4. If there be two pyramids of the same height which have triangular bases, and each of them be divided into two pyramids equal to one another and similar to the whole, and into two equal prisms, then, as the base of the one pyramid is to the base of the other pyramid, so will all the prisms in the one pyramid be to all the prisms, being equal in multitude, in the other pyramid. Let there be two pyramids of the same height which have the triangular bases ABC, DEF, and vertices the points G, H, and let each of them be divided into two pyramids equal to one another and similar to the whole and into two equal prisms; [] I say that, as the base ABC is to the base DEF, so are all the prisms in the pyramid ABCG to all the prisms, being equal in multitude, in the pyramid DEFH, For, since BO is equal to OC, and AL to LC, therefore LO is parallel to AB, and the triangle ABC is similar to the triangle LOC. For the same reason the triangle DEF is also similar to the triangle RVF. And, since BC is double of CO, and EF of FV, therefore, as BC is to CO, so is EF to FV. And on BC, CO are described the similar and similarly situated rectilineal figures ABC, LOC, and on EF, FV the similar and similarly situated figures DEF, RVF; therefore, as the triangle ABC is to the triangle LOC, so is the triangle DEF to the triangle RVF; [] therefore, alternately, as the triangle ABC is to the triangle DEF, so is the triangle LOC to the triangle RVF. [] But, as the triangle LOC is to the triangle RVF, so is the prism in which the triangle LOC is the base and PMN its opposite to the prism in which the triangle RVF is the base and STU its opposite; [Lemma following] therefore also, as the triangle ABC is to the triangle DEF, so is the prism in which the triangle LOC is the base and PMN its opposite to the prism in which the triangle RVF is the base and STU its opposite. But, as the said prisms are to one another, so is the prism in which the parallelogram KBOL is the base and the straight line PM its opposite to the prism in which the parallelogram QEVR is the base and the straight line ST its opposite. [; cf. ] Therefore also the two prisms, that in which the parallelogram KBOL is the base and PM its opposite, and that in which the triangle LOC is the base and PMN its opposite, are to the prisms in which QEVR is the base and the straight line ST its opposite and in which the triangle RVF is the base and STU its opposite in the same ratio [] Therefore also, as the base ABC is to the base DEF, so are the said two prisms to the said two prisms. And similarly, if the pyramids PMNG, STUH be divided into two prisms and two pyramids, as the base PMN is to the base STU, so will the two prisms in the pyramid PMNG be to the two prisms in the pyramid STUH. But, as the base PMN is to the base STU, so is the base ABC to the base DEF; for the triangles PMN, STU are equal to the triangles LOC, RVF respectively. Therefore also, as the base ABC is to the base DEF, so are the four prisms to the four prisms. And similarly also, if we divide the remaining pyramids into two pyramids and into two prisms, then, as the base ABC is to the base DEF, so will all the prisms in the pyramid ABCG be to all the prisms, being equal in multitude, in the pyramid DEFH. Q. E. D. Lemma. But that, as the triangle LOC is to the triangle RVF, so is the prism in which the triangle LOC is the base and PMN its opposite to the prism in which the triangle RVF is the base and STU its opposite, we must prove as follows. For in the same figure let perpendiculars be conceived drawn from G, H to the planes ABC, DEF; these are of course equal because, by hypothesis, the pyramids are of equal height. Now, since the two straight lines GC and the perpendicular from G are cut by the parallel planes ABC, PMN, they will be cut in the same ratios. [] And GC is bisected by the plane PMN at N; therefore the perpendicular from G to the plane ABC will also be bisected by the plane PMN. For the same reason the perpendicular from H to the plane DEF will also be bisected by the plane STU. And the perpendiculars from G, H to the planes ABC, DEF are equal; therefore the perpendiculars from the triangles PMN, STU to the planes ABC, DEF are also equal. Therefore the prisms in which the triangles LOC, RVF are bases, and PMN, STU their opposites, are of equal height. Hence also the parallelepipedal solids described from the said prisms are of equal height and are to one another as their bases; [] therefore their halves, namely the said prisms, are to one another as the base LOC is to the base RVF. Q. E. D.
4. ἐὰν ὦσι δύο πυραμίδες ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος τριγώνους ἔχουσαι βάσεις, διαιρεθῇ δὲ ἑκατέρα αὐτῶν εἴς τε δύο πυραμίδας ἴσας ἀλλήλαις καὶ ὁμοίας τῇ ὅλῃ καὶ εἰς δύο πρίσματα ἴσα, ἔσται ὡς ἡ τῆς μιᾶς πυραμίδος βάσις πρὸς τὴν τῆς ἑτέρας πυραμίδος βάσιν, οὕτως τὰ ἐν τῇ μιᾷ πυραμίδι πρίσματα πάντα πρὸς τὰ ἐν τῇ ἑτέρᾳ πυραμίδι πρίσματα πάντα ἰσοπληθῆ. ἔστωσαν δύο πυραμίδες ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος τριγώνους ἔχουσαι βάσεις τὰς ΑΒΓ, ΔΕΖ, κορυφὰς δὲ τὰ Η, Θ σημεῖα, καὶ διῃρήσθω ἑκατέρα αὐτῶν εἴς τε δύο πυραμίδας ἴσας ἀλλήλαις καὶ ὁμοίας τῇ ὅλῃ καὶ εἰς δύο πρίσματα ἴσα· λέγω, ὅτι ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως τὰ ἐν τῇ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδι πρίσματα πάντα πρὸς τὰ ἐν τῇ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδι πρίσματα ἰσοπληθῆ. ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἴση ἐστὶν ἡ μὲν ΒΞ τῇ ΞΓ, ἡ δὲ ΑΛ τῇ ΛΓ, παράλληλος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΛΞ τῇ ΑΒ καὶ ὅμοιον τὸ ΑΒΓ τρίγωνον τῷ ΛΞΓ τριγώνῳ. διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ καὶ τὸ ΔΕΖ τρίγωνον τῷ ΡΦΖ τριγώνῳ ὅμοιόν ἐστιν. καὶ ἐπεὶ διπλασίων ἐστὶν ἡ μὲν ΒΓ τῆς ΓΞ, ἡ δὲ ΕΖ τῆς ΖΦ, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΒΓ πρὸς τὴν ΓΞ, οὕτως ἡ ΕΖ πρὸς τὴν ΖΦ. καὶ ἀναγέγραπται ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν ΒΓ, ΓΞ ὅμοιά τε καὶ ὁμοίως κείμενα εὐθύγραμμα τὰ ΑΒΓ, ΛΞΓ, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ΕΖ, ΖΦ ὅμοιά τε καὶ ὁμοίως κείμενα [εὐθύγραμμα] τὰ ΔΕΖ, ΡΦΖ. ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς τὸ ΑΒΓ τρίγωνον πρὸς τὸ ΛΞΓ τρίγωνον, οὕτως τὸ ΔΕΖ τρίγωνον πρὸς τὸ ΡΦΖ τρίγωνον· ἐναλλὰξ ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς τὸ ΑΒΓ τρίγωνον πρὸς τὸ ΔΕΖ [τρίγωνον], οὕτως τὸ ΛΞΓ [τρίγωνον] πρὸς τὸ ΡΦΖ τρίγωνον. ἀλλʼ ὡς τὸ ΛΞΓ τρίγωνον πρὸς τὸ ΡΦΖ τρίγωνον, οὕτως τὸ πρίσμα, οὗ βάσις μὲν [ἐστι] τὸ ΛΞΓ τρίγωνον, ἀπεναντίον δὲ τὸ ΟΜΝ, πρὸς τὸ πρίσμα, οὗ βάσις μὲν τὸ ΡΦΖ τρίγωνον, ἀπεναντίον δὲ τὸ ΣΤΥ· καὶ ὡς ἄρα τὸ ΑΒΓ τρίγωνον πρὸς τὸ ΔΕΖ τρίγωνον, οὕτως τὸ πρίσμα, οὗ βάσις μὲν τὸ ΛΞΓ τρίγωνον, ἀπεναντίον δὲ τὸ ΟΜΝ, πρὸς τὸ πρίσμα, οὗ βάσις μὲν τὸ ΡΦΖ τρίγωνον, ἀπεναντίον δὲ τὸ ΣΤΥ. ὡς δὲ τὰ εἰρημένα πρίσματα πρὸς ἄλληλα, οὕτως τὸ πρίσμα, οὗ βάσις μὲν τὸ ΚΒΞΛ παραλληλόγραμμον, ἀπεναντίον δὲ ἡ ΟΜ εὐθεῖα, πρὸς τὸ πρίσμα, οὗ βάσις μὲν τὸ ΠΕΦΡ παραλληλόγραμμον, ἀπεναντίον δὲ ἡ ΣΤ εὐθεῖα. καὶ τὰ δύο ἄρα πρίσματα, οὗ τε βάσις μὲν τὸ ΚΒΞΛ παραλληλόγραμμον, ἀπεναντίον δὲ ἡ ΟΜ, καὶ οὗ βάσις μὲν τὸ ΛΞΓ, ἀπεναντίον δὲ τὸ ΟΜΝ, πρὸς τὰ πρίσματα, οὗ τε βάσις μὲν τὸ ΠΕΦΡ, ἀπεναντίον δὲ ἡ ΣΤ εὐθεῖα, καὶ οὗ βάσις μὲν τὸ ΡΦΖ τρίγωνον, ἀπεναντίον δὲ τὸ ΣΤΥ. καὶ ὡς ἄρα ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως τὰ εἰρημένα δύο πρίσματα πρὸς τὰ εἰρημένα δύο πρίσματα. καὶ ὁμοίως, ἐὰν διαιρεθῶσιν αἱ ΟΜΝΗ, ΣΤΥΘ πυραμίδες εἴς τε δύο πρίσματα καὶ δύο πυραμίδας, ἔσται ὡς ἡ ΟΜΝ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΣΤΥ βάσιν, οὕτως τὰ ἐν τῇ ΟΜ ΝΗ πυραμίδι δύο πρίσματα πρὸς τὰ ἐν τῇ ΣΤΥΘ πυραμίδι δύο πρίσματα. ἀλλʼ ὡς ἡ ΟΜΝ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΣΤΥ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν· ἴσον γὰρ ἑκάτερον τῶν ΟΜΝ, ΣΤΥ τριγώνων ἑκατέρῳ τῶν ΛΞΓ, ΡΦΖ. καὶ ὡς ἄρα ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως τὰ τέσσαρα πρίσματα πρὸς τὰ τέσσαρα πρίσματα. ὁμοίως δὲ κἂν τὰς ὑπολειπομένας πυραμίδας διέλωμεν εἴς τε δύο πυραμίδας καὶ εἰς δύο πρίσματα, ἔσται ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως τὰ ἐν τῇ ΑΒ ΓΗ πυραμίδι πρίσματα πάντα πρὸς τὰ ἐν τῇ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδι πρίσματα πάντα ἰσοπληθῆ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. λῆμμα ὅτι δέ ἐστιν ὡς τὸ ΛΞΓ τρίγωνον πρὸς τὸ ΡΦΖ τρίγωνον, οὕτως τὸ πρίσμα, οὗ βάσις τὸ ΛΞΓ τρίγωνον, ἀπεναντίον δὲ τὸ ΟΜΝ, πρὸς τὸ πρίσμα, οὗ βάσις μὲν τὸ ΡΦΖ [τρίγωνον], ἀπεναντίον δὲ τὸ ΣΤΥ, οὕτω δεικτέον. ἐπὶ γὰρ τῆς αὐτῆς καταγραφῆς νενοήσθωσαν ἀπὸ τῶν Η, Θ κάθετοι ἐπὶ τὰ ΑΒΓ, ΔΕΖ ἐπίπεδα, ἴσαι δηλαδὴ τυγχάνουσαι διὰ τὸ ἰσοϋψεῖς ὑποκεῖσθαι τὰς πυραμίδας. καὶ ἐπεὶ δύο εὐθεῖαι ἥ τε ΗΓ καὶ ἡ ἀπὸ τοῦ Η κάθετος ὑπὸ παραλλήλων ἐπιπέδων τῶν ΑΒΓ, ΟΜΝ τέμνονται, εἰς τοὺς αὐτοὺς λόγους τμηθήσονται. καὶ τέτμηται ἡ ΗΓ δίχα ὑπὸ τοῦ ΟΜΝ ἐπιπέδου κατὰ τὸ Ν· καὶ ἡ ἀπὸ τοῦ Η ἄρα κάθετος ἐπὶ τὸ ΑΒΓ ἐπίπεδον δίχα τμηθήσεται ὑπὸ τοῦ ΟΜΝ ἐπιπέδου. διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ καὶ ἡ ἀπὸ τοῦ Θ κάθετος ἐπὶ τὸ ΔΕΖ ἐπίπεδον δίχα τμηθήσεται ὑπὸ τοῦ ΣΤΥ ἐπιπέδου. καί εἰσιν ἴσαι αἱ ἀπὸ τῶν Η, Θ κάθετοι ἐπὶ τὰ ΑΒΓ, ΔΕΖ ἐπίπεδα· ἴσαι ἄρα καὶ αἱ ἀπὸ τῶν ΟΜΝ, ΣΤΥ τριγώνων ἐπὶ τὰ ΑΒΓ, ΔΕΖ κάθετοι. ἰσοϋψῆ ἄρα [ἐστὶ] τὰ πρίσματα, ὧν βάσεις μέν εἰσι τὰ ΛΞΓ, ΡΦΖ τρίγωνα, ἀπεναντίον δὲ τὰ ΟΜΝ, ΣΤΥ. ὥστε καὶ τὰ στερεὰ παραλληλεπίπεδα τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν εἰρημένων πρισμάτων ἀναγραφόμενα ἰσοϋψῆ καὶ πρὸς ἄλληλα [εἰσὶν] ὡς αἱ βάσεις· καὶ τὰ ἡμίση ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΛΞΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΡΦΖ βάσιν, οὕτως τὰ εἰρημένα πρίσματα πρὸς ἄλληλα· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
5. Pyramids which are of the same height and have triangular bases are to one another as the bases. Let there be pyramids of the same height, of which the triangles ABC, DEF are the bases and the points G, H the vertices; I say that, as the base ABC is to the base DEF, so is the pyramid ABCG to the pyramid DEFH. For, if the pyramid ABCG is not to the pyramid DEFH as the base ABC is to the base DEF, then, as the base ABC is to the base DEF, so will the pyramid ABCG be either to some solid less than the pyramid DEFH or to a greater. Let it, first, be in that ratio to a less solid W, and let the pyramid DEFH be divided into two pyramids equal to one another and similar to the whole and into two equal prisms; then the two prisms are greater than the half of the whole pyramid. [] Again, let the pyramids arising from the division be similarly divided, and let this be done continually until there are left over from the pyramid DEFH some pyramids which are less than the excess by which the pyramid DEFH exceeds the solid W. [] Let such be left, and let them be, for the sake of argument, DQRS, STUH; therefore the remainders, the prisms in the pyramid DEFH, are greater than the solid W. Let the pyramid ABCG also be divided similarly, and a similar number of times, with the pyramid DEFH; therefore, as the base ABC is to the base DEF, so are the prisms in the pyramid ABCG to the prisms in the pyramid DEFH. [] But, as the base ABC is to the base DEF, so also is the pyramid ABCG to the solid W; therefore also, as the pyramid ABCG is to the solid W, so are the prisms in the pyramid ABCG to the prisms in the pyramid DEFH; [] therefore, alternately, as the pyramid ABCG is to the prisms in it, so is the solid W to the prisms in the pyramid DEFH. [] But the pyramid ABCG is greater than the prisms in it; therefore the solid W is also greater than the prisms in the pyramid DEFH. But it is also less: which is impossible. Therefore the prism ABCG is not to any solid less than the pyramid DEFH as the base ABC is to the base DEF. Similarly it can be proved that neither is the pyramid DEFH to any solid less than the pyramid ABCG as the base DEF is to the base ABC. I say next that neither is the pyramid ABCG to any solid greater than the pyramid DEFH as the base ABC is to the base DEF. For, if possible, let it be in that ratio to a greater solid W; therefore, inversely, as the base DEF is to the base ABC, so is the solid W to the pyramid ABCG. But, as the solid W is to the solid ABCG, so is the pyramid DEFH to some solid less than the pyramid ABCG, as was before proved; [] therefore also, as the base DEF is to the base ABC, so is the pyramid DEFH to some solid less than the pyramid ABCG: [] which was proved absurd. Therefore the pyramid ABCG is not to any solid greater than the pyramid DEFH as the base ABC is to the base DEF. But it was proved that neither is it in that ratio to a less solid. Therefore, as the base ABC is to the base DEF, so is the pyramid ABCG to the pyramid DEFH. Q. E. D.
5. αἱ ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος οὖσαι πυραμίδες καὶ τριγώνους ἔχουσαι βάσεις πρὸς ἀλλήλας εἰσὶν ὡς αἱ βάσεις. ἔστωσαν ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος πυραμίδες, ὧν βάσεις μὲν τὰ ΑΒΓ, ΔΕΖ τρίγωνα, κορυφαὶ δὲ τὰ Η, Θ σημεῖα· λέγω, ὅτι ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδα. εἰ γὰρ μή ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδα, ἔσται ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς ἤτοι πρὸς ἔλασσόν τι τῆς ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδος στερεὸν ἢ πρὸς μεῖζον. ἔστω πρότερον πρὸς ἔλασσον τὸ Χ, καὶ διῃρήσθω ἡ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμὶς εἴς τε δύο πυραμίδας ἴσας ἀλλήλαις καὶ ὁμοίας τῇ ὅλῃ καὶ εἰς δύο πρίσματα ἴσα· τὰ δὴ δύο πρίσματα μείζονά ἐστιν ἢ τὸ ἥμισυ τῆς ὅλης πυραμίδος. καὶ πάλιν αἱ ἐκ τῆς διαιρέσεως γινόμεναι πυραμίδες ὁμοίως διῃρήσθωσαν, καὶ τοῦτο ἀεὶ γινέσθω, ἕως οὗ λειφθῶσί τινες πυραμίδες ἀπὸ τῆς ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδος, αἵ εἰσιν ἐλάττονες τῆς ὑπεροχῆς, ᾗ ὑπερέχει ἡ ΔΕ ΖΘ πυραμὶς τοῦ Χ στερεοῦ. λελείφθωσαν καὶ ἔστωσαν λόγου ἕνεκεν αἱ ΔΠΡΣ, ΣΤΥΘ· λοιπὰ ἄρα τὰ ἐν τῇ ΔΕ ΖΘ πυραμίδι πρίσματα μείζονά ἐστι τοῦ Χ στερεοῦ. διῃρήσθω καὶ ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς ὁμοίως καὶ ἰσοπληθῶς τῇ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδι· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως τὰ ἐν τῇ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδι πρίσματα πρὸς τὰ ἐν τῇ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδι πρίσματα. ἀλλὰ καὶ ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὸ Χ στερεόν· καὶ ὡς ἄρα ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὸ Χ στερεόν, οὕτως τὰ ἐν τῇ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδι πρίσματα πρὸς τὰ ἐν τῇ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδι πρίσματα· ἐναλλὰξ ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ πρίσματα, οὕτως τὸ Χ στερεὸν πρὸς τὰ ἐν τῇ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδι πρίσματα. μείζων δὲ ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ πρισμάτων· μεῖζον ἄρα καὶ τὸ Χ στερεὸν τῶν ἐν τῇ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδι πρισμάτων. ἀλλὰ καὶ ἔλαττον· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀδύνατον. οὐκ ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς πρὸς ἔλασσόν τι τῆς ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδος στερεόν. ὁμοίως δὴ δειχθήσεται, ὅτι οὐδὲ ὡς ἡ ΔΕΖ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΑΒΓ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμὶς πρὸς ἔλαττόν τι τῆς ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδος στερεόν. λέγω δή, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδὲ ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς πρὸς μεῖζόν τι τῆς ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδος στερεόν. εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, ἔστω πρὸς μεῖζον τὸ Χ· ἀνάπαλιν ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΔΕΖ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΑΒΓ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ Χ στερεὸν πρὸς τὴν ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδα. ὡς δὲ τὸ Χ στερεὸν πρὸς τὴν ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδα, οὕτως ἡ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμὶς πρὸς ἔλασσόν τι τῆς ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδος, ὡς ἔμπροσθεν ἐδείχθη· καὶ ὡς ἄρα ἡ ΔΕΖ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΑΒΓ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμὶς πρὸς ἔλασσόν τι τῆς ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδος· ὅπερ ἄτοπον ἐδείχθη. οὐκ ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς πρὸς μεῖζόν τι τῆς ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδος στερεόν. ἐδείχθη δέ, ὅτι οὐδὲ πρὸς ἔλασσον. ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδα· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
6. Pyramids which are of the same height and have polygonal bases are to one another as the bases. Let there be pyramids of the same height of which the polygons ABCDE, FGHKL are the bases and the points M, N the vertices; I say that, as the base ABCDE is to the base FGHKL, so is the pyramid ABCDEM to the pyramid FGHKLN. For let AC, AD, FH, FK be joined. Since then ABCM, ACDM are two pyramids which have triangular bases and equal height, they are to one another as the bases; [] therefore, as the base ABC is to the base ACD, so is the pyramid ABCM to the pyramid ACDM. And, componendo, as the base ABCD is to the base ACD, so is the pyramid ABCDM to the pyramid ACDM. [] But also, as the base ACD is to the base ADE, so is the pyramid ACDM to the pyramid ADEM. [] Therefore, ex aequali, as the base ABCD is to the base ADE, so is the pyramid ABCDM to the pyramid ADEM. [] And again componendo, as the base ABCDE is to the base ADE, so is the pyramid ABCDEM to the pyramid ADEM. [] Similarly also it can be proved that, as the base FGHKL is to the base FGH, so is the pyramid FGHKLN to the pyramid FGHN. And, since ADEM, FGHN are two pyramids which have triangular bases and equal height, therefore, as the base ADE is to the base FGH, so is the pyramid ADEM to the pyramid FGHN. [] But, as the base ADE is to the base ABCDE, so was the pyramid ADEM to the pyramid ABCDEM. Therefore also, ex aequali, as the base ABCDE is to the base FGH, so is the pyramid ABCDEM to the pyramid FGHN. [] But further, as the base FGH is to the base FGHKL, so also was the pyramid FGHN to the pyramid FGHKLN. Therefore also, ex aequali, as the base ABCDE is to the base FGHKL, so is the pyramid ABCDEM to the pyramid FGHKLN. [] Q. E. D. Any prism which has a triangular base is divided into three pyramids equal to one another which have triangular bases. Let there be a prism in which the triangle ABC is the base and DEF its opposite; I say that the prism ABCDEF is divided into three pyramids equal to one another, which have triangular bases. For let BD, EC, CD be joined. Since ABED is a parallelogram, and BD is its diameter, therefore the triangle ABD is equal to the triangle EBD; [] therefore also the pyramid of which the triangle ABD is the base and the point C the vertex is equal to the pyramid of which the triangle DEB is the base and the point C the vertex. [] But the pyramid of which the triangle DEB is the base and the point C the vertex is the same with the pyramid of which the triangle EBC is the base and the point D the vertex; for they are contained by the same planes. Therefore the pyramid of which the triangle ABD is the base and the point C the vertex is also equal to the pyramid of which the triangle EBC is the base and the point D the vertex. Again, since FCBE is a parallelogram, and CE is its diameter, the triangle CEF is equal to the triangle CBE. [] Therefore also the pyramid of which the triangle BCE is the base and the point D the vertex is equal to the pyramid of which the triangle ECF is the base and the point D the vertex. [] But the pyramid of which the triangle BCE is the base and the point D the vertex was proved equal to the pyramid of which the triangle ABD is the base and the point C the vertex; therefore also the pyramid of which the triangle CEF is the base and the point D the vertex is equal to the pyramid of which the triangle ABD is the base and the point C the vertex; therefore the prism ABCDEF has been divided into three pyramids equal to one another which have triangular bases. And, since the pyramid of which the triangle ABD is the base and the point C the vertex is the same with the pyramid of which the triangle CAB is the base and the point D the vertex, for they are contained by the same planes, while the pyramid of which the triangle ABD is the base and the point C the vertex was proved to be a third of the prism in which the triangle ABC is the base and DEF its opposite, therefore also the pyramid of which the triangle ABC is the base and the point D the vertex is a third of the prism which has the same base, the triangle ABC, and DEF as its opposite. Porism. From this it is manifest that any pyramid is a third part of the prism which has the same base with it and equal height. Q. E. D.
6. αἱ ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος οὖσαι πυραμίδες καὶ πολυγώνους ἔχουσαι βάσεις πρὸς ἀλλήλας εἰσὶν ὡς αἱ βάσεις. ἔστωσαν ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος πυραμίδες, ὧν [αἱ] βάσεις μὲν τὰ ΑΒΓΔΕ, ΖΗΘΚΛ πολύγωνα, κορυφαὶ δὲ τὰ Μ, ν σημεῖα· λέγω, ὅτι ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓΔΕ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΖΗΘΚΛ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΔΕΜ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΖΗΘΚΛΝ πυραμίδα. ἐπεζεύχθωσαν γὰρ αἱ ΑΓ, ΑΔ, ΖΘ, ΖΚ. ἐπεὶ οὖν δύο πυραμίδες εἰσὶν αἱ ΑΒΓΜ, ΑΓΔΜ τριγώνους ἔχουσαι βάσεις καὶ ὕψος ἴσον, πρὸς ἀλλήλας εἰσὶν ὡς αἱ βάσεις· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΑΓΔ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΜ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΑΓΔΜ πυραμίδα. καὶ συνθέντι ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓΔ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΑΓΔ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΔΜ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΑΓΔΜ πυραμίδα. ἀλλὰ καὶ ὡς ἡ ΑΓΔ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΑΔΕ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΓΔΜ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΑΔΕΜ πυραμίδα. διʼ ἴσου ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓΔ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΑΔΕ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΔΜ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΑΔΕΜ πυραμίδα. καὶ συνθέντι πάλιν, ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓΔΕ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΑΔΕ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΔΕΜ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΑΔΕΜ πυραμίδα. ὁμοίως δὴ δειχθήσεται, ὅτι καὶ ὡς ἡ ΖΗΘΚΛ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΖΗΘ βάσιν, οὕτως καὶ ἡ ΖΗΘΚΛΝ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΖΗΘΝ πυραμίδα. καὶ ἐπεὶ δύο πυραμίδες εἰσὶν αἱ ΑΔ ΕΜ, ΖΗΘΝ τριγώνους ἔχουσαι βάσεις καὶ ὕψος ἴσον, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΑΔΕ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΖΗΘ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΔΕΜ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΖΗΘΝ πυραμίδα. ἀλλʼ ὡς ἡ ΑΔΕ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΑΒΓΔΕ βάσιν, οὕτως ἦν ἡ ΑΔ ΕΜ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΑΒΓΔΕΜ πυραμίδα. καὶ διʼ ἴσου ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓΔΕ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΖΗΘ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΔΕΜ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΖΗΘΝ πυραμίδα. ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ ὡς ἡ ΖΗΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΖΗΘΚΛ βάσιν, οὕτως ἦν καὶ ἡ ΖΗΘΝ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΖΗΘΚΛΝ πυραμίδα. καὶ διʼ ἴσου ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓΔΕ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΖΗΘΚΛ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΔΕΜ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΖΗΘΚΛΝ πυραμίδα· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. πᾶν πρίσμα τρίγωνον ἔχον βάσιν διαιρεῖται εἰς τρεῖς πυραμίδας ἴσας ἀλλήλαις τριγώνους βάσεις ἐχούσας. ἔστω πρίσμα, οὗ βάσις μὲν τὸ ΑΒΓ τρίγωνον, ἀπεναντίον δὲ τὸ ΔΕΖ· λέγω, ὅτι τὸ ΑΒΓΔΕΖ πρίσμα διαιρεῖται εἰς τρεῖς πυραμίδας ἴσας ἀλλήλαις τριγώνους ἐχούσας βάσεις. ἐπεζεύχθωσαν γὰρ αἱ ΒΔ, ΕΓ, ΓΔ. ἐπεὶ παραλληλόγραμμόν ἐστι τὸ ΑΒΕΔ, διάμετρος δὲ αὐτοῦ ἐστιν ἡ ΒΔ, ἴσον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΑΒΔ τρίγωνον τῷ ΕΒΔ τριγώνῳ· καὶ ἡ πυραμὶς ἄρα, ἧς βάσις μὲν τὸ ΑΒΔ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Γ σημεῖον, ἴση ἐστὶ πυραμίδι, ἧς βάσις μέν ἐστι τὸ ΔΕΒ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Γ σημεῖον. ἀλλὰ ἡ πυραμίς, ἧς βάσις μέν ἐστι τὸ ΔΕΒ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Γ σημεῖον, ἡ αὐτή ἐστι πυραμίδι, ἧς βάσις μέν ἐστι τὸ ΕΒΓ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Δ σημεῖον· ὑπὸ γὰρ τῶν αὐτῶν ἐπιπέδων περιέχεται. καὶ πυραμὶς ἄρα, ἧς βάσις μέν ἐστι τὸ ΑΒΔ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Γ σημεῖον, ἴση ἐστὶ πυραμίδι, ἧς βάσις μέν ἐστι τὸ ΕΒΓ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Δ σημεῖον. πάλιν, ἐπεὶ παραλληλόγραμμόν ἐστι τὸ ΖΓΒΕ, διάμετρος δέ ἐστιν αὐτοῦ ἡ ΓΕ, ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ ΓΕΖ τρίγωνον τῷ ΓΒΕ τριγώνῳ. καὶ πυραμὶς ἄρα, ἧς βάσις μέν ἐστι τὸ ΒΓΕ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Δ σημεῖον, ἴση ἐστὶ πυραμίδι, ἧς βάσις μέν ἐστι τὸ ΕΓΖ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Δ σημεῖον. ἡ δὲ πυραμίς, ἧς βάσις μέν ἐστι τὸ ΒΓΕ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Δ σημεῖον, ἴση ἐδείχθη πυραμίδι, ἧς βάσις μέν ἐστι τὸ ΑΒΔ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Γ σημεῖον· καὶ πυραμὶς ἄρα, ἧς βάσις μέν ἐστι τὸ ΓΕΖ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Δ σημεῖον, ἴση ἐστὶ πυραμίδι, ἧς βάσις μὲν [ἐστι] τὸ ΑΒΔ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Γ σημεῖον· διῄρηται ἄρα τὸ ΑΒΓΔΕΖ πρίσμα εἰς τρεῖς πυραμίδας ἴσας ἀλλήλαις τριγώνους ἐχούσας βάσεις. καὶ ἐπεὶ πυραμίς, ἧς βάσις μέν ἐστι τὸ ΑΒΔ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Γ σημεῖον, ἡ αὐτή ἐστι πυραμίδι, ἧς βάσις τὸ ΓΑΒ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Δ σημεῖον· ὑπὸ γὰρ τῶν αὐτῶν ἐπιπέδων περιέχονται· ἡ δὲ πυραμίς, ἧς βάσις τὸ ΑΒΔ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Γ σημεῖον, τρίτον ἐδείχθη τοῦ πρίσματος, οὗ βάσις τὸ ΑΒΓ τρίγωνον, ἀπεναντίον δὲ τὸ ΔΕΖ, καὶ ἡ πυραμὶς ἄρα, ἧς βάσις τὸ ΑΒΓ τρίγωνον, κορυφὴ δὲ τὸ Δ σημεῖον, τρίτον ἐστὶ τοῦ πρίσματος τοῦ ἔχοντος βάσιν τὴν αὐτὴν τὸ ΑΒΓ τρίγωνον, ἀπεναντίον δὲ τὸ ΔΕΖ. Πόρισμα ἐκ δὴ τούτου φανερόν, ὅτι πᾶσα πυραμὶς τρίτον μέρος ἐστὶ τοῦ πρίσματος τοῦ τὴν αὐτὴν βάσιν ἔχοντος αὐτῇ καὶ ὕψος ἴσον [ἐπειδήπερ κἂν ἕτερόν τι σχῆμα εὐθύγραμμον ἔχῃ ἡ βάσις τοῦ πρίσματος, τοιοῦτο καὶ τὸ ἀπεναντίον, καὶ διαιρεῖται εἰς πρίσματα τρίγωνα ἔχοντα τὰς βάσεις καὶ τὰ ἀπεναντίον, καὶ ὡς ἡ ὅλη βάσις πρὸς ἕκαστον]· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
8. Similar pyramids which have triangular bases are in the triplicate ratio of their corresponding sides. Let there be similar and similarly situated pyramids of which the triangles ABC, DEF, are the bases and the points G, H the vertices; I say that the pyramid ABCG has to the pyramid DEFH the ratio triplicate of that which BC has to EF. For let the parallelepipedal solids BGML, EHQP be completed. Now, since the pyramid ABCG is similar to the pyramid DEFH, therefore the angle ABC is equal to the angle DEF, the angle GBC to the angle HEF, and the angle ABG to the angle DEH; and, as AB is to DE, so is BC to EF, and BG to EH. And since, as AB is to DE, so is BC to EF, and the sides are proportional about equal angles, therefore the parallelogram BM is similar to the parallelogram EQ. For the same reason BN is also similar to ER, and BK to EO; therefore the three parallelograms MB, BK, BN are similar to the three EQ, EO, ER. But the three parallelograms MB, BK, BN are equal and similar to their three opposites, and the three EQ, EO, ER are equal and similar to their three opposites. [] Therefore the solids BGML, EHQP are contained by similar planes equal in multitude. Therefore the solid BGML is similar to the solid EHQP. But similar parallelepipedal solids are in the triplicate ratio of their corresponding sides. [] Therefore the solid BGML has to the solid EHQP the ratio triplicate of that which the corresponding side BC has to the corresponding side EF. But, as the solid BGML is to the solid EHQP, so is the pyramid ABCG to the pyramid DEFH, inasmuch as the pyramid is a sixth part of the solid, because the prism which is half of the parallelepipedal solid [] is also triple of the pyramid. [] Therefore the pyramid ABCG also has to the pyramid DEFH the ratio triplicate of that which BC has to EF. Q. E. D. Porism. From this it is manifest that similar pyramids which have polygonal bases are also to one another in the triplicate ratio of their corresponding sides. For, if they are divided into the pyramids contained in them which have triangular bases, by virtue of the fact that the similar polygons forming their bases are also divided into similar triangles equal in multitude and corresponding to the wholes [], then, as the one pyramid which has a triangular base in the one complete pyramid is to the one pyramid which has a triangular base in the other complete pyramid, so also will all the pyramids which have triangular bases contained in the one pyramid be to all the pyramids which have triangular bases contained in the other pyramid [], that is, the pyramid itself which has a polygonal base to the pyramid which has a polygonal base. But the pyramid which has a triangular base is to the pyramid which has a triangular base in the triplicate ratio of the corresponding sides; therefore also the pyramid which has a polygonal base has to the pyramid which has a similar base the ratio triplicate of that which the side has to the side.
8. αἱ ὅμοιαι πυραμίδες καὶ τριγώνους ἔχουσαι βάσεις ἐν τριπλασίονι λόγῳ εἰσὶ τῶν ὁμολόγων πλευρῶν. ἔστωσαν ὅμοιαι καὶ ὁμοίως κείμεναι πυραμίδες, ὧν βάσεις μέν εἰσι τὰ ΑΒΓ, ΔΕΖ τρίγωνα, κορυφαὶ δὲ τὰ Η, θ σημεῖα· λέγω, ὅτι ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδα τριπλασίονα λόγον ἔχει ἤπερ ἡ ΒΓ πρὸς τὴν ΕΖ. συμπεπληρώσθω γὰρ τὰ ΒΗΜΛ, ΕΘΠΟ στερεὰ παραλληλεπίπεδα. καὶ ἐπεὶ ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς τῇ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδι, ἴση ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ μὲν ὑπὸ ΑΒΓ γωνία τῇ ὑπὸ ΔΕΖ γωνίᾳ, ἡ δὲ ὑπὸ ΗΒΓ τῇ ὑπὸ ΘΕΖ, ἡ δὲ ὑπὸ ΑΒΗ τῇ ὑπὸ ΔΕΘ, καί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΑΒ πρὸς τὴν ΔΕ, οὕτως ἡ ΒΓ πρὸς τὴν ΕΖ, καὶ ἡ ΒΗ πρὸς τὴν ΕΘ. καὶ ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΑΒ πρὸς τὴν ΔΕ, οὕτως ἡ ΒΓ πρὸς τὴν ΕΖ, καὶ περὶ ἴσας γωνίας αἱ πλευραὶ ἀνάλογόν εἰσιν, ὅμοιον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΒΜ παραλληλόγραμμον τῷ ΕΠ παραλληλογράμμῳ. διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ καὶ τὸ μὲν ΒΝ τῷ ΕΡ ὅμοιόν ἐστι, τὸ δὲ ΒΚ τῷ ΕΞ· τὰ τρία ἄρα τὰ ΜΒ, ΒΚ, ΒΝ τρισὶ τοῖς ΕΠ, ΕΞ, ΕΡ ὅμοιά ἐστιν. ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν τρία τὰ ΜΒ, ΒΚ, ΒΝ τρισὶ τοῖς ἀπεναντίον ἴσα τε καὶ ὅμοιά ἐστιν, τὰ δὲ τρία τὰ ΕΠ, ΕΞ, ΕΡ τρισὶ τοῖς ἀπεναντίον ἴσα τε καὶ ὅμοιά ἐστιν. τὰ ΒΗΜΛ, ΕΘΠΟ ἄρα στερεὰ ὑπὸ ὁμοίων ἐπιπέδων ἴσων τὸ πλῆθος περιέχεται. ὅμοιον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΒΗΜΛ στερεὸν τῷ ΕΘΠΟ στερεῷ. τὰ δὲ ὅμοια στερεὰ παραλληλεπίπεδα ἐν τριπλασίονι λόγῳ ἐστὶ τῶν ὁμολόγων πλευρῶν. τὸ ΒΗΜΛ ἄρα στερεὸν πρὸς τὸ ΕΘΠΟ στερεὸν τριπλασίονα λόγον ἔχει ἤπερ ἡ ὁμόλογος πλευρὰ ἡ ΒΓ πρὸς τὴν ὁμόλογον πλευρὰν τὴν ΕΖ. ὡς δὲ τὸ ΒΗΜΛ στερεὸν πρὸς τὸ ΕΘΠΟ στερεόν, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδα, ἐπειδήπερ ἡ πυραμὶς ἕκτον μέρος ἐστὶ τοῦ στερεοῦ διὰ τὸ καὶ τὸ πρίσμα ἥμισυ ὂν τοῦ στερεοῦ παραλληλεπιπέδου τριπλάσιον εἶναι τῆς πυραμίδος. καὶ ἡ ΑΒΓΗ ἄρα πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδα τριπλασίονα λόγον ἔχει ἤπερ ἡ ΒΓ πρὸς τὴν ΕΖ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι. Πόρισμα ἐκ δὴ τούτου φανερόν, ὅτι καὶ αἱ πολυγώνους ἔχουσαι βάσεις ὅμοιαι πυραμίδες πρὸς ἀλλήλας ἐν τριπλασίονι λόγῳ εἰσὶ τῶν ὁμολόγων πλευρῶν. διαιρεθεισῶν γὰρ αὐτῶν εἰς τὰς ἐν αὐταῖς πυραμίδας τριγώνους βάσεις ἐχούσας τῷ καὶ τὰ ὅμοια πολύγωνα τῶν βάσεων εἰς ὅμοια τρίγωνα διαιρεῖσθαι καὶ ἴσα τῷ πλήθει καὶ ὁμόλογα τοῖς ὅλοις ἔσται ὡς [ἡ] ἐν τῇ ἑτέρᾳ μία πυραμὶς τρίγωνον ἔχουσα βάσιν πρὸς τὴν ἐν τῇ ἑτέρᾳ μίαν πυραμίδα τρίγωνον ἔχουσαν βάσιν, οὕτως καὶ ἅπασαι αἱ ἐν τῇ ἑτέρᾳ πυραμίδι πυραμίδες τριγώνους ἔχουσαι βάσεις πρὸς τὰς ἐν τῇ ἑτέρᾳ πυραμίδι πυραμίδας τριγώνους βάσεις ἐχούσας, τουτέστιν αὐτὴ ἡ πολύγωνον βάσιν ἔχουσα πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν πολύγωνον βάσιν ἔχουσαν πυραμίδα. ἡ δὲ τρίγωνον βάσιν ἔχουσα πυραμὶς πρὸς τὴν τρίγωνον βάσιν ἔχουσαν ἐν τριπλασίονι λόγῳ ἐστὶ τῶν ὁμολόγων πλευρῶν· καὶ ἡ πολύγωνον ἄρα βάσιν ἔχουσα πρὸς τὴν ὁμοίαν βάσιν ἔχουσαν τριπλασίονα λόγον ἔχει ἤπερ ἡ πλευρὰ πρὸς τὴν πλευράν.
9. In equal pyramids which have triangular bases the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights; and those pyramids in which the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights are equal. For let there be equal pyramids which have the triangular bases ABC, DEF and vertices the points G, H; I say that in the pyramids ABCG, DEFH the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights, that is, as the base ABC is to the base DEF, so is the height of the pyramid DEFH to the height of the pyramid ABCG. For let the parallelepipedal solids BGML, EHQP be completed. Now, since the pyramid ABCG is equal to the pyramid DEFH, and the solid BGML is six times the pyramid ABCG, and the solid EHQP six times the pyramid DEFH, therefore the solid BGML is equal to the solid EHQP. But in equal parallelepipedal solids the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights; [] therefore, as the base BM is to the base EQ, so is the height of the solid EHQP to the height of the solid BGML. But, as the base BM is to EQ, so is the triangle ABC to the triangle DEF. [] Therefore also, as the triangle ABC is to the triangle DEF, so is the height of the solid EHQP to the height of the solid BGML. [] But the height of the solid EHQP is the same with the height of the pyramid DEFH, and the height of the solid BGML is the same with the height of the pyramid ABCG, therefore, as the base ABC is to the base DEF, so is the height of the pyramid DEFH to the height of the pyramid ABCG. Therefore in the pyramids ABCG, DEFH the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights. Next, in the pyramids ABCG, DEFH let the bases be reciprocally proportional to the heights; that is, as the base ABC is to the base DEF, so let the height of the pyramid DEFH be to the height of the pyramid ABCG; I say that the pyramid ABCG is equal to the pyramid DEFH. For, with the same construction, since, as the base ABC is to the base DEF, so is the height of the pyramid DEFH to the height of the pyramid ABCG, while, as the base ABC is to the base DEF, so is the parallelogram BM to the parallelogram EQ, therefore also, as the parallelogram BM is to the parallelogram EQ, so is the height of the pyramid DEFH to the height of the pyramid ABCG. [] But the height of the pyramid DEFH is the same with the height of the parallelepiped EHQP, and the height of the pyramid ABCG is the same with the height of the parallelepiped BGML; therefore, as the base BM is to the base EQ, so is the height of the parallelepiped EHQP to the height of the parallelepiped BGML. But those parallelepipedal solids in which the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights are equal; [] therefore the parallelepipedal solid BGML is equal to the parallelepipedal solid EHQP. And the pyramid ABCG is a sixth part of BGML, and the pyramid DEFH a sixth part of the parallelepiped EHQP; therefore the pyramid ABCG is equal to the pyramid DEFH. Therefore etc Q. E. D.
9. τῶν ἴσων πυραμίδων καὶ τριγώνους βάσεις ἐχουσῶν ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν· καὶ ὧν πυραμίδων τριγώνους βάσεις ἐχουσῶν ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν, ἴσαι εἰσὶν ἐκεῖναι. ἔστωσαν γὰρ ἴσαι πυραμίδες τριγώνους βάσεις ἔχουσαι τὰς ΑΒΓ, ΔΕΖ, κορυφὰς δὲ τὰ Η, Θ σημεῖα· λέγω, ὅτι τῶν ΑΒΓΗ, ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν, καί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τῆς ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδος ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τῆς ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδος ὕψος. συμπεπληρώσθω γὰρ τὰ ΒΗΜΛ, ΕΘΠΟ στερεὰ παραλληλεπίπεδα. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἴση ἐστὶν ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς τῇ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδι, καί ἐστι τῆς μὲν ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδος ἑξαπλάσιον τὸ ΒΗ ΜΛ στερεόν, τῆς δὲ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδος ἑξαπλάσιον τὸ ΕΘΠΟ στερεόν, ἴσον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΒΗΜΛ στερεὸν τῷ ΕΘΠΟ στερεῷ. τῶν δὲ ἴσων στερεῶν παραλληλεπιπέδων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΒΜ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΕΠ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τοῦ ΕΘΠΟ στερεοῦ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΒΗΜΛ στερεοῦ ὕψος. ἀλλʼ ὡς ἡ ΒΜ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΕΠ, οὕτως τὸ ΑΒΓ τρίγωνον πρὸς τὸ ΔΕΖ τρίγωνον. καὶ ὡς ἄρα τὸ ΑΒΓ τρίγωνον πρὸς τὸ ΔΕΖ τρίγωνον, οὕτως τὸ τοῦ ΕΘΠΟ στερεοῦ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΒΗΜΛ στερεοῦ ὕψος. ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν τοῦ ΕΘΠΟ στερεοῦ ὕψος τὸ αὐτό ἐστι τῷ τῆς ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδος ὕψει, τὸ δὲ τοῦ ΒΗΜΛ στερεοῦ ὕψος τὸ αὐτό ἐστι τῷ τῆς ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδος ὕψει· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τῆς ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδος ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τῆς ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδος ὕψος. τῶν ΑΒΓΗ, ΔΕΖΘ ἄρα πυραμίδων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν. ἀλλὰ δὴ τῶν ΑΒΓΗ, ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδων ἀντιπεπονθέτωσαν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν, καὶ ἔστω ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τῆς ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδος ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τῆς ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδος ὕψος· λέγω, ὅτι ἴση ἐστὶν ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς τῇ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδι. τῶν γὰρ αὐτῶν κατασκευασθέντων, ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τῆς ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδος ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τῆς ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδος ὕψος, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΔΕΖ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ ΒΜ παραλληλόγραμμον πρὸς τὸ ΕΠ παραλληλόγραμμον, καὶ ὡς ἄρα τὸ ΒΜ παραλληλόγραμμον πρὸς τὸ ΕΠ παραλληλόγραμμον, οὕτως τὸ τῆς ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδος ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τῆς ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδος ὕψος. ἀλλὰ τὸ [μὲν] τῆς ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδος ὕψος τὸ αὐτό ἐστι τῷ τοῦ ΕΘΠΟ παραλληλεπιπέδου ὕψει, τὸ δὲ τῆς ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίδος ὕψος τὸ αὐτό ἐστι τῷ τοῦ ΒΗΜΛ παραλληλεπιπέδου ὕψει· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΒΜ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΕΠ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τοῦ ΕΘΠΟ παραλληλεπιπέδου ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΒΗΜΛ παραλληλεπιπέδου ὕψος. ὧν δὲ στερεῶν παραλληλεπιπέδων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν, ἴσα ἐστὶν ἐκεῖνα· ἴσον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΒΗΜΛ στερεὸν παραλληλεπίπεδον τῷ ΕΘ ΠΟ στερεῷ παραλληλεπιπέδῳ. καί ἐστι τοῦ μὲν ΒΗΜΛ ἕκτον μέρος ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμίς, τοῦ δὲ ΕΘΠΟ παραλληλεπιπέδου ἕκτον μέρος ἡ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίς· ἴση ἄρα ἡ ΑΒΓΗ πυραμὶς τῇ ΔΕΖΘ πυραμίδι. τῶν ἄρα ἴσων πυραμίδων καὶ τριγώνους βάσεις ἐχουσῶν ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν· καὶ ὧν πυραμίδων τριγώνους βάσεις ἐχουσῶν ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν, ἴσαι εἰσὶν ἐκεῖναι· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
10. Any cone is a third part of the cylinder which has the same base with it and equal height.
10. πᾶς κῶνος κυλίνδρου τρίτον μέρος ἐστὶ τοῦ τὴν αὐτὴν βάσιν ἔχοντος αὐτῷ καὶ ὕψος ἴσον.
For let a cone have the same base, namely the circle ABCD, with a cylinder and equal height; I say that the cone is a third part of the cylinder, that is, that the cylinder is triple of the cone.
ἐχέτω γὰρ κῶνος κυλίνδρῳ βάσιν τε τὴν αὐτὴν τὸν ΑΒΓΔ κύκλον καὶ ὕψος ἴσον· λέγω, ὅτι ὁ κῶνος τοῦ κυλίνδρου τρίτον ἐστὶ μέρος, τουτέστιν ὅτι ὁ κύλινδρος τοῦ κώνου τριπλασίων ἐστίν.
For if the cylinder is not triple of the cone, the cylinder will be either greater than triple or less than triple of the cone.
εἰ γὰρ μή ἐστιν ὁ κύλινδρος τοῦ κώνου τριπλασίων, ἔσται ὁ κύλινδρος τοῦ κώνου ἤτοι μείζων ἢ τριπλασίων ἢ ἐλάσσων ἢ τριπλασίων.
First let it be greater than triple, and let the square ABCD be inscribed in the circle ABCD; [] then the square ABCD is greater than the half of the circle ABCD.
ἔστω πρότερον μείζων ἢ τριπλασίων, καὶ ἐγγεγράφθω εἰς τὸν ΑΒΓΔ κύκλον τετράγωνον τὸ ΑΒΓΔ· τὸ δὴ ΑΒΓΔ τετράγωνον μεῖζόν ἐστιν ἢ τὸ ἥμισυ τοῦ ΑΒΓΔ κύκλου.
From the square ABCD let there be set up a prism of equal height with the cylinder.
καὶ ἀνεστάτω ἀπὸ τοῦ ΑΒΓΔ τετραγώνου πρίσμα ἰσουψὲς τῷ κυλίνδρῳ.
Then the prism so set up is greater than the half of the cylinder, inasmuch as, if we also circumscribe a square about the circle ABCD [], the square inscribed in the circle ABCD is half of that circumscribed about it, and the solids set up from them are parallelepipedal prisms of equal height, while parallelepipedal solids which are of the same height are to one another as their bases; [] therefore also the prism set up on the square ABCD is half of the prism set up from the square circumscribed about the circle ABCD; [cf., or ] and the cylinder is less than the prism set up from the square circumscribed about the circle ABCD; therefore the prism set up from the square ABCD and of equal height with the cylinder is greater than the half of the cylinder.
τὸ δὴ ἀνιστάμενον πρίσμα μεῖζόν ἐστιν ἢ τὸ ἥμισυ τοῦ κυλίνδρου, ἐπειδήπερ κἂν περὶ τὸν ΑΒΓΔ κύκλον τετράγωνον περιγράψωμεν, τὸ ἐγγεγραμμένον εἰς τὸν ΑΒΓΔ κύκλον τετράγωνον ἥμισύ ἐστι τοῦ περιγεγραμμένου· καί ἐστι τὰ ἀπʼ αὐτῶν ἀνιστάμενα στερεὰ παραλληλεπίπεδα πρίσματα ἰσοϋψῆ· τὰ δὲ ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος ὄντα στερεὰ παραλληλεπίπεδα πρὸς ἄλληλά ἐστιν ὡς αἱ βάσεις· καὶ τὸ ἐπὶ τοῦ ΑΒΓΔ ἄρα τετραγώνου ἀνασταθὲν πρίσμα ἥμισύ ἐστι τοῦ ἀνασταθέντος πρίσματος ἀπὸ τοῦ περὶ τὸν ΑΒΓΔ κύκλον περιγραφέντος τετραγώνου· καί ἐστιν ὁ κύλινδρος ἐλάττων τοῦ πρίσματος τοῦ ἀνασταθέντος ἀπὸ τοῦ περὶ τὸν ΑΒΓΔ κύκλον περιγραφέντος τετραγώνου· τὸ ἄρα πρίσμα τὸ ἀνασταθὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ ΑΒΓΔ τετραγώνου ἰσοϋψὲς τῷ κυλίνδρῳ μεῖζόν ἐστι τοῦ ἡμίσεως τοῦ κυλίνδρου.