἱ αὐταί.
If from a rational straight line there be subtracted a rational straight line commensurable with the whole in square only, the remainder is irrational; and let it be called an apotome.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀπὸ μέσης παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ ῥητὴν καὶ ἀσύμμετρον τῇ παρʼ ἣν παράκειται μήκει. τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ τὴν ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων πρώτην.
For from the rational straight line AB let the rational straight line BC, commensurable with the whole in square only, be subtracted; I say that the remainder AC is the irrational straight line called apotome.
τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκ δύο μέσων πρώτης παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ τὴν ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων δευτέραν.
For, since AB is incommensurable in length with BC, and, as AB is to BC, so is the square on AB to the rectangle AB, BC, therefore the square on AB is incommensurable with the rectangle AB, BC. []
τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκ δύο μέσων δευτέρας παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ τὴν ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων τρίτην. τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς μείζονος παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ τὴν ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων τετάρτην.
But the squares on AB, BC are commensurable with the square on AB, [] and twice the rectangle AB, BC is commensurable with the rectangle AB, BC. []
τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ῥητὸν καὶ μέσον δυναμένης παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ τὴν ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων πέμπτην.
And, inasmuch as the squares on AB, BC are equal to twice the rectangle AB, BC together with the square on CA, [] therefore the squares on AB, BC are also incommensurable with the remainder, the square on AC. [] But the squares on AB, BC are rational; therefore AC is irrational. []
τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς δύο μέσα δυναμένης παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ τὴν ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἕκτην. τὰ δʼ εἰρημένα πλάτη διαφέρει τοῦ τε πρώτου καὶ ἀλλήλων, τοῦ μὲν πρώτου, ὅτι ῥητή ἐστιν, ἀλλήλων δέ, ὅτι τῇ τάξει οὐκ εἰσὶν αἱ αὐταί·
And let it be called an apotome. Q. E. D.
ὥστε καὶ αὐταὶ αἱ ἄλογοι διαφέρουσιν ἀλλήλων.
If from a medial straight line there be subtracted a medial straight line which is commensurable with the whole in square only, and which contains with the whole a rational rectangle, the remainder is irrational. And let it be called a first apotome of a medial straight line.
ἐὰν ἀπὸ ῥητῆς ῥητὴ ἀφαιρεθῇ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, ἡ λοιπὴ ἄλογός ἐστιν· καλείσθω δὲ ἀποτομή. ἀπὸ γὰρ ῥητῆς τῆς ΑΒ ῥητὴ ἀφῃρήσθω ἡ ΒΓ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ· λέγω, ὅτι ἡ λοιπὴ ἡ ΑΓ ἄλογός ἐστιν ἡ καλουμένη ἀποτομή.
For from the medial straight line AB let there be subtracted the medial straight line BC which is commensurable with AB in square only and with AB makes the rectangle AB, BC rational; I say that the remainder AC is irrational; and let it be called a first apotome of a medial straight line. For, since AB, BC are medial, the squares on AB, BC are also medial.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἀσύμμετρός ἐστιν ἡ ΑΒ τῇ ΒΓ μήκει, καί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΑΒ πρὸς τὴν ΒΓ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ, ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ. ἀλλὰ τῷ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ σύμμετρά ἐστι τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ τετράγωνα, τῷ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ σύμμετρόν ἐστι τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ.
But twice the rectangle AB, BC is rational; therefore the squares on AB, BC are incommensurable with twice the rectangle AB, BC; therefore twice the rectangle AB, BC is also incommensurable with the remainder, the square on AC, [Cf. ] since, if the whole is incommensurable with one of the magnitudes, the original magnitudes will also be incommensurable. []
καὶ ἐπειδήπερ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ ἴσα ἐστὶ τῷ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ μετὰ τοῦ ἀπὸ ΓΑ, καὶ λοιπῷ ἄρα τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ ἀσύμμετρά ἐστι τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ. ῥητὰ δὲ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ· ἄλογος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΑΓ· καλείσθω δὲ ἀποτομή. ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
But twice the rectangle AB, BC is rational; therefore the square on AC is irrational; therefore AC is irrational. [] And let it be called a first apotome of a medial straight line.
ἐὰν ἀπὸ μέσης μέση ἀφαιρεθῇ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης ῥητὸν περιέχουσα, ἡ λοιπὴ ἄλογός ἐστιν· καλείσθω δὲ μέσης ἀποτομὴ πρώτη.
If from a medial straight line there be subtracted a medial straight line which is commensurable with the whole in square only, and which contains with the whole a medial rectangle, the remainder is irrational; and let it be called a second apotome of a medial straight line.
ἀπὸ γὰρ μέσης τῆς ΑΒ μέση ἀφῃρήσθω ἡ ΒΓ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ΑΒ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ΑΒ ῥητὸν ποιοῦσα τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ· λέγω, ὅτι ἡ λοιπὴ ἡ ΑΓ ἄλογός ἐστιν· καλείσθω δὲ μέσης ἀποτομὴ πρώτη. ἐπεὶ γὰρ αἱ ΑΒ, ΒΓ μέσαι εἰσίν, μέσα ἐστὶ καὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ. ῥητὸν δὲ τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ·
For from the medial straight line AB let there be subtracted the medial straight line CB which is commensurable with the whole AB in square only and such that the rectangle AB, BC, which it contains with the whole AB, is medial; [] I say that the remainder AC is irrational; and let it be called a second apotome of a medial straight line.
ἀσύμμετρα ἄρα τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ τῷ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ· καὶ λοιπῷ ἄρα τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ ἀσύμμετρόν ἐστι τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ, ἐπεὶ κἂν τὸ ὅλον ἑνὶ αὐτῶν ἀσύμμετρον ᾖ, καὶ τὰ ἐξ ἀρχῆς μεγέθη ἀσύμμετρα ἔσται. ῥητὸν δὲ τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ· ἄλογον ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ·
For let a rational straight line DI be set out, let DE equal to the squares on AB, BC be applied to DI, producing DG as breadth, and let DH equal to twice the rectangle AB, BC be applied to DI, producing DF as breadth; therefore the remainder FE is equal to the square on AC. []
ἄλογος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΑΓ· καλείσθω δὲ μέσης ἀποτομὴ πρώτη. ἐὰν ἀπὸ μέσης μέση ἀφαιρεθῇ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλη, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης μέσον περιέχουσα, ἡ λοιπὴ ἄλογός ἐστιν· καλείσθω δὲ μέσης ἀποτομὴ δευτέρα.
Now, since the squares on AB, BC are medial and commensurable, therefore DE is also medial. []
ἀπὸ γὰρ μέσης τῆς ΑΒ μέση ἀφῃρήσθω ἡ ΓΒ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ τῇ ΑΒ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης τῆς ΑΒ μέσον περιέχουσα τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ·
And it is applied to the rational straight line DI, producing DG as breadth; therefore DG is rational and incommensurable in length with DI. [] Again, since the rectangle AB, BC is medial, therefore twice the rectangle AB, BC is also medial. []
λέγω, ὅτι ἡ λοιπὴ ἡ ΑΓ ἄλογός ἐστιν· καλείσθω δὲ μέσης ἀποτομὴ δευτέρα.
And it is equal to DH; therefore DH is also medial.
Ἐκκείσθω γὰρ ῥητὴ ἡ ΔΙ, καὶ τοῖς μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΔΙ παραβεβλήσθω τὸ ΔΕ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΔΗ, τῷ δὲ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΔΙ παραβεβλήσθω τὸ ΔΘ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΔΖ·
And it has been applied to the rational straight line DI, producing DF as breadth; therefore DF is rational and incommensurable in length with DI. []
λοιπὸν ἄρα τὸ ΖΕ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ.
And, since AB, BC are commensurable in square only, therefore AB is incommensurable in length with BC; therefore the square on AB is also incommensurable with the rectangle AB, BC. []
καὶ ἐπεὶ μέσα καὶ σύμμετρά ἐστι τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ, μέσον ἄρα καὶ τὸ ΔΕ. καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΔΙ παράκειται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΔΗ· ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΔΗ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΔΙ μήκει.
But the squares on AB, BC are commensurable with the square on AB, [] and twice the rectangle AB, BC is commensurable with the rectangle AB, BC; [] therefore twice the rectangle AB, BC is incommensurable with the squares on AB, BC. []
πάλιν, ἐπεὶ μέσον ἐστὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ, καὶ τὸ δὶς ἄρα ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ μέσον ἐστίν. καί ἐστιν ἴσον τῷ ΔΘ· καὶ τὸ ΔΘ ἄρα μέσον ἐστίν. καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΔΙ παραβέβληται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΔΖ·
But DE is equal to the squares on AB, BC, and DH to twice the rectangle AB, BC; therefore DE is incommensurable with DH. But, as DE is to DH, so is GD to DF; [] therefore GD is incommensurable with DF. []
ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΔΖ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΔΙ μήκει. καὶ ἐπεὶ αἱ ΑΒ, ΒΓ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροί εἰσιν, ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΑΒ τῇ ΒΓ μήκει·
And both are rational; therefore GD, DF are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore FG is an apotome. []
ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ τετράγωνον τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ. ἀλλὰ τῷ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ σύμμετρά ἐστι τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ, τῷ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ σύμμετρόν ἐστι τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ·
But DI is rational, and the rectangle contained by a rational and an irrational straight line is irrational, [deduction from ] and its ’side’ is irrational.
ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ.
And AC is the ’side’ of FE; therefore AC is irrational.
ἴσον δὲ τοῖς μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ τὸ ΔΕ, τῷ δὲ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ τὸ ΔΘ·
And let it be called a second apotome of a medial straight line. Q. E. D.
ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα [ἐστὶ] τὸ ΔΕ τῷ ΔΘ.
If from a straight line there be subtracted a straight line which is incommensurable in square with the whole and which with the whole makes the squares on them added together rational, but the rectangle contained by them medial, the remainder is irrational; and let it be called minor.
ὡς δὲ τὸ ΔΕ πρὸς τὸ ΔΘ, οὕτως ἡ ΗΔ πρὸς τὴν ΔΖ· ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΗΔ τῇ ΔΖ. καί εἰσιν ἀμφότεραι ῥηταί· αἱ ἄρα ΗΔ, ΔΖ ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι· ἡ ΖΗ ἄρα ἀποτομή ἐστιν. ῥητὴ δὲ ἡ ΔΙ· τὸ δὲ ὑπὸ ῥητῆς καὶ ἀλόγου περιεχόμενον ἄλογόν ἐστιν, καὶ ἡ δυναμένη αὐτὸ ἄλογός ἐστιν.
For from the straight line AB let there be subtracted the straight line BC which is incommensurable in square with the whole and fulfils the given conditions. [] I say that the remainder AC is the irrational straight line called minor.
καὶ δύναται τὸ ΖΕ ἡ ΑΓ· ἡ ΑΓ ἄρα ἄλογός ἐστιν· καλείσθω δὲ μέσης ἀποτομὴ δευτέρα. ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
For, since the sum of the squares on AB, BC is rational, while twice the rectangle AB, BC is medial, therefore the squares on AB, BC are incommensurable with twice the rectangle AB, BC; and, convertendo, the squares on AB, BC are incommensurable with the remainder, the square on AC. [, ]
ἐὰν ἀπὸ εὐθείας εὐθεῖα ἀφαιρεθῇ δυνάμει ἀσύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης ποιοῦσα τὰ μὲν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν ἅμα ῥητόν, τὸ δʼ ὑπʼ αὐτῶν μέσον, ἡ λοιπὴ ἄλογός ἐστιν· καλείσθω δὲ ἐλάσσων. ἀπὸ γὰρ εὐθείας τῆς ΑΒ εὐθεῖα ἀφῃρήσθω ἡ ΒΓ δυνάμει ἀσύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ ποιοῦσα τὰ προκείμενα.
But the squares on AB, BC are rational; therefore the square on AC is irrational; therefore AC is irrational. And let it be called minor.
λέγω, ὅτι ἡ λοιπὴ ἡ ΑΓ ἄλογός ἐστιν ἡ καλουμένη ἐλάσσων.
If from a straight line there be subtracted a straight line which is incommensurable in square with the whole, and which with the whole makes the sum of the squares on them medial, but twice the rectangle contained by them rational, the remainder is irrational: and let it be called that which produces with a rational area a medial whole.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ τὸ μὲν συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ τετραγώνων ῥητόν ἐστιν, τὸ δὲ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ μέσον, ἀσύμμετρα ἄρα ἐστὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ τῷ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ· καὶ ἀναστρέψαντι λοιπῷ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ ἀσύμμετρά ἐστι τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ. ῥητὰ δὲ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ. ἄλογον ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ· ἄλογος ἄρα ἡ ΑΓ· καλείσθω δὲ ἐλάσσων. ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
For from the straight line AB let there be subtracted the straight line BC which is incommensurable in square with AB and fulfils the given conditions; [] I say that the remainder AC is the irrational straight line aforesaid.
ἐὰν ἀπὸ εὐθείας εὐθεῖα ἀφαιρεθῇ δυνάμει ἀσύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης ποιοῦσα τὸ μὲν συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετραγώνων μέσον, τὸ δὲ δὶς ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ῥητόν, ἡ λοιπὴ ἄλογός ἐστιν·
For, since the sum of the squares on AB, BC is medial, while twice the rectangle AB, BC is rational, therefore the squares on AB, BC are incommensurable with twice the rectangle AB, BC; therefore the remainder also, the square on AC, is incommensurable with twice the rectangle AB, BC. [, X. 16]
καλείσθω δὲ ἡ μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα. ἀπὸ γὰρ εὐθείας τῆς ΑΒ εὐθεῖα ἀφῃρήσθω ἡ ΒΓ δυνάμει ἀσύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ΑΒ ποιοῦσα τὰ προκείμενα· λέγω, ὅτι ἡ λοιπὴ ἡ ΑΓ ἄλογός ἐστιν ἡ προειρημένη.
And twice the rectangle AB, BC is rational; therefore the square on AC is irrational; therefore AC is irrational.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ τὸ μὲν συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ τετραγώνων μέσον ἐστίν, τὸ δὲ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ ῥητόν, ἀσύμμετρα ἄρα ἐστὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ τῷ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ·
And let it be called that which produces with a rational area a medial whole. Q. E. D.
καὶ λοιπὸν ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ ἀσύμμετρόν ἐστι τῷ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ.
If from a straight line there be subtracted a straight line which is incommensurable in square with the whole and which with the whole makes the sum of the squares on them medial, twice the rectangle contained by them medial, and further the squares on them incommensurable with twice the rectangle contained by them, the remainder is irrational; and let it be called that which produces with a medial area a medial whole.
καί ἐστι τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ ῥητόν· τὸ ἄρα ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ ἄλογόν ἐστιν· ἄλογος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΑΓ· καλείσθω δὲ ἡ μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα. ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. ἐὰν ἀπὸ εὐθείας εὐθεῖα ἀφαιρεθῇ δυνάμει ἀσύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης ποιοῦσα τό τε συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετραγώνων μέσον τό τε δὶς ὑπʼ αὐτῶν μέσον καὶ ἔτι τὰ ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετράγωνα ἀσύμμετρα τῷ δὶς ὑπʼ αὐτῶν, ἡ λοιπὴ ἄλογός ἐστιν·
For from the straight line AB let there be subtracted the straight line BC incommensurable in square with AB and fulfilling the given conditions; [] I say that the remainder AC is the irrational straight line called that which produces with a medial area a medial whole.
καλείσθω δὲ ἡ μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα. ἀπὸ γὰρ εὐθείας τῆς ΑΒ εὐθεῖα ἀφῃρήσθω ἡ ΒΓ δυνάμει ἀσύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ΑΒ ποιοῦσα τὰ προκείμενα·
For let a rational straight line DI be set out, to DI let there be applied DE equal to the squares on AB, BC, producing DG as breadth, and let DH equal to twice the rectangle AB, BC be subtracted.
λέγω, ὅτι ἡ λοιπὴ ἡ ΑΓ ἄλογός ἐστιν ἡ καλουμένη ἡ μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα.
Therefore the remainder FE is equal to the square on AC, [] so that AC is thesideof FE.
Ἐκκείσθω γὰρ ῥητὴ ἡ ΔΙ, καὶ τοῖς μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΔΙ παραβεβλήσθω τὸ ΔΕ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΔΗ, τῷ δὲ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ ἴσον ἀφῃρήσθω τὸ ΔΘ [πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΔΖ ].
Now, since the sum of the squares on AB, BC is medial and is equal to DE, therefore DE is medial.
λοιπὸν ἄρα τὸ ΖΕ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ· ὥστε ἡ ΑΓ δύναται τὸ ΖΕ.
And it is applied to the rational straight line DI, producing DG as breadth; therefore DG is rational and incommensurable in length with DI. []
καὶ ἐπεὶ τὸ συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ τετραγώνων μέσον ἐστὶ καί ἐστιν ἴσον τῷ ΔΕ, μέσον ἄρα [ἐστὶ] τὸ ΔΕ.
Again, since twice the rectangle AB, BC is medial and is equal to DH, therefore DH is medial.
καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΔΙ παράκειται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΔΗ·
And it is applied to the rational straight line DI, producing DF as breadth; therefore DF is also rational and incommensurable in length with DI. []
ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΔΗ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΔΙ μήκει. πάλιν, ἐπεὶ τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ μέσον ἐστὶ καί ἐστιν ἴσον τῷ ΔΘ, τὸ ἄρα ΔΘ μέσον ἐστίν.
And, since the squares on AB, BC are incommensurable with twice the rectangle AB, BC, therefore DE is also incommensurable with DH.
καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΔΙ παράκειται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΔΖ· ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΔΖ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΔΙ μήκει.
But, as DE is to DH, so also is DG to DF; [] therefore DG is incommensurable with DF. []
καὶ ἐπεὶ ἀσύμμετρά ἐστι τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ τῷ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ, ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα καὶ τὸ ΔΕ τῷ ΔΘ.
And both are rational; therefore GD, DF are rational straight lines commensurable in square only.
ὡς δὲ τὸ ΔΕ πρὸς τὸ ΔΘ, οὕτως ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΔΗ πρὸς τὴν ΔΖ·
Therefore FG is an apotome. []
ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἡ ΔΗ τῇ ΔΖ.
And FH is rational; but the rectangle contained by a rational straight line and an apotome is irrational, [deduction from ] and itssideis irrational.
καί εἰσιν ἀμφότεραι ῥηταί· αἱ ΗΔ, ΔΖ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι. ἀποτομὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΖΗ· ῥητὴ δὲ ἡ ΖΘ.
And AC is thesideof FE; therefore AC is irrational.
τὸ δὲ ὑπὸ ῥητῆς καὶ ἀποτομῆς περιεχόμενον [ὀρθογώνιον] ἄλογόν ἐστιν, καὶ ἡ δυναμένη αὐτὸ ἄλογός ἐστιν.
And let it be called that which produces with a medial area a medial whole. Q. E. D.
καὶ δύναται τὸ ΖΕ ἡ ΑΓ·
To an apotome only one rational straight line can be annexed which is commensurable with the whole in square only.
ἡ ΑΓ ἄρα ἄλογός ἐστιν· καλείσθω δὲ ἡ μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα. ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Let AB be an apotome, and BC an annex to it; therefore AC, CB are rational straight lines commensurable in square only. []
τῇ ἀποτομῇ μία [μόνον] προσαρμόζει εὐθεῖα ῥητὴ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ.
I say that no other rational straight line can be annexed to AB which is commensurable with the whole in square only.
ἔστω ἀποτομὴ ἡ ΑΒ, προσαρμόζουσα δὲ αὐτῇ ἡ ΒΓ· αἱ ΑΓ, ΓΒ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι·
For, if possible, let BD be so annexed; therefore AD, DB are also rational straight lines commensurable in square only. []
λέγω, ὅτι τῇ ΑΒ ἑτέρα οὐ προσαρμόζει ῥητὴ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ. εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, προσαρμοζέτω ἡ ΒΔ·
Now, since the excess of the squares on AD, DB over twice the rectangle AD, DB is also the excess of the squares on AC, CB over twice the rectangle AC, CB, for both exceed by the same, the square on AB, [] therefore, alternately, the excess of the squares on AD, DB over the squares on AC, CB is the excess of twice the rectangle AD, DB over twice the rectangle AC, CB.
καὶ αἱ ΑΔ, ΔΒ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι. καὶ ἐπεί, ᾧ ὑπερέχει τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τοῦ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ, τούτῳ ὑπερέχει καὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ τοῦ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ· τῷ γὰρ αὐτῷ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ ἀμφότερα ὑπερέχει· ἐναλλὰξ ἄρα, ᾧ ὑπερέχει τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ, τούτῳ ὑπερέχει [καὶ] τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τοῦ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ.
But the squares on AD, DB exceed the squares on AC, CB by a rational area, for both are rational; therefore twice the rectangle AD, DB also exceeds twice the rectangle AC, CB by a rational area: which is impossible, for both are medial [], and a medial area does not exceed a medial by a rational area. []
τὰ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ ὑπερέχει ῥητῷ· ῥητὰ γὰρ ἀμφότερα. καὶ τὸ δὶς ἄρα ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τοῦ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ ὑπερέχει ῥητῷ· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀδύνατον· μέσα γὰρ ἀμφότερα, μέσον δὲ μέσου οὐχ ὑπερέχει ῥητῷ.
Therefore no other rational straight line can be annexed to AB which is commensurable with the whole in square only.
τῇ ἄρα ΑΒ ἑτέρα οὐ προσαρμόζει ῥητὴ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ.
Therefore only one rational straight line can be annexed to an apotome which is commensurable with the whole in square only. Q. E. D.
μία ἄρα μόνη τῇ ἀποτομῇ προσαρμόζει ῥητὴ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
To a first apotome of a medial straight line only one medial straight line can be annexed which is commensurable with the whole in square only and which contains with the whole a rational rectangle.
τῇ μέσης ἀποτομῇ πρώτῃ μία μόνον προσαρμόζει εὐθεῖα μέση δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης ῥητὸν περιέχουσα. ἔστω γὰρ μέσης ἀποτομὴ πρώτη ἡ ΑΒ, καὶ τῇ ΑΒ προσαρμοζέτω ἡ ΒΓ·
For let AB be a first apotome of a medial straight line, and let BC be an annex to AB; therefore AC, CB are medial straight lines commensurable in square only and such that the rectangle AC, CB which they contain is rational; [] I say that no other medial straight line can be annexed to AB which is commensurable with the whole in square only and which contains with the whole a rational area.
αἱ ΑΓ, ΓΒ ἄρα μέσαι εἰσὶ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι ῥητὸν περιέχουσαι τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ· λέγω, ὅτι τῇ ΑΒ ἑτέρα οὐ προσαρμόζει μέση δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης ῥητὸν περιέχουσα. εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, προσαρμοζέτω καὶ ἡ ΔΒ. αἱ ἄρα ΑΔ, ΔΒ μέσαι εἰσὶ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι ῥητὸν περιέχουσαι τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ.
For, if possible, let DB also be so annexed; therefore AD, DB are medial straight lines commensurable in square only and such that the rectangle AD, DB which they contain is rational. []
καὶ ἐπεί, ᾧ ὑπερέχει τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τοῦ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ, τούτῳ ὑπερέχει καὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ τοῦ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ· τῷ γὰρ αὐτῷ [πάλιν] ὑπερέχουσι τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ·
Now, since the excess of the squares on AD, DB over twice the rectangle AD, DB is also the excess of the squares on AC, CB over twice the rectangle AC, CB, for they exceed by the same, the square on AB, [] therefore, alternately, the excess of the squares on AD, DB over the squares on AC, CB is also the excess of twice the rectangle AD, DB over twice the rectangle AC, CB.
ἐναλλὰξ ἄρα, ᾧ ὑπερέχει τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ, τούτῳ ὑπερέχει καὶ τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τοῦ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ. τὸ δὲ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τοῦ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ ὑπερέχει ῥητῷ· ῥητὰ γὰρ ἀμφότερα. καὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ ἄρα τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ [τετραγώνων] ὑπερέχει ῥητῷ· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀδύνατον·
But twice the rectangle AD, DB exceeds twice the rectangle AC, CB by a rational area, for both are rational.
μέσα γάρ ἐστιν ἀμφότερα, μέσον δὲ μέσου οὐχ ὑπερέχει ῥητῷ.
Therefore the squares on AD, DB also exceed the squares on AC, CB by a rational area. which is impossible, for both are medial [], and a medial area does not exceed a medial by a rational area. [] Therefore etc. Q. E. D.
τῇ ἄρα μέσης ἀποτομῇ πρώτῃ μία μόνον προσαρμόζει εὐθεῖα μέση δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης ῥητὸν περιέχουσα· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
To a second apotome of a medial straight line only one medial straight line can be annexed which is commensurable with the whole in square only and which contains with the whole a medial rectangle.
τῇ μέσης ἀποτομῇ δευτέρᾳ μία μόνον προσαρμόζει εὐθεῖα μέση δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος τῇ ὅλῃ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης μέσον περιέχουσα. ἔστω μέσης ἀποτομὴ δευτέρα ἡ ΑΒ καὶ τῇ ΑΒ προσαρμόζουσα ἡ ΒΓ·
Let AB be a second apotome of a medial straight line and BC an annex to AB; therefore AC, CB are medial straight lines commensurable in square only and such that the rectangle AC, CB which they contain is medial. []
αἱ ἄρα ΑΓ, ΓΒ μέσαι εἰσὶ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι μέσον περιέχουσαι τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ· λέγω, ὅτι τῇ ΑΒ ἑτέρα οὐ προσαρμόσει εὐθεῖα μέση δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης μέσον περιέχουσα.
I say that no other medial straight line can be annexed to AB which is commensurable with the whole in square only and which contains with the whole a medial rectangle.
εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, προσαρμοζέτω ἡ ΒΔ· καὶ αἱ ΑΔ, ΔΒ ἄρα μέσαι εἰσὶ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι μέσον περιέχουσαι τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ.
For, if possible, let BD also be so annexed; therefore AD, DB are also medial straight lines commensurable in square only and such that the rectangle AD, DB which they contain is medial. []
καὶ ἐκκείσθω ῥητὴ ἡ ΕΖ, καὶ τοῖς μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΕΖ παραβεβλήσθω τὸ ΕΗ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΕΜ· τῷ δὲ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ ἴσον ἀφῃρήσθω τὸ ΘΗ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΘΜ·
Let a rational straight line EF be set out, let EG equal to the squares on AC, CB be applied to EF, producing EM as breadth, and let HG equal to twice the rectangle AC, CB be subtracted, producing HM as breadth; therefore the remainder EL is equal to the square on AB, [] so that AB is thesideof EL.
λοιπὸν ἄρα τὸ ΕΛ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ· ὥστε ἡ ΑΒ δύναται τὸ ΕΛ. πάλιν δὴ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΕΖ παραβεβλήσθω τὸ ΕΙ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΕΝ· ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὸ ΕΛ ἴσον τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ τετραγώνῳ· λοιπὸν ἄρα τὸ ΘΙ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ.
Again, let EI equal to the squares on AD, DB be applied to EF, producing EN as breadth.
καὶ ἐπεὶ μέσαι εἰσὶν αἱ ΑΓ, ΓΒ, μέσα ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ.
But EL is also equal to the square on AB; therefore the remainder HI is equal to twice the rectangle AD, DB. []
καί ἐστιν ἴσα τῷ ΕΗ· μέσον ἄρα καὶ τὸ ΕΗ. καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΕΖ παράκειται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΕΜ·
Now, since AC, CB are medial straight lines, therefore the squares on AC, CB are also medial.
ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΜ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΕΖ μήκει.
And they are equal to EG; therefore EG is also medial. []
πάλιν, ἐπεὶ μέσον ἐστὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ, καὶ τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ μέσον ἐστίν.
And it is applied to the rational straight line EF, producing EM as breadth; therefore EM is rational and incommensurable in length with EF. []
καί ἐστιν ἴσον τῷ ΘΗ· καὶ τὸ ΘΗ ἄρα μέσον ἐστίν. καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΕΖ παράκειται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΘΜ·
Again, since the rectangle AC, CB is medial, twice the rectangle AC, CB is also medial. []
ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΘΜ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΕΖ μήκει.
And it is equal to HG; therefore HG is also medial.
καὶ ἐπεὶ αἱ ΑΓ, ΓΒ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροί εἰσιν, ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΑΓ τῇ ΓΒ μήκει.
And it is applied to the rational straight line EF, producing HM as breadth; therefore HM is also rational and incommensurable in length with EF. []
ὡς δὲ ἡ ΑΓ πρὸς τὴν ΓΒ, οὕτως ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ·
And, since AC, CB are commensurable in square only, therefore AC is incommensurable in length with CB.
ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ.
But, as AC is to CB, so is the square on AC to the rectangle AC, CB; therefore the square on AC is incommensurable with the rectangle AC, CB. []
ἀλλὰ τῷ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ σύμμετρά ἐστι τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ, τῷ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ σύμμετρόν ἐστι τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ· ἀσύμμετρα ἄρα ἐστὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ τῷ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ.
But the squares on AC, CB are commensurable with the square on AC, while twice the rectangle AC, CB is commensurable with the rectangle AC, CB; [] therefore the squares on AC, CB are incommensurable with twice the rectangle AC, CB. []
καί ἐστι τοῖς μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ ἴσον τὸ ΕΗ, τῷ δὲ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ ἴσον τὸ ΗΘ· ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΕΗ τῷ ΘΗ. ὡς δὲ τὸ ΕΗ πρὸς τὸ ΘΗ, οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΜ πρὸς τὴν ΘΜ· ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΜ τῇ ΜΘ μήκει.
And EG is equal to the squares on AC, CB, while GH is equal to twice the rectangle AC, CB; therefore EG is incommensurable with HG.
καί εἰσιν ἀμφότεραι ῥηταί· αἱ ΕΜ, ΜΘ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι·
But, as EG is to HG, so is EM to HM; [] therefore EM is incommensurable in length with MH. []
ἀποτομὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΘ, προσαρμόζουσα δὲ αὐτῇ ἡ ΘΜ. ὁμοίως δὴ δείξομεν, ὅτι καὶ ἡ ΘΝ αὐτῇ προσαρμόζει·
And both are rational; therefore EM, MH are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore EH is an apotome, and HM an annex to it. []
τῇ ἄρα ἀποτομῇ ἄλλη καὶ ἄλλη προσαρμόζει εὐθεῖα δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀδύνατον.
Similarly we can prove that HN is also an annex to it; therefore to an apotome different straight lines are annexed which are commensurable with the wholes in square only: which is impossible. [] Therefore etc. Q. E. D.
τῇ ἄρα μέσης ἀποτομῇ δευτέρᾳ μία μόνον προσαρμόζει εὐθεῖα μέση δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης μέσον περιέχουσα· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
To a minor straight line only one straight line can be annexed which is incommensurable in square with the whole and which makes, with the whole, the sum of the squares on them rational but twice the rectangle contained by them medial.
τῇ ἐλάσσονι μία μόνον προσαρμόζει εὐθεῖα δυνάμει ἀσύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ ποιοῦσα μετὰ τῆς ὅλης τὸ μὲν ἐκ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετραγώνων ῥητόν, τὸ δὲ δὶς ὑπʼ αὐτῶν μέσον. ἔστω ἡ ἐλάσσων ἡ ΑΒ, καὶ τῇ ΑΒ προσαρμόζουσα ἔστω ἡ ΒΓ·
Let AB be the minor straight line, and let BC be an annex to AB; therefore AC, CB are straight lines incommensurable in square which make the sum of the squares on them rational, but twice the rectangle contained by them medial. []
αἱ ἄρα ΑΓ, ΓΒ δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι ποιοῦσαι τὸ μὲν συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετραγώνων ῥητόν, τὸ δὲ δὶς ὑπʼ αὐτῶν μέσον· λέγω, ὅτι τῇ ΑΒ ἑτέρα εὐθεῖα οὐ προσαρμόσει τὰ αὐτὰ ποιοῦσα.
I say that no other straight line can be annexed to AB fulfilling the same conditions.
εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, προσαρμοζέτω ἡ ΒΔ· καὶ αἱ ΑΔ, ΔΒ ἄρα δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι ποιοῦσαι τὰ προειρημένα.
For, if possible, let BD be so annexed; therefore AD, DB are also straight lines incommensurable in square which fulfil the aforesaid conditions. []
καὶ ἐπεί, ᾧ ὑπερέχει τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ, τούτῳ ὑπερέχει καὶ τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τοῦ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ, τὰ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τετράγωνα τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ τετραγώνων ὑπερέχει ῥητῷ·
Now, since the excess of the squares on AD, DB over the squares on AC, CB is also the excess of twice the rectangle AD, DB over twice the rectangle AC, CB, while the squares on AD, DB exceed the squares on AC, CB by a rational area, for both are rational, therefore twice the rectangle AD, DB also exceeds twice the rectangle AC, CB by a rational area: which is impossible, for both are medial. []
ῥητὰ γάρ ἐστιν ἀμφότερα· καὶ τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ ἄρα τοῦ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ ὑπερέχει ῥητῷ· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀδύνατον· μέσα γάρ ἐστιν ἀμφότερα. τῇ ἄρα ἐλάσσονι μία μόνον προσαρμόζει εὐθεῖα δυνάμει ἀσύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ καὶ ποιοῦσα τὰ μὲν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετράγωνα ἅμα ῥητόν, τὸ δὲ δὶς ὑπʼ αὐτῶν μέσον·
Therefore to a minor straight line only one straight line can be annexed which is incommensurable in square with the whole and which makes the squares on them added together rational, but twice the rectangle contained by them medial. Q. E. D.
ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. τῇ μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιούσῃ μία μόνον προσαρμόζει εὐθεῖα δυνάμει ἀσύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης ποιοῦσα τὸ μὲν συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετραγώνων μέσον, τὸ δὲ δὶς ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ῥητόν.
To a straight line which produces with a rational area a medial whole only one straight line can be annexed which is incommensurable in square with the whole straight line and which with the whole straight line makes the sum of the squares on them medial, but twice the rectangle contained by them rational.
ἔστω ἡ μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα ἡ ΑΒ, καὶ τῇ ΑΒ προσαρμοζέτω ἡ ΒΓ· αἱ ἄρα ΑΓ, ΓΒ δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι ποιοῦσαι τὰ προκείμενα· λέγω, ὅτι τῇ ΑΒ ἑτέρα οὐ προσαρμόσει τὰ αὐτὰ ποιοῦσα.
Let AB be the straight line which produces with a rational area a medial whole, and let BC be an annex to AB; therefore AC, CB are straight lines incommensurable in square which fulfil the given conditions. []
εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, προσαρμοζέτω ἡ ΒΔ· καὶ αἱ ΑΔ, ΔΒ ἄρα εὐθεῖαι δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι ποιοῦσαι τὰ προκείμενα.
I say that no other straight line can be annexed to AB which fulfils the same conditions.
ἐπεὶ οὖν, ᾧ ὑπερέχει τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ, τούτῳ ὑπερέχει καὶ τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τοῦ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ ἀκολούθως τοῖς πρὸ αὐτοῦ, τὸ δὲ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τοῦ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ ὑπερέχει ῥητῷ·
For, if possible, let BD be so annexed; therefore AD, DB are also straight lines incommensurable in square which fulfil the given conditions. []
ῥητὰ γάρ ἐστιν ἀμφότερα·
Since then, as in the preceding cases, the excess of the squares on AD, DB over the squares on AC, CB is also the excess of twice the rectangle AD, DB over twice the rectangle AC, CB, while twice the rectangle AD, DB exceeds twice the rectangle AC, CB by a rational area, for both are rational, therefore the squares on AD, DB also exceed the squares on AC, CB by a rational area: which is impossible, for both are medial. []
καὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ ἄρα τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ ὑπερέχει ῥητῷ· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀδύνατον· μέσα γάρ ἐστιν ἀμφότερα. οὐκ ἄρα τῇ ΑΒ ἑτέρα προσαρμόσει εὐθεῖα δυνάμει ἀσύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης ποιοῦσα τὰ προειρημένα· μία ἄρα μόνον προσαρμόσει· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore no other straight line can be annexed to AB which is incommensurable in square with the whole and which with the whole fulfils the aforesaid conditions; therefore only one straight line can be so annexed. Q. E. D.
τῇ μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιούσῃ μία μόνη προσαρμόζει εὐθεῖα δυνάμει ἀσύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης ποιοῦσα τό τε συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετραγώνων μέσον τό τε δὶς ὑπʼ αὐτῶν μέσον καὶ ἔτι ἀσύμμετρον τῷ συγκειμένῳ ἐκ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν.
To a straight line which produces with a medial area a medial whole only one straight line can be annexed which is incommensurable in square with the whole straight line and which with the whole straight line makes the sum of the squares on them medial and twice the rectangle contained by them both medial and also incommensurable with the sum of the squares on them. Let AB be the straight line which produces with a medial area a medial whole, and BC an annex to it; therefore AC, CB are straight lines incommensurable in square which fulfil the aforesaid conditions. []
ἔστω ἡ μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα ἡ ΑΒ, προσαρμόζουσα δὲ αὐτῇ ἡ ΒΓ· αἱ ἄρα ΑΓ, ΓΒ δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι ποιοῦσαι τὰ προειρημένα. λέγω, ὅτι τῇ ΑΒ ἑτέρα οὐ προσαρμόσει ποιοῦσα τὰ προειρημένα. εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, προσαρμοζέτω ἡ ΒΔ, ὥστε καὶ τὰς ΑΔ, ΔΒ δυνάμει ἀσυμμέτρους εἶναι ποιούσας τά τε ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ τετράγωνα ἅμα μέσον καὶ τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ μέσον καὶ ἔτι τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ ἀσύμμετρα τῷ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ·
I say that no other straight line can be annexed to AB which fulfils the aforesaid conditions.
καὶ ἐκκείσθω ῥητὴ ἡ ΕΖ, καὶ τοῖς μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΕΖ παραβεβλήσθω τὸ ΕΗ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΕΜ, τῷ δὲ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΕΖ παραβεβλήσθω τὸ ΘΗ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΘΜ·
For, if possible, let BD be so annexed, so that AD, DB are also straight lines incommensurable in square which make the squares on AD, DB added together medial, twice the rectangle AD, DB medial, and also the squares on AD, DB incommensurable with twice the rectangle AD, DB. []
λοιπὸν ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ΕΛ· ἡ ἄρα ΑΒ δύναται τὸ ΕΛ. πάλιν τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΕΖ παραβεβλήσθω τὸ ΕΙ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΕΝ. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ ἴσον τῷ ΕΛ·
Let a rational straight line EF be set out, let EG equal to the squares on AC, CB be applied to EF, producing EM as breadth, and let HG equal to twice the rectangle AC, CB be applied to EF, producing HM as breadth; therefore the remainder, the square on AB [], is equal to EL; therefore AB is thesideof EL.
λοιπὸν ἄρα τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΔ, ΔΒ ἴσον [ἐστὶ] τῷ ΘΙ. καὶ ἐπεὶ μέσον ἐστὶ τὸ συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ καί ἐστιν ἴσον τῷ ΕΗ, μέσον ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ ΕΗ. καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΕΖ παράκειται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΕΜ· ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΜ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΕΖ μήκει.
Again, let EI equal to the squares on AD, DB be applied to EF, producing EN as breadth.
πάλιν, ἐπεὶ μέσον ἐστὶ τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ καί ἐστιν ἴσον τῷ ΘΗ, μέσον ἄρα καὶ τὸ ΘΗ.
But the square on AB is also equal to EL; therefore the remainder, twice the rectangle AD, DB [], is equal to HI.
καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΕΖ παράκειται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΘΜ·
Now, since the sum of the squares on AC, CB is medial and is equal to EG, therefore EG is also medial.
ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΘΜ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΕΖ μήκει. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἀσύμμετρά ἐστι τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ τῷ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ, ἀσύμμετρόν ἐστι καὶ τὸ ΕΗ τῷ ΘΗ·
And it is applied to the rational straight line EF, producing EM as breadth; therefore EM is rational and incommensurable in length with EF. []
ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΕΜ τῇ ΜΘ μήκει. καί εἰσιν ἀμφότεραι ῥηταί·
Again, since twice the rectangle AC, CB is medial and is equal to HG, therefore HG is also medial.
αἱ ἄρα ΕΜ, ΜΘ ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι· ἀποτομὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΘ, προσαρμόζουσα δὲ αὐτῇ ἡ ΘΜ.
And it is applied to the rational straight line EF, producing HM as breadth; therefore HM is rational and incommensurable in length with EF. []
ὁμοίως δὴ δείξομεν, ὅτι ἡ ΕΘ πάλιν ἀποτομή ἐστιν, προσαρμόζουσα δὲ αὐτῇ ἡ ΘΝ.
And, since the squares on AC, CB are incommensurable with twice the rectangle AC, CB, EG is also incommensurable with HG; therefore EM is also incommensurable in length with MH. [, ]
τῇ ἄρα ἀποτομῇ ἄλλη καὶ ἄλλη προσαρμόζει ῥητὴ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ· ὅπερ ἐδείχθη ἀδύνατον. οὐκ ἄρα τῇ ΑΒ ἑτέρα προσαρμόσει εὐθεῖα.
And both are rational; therefore EM, MH are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore EH is an apotome, and HM an annex to it. [] Similarly we can prove that EH is again an apotome and HN an annex to it.
τῇ ἄρα ΑΒ μία μόνον προσαρμόζει εὐθεῖα δυνάμει ἀσύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, μετὰ δὲ τῆς ὅλης ποιοῦσα τά τε ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετράγωνα ἅμα μέσον καὶ τὸ δὶς ὑπʼ αὐτῶν μέσον καὶ ἔτι τὰ ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετράγωνα ἀσύμμετρα τῷ δὶς ὑπʼ αὐτῶν·
Therefore to an apotome different rational straight lines are annexed which are commensurable with the wholes in square only: which was proved impossible. [] Therefore no other straight line can be so annexed to AB.
ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. ὑποκειμένης ῥητῆς καὶ ἀποτομῆς, ἐὰν μὲν ἡ ὅλη τῆς προσαρμοζούσης μεῖζον δύνηται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ μήκει, καὶ ἡ ὅλη σύμμετρος ᾖ τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει, καλείσθω ἀποτομὴ πρώτη.
Therefore to AB only one straight line can be annexed which is incommensurable in square with the whole and which with the whole makes the squares on them added together medial, twice the rectangle contained by them medial, and also the squares on them incommensurable with twice the rectangle contained by them. Q. E. D.
ἐὰν δὲ ἡ προσαρμόζουσα σύμμετρος ᾖ τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει, καὶ ἡ ὅλη τῆς προσαρμοζούσης μεῖζον δύνηται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ, καλείσθω ἀποτομὴ δευτέρα. ἐὰν δὲ μηδετέρα σύμμετρος ᾖ τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει, ἡ δὲ ὅλη τῆς προσαρμοζούσης μεῖζον δύνηται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ, καλείσθω ἀποτομὴ τρίτη.
Given a rational straight line and an apotome, if the square on the whole be greater than the square on the annex by the square on a straight line commensurable in length with the whole, and the whole be commensurable in length with the rational straight line set out, let the apotome be called a first apotome.
πάλιν, ἐὰν ἡ ὅλη τῆς προσαρμοζούσης μεῖζον δύνηται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ [μήκει], ἐὰν μὲν ἡ ὅλη σύμμετρος ᾖ τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει, καλείσθω ἀποτομὴ τετάρτη. ἐὰν δὲ ἡ προσαρμόζουσα, πέμπτη.
But if the annex be commensurable in length with the rational straight line set out, and the square on the whole be greater than that on the annex by the square on a straight line commensurable with the whole, let the apotome be called a second apotome.
ἐὰν δὲ μηδετέρα, ἕκτη. εὑρεῖν τὴν πρώτην ἀποτομήν. Ἐκκείσθω ῥητὴ ἡ Α, καὶ τῇ Α μήκει σύμμετρος ἔστω ἡ ΒΗ· ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΒΗ. καὶ ἐκκείσθωσαν δύο τετράγωνοι ἀριθμοὶ οἱ ΔΕ, ΕΖ, ὧν ἡ ὑπεροχὴ ὁ ΖΔ μὴ ἔστω τετράγωνος·