Therefore CD is an apotome and the same in order with AB. Q. E. D.
καὶ γεγονέτω ὡς ἡ ΑΒ πρὸς τὴν ΓΔ, οὕτως ἡ ΒΕ πρὸς τὴν ΔΖ·
A straight line commensurable with an apotome of a medial straight line is an apotome of a medial straight line and the same in order.
σύμμετρος ἄρα [ἐστὶ] καὶ ἡ ΑΕ τῇ ΓΖ, ἡ δὲ ΒΕ τῇ ΔΖ. αἱ δὲ ΑΕ, ΕΒ μέσαι εἰσὶ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι·
Let AB be an apotome of a medial straight line, and let CD be commensurable in length with AB; I say that CD is also an apotome of a medial straight line and the same in order with AB. For, since AB is an apotome of a medial straight line, let EB be the annex to it. Therefore AE, EB are medial straight lines commensurable in square only. []
καὶ αἱ ΓΖ, ΖΔ ἄρα μέσαι εἰσὶ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι· μέσης ἄρα ἀποτομή ἐστιν ἡ ΓΔ. λέγω δή, ὅτι καὶ τῇ τάξει ἐστὶν ἡ αὐτὴ τῇ ΑΒ.
Let it be contrived that, as AB is to CD, so is BE to DF; [] therefore AE is also commensurable with CF, and BE with DF. [, ]
ἐπεὶ [γάρ] ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΑΕ πρὸς τὴν ΕΒ, οὕτως ἡ ΓΖ πρὸς τὴν ΖΔ [ἀλλʼ ὡς μὲν ἡ ΑΕ πρὸς τὴν ΕΒ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΕ πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ, ὡς δὲ ἡ ΓΖ πρὸς τὴν ΖΔ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΖ πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ ], ἔστιν ἄρα καὶ ὡς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΕ πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΖ πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ [καὶ ἐναλλὰξ ὡς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΕ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΖ, οὕτως τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ ].
But AE, EB are medial straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore CF, FD are also medial straight lines [] commensurable in square only; [] therefore CD is an apotome of a medial straight line. []
σύμμετρον δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΕ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΖ·
I say next that it is also the same in order with AB.
σύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ.
Since, as AE is to EB, so is CF to FD, therefore also, as the square on AE is to the rectangle AE, EB, so is the square on CF to the rectangle CF, FD.
εἴτε οὖν ῥητόν ἐστι τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ, ῥητὸν ἔσται καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ, εἴτε μέσον [ἐστὶ] τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ, μέσον [ἐστὶ] καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ.
But the square on AE is commensurable with the square on CF; therefore the rectangle AE, EB is also commensurable with the rectangle CF, FD. [, ]
μέσης ἄρα ἀποτομή ἐστιν ἡ ΓΔ καὶ τῇ τάξει ἡ αὐτὴ τῇ ΑΒ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore, if the rectangle AE, EB is rational, the rectangle CF, FD will also be rational, [] and if the rectangle AE, EB is medial, the rectangle CF, FD is also medial. []
ἡ τῇ ἐλάσσονι σύμμετρος ἐλάσσων ἐστίν. ἔστω γὰρ ἐλάσσων ἡ ΑΒ καὶ τῇ ΑΒ σύμμετρος ἡ ΓΔ· λέγω, ὅτι καὶ ἡ ΓΔ ἐλάσσων ἐστίν. γεγονέτω γὰρ τὰ αὐτά·
Therefore CD is an apotome of a medial straight line and the same in order with AB. [] Q. E. D. A straight line commensurable with a minor straight line is minor.
καὶ ἐπεὶ αἱ ΑΕ, ΕΒ δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι, καὶ αἱ ΓΖ, ΖΔ ἄρα δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι.
Let AB be a minor straight line, and CD commensurable with AB; I say that CD is also minor.
ἐπεὶ οὖν ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΑΕ πρὸς τὴν ΕΒ, οὕτως ἡ ΓΖ πρὸς τὴν ΖΔ, ἔστιν ἄρα καὶ ὡς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΕ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΕΒ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΖ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΔ.
Let the same construction be made as before; then, since AE, EB are incommensurable in square, [] therefore CF, FD are also incommensurable in square. []
συνθέντι ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΕΒ, οὕτως τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΔ [καὶ ἐναλλάξ]·
Now since, as AE is to EB, so is CF to FD, [, ] therefore also, as the square on AE is to the square on EB, so is the square on CF to the square on FD. []
σύμμετρον δέ ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΕ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΔΖ· σύμμετρον ἄρα καὶ τὸ συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ τετραγώνων τῷ συγκειμένῳ ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ τετραγώνων.
Therefore, componendo, as the squares on AE, EB are to the square on EB, so are the squares on CF, FD to the square on FD. []
ῥητὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ τετραγώνων·
But the square on BE is commensurable with the square on DF; therefore the sum of the squares on AE, EB is also commensurable with the sum of the squares on CF, FD. [, ]
ῥητὸν ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ τετραγώνων.
But the sum of the squares on AE, EB is rational; [] therefore the sum of the squares on CF, FD is also rational. []
πάλιν, ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΕ πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΖ πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ, σύμμετρον δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΕ τετράγωνον τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΖ τετραγώνῳ, σύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ.
Again, since, as the square on AE is to the rectangle AE, EB, so is the square on CF to the rectangle CF, FD, while the square on AE is commensurable with the square on CF, therefore the rectangle AE, EB is also commensurable with the rectangle CF, FD.
μέσον δὲ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ· μέσον ἄρα καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ· αἱ ΓΖ, ΖΔ ἄρα δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι ποιοῦσαι τὸ μὲν συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετραγώνων ῥητόν, τὸ δʼ ὑπʼ αὐτῶν μέσον.
But the rectangle AE, EB is medial; [] therefore the rectangle CF, FD is also medial; [] therefore CF, FD are straight lines incommensurable in square which make the sum of the squares on them rational, but the rectangle contained by them medial.
ἐλάσσων ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΓΔ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. ἡ τῇ μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιούσῃ σύμμετρος μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσά ἐστιν.
Therefore CD is minor. [] Q. E. D.
ἔστω μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα ἡ ΑΒ καὶ τῇ ΑΒ σύμμετρος ἡ ΓΔ·
A straight line commensurable with that which produces with a rational area a medial whole is a straight line which produces with a rational area a medial whole.
λέγω, ὅτι καὶ ἡ ΓΔ μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσά ἐστιν. ἔστω γὰρ τῇ ΑΒ προσαρμόζουσα ἡ ΒΕ·
Let AB be a straight line which produces with a rational area a medial whole, and CD commensurable with AB; I say that CD is also a straight line which produces with a rational area a medial whole.
αἱ ΑΕ, ΕΒ ἄρα δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι ποιοῦσαι τὸ μὲν συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ τετραγώνων μέσον, τὸ δʼ ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ῥητόν. καὶ τὰ αὐτὰ κατεσκευάσθω.
For let BE be the annex to AB; therefore AE, EB are straight lines incommensurable in square which make the sum of the squares on AE, EB medial, but the rectangle contained by them rational. [] Let the same construction be made.
ὁμοίως δὴ δείξομεν τοῖς πρότερον, ὅτι αἱ ΓΖ, ΖΔ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ εἰσὶ ταῖς ΑΕ, ΕΒ, καὶ σύμμετρόν ἐστι τὸ συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ τετραγώνων τῷ συγκειμένῳ ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ τετραγώνων, τὸ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ·
Then we can prove, in manner similar to the foregoing, that CF, FD are in the same ratio as AE, EB, the sum of the squares on AE, EB is commensurable with the sum of the squares on CF, FD, and the rectangle AE, EB with the rectangle CF, FD; so that CF, FD are also straight lines incommensurable in square which make the sum of the squares on CF, FD medial, but the rectangle contained by them rational.
ὥστε καὶ αἱ ΓΖ, ΖΔ δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι ποιοῦσαι τὸ μὲν συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ τετραγώνων μέσον, τὸ δʼ ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ῥητόν. ἡ ΓΔ ἄρα μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσά ἐστιν· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. ἡ τῇ μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιούσῃ σύμμετρος καὶ αὐτὴ μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσά ἐστιν.
Therefore CD is a straight line which produces with a rational area a medial whole. [] Q. E. D.
ἔστω μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα ἡ ΑΒ, καὶ τῇ ΑΒ ἔστω σύμμετρος ἡ ΓΔ·
A straight line commensurable with that which produces with a medial area a medial whole is itself also a straight line which produces with a medial area a medial whole.
λέγω, ὅτι καὶ ἡ ΓΔ μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσά ἐστιν. ἔστω γὰρ τῇ ΑΒ προσαρμόζουσα ἡ ΒΕ, καὶ τὰ αὐτὰ κατεσκευάσθω·
Let AB be a straight line which produces with a medial area a medial whole, and let CD be commensurable with AB; I say that CD is also a straight line which produces with a medial area a medial whole.
αἱ ΑΕ, ΕΒ ἄρα δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι ποιοῦσαι τό τε συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετραγώνων μέσον καὶ τὸ ὑπʼ αὐτῶν μέσον καὶ ἔτι ἀσύμμετρον τὸ συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετραγώνων τῷ ὑπʼ αὐτῶν.
For let BE be the annex to AB, and let the same construction be made; therefore AE, EB are straight lines incommensurable in square which make the sum of the squares on them medial, the rectangle contained by them medial, and further the sum of the squares on them incommensurable with the rectangle contained by them. []
καί εἰσιν, ὡς ἐδείχθη, αἱ ΑΕ, ΕΒ σύμμετροι ταῖς ΓΖ, ΖΔ, καὶ τὸ συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ τετραγώνων τῷ συγκειμένῳ ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ, τὸ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΕ, ΕΒ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΖ, ΖΔ·
Now, as was proved, AE, EB are commensurable with CF, FD, the sum of the squares on AE, EB with the sum of the squares on CF, FD, and the rectangle AE, EB with the rectangle CF, FD; therefore CF, FD are also straight lines incommensurable in square which make the sum of the squares on them medial, the rectangle contained by them medial, and further the sum of the squares on them incommensurable with the rectangle contained by them.
καὶ αἱ ΓΖ, ΖΔ ἄρα δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι ποιοῦσαι τό τε συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετραγώνων μέσον καὶ τὸ ὑπʼ αὐτῶν μέσον καὶ ἔτι ἀσύμμετρον τὸ συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν [τετραγώνων] τῷ ὑπʼ αὐτῶν. ἡ ΓΔ ἄρα μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσά ἐστιν· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. ἀπὸ ῥητοῦ μέσου ἀφαιρουμένου ἡ τὸ λοιπὸν χωρίον δυναμένη μία δύο ἀλόγων γίνεται ἤτοι ἀποτομὴ ἢ ἐλάσσων. ἀπὸ γὰρ ῥητοῦ τοῦ ΒΓ μέσον ἀφῃρήσθω τὸ ΒΔ·
Therefore CD is a straight line which produces with a medial area a medial whole. []
λέγω, ὅτι ἡ τὸ λοιπὸν δυναμένη τὸ ΕΓ μία δύο ἀλόγων γίνεται ἤτοι ἀποτομὴ ἢ ἐλάσσων.
If from a rational area a medial area be subtracted, thesideof the remaining area becomes one of two irrational straight lines, either an apotome or a minor straight line.
Ἐκκείσθω γὰρ ῥητὴ ἡ ΖΗ, καὶ τῷ μὲν ΒΓ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΖΗ παραβεβλήσθω ὀρθογώνιον παραλληλόγραμμον τὸ ΗΘ, τῷ δὲ ΔΒ ἴσον ἀφῃρήσθω τὸ ΗΚ· λοιπὸν ἄρα τὸ ΕΓ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ΛΘ.
For from the rational area BC let the medial area BD be subtracted; I say that thesideof the remainder EC becomes one of two irrational straight lines, either an apotome or a minor straight line.
ἐπεὶ οὖν ῥητὸν μέν ἐστι τὸ ΒΓ, μέσον δὲ τὸ ΒΔ, ἴσον δὲ τὸ μὲν ΒΓ τῷ ΗΘ, τὸ δὲ ΒΔ τῷ ΗΚ, ῥητὸν μὲν ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΗΘ, μέσον δὲ τὸ ΗΚ. καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΖΗ παράκειται·
For let a rational straight line FG be set out, to FG let there be applied the rectangular parallelogram GH equal to BC, and let GK equal to DB be subtracted; therefore the remainder EC is equal to LH.
ῥητὴ μὲν ἄρα ἡ ΖΘ καὶ σύμμετρος τῇ ΖΗ μήκει, ῥητὴ δὲ ἡ ΖΚ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΖΗ μήκει· ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΖΘ τῇ ΖΚ μήκει. αἱ ΖΘ, ΖΚ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι·
Since then BC is rational, and BD medial, while BC is equal to GH, and BD to GK, therefore GH is rational, and GK medial.
ἀποτομὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΘ, προσαρμόζουσα δὲ αὐτῇ ἡ ΚΖ. ἤτοι δὴ ἡ ΘΖ τῆς ΖΚ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἢ οὔ.
And they are applied to the rational straight line FG; therefore FH is rational and commensurable in length with FG, [] while FK is rational and incommensurable in length with FG; [] therefore FH is incommensurable in length with FK. []
δυνάσθω πρότερον τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου. καί ἐστιν ὅλη ἡ ΘΖ σύμμετρος τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει τῇ ΖΗ· ἀποτομὴ ἄρα πρώτη ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΘ. τὸ δʼ ὑπὸ ῥητῆς καὶ ἀποτομῆς πρώτης περιεχόμενον ἡ δυναμένη ἀποτομή ἐστιν.
Therefore FH, FK are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore KH is an apotome [], and KF the annex to it.
ἡ ἄρα τὸ ΛΘ, τουτέστι τὸ ΕΓ, δυναμένη ἀποτομή ἐστιν.
Now the square on HF is greater than the square on FK by the square on a straight line either commensurable with HF or not commensurable.
εἰ δὲ ἡ ΘΖ τῆς ΖΚ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ, καί ἐστιν ὅλη ἡ ΖΘ σύμμετρος τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει τῇ ΖΗ, ἀποτομὴ τετάρτη ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΘ.
First, let the square on it be greater by the square on a straight line commensurable with it.
τὸ δʼ ὑπὸ ῥητῆς καὶ ἀποτομῆς τετάρτης περιεχόμενον ἡ δυναμένη ἐλάσσων ἐστίν·
Now the whole HF is commensurable in length with the rational straight line FG set out; therefore KH is a first apotome. []
ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. ἀπὸ μέσου ῥητοῦ ἀφαιρουμένου ἄλλαι δύο ἄλογοι γίνονται ἤτοι μέσης ἀποτομὴ πρώτη ἢ μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα.
But thesideof the rectangle contained by a rational straight line and a first apotome is an apotome. [] Therefore thesideof LH, that is, of EC, is an apotome.
ἀπὸ γὰρ μέσου τοῦ ΒΓ ῥητὸν ἀφῃρήσθω τὸ ΒΔ.
But, if the square on HF is greater than the square on FK by the square on a straight line incommensurable with HF, while the whole FH is commensurable in length with the rational straight line FG set out, KH is a fourth apotome. []
λέγω, ὅτι ἡ τὸ λοιπὸν τὸ ΕΓ δυναμένη μία δύο ἀλόγων γίνεται ἤτοι μέσης ἀποτομὴ πρώτη ἢ μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα. Ἐκκείσθω γὰρ ῥητὴ ἡ ΖΗ, καὶ παραβεβλήσθω ὁμοίως τὰ χωρία. ἔστι δὴ ἀκολούθως ῥητὴ μὲν ἡ ΖΘ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΖΗ μήκει, ῥητὴ δὲ ἡ ΚΖ καὶ σύμμετρος τῇ ΖΗ μήκει·
But thesideof the rectangle contained by a rational straight line and a fourth apotome is minor. [] Q. E. D.
αἱ ΖΘ, ΖΚ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι·
If from a medial area a rational area be subtracted, there arise two other irrational straight lines, either a first apotome of a medial straight line or a straight line which produces with a rational area a medial whole.
ἀποτομὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΘ, προσαρμόζουσα δὲ ταύτῃ ἡ ΖΚ. ἤτοι δὴ ἡ ΘΖ τῆς ΖΚ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ ἢ τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου.
For from the medial area BC let the rational area BD be subtracted.
εἰ μὲν οὖν ἡ ΘΖ τῆς ΖΚ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ, καί ἐστιν ἡ προσαρμόζουσα ἡ ΖΚ σύμμετρος τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει τῇ ΖΗ, ἀποτομὴ δευτέρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΘ.
I say that thesideof the remainder EC becomes one of two irrational straight lines, either a first apotome of a medial straight line or a straight line which produces with a rational area a medial whole.
ῥητὴ δὲ ἡ ΖΗ· ὥστε ἡ τὸ ΛΘ, τουτέστι τὸ ΕΓ, δυναμένη μέσης ἀποτομὴ πρώτη ἐστίν.
For let a rational straight line FG be set out, and let the areas be similarly applied.
εἰ δὲ ἡ ΘΖ τῆς ΖΚ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου, καί ἐστιν ἡ προσαρμόζουσα ἡ ΖΚ σύμμετρος τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει τῇ ΖΗ, ἀποτομὴ πέμπτη ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΘ·
It follows then that FH is rational and incommensurable in length with FG, while KF is rational and commensurable in length with FG; therefore FH, FK are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; [] therefore KH is an apotome, and FK the annex to it. []
ὥστε ἡ τὸ ΕΓ δυναμένη μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσά ἐστιν· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. ἀπὸ μέσου μέσου ἀφαιρουμένου ἀσυμμέτρου τῷ ὅλῳ αἱ λοιπαὶ δύο ἄλογοι γίνονται ἤτοι μέσης ἀποτομὴ δευτέρα ἢ μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα.
Now the square on HF is greater than the square on FK either by the square on a straight line commensurable with HF or by the square on a straight line incommensurable with it.
ἀφῃρήσθω γὰρ ὡς ἐπὶ τῶν προκειμένων καταγραφῶν ἀπὸ μέσου τοῦ ΒΓ μέσον τὸ ΒΔ ἀσύμμετρον τῷ ὅλῳ·
If then the square on HF is greater than the square on FK by the square on a straight line commensurable with HF, while the annex FK is commensurable in length with the rational straight line FG set out, KH is a second apotome. [] But FG is rational; so that thesideof LH, that is, of EC, is a first apotome of a medial straight line. []
λέγω, ὅτι ἡ τὸ ΕΓ δυναμένη μία ἐστὶ δύο ἀλόγων ἤτοι μέσης ἀποτομὴ δευτέρα ἢ μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα. ἐπεὶ γὰρ μέσον ἐστὶν ἑκάτερον τῶν ΒΓ, ΒΔ, καὶ ἀσύμμετρον τὸ ΒΓ τῷ ΒΔ, ἔσται ἀκολούθως ῥητὴ ἑκατέρα τῶν ΖΘ, ΖΚ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΖΗ μήκει.
But, if the square on HF is greater than the square on FK by the square on a straight line incommensurable with HF, while the annex FK is commensurable in length with the rational straight line FG set out, KH is a fifth apotome; [] so that thesideof EC is a straight line which produces with a rational area a medial whole. []
καὶ ἐπεὶ ἀσύμμετρόν ἐστι τὸ ΒΓ τῷ ΒΔ, τουτέστι τὸ ΗΘ τῷ ΗΚ, ἀσύμμετρος καὶ ἡ ΘΖ τῇ ΖΚ· αἱ ΖΘ, ΖΚ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι· ἀποτομὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΘ [προσαρμόζουσα δὲ ἡ ΖΚ. ἤτοι δὴ ἡ ΖΘ τῆς ΖΚ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἢ τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ].
If from a medial area there be subtracted a medial area incommensurable with the whole, the two remaining irrational straight lines arise, either a second apotome of a medial straight line or a straight line which produces with a medial area a medial whole.
εἰ μὲν δὴ ἡ ΖΘ τῆς ΖΚ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ, καὶ οὐθετέρα τῶν ΖΘ, ΖΚ σύμμετρός ἐστι τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει τῇ ΖΗ, ἀποτομὴ τρίτη ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΘ. ῥητὴ δὲ ἡ ΚΛ, τὸ δʼ ὑπὸ ῥητῆς καὶ ἀποτομῆς τρίτης περιεχόμενον ὀρθογώνιον ἄλογόν ἐστιν, καὶ ἡ δυναμένη αὐτὸ ἄλογός ἐστιν, καλεῖται δὲ μέσης ἀποτομὴ δευτέρα·
For, as in the foregoing figures, let there be subtracted from the medial area BC the medial area BD incommensurable with the whole; I say that thesideof EC is one of two irrational straight lines, either a second apotome of a medial straight line or a straight line which produces with a medial area a medial whole.
ὥστε ἡ τὸ ΛΘ, τουτέστι τὸ ΕΓ, δυναμένη μέσης ἀποτομή ἐστι δευτέρα. εἰ δὲ ἡ ΖΘ τῆς ΖΚ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ [μήκει], καὶ οὐθετέρα τῶν ΘΖ, ΖΚ σύμμετρός ἐστι τῇ ΖΗ μήκει, ἀποτομὴ ἕκτη ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΘ.
For, since each of the rectangles BC, BD is medial, and BC is incommensurable with BD, it follows that each of the straight lines FH, FK will be rational and incommensurable in length with FG. []
τὸ δʼ ὑπὸ ῥητῆς καὶ ἀποτομῆς ἕκτης ἡ δυναμένη ἐστὶ μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα. ἡ τὸ ΛΘ ἄρα, τουτέστι τὸ ΕΓ, δυναμένη μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσά ἐστιν·
And, since BC is incommensurable with BD, that is, GH with GK, HF is also incommensurable with FK; [, ] therefore FH, FK are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore KH is an apotome. []
ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. ἡ ἀποτομὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἡ αὐτὴ τῇ ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων. ἔστω ἀποτομὴ ἡ ΑΒ· λέγω, ὅτι ἡ ΑΒ οὐκ ἔστιν ἡ αὐτὴ τῇ ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων. εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, ἔστω·
If then the square on FH is greater than the square on FK by the square on a straight line commensurable with FH, while neither of the straight lines FH, FK is commensurable in length with the rational straight line FG set out, KH is a third apotome. []
καὶ ἐκκείσθω ῥητὴ ἡ ΔΓ, καὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΓΔ παραβεβλήσθω ὀρθογώνιον τὸ ΓΕ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΔΕ. ἐπεὶ οὖν ἀποτομή ἐστιν ἡ ΑΒ, ἀποτομὴ πρώτη ἐστὶν ἡ ΔΕ. ἔστω αὐτῇ προσαρμόζουσα ἡ ΕΖ·
But KL is rational, and the rectangle contained by a rational straight line and a third apotome is irrational, and thesideof it is irrational, and is called a second apotome of a medial straight line; [] so that thesideof LH, that is, of EC, is a second apotome of a medial straight line.
αἱ ΔΖ, ΖΕ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι, καὶ ἡ ΔΖ τῆς ΖΕ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ, καὶ ἡ ΔΖ σύμμετρός ἐστι τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει τῇ ΔΓ. πάλιν, ἐπεὶ ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἐστὶν ἡ ΑΒ, ἐκ δύο ἄρα ὀνομάτων πρώτη ἐστὶν ἡ ΔΕ.
But, if the square on FH is greater than the square on FK by the square on a straight line incommensurable with FH, while neither of the straight lines HF, FK is commensurable in length with FG, KH is a sixth apotome. []
διῃρήσθω εἰς τὰ ὀνόματα κατὰ τὸ Η, καὶ ἔστω μεῖζον ὄνομα τὸ ΔΗ· αἱ ΔΗ, ΗΕ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι, καὶ ἡ ΔΗ τῆς ΗΕ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ, καὶ τὸ μεῖζον ἡ ΔΗ σύμμετρός ἐστι τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει τῇ ΔΓ.
But thesideof the rectangle contained by a rational straight line and a sixth apotome is a straight line which produces with a medial area a medial whole. []
καὶ ἡ ΔΖ ἄρα τῇ ΔΗ σύμμετρός ἐστι μήκει· καὶ λοιπὴ ἄρα ἡ ΗΖ σύμμετρός ἐστι τῇ ΔΖ μήκει.
Therefore thesideof LH, that is, of EC, is a straight line which produces with a medial area a medial whole. Q. E. D.
[ἐπεὶ οὖν σύμμετρός ἐστιν ἡ ΔΖ τῇ ΗΖ, ῥητὴ δέ ἐστιν ἡ ΔΖ, ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΗΖ.
The apotome is not the same with the binomial straight line.
ἐπεὶ οὖν σύμμετρός ἐστιν ἡ ΔΖ τῇ ΗΖ μήκει] ἀσύμμετρος δὲ ἡ ΔΖ τῇ ΕΖ μήκει·
Let AB be an apotome; I say that AB is not the same with the binomial straight line.
ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΖΗ τῇ ΕΖ μήκει. αἱ ΗΖ, ΖΕ ἄρα ῥηταί [εἰσι] δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι·
For, if possible, let it be so; let a rational straight line DC be set out, and to CD let there be applied the rectangle CE equal to the square on AB and producing DE as breadth.
ἀποτομὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΗ. ἀλλὰ καὶ ῥητή· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀδύνατον. ἡ ἄρα ἀποτομὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἡ αὐτὴ τῇ ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Then, since AB is an apotome, DE is a first apotome. [] Let EF be the annex to it; therefore DF, FE are rational straight lines commensurable in square only, the square on DF is greater than the square on FE by the square on a straight line commensurable with DF, and DF is commensurable in length with the rational straight line DC set out. [] Again, since AB is binomial, therefore DE is a first binomial straight line. []
[Πόρισμα] ἡ ἀποτομὴ καὶ αἱ μετʼ αὐτὴν ἄλογοι οὔτε τῇ μέσῃ οὔτε ἀλλήλαις εἰσὶν αἱ αὐταί.
Let it be divided into its terms at G, and let DG be the greater term; therefore DG, GE are rational straight lines commensurable in square only, the square on DG is greater than the square on GE by the square on a straight line commensurable with DG, and the greater term DG is commensurable in length with the rational straight line DC set out. [] Therefore DF is also commensurable in length with DG; [] therefore the remainder GF is also commensurable in length with DF. [] But DF is incommensurable in length with EF; therefore FG is also incommensurable in length with EF. []
τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀπὸ μέσης παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ ῥητὴν καὶ ἀσύμμετρον τῇ, παρʼ ἣν παράκειται, μήκει, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ ἀποτομῆς παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ ἀποτομὴν πρώτην, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ μέσης ἀποτομῆς πρώτης παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ ἀποτομὴν δευτέραν, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ μέσης ἀποτομῆς δευτέρας παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ ἀποτομὴν τρίτην, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ ἐλάσσονος παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ ἀποτομὴν τετάρτην, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιούσης παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ ἀποτομὴν πέμπτην, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιούσης παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ ἀποτομὴν ἕκτην.
Therefore GF, FE are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore EG is an apotome. [] But it is also rational: which is impossible. Therefore the apotome is not the same with the binomial straight line. Q. E. D.
ἐπεὶ οὖν τὰ εἰρημένα πλάτη διαφέρει τοῦ τε πρώτου καὶ ἀλλήλων, τοῦ μὲν πρώτου, ὅτι ῥητή ἐστιν, ἀλλήλων δέ, ἐπεὶ τῇ τάξει οὐκ εἰσὶν αἱ αὐταί, δῆλον, ὡς καὶ αὐταὶ αἱ ἄλογοι διαφέρουσιν ἀλλήλων.
The square on a rational straight line applied to the binomial straight line produces as breadth an apotome the terms of which are commensurable with the terms of the binomial and moreover in the same ratio; and further the apotome so arising will have the same order as the binomial straight line. Let A be a rational straight line, let BC be a binomial, and let DC be its greater term; let the rectangle BC, EF be equal to the square on A; I say that EF is an apotome the terms of which are commensurable with CD, DB, and in the same ratio, and further EF will have the same order as BC. For again let the rectangle BD, G be equal to the square on A. Since then the rectangle BC, EF is equal to the rectangle BD, G, therefore, as CB is to BD, so is G to EF. []
καὶ ἐπεὶ δέδεικται ἡ ἀποτομὴ οὐκ οὖσα ἡ αὐτὴ τῇ ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων, ποιοῦσι δὲ πλάτη παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμεναι αἱ μετὰ τὴν ἀποτομὴν ἀποτομὰς ἀκολούθως ἑκάστη τῇ τάξει τῇ καθʼ αὑτήν, αἱ δὲ μετὰ τὴν ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων τὰς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων καὶ αὐταὶ τῇ τάξει ἀκολούθως, ἕτεραι ἄρα εἰσὶν αἱ μετὰ τὴν ἀποτομὴν καὶ ἕτεραι αἱ μετὰ τὴν ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων, ὡς εἶναι τῇ τάξει πάσας ἀλόγους ⟨ιγ⟩, μέσην, ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων, ἐκ δύο μέσων πρώτην, ἐκ δύο μέσων δευτέραν, μείζονα, ῥητὸν καὶ μέσον δυναμένην, δύο μέσα δυναμένην, ἀποτομήν, μέσης ἀποτομὴν πρώτην, μέσης ἀποτομὴν δευτέραν, ἐλάσσονα, μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσαν, μετὰ μέσου μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσαν.
But CB is greater than BD; therefore G is also greater than EF. [, ] Let EH be equal to G; therefore, as CB is to BD, so is HE to EF; therefore, separando, as CD is to BD, so is HF to FE. []
τὸ ἀπὸ ῥητῆς παρὰ τὴν ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ ἀποτομήν, ἧς τὰ ὀνόματα σύμμετρά ἐστι τοῖς τῆς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ὀνόμασι καὶ ἔτι ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ, καὶ ἔτι ἡ γινομένη ἀποτομὴ τὴν αὐτὴν ἕξει τάξιν τῇ ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων.
Let it be contrived that, as HF is to FE, so is FK to KE; therefore also the whole HK is to the whole KF as FK is to KE; for, as one of the antecedents is to one of the consequents, so are all the antecedents to all the consequents. [] But, as FK is to KE, so is CD to DB; [] therefore also, as HK is to KF, so is CD to DB. [id.]
ἔστω ῥητὴ μὲν ἡ Α, ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων δὲ ἡ ΒΓ, ἧς μεῖζον ὄνομα ἔστω ἡ ΔΓ, καὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Α ἴσον ἔστω τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΓ, ΕΖ· λέγω, ὅτι ἡ ΕΖ ἀποτομή ἐστιν, ἧς τὰ ὀνόματα σύμμετρά ἐστι τοῖς ΓΔ, ΔΒ, καὶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ, καὶ ἔτι ἡ ΕΖ τὴν αὐτὴν ἕξει τάξιν τῇ ΒΓ.
But the square on CD is commensurable with the square on DB; [] therefore the square on HK is also commensurable with the square on KF. [, ]
ἔστω γὰρ πάλιν τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Α ἴσον τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΔ, Η. ἐπεὶ οὖν τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΓ, ΕΖ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΔ, Η, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΓΒ πρὸς τὴν ΒΔ, οὕτως ἡ Η πρὸς τὴν ΕΖ.
And, as the square on HK is to the square on KF, so is HK to KE, since the three straight lines HK, KF, KE are proportional. []
μείζων δὲ ἡ ΓΒ τῆς ΒΔ· μείζων ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ Η τῆς ΕΖ. ἔστω τῇ Η ἴση ἡ ΕΘ·
Therefore HK is commensurable in length with KE, so that HE is also commensurable in length with EK. []
ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΓΒ πρὸς τὴν ΒΔ, οὕτως ἡ ΘΕ πρὸς τὴν ΕΖ· διελόντι ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΓΔ πρὸς τὴν ΒΔ, οὕτως ἡ ΘΖ πρὸς τὴν ΖΕ.
Now, since the square on A is equal to the rectangle EH, BD, while the square on A is rational, therefore the rectangle EH, BD is also rational.
γεγονέτω ὡς ἡ ΘΖ πρὸς τὴν ΖΕ, οὕτως ἡ ΖΚ πρὸς τὴν ΚΕ· καὶ ὅλη ἄρα ἡ ΘΚ πρὸς ὅλην τὴν ΚΖ ἐστιν, ὡς ἡ ΖΚ πρὸς ΚΕ·
And it is applied to the rational straight line BD; therefore EH is rational and commensurable in length with BD; [] so that EK, being commensurable with it, is also rational and commensurable in length with BD.
ὡς γὰρ ἓν τῶν ἡγουμένων πρὸς ἓν τῶν ἑπομένων, οὕτως ἅπαντα τὰ ἡγούμενα πρὸς ἅπαντα τὰ ἑπόμενα. ὡς δὲ ἡ ΖΚ πρὸς ΚΕ, οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ ΓΔ πρὸς τὴν ΔΒ·
Since, then, as CD is to DB, so is FK to KE, while CD, DB are straight lines commensurable in square only, therefore FK, KE are also commensurable in square only. [] But KE is rational; therefore FK is also rational.
καὶ ὡς ἄρα ἡ ΘΚ πρὸς ΚΖ, οὕτως ἡ ΓΔ πρὸς τὴν ΔΒ. σύμμετρον δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΔ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΔΒ· σύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΘΚ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΚΖ.
Therefore FK, KE are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore EF is an apotome. []
καί ἐστιν ὡς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΘΚ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΚΖ, οὕτως ἡ ΘΚ πρὸς τὴν ΚΕ, ἐπεὶ αἱ τρεῖς αἱ ΘΚ, ΚΖ, ΚΕ ἀνάλογόν εἰσιν.
Now the square on CD is greater than the square on DB either by the square on a straight line commensurable with CD or by the square on a straight line incommensurable with it.
σύμμετρος ἄρα ἡ ΘΚ τῇ ΚΕ μήκει· ὥστε καὶ ἡ ΘΕ τῇ ΕΚ σύμμετρός ἐστι μήκει. καὶ ἐπεὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Α ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΕΘ, ΒΔ, ῥητὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Α, ῥητὸν ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΕΘ, ΒΔ.
If then the square on CD is greater than the square on DB by the square on a straight line commensurable with CD, the square on FK is also greater than the square on KE by the square on a straight line commensurable with FK. []
καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΒΔ παράκειται· ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΘ καὶ σύμμετρος τῇ ΒΔ μήκει· ὥστε καὶ ἡ σύμμετρος αὐτῇ ἡ ΕΚ ῥητή ἐστι καὶ σύμμετρος τῇ ΒΔ μήκει.
And, if CD is commensurable in length with the rational straight line set out, so also is FK; [] if BD is so commensurable, so also is KE; [] but, if neither of the straight lines CD, DB is so commensurable, neither of the straight lines FK, KE is so.
ἐπεὶ οὖν ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΓΔ πρὸς ΔΒ, οὕτως ἡ ΖΚ πρὸς ΚΕ, αἱ δὲ ΓΔ, ΔΒ δυνάμει μόνον εἰσὶ σύμμετροι, καὶ αἱ ΖΚ, ΚΕ δυνάμει μόνον εἰσὶ σύμμετροι. ῥητὴ δέ ἐστιν ἡ ΚΕ· ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΖΚ. αἱ ΖΚ, ΚΕ ἄρα ῥηταὶ δυνάμει μόνον εἰσὶ σύμμετροι·
But, if the square on CD is greater than the square on DB by the square on a straight line incommensurable with CD, the square on FK is also greater than the square on KE by the square on a straight line incommensurable with FK. []
ἀποτομὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΖ. ἤτοι δὲ ἡ ΓΔ τῆς ΔΒ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ ἢ τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου. εἰ μὲν οὖν ἡ ΓΔ τῆς ΔΒ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου [ἑαυτῇ], καὶ ἡ ΖΚ τῆς ΚΕ μεῖζον δυνήσεται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ.
And, if CD is commensurable with the rational straight line set out, so also is FK; if BD is so commensurable, so also is KE; but, if neither of the straight lines CD, DB is so commensurable, neither of the straight lines FK, KE is so; so that FE is an apotome, the terms of which FK, KE are commensurable with the terms CD, DB of the binomial straight line and in the same ratio, and it has the same order as BC. Q. E. D.
καὶ εἰ μὲν σύμμετρός ἐστιν ἡ ΓΔ τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει, καὶ ἡ ΖΚ· εἰ δὲ ἡ ΒΔ, καὶ ἡ ΚΕ· εἰ δὲ οὐδετέρα τῶν ΓΔ, ΔΒ, καὶ οὐδετέρα τῶν ΖΚ, ΚΕ. εἰ δὲ ἡ ΓΔ τῆς ΔΒ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ, καὶ ἡ ΖΚ τῆς ΚΕ μεῖζον δυνήσεται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ. καὶ εἰ μὲν ἡ ΓΔ σύμμετρός ἐστι τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει, καὶ ἡ ΖΚ·
The square on a rational straight line, if applied to an apotome, produces as, breadth the binomial straight line the terms of which are commensurable with the terms of the apotome and in the same ratio; and further the binomial so arising has the same order as the apotome.
εἰ δὲ ἡ ΒΔ, καὶ ἡ ΚΕ· εἰ δὲ οὐδετέρα τῶν ΓΔ, ΔΒ, καὶ οὐδετέρα τῶν ΖΚ, ΚΕ· ὥστε ἀποτομή ἐστιν ἡ ΖΕ, ἧς τὰ ὀνόματα τὰ ΖΚ, ΚΕ σύμμετρά ἐστι τοῖς τῆς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ὀνόμασι τοῖς ΓΔ, ΔΒ καὶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ, καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν τάξιν ἔχει τῇ ΒΓ·
Let A be a rational straight line and BD an apotome, and let the rectangle BD, KH be equal to the square on A, so that the square on the rational straight line A when applied to the apotome BD produces KH as breadth; I say that KH is a binomial straight line the terms of which are commensurable with the terms of BD and in the same ratio; and further KH has the same order as BD.
ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. τὸ ἀπὸ ῥητῆς παρὰ ἀποτομὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ τὴν ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων, ἧς τὰ ὀνόματα σύμμετρά ἐστι τοῖς τῆς ἀποτομῆς ὀνόμασι καὶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ, ἔτι δὲ ἡ γινομένη ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων τὴν αὐτὴν τάξιν ἔχει τῇ ἀποτομῇ.
For let DC be the annex to BD; therefore BC, CD are rational straight lines commensurable in square only. [] Let the rectangle BC, G be also equal to the square on A.
ἔστω ῥητὴ μὲν ἡ Α, ἀποτομὴ δὲ ἡ ΒΔ, καὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Α ἴσον ἔστω τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΔ, ΚΘ, ὥστε τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Α ῥητῆς παρὰ τὴν ΒΔ ἀποτομὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ τὴν ΚΘ·
But the square on A is rational; therefore the rectangle BC, G is also rational.
λέγω, ὅτι ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΘ, ἧς τὰ ὀνόματα σύμμετρά ἐστι τοῖς τῆς ΒΔ ὀνόμασι καὶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ, καὶ ἔτι ἡ ΚΘ τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχει τάξιν τῇ ΒΔ.
And it has been applied to the rational straight line BC; therefore G is rational and commensurable in length with BC. []
ἔστω γὰρ τῇ ΒΔ προσαρμόζουσα ἡ ΔΓ·
Since now the rectangle BC, G is equal to the rectangle BD, KH, therefore, proportionally, as CB is to BD, so is KH to G. []
αἱ ΒΓ, ΓΔ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι. καὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Α ἴσον ἔστω καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΓ, Η.
But BC is greater than BD; therefore KH is also greater than G. [, ]
ῥητὸν δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Α· ῥητὸν ἄρα καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΓ, Η.
Let KE be made equal to G; therefore KE is commensurable in length with BC.
καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΒΓ παραβέβληται· ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ Η καὶ σύμμετρος τῇ ΒΓ μήκει.
And since, as CB is to BD, so is HK to KE, therefore, convertendo, as BC is to CD, so is KH to HE. []
ἐπεὶ οὖν τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΓ, Η ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΔ, ΚΘ, ἀνάλογον ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΓΒ πρὸς ΒΔ, οὕτως ἡ ΚΘ πρὸς Η.
Let it be contrived that, as KH is to HE, so is HF to FE; therefore also the remainder KF is to FH as KH is to HE, that is, as BC is to CD. []
μείζων δὲ ἡ ΒΓ τῆς ΒΔ· μείζων ἄρα καὶ ἡ ΚΘ τῆς Η. κείσθω τῇ Η ἴση ἡ ΚΕ·
But BC, CD are commensurable in square only; therefore KF, FH are also commensurable in square only. []
σύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΕ τῇ ΒΓ μήκει.
And since, as KH is to HE, so is KF to FH, while, as KH is to HE, so is HF to FE, therefore also, as KF is to FH, so is HF to FE, [] so that also, as the first is to the third, so is the square on the first to the square on the second; [] therefore also, as KF is to FE, so is the square on KF to the square on FH.
καὶ ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΓΒ πρὸς ΒΔ, οὕτως ἡ ΘΚ πρὸς ΚΕ, ἀναστρέψαντι ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΒΓ πρὸς τὴν ΓΔ, οὕτως ἡ ΚΘ πρὸς ΘΕ. γεγονέτω ὡς ἡ ΚΘ πρὸς ΘΕ, οὕτως ἡ ΘΖ πρὸς ΖΕ· καὶ λοιπὴ ἄρα ἡ ΚΖ πρὸς ΖΘ ἐστιν, ὡς ἡ ΚΘ πρὸς ΘΕ, τουτέστιν [ὡς] ἡ ΒΓ πρὸς ΓΔ. αἱ δὲ ΒΓ, ΓΔ δυνάμει μόνον [εἰσὶ] σύμμετροι· καὶ αἱ ΚΖ, ΖΘ ἄρα δυνάμει μόνον εἰσὶ σύμμετροι.
But the square on KF is commensurable with the square on FH, for KF, FH are commensurable in square; therefore KF is also commensurable in length with FE, [] so that KF is also commensurable in length with KE. []
καὶ ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΚΘ πρὸς ΘΕ, ἡ ΚΖ πρὸς ΖΘ, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἡ ΚΘ πρὸς ΘΕ, ἡ ΘΖ πρὸς ΖΕ, καὶ ὡς ἄρα ἡ ΚΖ πρὸς ΖΘ, ἡ ΘΖ πρὸς ΖΕ·
But KE is rational and commensurable in length with BC; therefore KF is also rational and commensurable in length with BC. []
ὥστε καὶ ὡς ἡ πρώτη πρὸς τὴν τρίτην, τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς δευτέρας· καὶ ὡς ἄρα ἡ ΚΖ πρὸς ΖΕ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΚΖ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΘ.
And, since, as BC is to CD, so is KF to FH, alternately, as BC is to KF, so is DC to FH. []
σύμμετρον δέ ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΚΖ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΘ·
But BC is commensurable with KF; therefore FH is also commensurable in length with CD. []
αἱ γὰρ ΚΖ, ΖΘ δυνάμει εἰσὶ σύμμετροι· σύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΚΖ τῇ ΖΕ μήκει·
But BC, CD are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore KF, FH are also rational straight lines [] commensurable in square only; therefore KH is binomial. []
ὥστε ἡ ΚΖ καὶ τῇ ΚΕ σύμμετρός [ἐστι] μήκει. ῥητὴ δέ ἐστιν ἡ ΚΕ καὶ σύμμετρος τῇ ΒΓ μήκει· ῥητὴ ἄρα καὶ ἡ ΚΖ καὶ σύμμετρος τῇ ΒΓ μήκει.
If now the square on BC is greater than the square on CD by the square on a straight line commensurable with BC, the square on KF will also be greater than the square on FH by the square on a straight line commensurable with KF. []
καὶ ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΒΓ πρὸς ΓΔ, οὕτως ἡ ΚΖ πρὸς ΖΘ, ἐναλλὰξ ὡς ἡ ΒΓ πρὸς ΚΖ, οὕτως ἡ ΔΓ πρὸς ΖΘ. σύμμετρος δὲ ἡ ΒΓ τῇ ΚΖ· σύμμετρος ἄρα καὶ ἡ ΖΘ τῇ ΓΔ μήκει. αἱ ΒΓ, ΓΔ δὲ ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι·
And, if BC is commensurable in length with the rational straight line set out, so also is KF; if CD is commensurable in length with the rational straight line set out, so also is FH, but, if neither of the straight lines BC, CD, then neither of the straight lines KF, FH.
καὶ αἱ ΚΖ, ΖΘ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι· ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ἐστὶν ἄρα ἡ ΚΘ. εἰ μὲν οὖν ἡ ΒΓ τῆς ΓΔ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ, καὶ ἡ ΚΖ τῆς ΖΘ μεῖζον δυνήσεται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ.
But, if the square on BC is greater than the square on CD by the square on a straight line incommensurable with BC, the square on KF is also greater than the square on FH by the square on a straight line incommensurable with KF. []
καὶ εἰ μὲν σύμμετρός ἐστιν ἡ ΒΓ τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει, καὶ ἡ ΚΖ, εἰ δὲ ἡ ΓΔ σύμμετρός ἐστι τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει, καὶ ἡ ΖΘ, εἰ δὲ οὐδετέρα τῶν ΒΓ, ΓΔ, οὐδετέρα τῶν ΚΖ, ΖΘ.
And, if BC is commensurable with the rational straight line set out, so also is KF; if CD is so commensurable, in length with the rational straight line set out, so also is FH; but, if neither of the straight lines BC, CD, then neither of the straight lines KF, FH.
εἰ δὲ ἡ ΒΓ τῆς ΓΔ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ, καὶ ἡ ΚΖ τῆς ΖΘ μεῖζον δυνήσεται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ. καὶ εἰ μὲν σύμμετρός ἐστιν ἡ ΒΓ τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει, καὶ ἡ ΚΖ, εἰ δὲ ἡ ΓΔ, καὶ ἡ ΖΘ, εἰ δὲ οὐδετέρα τῶν ΒΓ, ΓΔ, οὐδετέρα τῶν ΚΖ, ΖΘ.
Therefore KH is a binomial straight line, the terms of which KF, FH are commensurable with the terms BC, CD of the apotome and in the same ratio, and further KH has the same order as BD. Q. E. D.
ἐκ δύο ἄρα ὀνομάτων ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΘ, ἧς τὰ ὀνόματα τὰ ΚΖ, ΖΘ σύμμετρά [ἐστι] τοῖς τῆς ἀποτομῆς ὀνόμασι τοῖς ΒΓ, ΓΔ καὶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ, καὶ ἔτι ἡ ΚΘ τῇ ΒΓ τὴν αὐτὴν ἕξει τάξιν·
If an area be contained by an apotome and the binomial straight line the terms of which are commensurable with the terms of the apotome and in the same ratio, thesideof the area is rational.
ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. ἐὰν χωρίον περιέχηται ὑπὸ ἀποτομῆς καὶ τῆς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων, ἧς τὰ ὀνόματα σύμμετρά τέ ἐστι τοῖς τῆς ἀποτομῆς ὀνόμασι καὶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ, ἡ τὸ χωρίον δυναμένη ῥητή ἐστιν.
For let an area, the rectangle AB, CD, be contained by the apotome AB and the binomial straight line CD, and let CE be the greater term of the latter; let the terms CE, ED of the binomial straight line be commensurable with the terms AF, FB of the apotome and in the same ratio; and let thesideof the rectangle AB, CD be G; I say that G is rational.
περιεχέσθω γὰρ χωρίον τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΓΔ ὑπὸ ἀποτομῆς τῆς ΑΒ καὶ τῆς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων τῆς ΓΔ, ἧς μεῖζον ὄνομα ἔστω τὸ ΓΕ, καὶ ἔστω τὰ ὀνόματα τῆς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων τὰ ΓΕ, ΕΔ σύμμετρά τε τοῖς τῆς ἀποτομῆς ὀνόμασι τοῖς ΑΖ, ΖΒ καὶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ, καὶ ἔστω ἡ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, ΓΔ δυναμένη ἡ Η·
For let a rational straight line H be set out, and to CD let there be applied a rectangle equal to the square on H and producing KL as breadth. Therefore KL is an apotome.
λέγω, ὅτι ῥητή ἐστιν ἡ Η. Ἐκκείσθω γὰρ ῥητὴ ἡ Θ, καὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Θ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΓΔ παραβεβλήσθω πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΚΛ·
Let its terms be KM, ML commensurable with the terms CE, ED of the binomial straight line and in the same ratio. []
ἀποτομὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΛ, ἧς τὰ ὀνόματα ἔστω τὰ ΚΜ, ΜΛ σύμμετρα τοῖς τῆς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων ὀνόμασι τοῖς ΓΕ, ΕΔ καὶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ.
But CE, ED are also commensurable with AF, FB and in the same ratio; therefore, as AF is to FB, so is KM to ML.
ἀλλὰ καὶ αἱ ΓΕ, ΕΔ σύμμετροί τέ εἰσι ταῖς ΑΖ, ΖΒ καὶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ·
Therefore, alternately, as AF is to KM, so is BF to LM; therefore also the remainder AB is to the remainder KL as AF is to KM. []
ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΑΖ πρὸς τὴν ΖΒ, οὕτως ἡ ΚΜ πρὸς ΜΛ. ἐναλλὰξ ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΑΖ πρὸς τὴν ΚΜ, οὕτως ἡ ΒΖ πρὸς τὴν ΛΜ·
But AF is commensurable with KM; [] therefore AB is also commensurable with KL. []
καὶ λοιπὴ ἄρα ἡ ΑΒ πρὸς λοιπὴν τὴν ΚΛ ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΑΖ πρὸς ΚΜ.
And, as AB is to KL, so is the rectangle CD, AB to the rectangle CD, KL; [] therefore the rectangle CD, AB is also commensurable with the rectangle CD, KL. []
σύμμετρος δὲ ἡ ΑΖ τῇ ΚΜ· σύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΑΒ τῇ ΚΛ. καί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΑΒ πρὸς ΚΛ, οὕτως τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΔ, ΑΒ πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΔ, ΚΛ·
But the rectangle CD, KL is equal to the square on H; therefore the rectangle CD, AB is commensurable with the square on H.
σύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΔ, ΑΒ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΔ, ΚΛ. ἴσον δὲ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΔ, ΚΛ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Θ·
But the square on G is equal to the rectangle CD, AB; therefore the square on G is commensurable with the square on H.
σύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΔ, ΑΒ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Θ. τῷ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΔ, ΑΒ ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Η·
But the square on H is rational; therefore the square on G is also rational; therefore G is rational.
σύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Η τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Θ. ῥητὸν δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Θ·
And it is thesideof the rectangle CD, AB.
ῥητὸν ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Η·
Therefore etc.
ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ Η.
Porism. And it is made manifest to us by this also that it is possible for a rational area to be contained by irrational straight lines. Q. E. D.
καὶ δύναται τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΔ, ΑΒ.
From a medial straight line there arise irrational straight lines infinite in number, and none of them is the same as any of the preceding.
ἐὰν ἄρα χωρίον περιέχηται ὑπὸ ἀποτομῆς καὶ τῆς ἐκ δύο ὀνομάτων, ἧς τὰ ὀνόματα σύμμετρά ἐστι τοῖς τῆς ἀποτομῆς ὀνόμασι καὶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ, ἡ τὸ χωρίον δυναμένη ῥητή ἐστιν.
Let A be a medial straight line; I say that from A there arise irrational straight lines infinite in number, and none of them is the same as any of the preceding.
Πόρισμα καὶ γέγονεν ἡμῖν καὶ διὰ τούτου φανερόν, ὅτι δυνατόν ἐστι ῥητὸν χωρίον ὑπὸ ἀλόγων εὐθειῶν περιέχεσθαι. ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Let a rational straight line B be set out, and let the square on C be equal to the rectangle B, A; therefore C is irrational; [] for that which is contained by an irrational and a rational straight line is irrational. [deduction from ]
ἀπὸ μέσης ἄπειροι ἄλογοι γίνονται, καὶ οὐδεμία οὐδεμιᾷ τῶν πρότερον ἡ αὐτή. ἔστω μέση ἡ Α· λέγω, ὅτι ἀπὸ τῆς Α ἄπειροι ἄλογοι γίνονται, καὶ οὐδεμία οὐδεμιᾷ τῶν πρότερον ἡ αὐτή. Ἐκκείσθω ῥητὴ ἡ Β, καὶ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν Β, Α ἴσον ἔστω τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Γ·
And it is not the same with any of the preceding; for the square on none of the preceding, if applied to a rational straight line produces as breadth a medial straight line.
ἄλογος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ Γ· τὸ γὰρ ὑπὸ ἀλόγου καὶ ῥητῆς ἄλογόν ἐστιν. καὶ οὐδεμιᾷ τῶν πρότερον ἡ αὐτή·
Again, let the square on D be equal to the rectangle B, C; therefore the square on D is irrational. [deduction from ]
τὸ γὰρ ἀπʼ οὐδεμιᾶς τῶν πρότερον παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ μέσην. πάλιν δὴ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν Β, Γ ἴσον ἔστω τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Δ·
Therefore D is irrational; [] and it is not the same with any of the preceding, for the square on none of the preceding, if applied to a rational straight line, produces C as breadth.
ἄλογον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Δ. ἄλογος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ Δ· καὶ οὐδεμιᾷ τῶν πρότερον ἡ αὐτή· τὸ γὰρ ἀπʼ οὐδεμιᾶς τῶν πρότερον παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ τὴν Γ.
Similarly, if this arrangement proceeds ad infinitum, it is manifest that from the medial straight line there arise irrational straight lines infinite in number, and none is the same with any of the preceding. Q. E. D.
ὁμοίως δὴ τῆς τοιαύτης τάξεως ἐπʼ ἄπειρον προβαινούσης φανερόν, ὅτι ἀπὸ τῆς μέσης ἄπειροι ἄλογοι γίνονται, καὶ οὐδεμία οὐδεμιᾷ τῶν πρότερον ἡ αὐτή· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι].
1. A solid is that which has length, breadth, and depth.
1. στερεόν ἐστι τὸ μῆκος καὶ πλάτος καὶ βάθος ἔχον.
2. An extremity of a solid is a surface.
2. στερεοῦ δὲ πέρας ἐπιφάνεια.
3. A straight line is at right angles to a plane, when it makes right angles with all the straight lines which meet it and are in the plane.
3. εὐθεῖα πρὸς ἐπίπεδον ὀρθή ἐστιν, ὅταν πρὸς πάσας τὰς ἁπτομένας αὐτῆς εὐθείας καὶ οὔσας ἐν τῷ [ὑποκειμένῳ] ἐπιπέδῳ ὀρθὰς ποιῇ γωνίας.
4. A plane is at right angles to a plane when the straight lines drawn, in one of the planes, at right angles to the common section of the planes are at right angles to the remaining plane.
4. ἐπίπεδον πρὸς ἐπίπεδον ὀρθόν ἐστιν, ὅταν αἱ τῇ κοινῇ τομῇ τῶν ἐπιπέδων πρὸς ὀρθὰς ἀγόμεναι εὐθεῖαι ἐν ἑνὶ τῶν ἐπιπέδων τῷ λοιπῷ ἐπιπέδῳ πρὸς ὀρθὰς ὦσιν.
5. The inclination of a straight line to a plane is, assuming a perpendicular drawn from the extremity of the straight line which is elevated above the plane to the plane, and a straight line joined from the point thus arising to the extremity of the straight line which is in the plane, the angle contained by the straight line so drawn and the straight line standing up.
5. εὐθείας πρὸς ἐπίπεδον κλίσις ἐστίν, ὅταν ἀπὸ τοῦ μετεώρου πέρατος τῆς εὐθείας ἐπὶ τὸ ἐπίπεδον κάθετος ἀχθῇ, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ γενομένου σημείου ἐπὶ τὸ ἐν τῷ ἐπιπέδῳ πέρας τῆς εὐθείας εὐθεῖα ἐπιζευχθῇ, ἡ περιεχομένη γωνία ὑπὸ τῆς ἀχθείσης καὶ τῆς ἐφεστώσης.
6. The inclination of a plane to a plane is the acute angle contained by the straight lines drawn at right angles to the common section at the same point, one in each of the planes.
6. ἐπιπέδου πρὸς ἐπίπεδον κλίσις ἐστὶν ἡ περιεχομένη ὀξεῖα γωνία ὑπὸ τῶν πρὸς ὀρθὰς τῇ κοινῇ τομῇ ἀγομένων πρὸς τῷ αὐτῷ σημείῳ ἐν ἑκατέρῳ τῶν ἐπιπέδων.
7. A plane is said to be similarly inclined to a plane as another is to another when the said angles of the inclinations are equal to one another.
7. ἐπίπεδον πρὸς ἐπίπεδον ὁμοίως κεκλίσθαι λέγεται καὶ ἕτερον πρὸς ἕτερον, ὅταν αἱ εἰρημέναι τῶν κλίσεων γωνίαι ἴσαι ἀλλήλαις ὦσιν.
8. Parallel planes are those which do not meet.
8. παράλληλα ἐπίπεδά ἐστι τὰ ἀσύμπτωτα.
9. Similar solid figures are those contained by similar planes equal in multitude.
9. ὅμοια στερεὰ σχήματά ἐστι τὰ ὑπὸ ὁμοίων ἐπιπέδων περιεχόμενα ἴσων τὸ πλῆθος.
10. Equal and similar solid figures are those contained by similar planes equal in multitude and in magnitude.
10. ἴσα δὲ καὶ ὅμοια στερεὰ σχήματά ἐστι τὰ ὑπὸ ὁμοίων ἐπιπέδων περιεχόμενα ἴσων τῷ πλήθει καὶ τῷ μεγέθει.
11. A solid angle is the inclination constituted by more than two lines which meet one another and are not in the same surface, towards all the lines. Otherwise: A solid angle is that which is contained by more than two plane angles which are not in the same plane and are constructed to one point.
11. στερεὰ γωνία ἐστὶν ἡ ὑπὸ πλειόνων ἢ δύο γραμμῶν ἁπτομένων ἀλλήλων καὶ μὴ ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιφανείᾳ οὐσῶν πρὸς πάσαις ταῖς γραμμαῖς κλίσις. ἄλλως· στερεὰ γωνία ἐστὶν ἡ ὑπὸ πλειόνων ἢ δύο γωνιῶν ἐπιπέδων περιεχομένη μὴ οὐσῶν ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ ἐπιπέδῳ πρὸς ἑνὶ σημείῳ συνισταμένων.
12. A pyramid is a solid figure, contained by planes, which is constructed from one plane to one point.
12. πυραμίς ἐστι σχῆμα στερεὸν ἐπιπέδοις περιεχόμενον ἀπὸ ἑνὸς ἐπιπέδου πρὸς ἑνὶ σημείῳ συνεστώς.
13. A prism is a solid figure contained by planes two of which, namely those which are opposite, are equal, similar and parallel, while the rest are parallelograms.
13. πρίσμα ἐστὶ σχῆμα στερεὸν ἐπιπέδοις περιεχόμενον, ὧν δύο τὰ ἀπεναντίον ἴσα τε καὶ ὅμοιά ἐστι καὶ παράλληλα, τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ παραλληλόγραμμα.
14. When, the diameter of a semicircle remaining fixed, the semicircle is carried round and restored again to the same position from which it began to be moved, the figure so comprehended is a sphere.
14. σφαῖρά ἐστιν, ὅταν ἡμικυκλίου μενούσης τῆς διαμέτρου περιενεχθὲν τὸ ἡμικύκλιον εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ πάλιν ἀποκατασταθῇ, ὅθεν ἤρξατο φέρεσθαι, τὸ περιληφθὲν σχῆμα.
15. The axis of the sphere is the straight line which remains fixed and about which the semicircle is turned.
15. ἄξων δὲ τῆς σφαίρας ἐστὶν ἡ μένουσα εὐθεῖα, περὶ ἣν τὸ ἡμικύκλιον στρέφεται.
16. The centre of the sphere is the same as that of the semicircle.
16. κέντρον δὲ τῆς σφαίρας ἐστὶ τὸ αὐτό, ὃ καὶ τοῦ ἡμικυκλίου.
17. A diameter of the sphere is any straight line drawn through the centre and terminated in both directions by the surface of the sphere.
17. διάμετρος δὲ τῆς σφαίρας ἐστὶν εὐθεῖά τις διὰ τοῦ κέντρου ἠγμένη καὶ περατουμένη ἐφʼ ἑκάτερα τὰ μέρη ὑπὸ τῆς ἐπιφανείας τῆς σφαίρας.
18. When, one side of those about the right angle in a right-angled triangle remaining fixed, the triangle is carried round and restored again to the same position from which it began to be moved, the figure so comprehended is a cone. And, if the straight line which remains fixed be equal to the remaining side about the right angle which is carried round, the cone will be right-angled; if less, obtuse-angled; and if greater, acute-angled.
18. κῶνός ἐστιν, ὅταν ὀρθογωνίου τριγώνου μενούσης μιᾶς πλευρᾶς τῶν περὶ τὴν ὀρθὴν γωνίαν περιενεχθὲν τὸ τρίγωνον εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ πάλιν ἀποκατασταθῇ, ὅθεν ἤρξατο φέρεσθαι, τὸ περιληφθὲν σχῆμα. κἂν μὲν ἡ μένουσα εὐθεῖα ἴση ᾖ τῇ λοιπῇ [τῇ] περὶ τὴν ὀρθὴν περιφερομένῃ, ὀρθογώνιος ἔσται ὁ κῶνος, ἐὰν δὲ ἐλάττων, ἀμβλυγώνιος, ἐὰν δὲ μείζων, ὀξυγώνιος.
19. The axis of the cone is the straight line which remains fixed and about which the triangle is turned.
19. ἄξων δὲ τοῦ κώνου ἐστὶν ἡ μένουσα εὐθεῖα, περὶ ἣν τὸ τρίγωνον στρέφεται.
20. And the base is the circle described by the straight line which is carried round.
20. βάσις δὲ ὁ κύκλος ὁ ὑπὸ τῆς περιφερομένης εὐθείας γραφόμενος.
21. When, one side of those about the right angle in a rectangular parallelogram remaining fixed, the parallelogram is carried round and restored again to the same position from which it began to be moved, the figure so comprehended is a cylinder.
21. κύλινδρός ἐστιν, ὅταν ὀρθογωνίου παραλληλογράμμου μενούσης μιᾶς πλευρᾶς τῶν περὶ τὴν ὀρθὴν γωνίαν περιενεχθὲν τὸ παραλληλόγραμμον εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ πάλιν ἀποκατασταθῇ, ὅθεν ἤρξατο φέρεσθαι, τὸ περιληφθὲν σχῆμα.
22. The axis of the cylinder is the straight line which remains fixed and about which the parallelogram is turned.
22. ἄξων δὲ τοῦ κυλίνδρου ἐστὶν ἡ μένουσα εὐθεῖα, περὶ ἣν τὸ παραλληλόγραμμον στρέφεται.
23. And the bases are the circles described by the two sides opposite to one another which are carried round.
23. βάσεις δὲ οἱ κύκλοι οἱ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀπεναντίον περιαγομένων δύο πλευρῶν γραφόμενοι.
24. Similar cones and cylinders are those in which the axes and the diameters of the bases are proportional.
24. ὅμοιοι κῶνοι καὶ κύλινδροί εἰσιν, ὧν οἵ τε ἄξονες καὶ αἱ διάμετροι τῶν βάσεων ἀνάλογόν εἰσιν.
25. A cube is a solid figure contained by six equal squares.
25. κύβος ἐστὶ σχῆμα στερεὸν ὑπὸ ἓξ τετραγώνων ἴσων περιεχόμενον.
26. An octahedron is a solid figure contained by eight equal and equilateral triangles.
26. ὀκτάεδρόν ἐστι σχῆμα στερεὸν ὑπὸ ὀκτὼ τριγώνων ἴσων καὶ ἰσοπλεύρων περιεχόμενον.
27. An icosahedron is a solid figure contained by twenty equal and equilateral triangles.
27. εἰκοσάεδρόν ἐστι σχῆμα στερεὸν ὑπὸ εἴκοσι τριγώνων ἴσων καὶ ἰσοπλεύρων περιεχόμενον.
28. A dodecahedron is a solid figure contained by twelve equal, equilateral, and equiangular pentagons.
28. δωδεκάεδρόν ἐστι σχῆμα στερεὸν ὑπὸ δώδεκα πενταγώνων ἴσων καὶ ἰσοπλεύρων καὶ ἰσογωνίων περιεχόμενον.