1.1. IN Thasos during autumn, about the time of the equinox to near the setting of the Pleiades, there were many rains, gently continuous, with southerly winds. Winter southerly, north winds light, droughts; on the whole, the winter was like a spring. Spring southerly and chilly; slight showers. Summer in general cloudy. No rain. Etesian winds few, light and irregular. The whole weather proved southerly, with droughts, but early in the spring, as the previous constitution had proved the opposite and northerly, a few patients suffered from ardent fevers, and these very mild, causing hemorrhage in few cases and no deaths. Many had swellings beside one ear, or both ears, in most cases unattended with fever, so that confinement to bed was unnecessary. In some cases there was slight heat, but in all the swellings subsided without causing harm; in no case was there suppuration such as attends swellings of other origin. This was the character of them:—-flabby, big, spreading, with neither inflammation nor pain; in every case they disappeared without a sign. The sufferers were youths, young men, and men in their prime, usually those who frequented the wrestling school and gymnasia. Few women were attacked. Many had dry coughs which brought up nothing when they coughed, but their voices were hoarse. Soon after, though in some cases after some time, painful inflammations occurred either in one testicle or in both, sometimes accompanied with fever, in other cases not. Usually they caused much suffering. In other respects the people had no ailments requiring medical assistance.
1.1. ἐν Θάσῳ φθινοπώρου περὶ ἰσημερίην καὶ ὑπὸ πληιάδα ὕδατα πολλά, συνεχέα μαλθακῶς, ἐν νοτίοις. χειμὼν νότιος, σμικρὰ βόρεια, αὐχμοί· τὸ σύνολον ἔς γε χειμῶνα οἷον ἔαρ γίνεται. ἔαρ δὲ νότιον ψυχεινόν, σμικρὰ ὕσματα. θέρος ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἐπινέφελον. ἀνυδρίαι. ἐτησίαι ὀλίγα, σμικρά, διεσπασμένως ἔπνευσαν. γενομένης δὲ τῆς ἀγωγῆς ὅλης ἐπὶ τὰ νότια καὶ μετʼ αὐχμῶν, πρωὶ μὲν τοῦ ἦρος ἐκ τῆς πρόσθεν καταστάσιος ὑπεναντίης καὶ βορείου γενομένης ὀλίγοις ἐγίνοντο καῦσοι καὶ τούτοισι πάνυ εὐσταθέες, καὶ ὀλίγοις ᾑμορράγει οὐδʼ ἀπέθνῃσκον ἐκ τούτων. ἐπάρματα δὲ παρὰ τὰ ὦτα πολλοῖσιν ἑτερόρροπα καὶ ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων, τοῖσι πλείστοισιν ἀπύροισιν ὀρθοστάδην· ἔστι δὲ οἳ καὶ σμικρὰ ἐπεθερμαίνοντο. κατέσβη πᾶσιν ἀσινέως οὐδʼ ἐξεπύησεν οὐδενὶ ὥσπερ τὰ ἐξ ἄλλων προφασίων. ἦν δὲ ὁ τρόπος αὐτῶν χαῦνα, μεγάλα, κεχυμένα, οὐ μετὰ φλεγμονῆς, ἀνώδυνα· πᾶσιν ἀσήμως ἠφανίσθη. ἐγίνετο δὲ ταῦτα μειρακίοισι, νέοισιν, ἀκμάζουσι, καὶ τούτων τοῖσι περὶ παλαίστρην καὶ γυμνάσια πλείστοισι· γυναιξὶ δὲ ὀλίγῃσιν ἐγίνετο. πολλοῖσι δὲ βῆχες ξηραὶ βήσσουσι καὶ οὐδὲν ἀνάγουσιν· φωναὶ βραγχώδεες. οὐ μετὰ πολύ, τοῖσι δὲ καὶ μετὰ χρόνον, φλεγμοναὶ μετʼ ὀδύνης ἐς ὄρχιν ἑτερόρροποι, τοῖσι δὲ ἐς ἀμφοτέρους. πυρετοὶ τοῖσι μέν, τοῖσι δʼ οὔ. ἐπιπόνως ταῦτα τοῖσι πλείστοισι. τὰ δʼ ἄλλα ὅσα κατʼ ἰητρεῖον ἀνόσως διῆγον.
1.2. Beginning early in the summer, throughout the summer and in winter many of those who had been ailing a long time took to their beds in a state of consumption, while many also who had hitherto been doubtful sufferers at this time showed undoubted symptoms. Some showed the symptoms now for the first time; these were those whose constitution inclined to be consumptive. Many, in fact most of these, died; of those who took to their beds I do not know one who survived even for a short time. Death came more promptly than is usual in consumption, and yet the other complaints, which will be described presently, though longer and attended with fever, were easily supported and did not prove fatal. For consumption was the worst of the diseases that occurred, and alone was responsible for the great mortality. In the majority of cases the symptoms were these. Fever with shivering, continuous, acute, not completely intermitting, but of the semitertian type; remitting during one day they were exacerbated on the next, becoming on the whole more acute. Sweats were continual, but not all over the body. Severe chill in the extremities, which with difficulty recovered their warmth. Bowels disordered, with bilious, scanty, unmixed, thin, smarting stools, causing the patient to get up often. Urine either thin, colourless, unconcocted and scanty, or thick and with a slight deposit, not settling favourably, but with a crude and unfavourable deposit. The patients frequently coughed up small, concocted sputa, brought up little by little with difficulty. Those exhibiting the symptoms in their most violent form showed no concoction at all, but continued spitting crude sputa. In the majority of these cases the throat was throughout painful from the beginning, being red and inflamed. Fluxes slight, thin, pungent. Patients quickly wasted away and grew worse, being throughout averse to all food and experiencing no thirst. Delirium in many cases as death approached. Such were the symptoms of the consumption.
1.2. πρωὶ δὲ τοῦ θέρεος ἀρξάμενοι διὰ θέρεος καὶ κατὰ χειμῶνα πολλοὶ τῶν ἤδη πολὺν χρόνον ὑποφερομένων φθινώδεες κατεκλίνησαν, ἐπεὶ καὶ τοῖς ἐνδοιαστῶς ἔχουσι πολλοῖσιν ἐβεβαίωσε τότε. ἔστι δʼ οἷσιν ἤρξατο πρῶτον τότε, οἷσιν ἔρρεπεν ἡ φύσις ἐπὶ τὸ φθινῶδες. ἀπέθανον δὲ πολλοὶ καὶ πλεῖστοι τούτων, καὶ τῶν κατακλινέντων οὐκ οἶδα εἴ τις οὐδʼ εἰ μέτριον χρόνον περιεγένετο. ἀπέθνῃσκον δὲ ὀξυτέρως ἢ ὡς εἴθισται διάγειν τὰ τοιαῦτα· ὡς τά γε ἄλλα καὶ μακρότερα καὶ ἐν πυρετοῖσιν ἐόντα εὐφόρως ἤνεγκαν καὶ οὐκ ἀπέθνῃσκον, περὶ ὧν γεγράψεται. μοῦνον γὰρ καὶ μέγιστον τῶν γενομένων νοσημάτων τοὺς πολλοὺς τὸ φθινῶδες ἔκτεινεν. ην δὲ τοῖς πλείστοισιν αὐτῶν τὰ παθήματα τοιάδε· φρικώδεες πυρετοί, συνεχέες, ὀξέες, τὸ μὲν ὅλον οὐ διαλείποντες· ὁ δὲ τρόπος ἡμιτριταῖος· μίαν κουφότεροι, τῇ ἑτέρῃ παροξυνόμενοι, καὶ τὸ ὅλον ἐπὶ τὸ ὀξύτερον ἐπιδιδόντες. ἱδρῶτες αἰεί, οὐ διʼ ὅλου· ψύξις ἀκρέων πολλὴ καὶ μόγις ἀναθερμαινόμενα. κοιλίαι ταραχώδεες χολώδεσιν, ὀλίγοις, ἀκρήτοισι, λεπτοῖσι, δακνώδεσι· πυκνὰ ἀνίσταντο. οὖρα ἢ λεπτὰ καὶ ἄχρω καὶ ἄπεπτα καὶ ὀλίγα ἢ πάχος ἔχοντα καὶ σμικρὴν ὑπόστασιν, οὐ καλῶς καθιστάμενα, ἀλλʼ ὠμῇ τινι καὶ ἀκαίρῳ ὑποστάσει. ἔβησσον δὲ σμικρά, πυκνά, πέπονα, κατʼ ὀλίγα μόγις ἀνάγοντες. οἷσι δὲ τὰ βιαιότατα συμπίπτοι, οὐδʼ ἐς ὀλίγον πεπασμὸν ᾔει, ἀλλὰ διετέλεον ὠμὰ πτύοντες. φάρυγγες δὲ τοῖσι πλείστοισι τούτων ἐξ ἀρχῆς καὶ διὰ τέλεος ἐπώδυνοι· εἶχον ἔρευθος μετὰ φλεγμονῆς· ῥεύματα σμικρά, λεπτά, δριμέα· ταχὺ τηκόμενοι καὶ κακούμενοι, ἀπόσιτοι πάντων γευμάτων διὰ τέλεος, ἄδιψοι· καὶ παράληροι πολλοὶ περὶ θάνα τον. περὶ μὲν τὰ φθινώδεα ταῦτα.
1.3. But when summer came, and during autumn occurred many continuous but not violent fevers, which attacked persons who were long ailing without suffering distress in any other particular manner; for the bowels were in most cases quite easy, and hurt to no appreciable extent. Urine in most cases of good colour and clear, but thin, and after a time near the crisis it grew concocted. Coughing was slight, and caused no distress. No lack of appetite; in fact it was quite possible even to give food. In general the patients did not sicken, as did the consumptives, with shivering fevers, but with slight sweats, the paroxysms being variable and irregular. The earliest crisis was about the twentieth day; in most cases the crisis was about the fortieth day, though in many it was about the eightieth. In some cases the illness did not end in this way, but in an irregular manner without a crisis. In the majority of these cases the fevers relapsed after a brief interval, and after the relapse a crisis occurred at the end of the same periods as before. The disease in many of these instances was so protracted that it even lasted during the winter. Out of all those described in this constitution only the consumptives showed a high mortality-rate; for all the other patients bore up well, and the other fevers did not prove fatal.
1.3. κατὰ δὲ θέρος ἤδη καὶ φθινόπωρον πυρετοὶ πολλοὶ συνεχέες οὐ βιαίως, μακρὰ δὲ νοσέουσιν οὐδὲ περὶ τὰ ἄλλα δυσφόρως διάγουσιν ἐγένοντο· κοιλίαι τε γὰρ τοῖσι πλείστοισι πάνυ εὐφόρως καὶ οὐδὲν ἄξιον λόγου προσέβλαπτον. οὖρά τε τοῖσι πλείστοισιν εὔχρω μὲν καὶ καθαρά, λεπτὰ δὲ καὶ μετὰ χρόνον περὶ κρίσιν πεπαινόμενα. βηχώδεες οὐ λίην. οὐδὲ τὰ βησσόμενα δυσκόλως· οὐδʼ ἀπόσιτοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ διδόναι πάνυ ἐνεδέχετο. τὸ μὲν ὅλον ὑπενόσεον, οὐ τὸν φθινώδεα τρόπον πυρετοῖσι φρικώδεσι, σμικρὰ ὑφιδροῦντες, ἄλλοτε ἀλλοίως παροξυνόμενοι πεπλανημένως. ἔκρινε τούτων οἷσι τὰ βραχύτατα γίνοιτο περὶ εἰκοστήν, τοῖσι δὲ πλείστοισι περὶ τεσσαρακοστήν, πολλοῖσι δὲ περὶ τὰς ὀγδοήκοντα. ἔστι δʼ οἷσιν οὐδʼ οὕτως, ἀλλὰ πεπλανημένως καὶ ἀκρίτως ἐξέλιπον· τούτων δὲ τοῖσι πλείστοισιν οὐ πολὺν διαλιπόντες χρόνον ὑπέστρεψαν οἱ πυρετοὶ πάλιν, ἐκ δὲ τῶν ὑποστροφέων ἐν τῇσιν αὐτῇσι περιόδοισιν ἐκρί νοντο· πολλοῖσι δὲ αὐτῶν ἀνήγαγον, ὥστε καὶ ὑπὸ χειμῶνα νοσεῖν. ἐκ πάντων δὲ τῶν ὑπογεγραμμένων ἐν τῇ καταστάσει ταύτῃ μούνοισι τοῖσι φθινώδεσι θανατώδεα συνέπεσεν· ἐπεὶ τοῖσί γε ἄλλοισι πᾶσιν εὐφόρως, καὶ θανατώδεες ἐν τοῖσιν ἄλλοισι πυρετοῖσιν οὐκ ἐγένοντο.
2.4. In Thasos early in autumn occurred unseasonable wintry storms, suddenly with many north and south winds bursting out into rains. These conditions continued until the setting of the Pleiades and during their season. Winter was northerly; many violent and abundant rains; snows; generally there were fine intervals. With all this, however, the cold weather was not exceptionally unseasonable. But immediately after the winter solstice, when the west wind usually begins to blow, there was a return of severe wintry weather, much north wind, snow and copious rains continuously, sky stormy and clouded. These conditions lasted on, and did not remit before the equinox. Spring cold, northerly, wet, cloudy. Summer did not turn out excessively hot, the Etesian winds blowing continuously. But soon after, near the rising of Arcturus, there was much rain again, with northerly winds.
2.4. ἐν Θάσῳ πρωὶ τοῦ φθινοπώρου χειμῶνες οὐ κατὰ καιρόν, ἀλλʼ ἐξαίφνης ἐν βορείοισι καὶ νοτίοισι πολλοῖς ὑγροὶ καὶ προεκρηγνύμενοι. ταῦτα δὴ ἐγένετο τοιαῦτα μέχρι πληϊάδος δύσιος καὶ ὑπὸ πληϊάδα. χειμὼν δὲ βόρειος· ὕδατα πολλά, λάβρα, μεγάλα, χιόνες· μειξαίθρια τὰ πλεῖστα. ταῦτα δὲ ἐγένετο μὲν πάντα, οὐ λίην δὲ ἀκαίρως τὰ τῶν ψυχέων. ἤδη δὲ μεθʼ ἡλίου τροπὰς χειμερινὰς καὶ ἡνίκα ζέφυρος πνεῖν ἄρχεται, ὀπισθοχειμῶνες μεγάλοι, βόρεια πολλά, χιὼν καὶ ὕδατα πολλὰ συνεχέως, οὐρανὸς λαι λαπώδης καὶ ἐπινέφελος. ταῦτα δὲ συνέτεινε καὶ οὐκ ἀνίει μέχρι ἰσημερίης. ἔαρ δὲ ψυχρόν, βόρειον, ὑδατῶδες, ἐπινέφελον. θέρος οὐ λίην καυματῶδες ἐγένετο· ἐτησίαι συνεχέες ἔπνευσαν. ταχὺ δὲ περὶ ἀρκτοῦρον ἐν βορείοισι πολλὰ πάλιν ὕδατα.
2.5. The whole year having been wet, cold and northerly, in the winter the public health in most respects was good, but in early spring many, in fact most, suffered illnesses. Now there began at first inflammations of the eyes, marked by rheum, pain, and unconcocted discharges. Small gummy sores, in many cases causing distress when they broke out; the great majority relapsed, and ceased late on the approach of autumn. In summer and autumn dysenteric diseases, tenesmus and lientery; bilious diarrhœa, with copious, thin, crude, smarting stools; in some cases it was also watery. In many cases there were also painful, bilious defluxions, watery, full of thin particles, purulent and causing strangury. No kidney trouble, but their various symptoms succeeded in various orders. Vomitings of phlegm, bile, and undigested food. Sweats; in all cases much moisture over all the body. These complaints in many cases were unattended with fever, and the sufferers were not confined to bed; but in many others there was fever, as I am going to describe. Those who showed all the symptoms mentioned above were consumptives who suffered pain. When autumn came, and during winter, continuous feversin some few cases ardentday fevers, night fevers, semitertians, exact tertians, quartans, irregular fevers. Each of the fevers mentioned found many victims.
2.5. γενομένου δὲ τοῦ ἔτεος ὅλου ὑγροῦ καὶ ψυχροῦ καὶ βορείου κατὰ χειμῶνα μὲν ὑγιηρῶς εἶχον τὰ πλεῖστα, πρωὶ δὲ τοῦ ἦρος πολλοί τινες καὶ οἱ πλεῖστοι διῆγον ἐπινόσως. ἤρξαντο μὲν οὖν τὸ πρῶτον ὀφθαλμίαι ῥοώδεες, ὀδυνώδεες, ὑγραὶ ἀπέπτως· σμικρὰ λημία δυσκόλως πολλοῖσιν ἐκρηγνύμενα· τοῖσι πλείστοισιν ὑπέστρεφον· ἀπέλιπον ὀψὲ πρὸς τὸ φθινόπωρον. κατὰ δὲ θέρος καὶ φθινόπωρον δυσεντεριώδεες καὶ τεινεσμοὶ καὶ λειεντεριώδεες. καὶ διάρροιαι χολώδεες, πολλοῖσι λεπτοῖσιν, ὠμοῖσι καὶ δακνώδεσιν, ἔστι δʼ οἷσι καὶ ὑδατώδεες. πολλοῖσι δὲ καὶ περίρροιαι μετὰ πόνου χολώδεες, ὑδατώδεες, ξυσματώδεες, πυώδεες, στραγγουριώδεες· οὐ νεφριτικά, ἀλλὰ τούτοισιν ἀντʼ ἄλλων ἄλλα. ἔμετοι φλεγματώδεες, χολώδεες καὶ σιτίων ἀπέπτων ἀναγωγαί. ἱδρῶτες· πᾶσι πάντοθεν πολὺς πλάδος. ἐγίνετο δὲ ταῦτα πολλοῖσιν ὀρθοστάδην ἀπύροισι, πολλοῖσι δὲ πυρετοί, περὶ ὧν γεγράψεται. ἐν οἷσι δὲ ὑπεφαίνετο πάντα τὰ ὑπογεγραμμένα, μετὰ πόνου φθινώδεες. ἤδη δὲ φθινοπώρου καὶ ὑπὸ χειμῶνα πυρετοὶ συνεχέες—καί τισιν αὐτῶν ὀλίγοισι καυσώδεες—ἡμερινοί, νυκτερινοί, ἡμιτριταῖοι, τριταῖοι ἀκριβέες, τεταρταῖοι, πλάνητες. ἔκαστοι δὲ τῶν ὑπογεγραμ μένων πυρετῶν πολλοῖσιν ἐγίνοντο.
2.6. Now the ardent fevers attacked the fewest persons, and these were less distressed than any of the other sick. There was no bleeding from the nose, except very slight discharges in a few cases, and no delirium. All the other symptoms were slight. The crises of these diseases were quite regular, generally in seventeen days, counting the days of intermission, and I know of no ardent fever proving fatal at this time, nor of any phrenitis. The tertians were more numerous than the ardent fevers and more painful. But all these had four regular periods from the first onset, had complete crises in seven, and in no case relapsed. But the quartans, while in many instances they began at first with quartan periodicity, yet in not a few they became quartan by an abscession from other fevers or illnesses. They were protracted, as quartans usually are, or even more protracted than usual. Many fell victims to quotidians, night fevers, or irregular fevers, and were ill for a long time, either in bed or walking about. In most of these cases the fevers continued during the season of the Pleiades or even until winter. In many patients, especially children, there were convulsions and slight feverishness from the beginning; sometimes, too, convulsions supervened upon fevers. Mostly these illnesses were protracted, but not dangerous, except for those who from all other causes were predisposed to die.
2.6. οἱ μὲν οὖν καῦσοι ἐλαχίστοισί τε ἐγένοντο καὶ ἥκιστα τῶν καμνόντων οὗτοι ἐπόνησαν. οὔτε γὰρ ᾑμορράγει, εἰ μὴ πάνυ σμικρὰ καὶ ὀλίγοισιν, οὔτε οἱ παράληροι. τά τε ἄλλα πάντʼ εὐφόρως. ἔκρινε τούτοισι πάνυ εὐτάκτως, τοῖσι πλείστοισι σὺν τῇσι διαλειπούσῃσιν ἐν ἑπτακαίδεκα ἡμέρῃσιν οὐδὲ ἀποθανόντα οὐδένα οἶδα τότε καύσῳ οὐδὲ φρενιτικὰ τότε γενόμενα. οἱ δὲ τριταῖοι πλείους μὲν τῶν καύσων καὶ ἐπιπονώτεροι· εὐτάκτως δὲ τούτοισι πᾶσιν ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης λήψιος τέσσαρας περιόδους· ἐν ἑπτὰ δὲ τελέως ἔκριναν οὐδʼ ὑπέστρεψαν οὐδενὶ τούτων. οἱ δὲ τεταρταῖοι πολλοῖσι μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐν τάξει τεταρταίου ἤρξαντο, ἔστι δὲ οἷς οὐκ ὀλίγοισιν ἐξ ἄλλων πυρετῶν καὶ νοσημάτων ἀποστάσει τεταρταῖοι ἐγένοντο· μακρὰ δὲ καὶ ὡς εἴθισται τούτοισι καὶ ἔτι μακρότερα συνέπιπτεν. ἀμφημερινοὶ δὲ καὶ νυκτερινοὶ καὶ πλάνητες πολλοῖσι πολλοὶ καὶ πολὺν χρόνον παρέμενον ὀρθοστάδην τε καὶ κατακειμένοισι. τοῖσι πλείστοισι τούτων ὑπὸ πληϊάδα καὶ μέχρι χειμῶνος οἱ πυρετοὶ παρείποντο. σπασμοὶ δὲ πολλοῖσι, μᾶλλον δὲ παιδίοις, ἐξ ἀρχῆς καὶ ὑπεπύρεσσον, καὶ ἐπὶ πυρετοῖσιν ἐγίνοντο σπασμοί· χρόνια μὲν τοῖσι πλείστοισι τούτων, ἀβλαβέα δέ, εἰ μὴ τοῖσι καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἄλλων πάντων ὀλεθρίως ἔχουσιν.
2.7. But those fevers which were altogether continuous and never intermitted at all, but in all cases grew worse after the manner of semitertians, with remission during one day followed by exacerbation during the next, were the most severe of all the fevers which occurred at this time, the longest and the most painful. Beginning mildly, and on the whole increasing always, with exacerbation, and growing worse, they had slight remissions followed quickly after an abatement by more violent exacerbations, generally becoming worse on the critical days. All patients had irregular rigors that followed no fixed law, most rarely and least in the semitertians, but more violent in the other fevers. Copious sweats, least copious in the semitertians; they brought no relief, but on the contrary caused harm. These patients suffered great chill in the extremities, which grew warm again with difficulty. Generally there was sleeplessness, especially with the semitertians, followed afterwards by coma. In all the bowels were disordered and in a bad state, but in the semitertians they were far the worst. In most of them urine either (a) thin, crude, colourless, after a time becoming slightly concocted with signs of crisis, or (b) thick enough but turbid, in no way settling or forming sediment, or (c) with small, bad, crude sediments, these being the worst of all. Coughs attended the fevers, but I cannot say that either harm or good resulted from the coughing on this occasion.
2.7. οἱ δὲ δὴ συνεχέες μὲν τὸ ὅλον καὶ οὐδὲν ἐκλείποντες, παροξυνόμενοι δὲ πᾶσι τριταιοφυέα τρόπον, μίαν ὑποκουφίζοντες καὶ μίαν παροξυνόμενοι, πάντων βιαιότατοι τῶν τότε γενομένων καὶ μακρότατοι καὶ μετὰ πόνων μεγίστων γενόμενοι· πρηέως ἀρχόμενοι, τὸ δʼ ὅλον ἐπιδιδόντες αἰεὶ καὶ παροξυνόμενοι καὶ ἀνάγοντες ἐπὶ τὸ κάκιον· σμικρὰ διακουφίζοντες καὶ ταχὺ πάλιν ἐξ ἐπισχέσιος βιαιοτέρως παροξυνόμενοι, ἐν κρισί μοις ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ κακούμενοι. ῥίγεα δὲ πᾶσι μὲν ἀτάκτως καὶ πεπλανημένως ἐγίνετο, ἐλάχιστα δὲ καὶ ἥκιστα τούτοισιν, ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων πυρετῶν μέζω. ἱδρῶτες πολλοί, τούτοισι δὲ ἐλάχιστοι, κουφίζοντες οὐδέν, ἀλλʼ ὑπεναντίον βλάβας φερόντες. ψύξις δὲ πολλὴ τούτοισιν ἀκρέων καὶ μόγις ἀναθερμαινόμενα. ἄγρυπνοι τὸ σύνολον καὶ μάλιστα οὗτοι καὶ πάλιν κωματώδεες. κοιλίαι δὲ πᾶσι μὲν ταραχώδεες καὶ κακαί, πολὺ δὲ τούτοισι κάκισται. οὖρα δὲ τοῖσι πλείστοισι τούτων ἢ λεπτὰ καὶ ὠμὰ καὶ ἄχρω καὶ μετὰ χρόνον σμικρὰ πεπαινόμενα κρισίμως ἢ πάχος μὲν ἔχοντα, θολερὰ δὲ καὶ οὐδὲν καθιστάμενα, οὐδʼ ὑφιστάμενα, ἢ σμικρὰ καὶ κακὰ καὶ ὠμὰ τὰ ὑφιστάμενα· κάκιστα δὲ ταῦτα πάντων. βῆχες δὲ παρείποντο μὲν τοῖς πυρετοῖσι, γράψαι δὲ οὐκ ἔχω βλάβην οὐδʼ ὠφελείην γενομένην διὰ βηχὸς τότε.
2.8. Now the greatest number of these symptoms continued to be protracted, troublesome, very disordered, very irregular, and without any critical signs, both in the case of those who came very near death and in the case of those who did not. For even if some patients enjoyed slight intermissions, there followed a quick relapse. A few of them experienced a crisis, the earliest being about the eightieth day, some of the latter having a relapse, so that most of them were still ill in the winter. The greatest number had no crisis before the disease terminated. These symptoms occurred in those who recovered just as much as in those who did not. The illnesses showed a marked absence of crisis and a great variety; the most striking and the worst symptom, which throughout attended the great majority, was a complete loss of appetite, especially in those whose general condition exhibited fatal signs, but in these fevers they did not suffer much from unseasonable thirst. After long intervals, with many pains and with pernicious wasting, there supervened abscessions either too severe to be endured, or too slight to be beneficial, so that there was a speedy return of the original symptoms, and an aggravation of the mischief.
2.8. χρόνια μὲν οὖν καὶ δυσχερέα καὶ πάνυ ἀτάκτως καὶ πεπλανημένως καὶ ἀκρίτως τὰ πλεῖστα τούτων διετέλει γινόμενα καὶ τοῖσι πάνυ ὀλεθρίως ἔχουσι καὶ τοῖσι μή. εἰ γάρ τινας αὐτῶν καὶ διαλίποι σμικρά, ταχὺ πάλιν ὑπέστρεφεν. ἔστι δʼ οἷσιν ἔκρινεν αὐτῶν ὀλίγοισιν, οἷσι τὰ βραχύτατα γένοιτο, περὶ ὀγδοηκοστὴν ἐοῦσι, καὶ τούτων ἐνίοις ὑπέστρεφεν, ὥστε κατὰ χειμῶνα τοὺς πλείστους αὐτῶν ἔτι νοσεῖν. τοῖσι δὲ πλείστοισιν ἀκρίτως ἐξέλειπεν. ὁμοίως δὲ ταῦτα συνέπιπτεν τοῖς περιγινομένοισιν καὶ τοῖσιν οὔ. πολλῆς δέ τινος γινομένης ἀκρισίης καὶ ποικιλίης ἐπὶ τῶν νοσημάτων καὶ μεγίστου μὲν σημείου καὶ κακίστου διὰ τέλεος παρεπομένου τοῖσι πλείστοισιν ἀποσίτοις εἶναι πάντων γευμάτων, μάλιστα δὲ τούτων, οἷσι καὶ τἄλλα ὀλεθρίως ἔχοι, διψώδεες οὐ λίην ἀκαίρως ἦσαν ἐπὶ τοῖσι πυρετοῖσι τούτοισι. γενομένων δὲ χρόνων μακρῶν καὶ πόνων πολλῶν καὶ κακῆς συντήξιος, ἐπὶ τούτοισιν ἀποστάσιες ἐγίνοντο ἢ μέζους, ὥστε ὑποφέρειν μὴ δύνασθαι, ἢ μείους, ὥστε μηδὲν ὠφελεῖν, ἀλλὰ ταχὺ παλινδρομεῖν καὶ συνεπείγειν ἐπὶ τὸ κάκιον.
2.9. The symptoms from which these patients suffered were dysenteries and tenesmus, lienteries also and fluxes. Some had dropsies also, either with or without these. Whenever any of these attacked violently they were quickly fatal, or, if mild, they did no good. Slight eruptions, which did not match the extent of the diseases and quickly disappeared again, or swellings by the ears that grew smaller and signified nothing, in some cases appearing at the joints, especially the hip-joint, in few instances leaving with signs of crisis, when they quickly re-established themselves in their original state.
2.9. ἦν δὲ τούτοισι τὰ γινόμενα δυσεντεριώδεα καὶ τεινεσμοί, καὶ λειεντερικοὶ καὶ ῥοώδεες. ἔστι δʼ οἷσι καὶ ὕδρωπες μετὰ τούτων καὶ ἄνευ τούτων. ὅ τι δὲ παραγένοιτο τούτων βιαίως ταχὺ συνῄρει, ἢ πάλιν ἐπὶ τὸ μηδὲν ὠφελεῖν. ἐξανθήματα σμικρὰ καὶ οὐκ ἀξίως τῆς περιβολῆς τῶν νοσημάτων καὶ ταχὺ πάλιν ἀφανιζόμενα ἢ παρὰ τὰ ὦτα οἰδήματα μωλυόμενα καὶ οὐδὲν ἀποσημαίνοντα, ἔστι δʼ οἷς ἐς ἄρθρα, μάλιστα δὲ κατὰ ἰσχίον, ὀλίγοισι κρισίμως ἀπολείποντα καὶ ταχὺ πάλιν ἐπικρατεύμενα ἐπὶ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἕξιν.
2.10. From all the diseases some died, but the greatest number from these fevers, especially childrenthose just weaned, older children of eight or ten years, and those approaching puberty. These victims never suffered from the latter symptoms without the first I have described above, but often the first without the latter. The only good sign, the most striking that occurred, which saved very many of those who were in the greatest danger, was when there was a change to strangury, into which abscessions took place. The strangury, too, came mostly to patients of the ages mentioned, though it did happen to many of the others, either without their taking to bed or when they were ill. Rapid and great was the complete change that occurred in their case. For the bowels, even if they were perniciously loose, quickly recovered; their appetite for everything returned, and hereafter the fever abated. But the strangury, even in these cases, was long and painful. Their urine was copious, thick, varied, red, mixed with pus, and passed with pain. But they all survived, and I know of none of these that died.
2.10. ἔθνῃσκον δʼ ἐκ πάντων μέν, πλεῖστοι δʼ ἐκ τούτων, καὶ τούτων παιδία, ὅσα ἀπὸ γάλακτος ἤδη, καὶ πρεσβύτερα, ὀκταετέα καὶ δεκαετέα, καὶ ὅσα πρὸ ἥβης. ἐγίνετο δὲ τούτοισι ταῦτα οὐκ ἄνευ τῶν πρώτων γεγραμμένων, τὰ δὲ πρῶτα πολλοῖσιν ἄνευ τούτων. μοῦνον δὲ χρηστὸν καὶ μέγιστον τῶν γενομένων σημείων καὶ πλείστους ἐρρύσατο τῶν ἐόντων ἐπὶ τοῖσι μεγίστοισι κινδύνοισιν, οἷσιν ἐπὶ τὸ στραγγουριῶδες ἐτράπετο καὶ ἐς τοῦτο ἀποστάσιες ἐγίνοντο. συνέπιπτε δὲ καὶ τὸ στραγγουριῶδες τῇσιν ἡλικίῃσιν ταύτῃσιν γίνεσθαι μάλιστα. ἐγίνετο δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων πολλοῖσιν ὀρθοστάδην καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν νοσημάτων. ταχὺ δὲ καὶ μεγάλη τις ἡ μεταβολὴ τούτοισι πάντων ἐγίνετο. κοιλίαι τε γάρ, καὶ εἰ τύχοιεν ἐφυγραινόμεναι κακοήθεα τρόπον, ταχὺ συνίσταντο, γεύμασίν τε πᾶσιν ἡδέως εἶχον, οἵ τε πυρετοὶ πρηέες μετὰ ταῦτα. χρόνια δὲ καὶ τούτοισι τὰ περὶ τὴν στραγγουρίην καὶ ἐπιπόνως. οὖρα δὲ τούτοισιν ᾔει πολλὰ παχέα καὶ ποικίλα καὶ ἐρυθρά, μειξόπυα μετʼ ὀδύνης. περιεγένοντο δὲ πάντες οὗτοι, καὶ οὐδένα τούτων οἶδα ἀπο θανόντα.
2.11. In all dangerous cases you should be on the watch for all favourable coctions of the evacuations from all parts, or for fair and critical abscessions. Coctions signify nearness of crisis and sure recovery of health, but crude and unconcocted evacuations, which change into bad abscessions, denote absence of crisis, pain, prolonged illness, death, or a return of the same symptoms. But it is by a consideration of other signs that one must decide which of these results will be most likely. Declare the past, diagnose the present, foretell the future; practise these acts. As to diseases, make a habit of two thingsto help, or at least to do no harm. The art has three factors, the disease, the patient, the physician. The physician is the servant of the art. The patient must co-operate with the physician in combating the disease.
2.11. ὅσα διὰ κινδύνων, πεπασμοὺς τῶν ἀπιόντων πάντας πάντοθεν ἐπικαίρους ἢ καλὰς καὶ κρισίμους ἀποστάσιας σκοπεῖσθαι. πεπασμοὶ ταχυτῆτα κρίσιος καὶ ἀσφάλειαν ὑγιείης σημαί νουσιν, ὠμὰ δὲ καὶ ἄπεπτα καὶ ἐς κακὰς ἀποστάσιας τρεπόμενα ἀκρισίας ἢ πόνους ἢ χρόνους ἢ θανάτους ἢ τῶν αὐτῶν ὑποστροφάς. ὅ τι δὲ τούτων ἔσται μάλιστα, σκεπτέον ἐξ ἄλλων. λέγειν τὰ προγενόμενα, γινώσκειν τὰ παρεόντα, προλέγειν τὰ ἐσόμενα· μελετᾶν ταῦτα. ἀσκεῖν περὶ τὰ νοσήματα δύο, ὠφελεῖν ἢ μὴ βλάπτειν. ἡ τέχνη διὰ τριῶν, τὸ νόσημα καὶ ὁ νοσέων καὶ ὁ ἰητρός· ὁ ἰητρὸς ὑπηρέτης τῆς τέχνης· ὑπεναντιοῦσθαι τῷ νοσήματι τὸν νοσέοντα μετὰ τοῦ ἰητροῦ.
2.12. Pains about the head and neck, and heaviness combined with pain, occur both without and with fever. Sufferers from phrenitis have convulsions, and eject verdigris-coloured vomit; some die very quickly. But in ardent and the other fevers, those with pain in the neck, heaviness of the temples, dimness of sight, and painless tension of the hypochondrium, bleed from the nose; those with a general heaviness of the head, cardialgia, and nausea, vomit afterwards bile and phlegm. Children for the most part in such cases suffer chiefly from the convulsions. Women have both these symptoms and pains in the womb. Older people, and those whose natural heat is failing, have paralysis or raving or blindness.
2.12. τὰ περὶ κεφαλὴν καὶ τράχηλον ἀλγήματα καὶ βάρεα μετʼ ὀδύνης ἄνευ πυρετῶν καὶ ἐν πυρετοῖσι· φρενιτικοῖσι μὲν σπασμοί, καὶ ἰώδεα ἐπανεμεῦσιν, ἔνιοι ταχυθάνατοι τούτων. ἐν καύσοισι δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις πυρετοῖς, οἷσι μὲν τραχήλου πόνος καὶ κροτάφων βάρος καὶ σκοτώδεα περὶ τὰς ὄψιας καὶ ὑποχονδρίου σύντασις οὐ μετʼ ὀδύνης γίνεται, τούτοισιν αἱμορραγεῖ διὰ ῥινῶν· οἷσι δὲ βάρεα μὲν ὅλης τῆς κεφαλῆς, καρδιωγμοὶ δὲ καὶ ἀσώδεές εἰσιν, ἐπανεμέουσιν χολώδεα καὶ φλεγματώδεα. τὸ πολὺ δὲ παιδίοισιν ἐν τοῖσι τοιούτοισιν οἱ σπασμοὶ μάλιστα, γυναιξὶ δὲ καὶ ταῦτα καὶ ἀπὸ ὑστερέων πόνοι, πρεσβυτέροισι δὲ καὶ ὅσοις ἤδη τὸ θερμὸν κρατεῖται, παραπληγικὰ ἢ μανικὰ ἢ στερήσιες ὀφθαλμῶν.
3.13. In Thasos a little before and at the season of Arcturus many violent rains with northerly winds. About the equinox until the setting of the Pleiades slight, southerly rains. Winter northerly, droughts, cold periods, violent winds, snow. About the equinox very severe storms. Spring northerly, droughts, slight rains, periods of cold. About the summer solstice slight showers, periods of great cold until near the Dog Star. After the Dog Star, until Arcturus, hot summer. Great heat, not intermittent but continuous and severe. No rain fell. The Etesian winds blew. About Arcturus southerly rains until the equinox.
3.13. χΙΙΙ. ἐν Θάσῳ πρὸ ἀρκτούρου ὀλίγον καὶ ἐπʼ ἀρκτούρου ὕδατα πολλὰ μεγάλα ἐν βορείοις. περὶ δὲ ἰσημερίην καὶ μέχρι πληϊάδος νότια ὕσματα ὀλίγα. χειμὼν βόρειος, αὐχμοί, ψύχεα, πνεύματα μεγάλα, χιόνες. περὶ δὲ ἰσημερίην χειμῶνες μέγιστοι. ἔαρ βόρειον, αὐχμοί, ὕσματα ὀλίγα, ψύχεα. περὶ δὲ ἡλίου τροπὰς θερινὰς ὕδατα ὀλίγα, μεγάλα ψύχεα μέχρι κυνὸς ἐπλησίασε. μετὰ δὲ κύνα μέχρι ἀρκτούρου θέρος θερμόν· καύματα μεγάλα καὶ οὐκ ἐκ προσαγωγῆς, ἀλλὰ συνεχέα καὶ βίαια· ὕδωρ οὐκ ἐγένετο· ἐτησίαι ἔπνευσαν. περὶ ἀρκτοῦρον ὕσματα νότια μέχρι ἰσημερίης.
3.14. In this constitution during winter began paralyses which attacked many, a few of whom quickly died. In fact, the disease was generally epidemic. In other respects the public health continued good. Early in spring began ardent fevers which continued until the equinox and on to summer. Now those who began to be ill at once, in spring or the beginning of summer, in most cases got well, though a few died; but when autumn and the rains came the cases were dangerous, and more died. As to the peculiarities of the ardent fevers, the most likely patients to survive were those who had a proper and copious bleeding from the nose, in fact I do not know of a single case in this constitution that proved fatal when a proper bleeding occurred, For Philiscus and Epaminon and Silenus, who died, had only a slight epistaxis on the fourth and fifth days. Now the majority of the patients had rigors near the crisis, especially such as had no epistaxis, but these had sweats also as well as rigors.
3.14. χΙϝ. ἐν τῇ καταστάσει ταύτῃ κατὰ χειμῶνα μὲν ἤρξαντο παραπληγίαι καὶ πολλοῖσιν ἐγίνοντο, καὶ τινὲς αὐτῶν ἔθνῃσκον διὰ ταχέων· καὶ γὰρ ἄλλως τὸ νόσημα ἐπίδημον ἦν· τὰ δὲ ἄλλα διετέλεον ἄνοσοι. πρωϊ δὲ τοῦ ἦρος ἤρξαντο καῦσοι καὶ διετέλεον μέχρι ἰσημερίης καὶ πρὸς τὸ θέρος. ὅσοι μὲν οὖν ἦρος καὶ θέρεος ἀρξαμένου αὐτίκα νοσεῖν ἤρξαντο, οἱ πλεῖστοι διεσῴζοντο, ὀλίγοι δέ τινες ἔθνῃσκον. ἤδη δὲ τοῦ φθινοπώρου καὶ τῶν ὑσμάτων γενομένων θανατώδεες ἦσαν καὶ πλείους ἀπωλλυντο. ἦν δὲ τὰ παθήματα τῶν καύσων, οἷσι μὲν καλῶς καὶ δαψιλέως ἐκ ῥινῶν αἱμορραγήσαι, διὰ τούτου μάλιστα σῴζεσθαι, καὶ οὐδένα οἶδα, εἰ καλῶς αἱμορραγήσαι, ἐν τῇ καταστάσει ταύτῃ ἀποθανόντα. Φιλίσκῳ γὰρ καὶ Ἐπαμείνονι καὶ Σιληνῷ τεταρταίῳ καὶ πεμπταίῳ σμικρὸν ἀπὸ ῥινῶν ἔσταξεν· ἀπέθανον. οἱ μὲν οὖν πλεῖστοι τῶν νοσησάντων περὶ κρίσιν ἐπερρίγουν καὶ μάλιστα οἷσι μὴ αἱμορραγήσαι. ἐπερρίγουν δὲ καὶ οὗτοι καὶ ἐφίδρουν.
3.15. Some had jaundice on the sixth day, but these were benefited by either a purging through the bladder or a disturbance of the bowels or a copious hemorrhage, as was the case with Heraclides, who lay sick at the house of Aristocydes. This patient, however, who had a crisis on the twentieth day, not only bled from the nose, but also experienced disturbance of the bowels and a purging through the bladder. Far otherwise was it with the servant of Phanagoras, who had none of these symptoms, and died. But the great majority had hemorrhage, especially youths and those in the prime of life, and of these the great majority who had no hemorrhage died. Older people had jaundice or disordered bowels, for example Bion, who lay sick at the house of Silenus. Dysenteries also were general in summer, and some too of those who had fallen ill, and also suffered from hemorrhage, finally had dysentery; for example, the slave of Erato and Myllus, after copious hemorrhage, lapsed into dysentery. They recovered. This humour, then, especially was in great abundance, since even those who had no hemorrhage near the crisis, but swellings by the ears which disappearedand after their disappearance there was a heaviness along the left flank up to the extremity of the hipafter the crisis had pain and passed thin urine, and then began to suffer slight hemorrhage about the twenty-fourth day, and abscessions into hemorrhage occurred. In the case of Antipho, son of Critobulus, the illness ceased and came to a complete crisis about the fortieth day.
3.15. χϝ. ἔστι δὲ οἷσιν ἴκτεροι ἑκταίοις, ἀλλὰ τούτοις ἢ κατὰ κύστιν κάθαρσις ἢ κοιλίη ἐκταραχθεῖσα ὠφέλει ἢ δαψιλὴς αἱμορραγίη, οἷον Ἡρακλείδῃ, ὃς κατέκειτο παρὰ Ἀριστοκύδει. καίτοι τούτῳ καὶ ἐκ ῥινῶν ᾑμορράγησε καὶ ἡ κοιλίη ἐπεταράχθη, καὶ κατὰ κύστιν ἐκαθήρατο· ἐκρίθη εἰκοσταῖος· οὐχ οἷον ὁ Φαναγόρεω οἰκέτης, ᾧ οὐδὲν τούτων ἐγένετο· ἀπέθανεν. ᾑμορράγει δὲ τοῖσι πλείστοισι, μάλιστα δὲ μειρακίοισι καὶ ἀκμάζουσι, καὶ ἔθνῃσκον πλεῖστοι τούτων, οἷσι μὴ αἱμορραγήσαι. πρεσβυτέροισι δὲ ἐς ἰκτέρους ἢ κοιλίαι ταραχώδεες, οἷον Βίωνι τῷ παρὰ Σιληνὸν κατακειμένῳ. ἐπεδήμησαν δὲ καὶ δυσεντερίαι κατὰ θέρος, καί τισι καὶ τῶν διανοσησάντων, οἷσι καὶ αἱμορραγίαι ἐγένοντο, ἐς δυσεντεριώδεα ἐτελεύτησεν, οἷον τῷ Ἐράτωνος παιδὶ καὶ Μύλλῳ πολλῆς αἱμορραγίης γενομένης ἐς δυσεντεριώδεα κατέστη· περιεγένοντο. πολὺς μὲν οὖν μάλιστα οὗτος ὁ χυμὸς ἐπε πόλασεν, ἐπεὶ καὶ οἷσι περὶ κρίσιν οὐχ ᾑμορράγησεν, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τὰ ὦτα ἐπαναστάντα ἠφανίσθη – τούτων δὲ ἀφανισθέντων παρὰ τὸν κενεῶνα βάρος τὸν ἀριστερὸν καὶ ἐς ἄκρον ἰσχίον – ἀλγήματος μετὰ κρίσιν γενομένου καὶ οὔρων λεπτῶν διεξιόντων, αἱμορραγεῖν σμικρὰ ἤρξατο περὶ τετάρτην καὶ εἰκοστήν, καὶ ἐγένοντο ἐς αἱμορραγίην ἀποστάσιες· Ἀντιφῶντι Κριτοβούλου ἀπεπαύσατο καὶ ἐκρίθη τελέως περὶ τεσσαρακοστήν.
3.16. Though many women fell ill, they were fewer than the men and less frequently died. But the great majority had difficult childbirth, and after giving birth they would fall ill, and these especially died, as did the daughter of Telebulus on the sixth day after delivery. Now menstruation appeared during the fevers in most cases, and with many maidens it occurred then for the first time. Some bled from the nose. Sometimes both epistaxis and menstruation appeared together; for example, the maiden daughter of Daitharses had her first menstruation during fever and also a violent discharge from the nose. I know of no woman who died if any of these symptoms showed themselves properly, but all to my knowledge had abortions if they chanced to fall ill when with child.
3.16. χϝΙ. γυναῖκες δὲ ἐνόσησαν μὲν πολλαί, ἐλάσσους δὲ ἢ ἄνδρες καὶ ἔθνῃσκον ἧσσον. ἐδυστόκεον δὲ αἱ πλεῖσται καὶ μετὰ τοὺς τόκους ἐπενόσεον, καὶ ἔθνῃσκον αὗται μάλιστα, οἷον ἡ Τελεβούλου θυγάτηρ ἀπέθανεν ἑκταίη ἐκ τόκου. τῇσι μὲν οὖν πλείστῃσιν ἐν τοῖσι πυρετοῖσι γυναικεῖα ἐπεφαίνετο καὶ παρθένοισι πολλῇσι τότε πρῶτον ἐγένετο· ἔστι δʼ ᾗσιν ᾑμορράγησεν ἐκ ῥινῶν· ἔστι δʼ ὅτε καὶ ἐκ ῥινῶν καὶ τὰ γυναικεῖα τῇσιν αὐτῇσιν ἐπεφαίνετο, οἷον τῇ Δαιθάρσεος θυγατρὶ παρθένῳ ἐπεφάνη τότε πρῶτον καὶ ἐκ ῥινῶν λάβρον ἐρρύη, καὶ οὐδεμίαν οἰδα ἀποθανοῦσαν, ᾗσι τούτων τι καλῶς γένοιτο. ᾗσι δὲ συνεκύρησεν ἐν γαστρὶ ἐχούσῃσι νοσῆσαι, πᾶσαι ἀπέφθειραν, ἃς καὶ ἐγὼ οἶδα.
3.17. Urine in most cases was of good colour, but thin and with slight sediments, and the bowels of most were disordered with thin, bilious excretions. Many after a crisis of the other symptoms ended with dysentery, as did Xenophanes and Critias. I will mention cases in which was passed copious, watery, clear and thin urine, even after a crisis in other respects favourable, and a favourable sediment: Bion, who lay sick at the house of Silenus, Cratis, who lodged with Xenophanes, the slave of Areto, and the wife of Mnesistratus. Afterwards all these suffered from dysentery. About the season of Arcturus many had crisis on the eleventh day, and these did not suffer even the normal relapses. There were also comatose fevers about this time, usually in children, and of all patients these showed the lowest mortality.
3.17. χϝΙΙ. οὖρα δὲ τοῖσι πλείστοισιν εὔχρω μέν, λεπτὰ δὲ καὶ ὑποστάσιας ὀλίγας ἔχοντα, κοιλίαι δὲ ταραχώδεες τοῖσι πλείστοισι διαχωρήμασι λεπτοῖσι καὶ χολώδεσι. πολλοῖσι δὲ τῶν ἄλλων κεκριμένων ἐς δυσεντερίας ἐτελεύτα, οἷον Ξενοφάνει καὶ Κριτίᾳ. οὖρα δὲ ὑδατώδεα πολλὰ καθαρὰ καὶ λεπτὰ καὶ μετὰ κρίσιν καὶ ὑποστάσιος καλῆς γενομένης καὶ τῶν ἄλλων καλῶς κεκριμένων ἀναμνήσομαι οἷσιν ἐγένετο· Βίωνι, ὃς κατέκειτο παρὰ Σιληνόν, Κράτιδι τῇ παρὰ Ξενοφάνεος, Ἀρέτωνος παιδί, Μνησιστράτου γυναικί. μετὰ δὲ δυσεντεριώδεες ἐγένοντο οὗτοι πάντες. περὶ δὲ ἀρκτοῦρον ἑνδεκαταίοισι πολλοῖσιν ἔκρινε καὶ τούτοισιν οὐδʼ αἱ κατὰ λόγον γινόμεναι ὑποστροφαὶ ὑπέστρεφον· ἦσαν δὲ καὶ κωματώδεες περὶ τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον, πλείω δὲ παιδία, καὶ ἔθνῃσκον ἥκιστα οὗτοι πάντων.
3.18. About the equinox up to the setting of the Pleiades, and during winter, although the ardent fevers continued, yet cases of phrenitis were most frequent at this time, and most of them were fatal. In summer, too, a few cases had occurred. Now the sufferers from ardent fever, when fatal symptoms attended, showed signs at the beginning. For right from the beginning there was acute fever with slight rigors, sleeplessness, thirst, nausea, slight sweats about the forehead and collar-bones, but in no case general, much delirium, fears, depression, very cold extremities, toes and hands, especially the latter. The exacerbations on the even days; but in most cases the pains were greatest on the fourth day, with sweat for the most part chilly, while the extremities could not now be warmed again, remaining livid and cold; and in these cases the thirst ceased. Their urine was scanty, black, thin, with constipation of the bowels. Nor was there hemorrhage from the nose in any case when these symptoms occurred, but only slight epistaxis. None of these cases suffered relapse, but they died on the sixth day, with sweating. The cases of phrenitis had all the above symptoms, but the crises generally occurred on the eleventh day. Some had their crises on the twentieth day, namely those in whom the phrenitis did not begin at first, or began about the third or fourth day, but though these fared tolerably at the beginning, yet the disease assumed an acute form about the seventh day.
3.18. χϝΙΙΙ. περὶ δὲ ἰσημερίην καὶ μέχρι πληϊάδος καὶ ὑπὸ χειμῶνα παρείποντο μὲν οἱ καῦσοι, ἀτὰρ καὶ οἱ φρενιτικοὶ τηνικαῦτα πλεῖστοι ἐγένοντο καὶ ἔθνῃσκον τούτων οἱ πλεῖστοι. ἐγένοντο δὲ καὶ κατὰ θέρος ὀλίγοι. τοῖσι μὲν οὖν καυσώδεσιν ἀρχομένοισιν ἐπεσήμαινεν, οἷσι τὰ ὀλέθρια συνέπιπτεν· αὐτίκα γὰρ ἀρχομένοισι πυρετὸς ὀξύς, σμικρὰ ἐπερρίγουν, ἄγρυπνοι, διψώδεες, ἀσώδεες, σμικρὰ ἐφίδρουν περὶ μέτωπον καὶ κληῖδας, οὐδεὶς διʼ ὅλου, πολλὰ παρέλεγον, φόβοι, δυσθυμίαι, ἄκρεα περίψυχρα, πόδες ἄκροι, μᾶλλον δὲ τὰ περὶ χεῖρας· οἱ παροξυσμοὶ ἐν ἀρτίῃσι· τοῖσι δὲ πλείστοισιν τεταρταίοισιν οἱ πόνοι μέγιστοι καὶ ἱδρὼς ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ὑπόψυχρος καὶ ἄκρεα οὐκ ἔτι ἀνεθερμαίνοντο, ἀλλὰ πελιδνὰ καὶ ψυχρά, οὐδʼ ἐδίψων ἔτι ἐπὶ τούτοισιν· οὖρα τούτοις ὀλίγα, μέλανα, λεπτὰ καὶ κοιλίαι ἐφίσταντο· οὐδʼ ᾑμορράγησεν ἐκ ῥινῶν οὐδενί, οἷσι ταῦτα συμπίπτοι, ἀλλʼ ἢ σμικρὰ ἔσταξεν· οὐδʼ ἐς ὑποστροφὴν οὐδενὶ τούτων ἦλθεν, ἀλλʼ ἑκταῖοι ἀπέθνῃσκον σὺν ἱδρῶτι. τοῖσι δὲ φρενιτικοῖσι συνέπιπτε μὲν καὶ τὰ ὑπογεγραμμένα πάντα, ἔκρινε δὲ τούτοισιν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἑνδεκαταίοισιν· ἔστι δʼ οἷσι καὶ εἰκοσταίοισι, οἷσιν οὐκ εὐθὺς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἡ φρενῖτις ἤρξατο ἢ περὶ τρίτην ἢ τετάρτην ἡμέρην, ἀλλὰ μετρίως ἔχουσιν ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ χρόνῳ περὶ τὴν ἑβδόμην ἐς ὀξύτητα τὸ νόσημα μετέπεσεν.
3.19. Now the number of illnesses was great. And of the patients there died chiefly striplings, young people, people in their prime, the smooth, the fair-skinned, the straight-haired, the black-haired, the black-eyed, those who had lived recklessly and care-lessly, the thin-voiced, the rough-voiced, the lispers, the passionate. Women too died in very great numbers who were of this kind. In this constitution there were four symptoms especially which denoted recovery:—-a proper hemorrhage through the nostrils; copious discharges by the bladder of urine with much sediment of a proper character; disordered bowels with bilious evacuations at the right time; the appearance of dysenteric characteristics. The crisis in many cases did not come with one only of the symptoms described above, but in most cases all symptoms were experienced, and the patients appeared to be more distressed; but all with these symptoms got well. Women and maidens experienced all the above symptoms, but besides, whenever any took place properly, and whenever copious menstruation supervened, there was a crisis therefrom which resulted in recovery; in fact I know of no woman who died when any of these symptoms took place properly. For the daughter of Philo, who died, though she had violent epistaxis, dined rather unseasonably on the seventh day. In acute fevers, more especially in ardent fevers, when involuntary weeping occurs, epistaxis is to be expected it the patient have no fatal symptoms besides; for when he is in a bad way such weeping portends not hemorrhage but death.
3.19. χΙχ. πλῆθος μὲν οὖν τῶν νοσημάτων ἐγένετο. ἐκ δὲ τῶν καμνόντων ἀπέθνῃσκον μάλιστα μειράκια, νέοι, ἀκμάζοντες, λεῖοι, ὑπολευκόχρωτες, ἰθύτριχες, μελανότριχες, μελανόφθαλμοι, οἱ εἰκῇ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ῥᾴθυμον βεβιωκότες, ἰσχνόφωνοι, τρηχύφωνοι, τραυλοί, ὀργίλοι. καὶ γυναῖκες πλεῖσται ἐκ τούτου τοῦ εἴδεος ἀπέθνῃσκον. ἐν δὲ ταύτῃ τῇ καταστάσει ἐπὶ σημείων μάλιστα τεσσάρων διεσῴζοντο· οἷσι γὰρ ἢ διὰ ῥινῶν καλῶς αἱμορ ραγήσαι ἢ κατὰ κύστιν οὖρα πολλὰ καὶ πολλὴν καὶ καλὴν ὑπόστασιν ἔχοντα ἔλθοι ἢ κατὰ κοιλίην ταραχώδεα χολώδεσιν ἐπικαίρως, ἢ δυσεντερικοὶ γενοίατο. πολλοῖσι δὲ συνέπιπτε μὴ ἐφʼ ἑνὸς κρίνεσθαι τῶν ὑπογεγραμμένων σημείων, ἀλλὰ διεξιέναι διὰ πάντων τοῖσι πλείστοισι καὶ δοκεῖν μὲν ἔχειν ὀχληροτέρως· διεσῴζοντο δὲ πάντες, οἷσι ταῦτα συμπίπτοι. γυναιξὶ δὲ καὶ παρθένοισι συνέπιπτε μὲν καὶ τὰ ὑπογεγραμμένα σημεῖα πάντα, ᾗσι δὲ ἢ τούτων τι καλῶς γένοιτο ἢ τὰ γυναικεῖα δαψιλέως ἐπιφανείη, διὰ τούτων ἐσῴζοντο καὶ ἔκρινε, καὶ οὐδεμίαν οἶδα ἀπολομένην, ᾗσι τούτων τι καλῶς γένοιτο. Φίλωνος γὰρ θυγάτηρ, ἐκ ῥινῶν λάβρον ἐρρύη, ἑβδομαίη ἐοῦσα ἐδείπνησεν ἀκαιροτέρως· ἀπέθανεν. οἷσιν ἐν πυρετοῖσιν ὀξέσι, μᾶλλον δὲ καυσώδεσιν, ἀέκουσιν δάκρυα παραρρεῖ, τούτοισιν ἀπὸ ῥινῶν αἱμορραγίην προσδέχεσθαι, ἢν καὶ τἄλλα ὀλεθρίως μὴ ἔχωσιν, ἐπεὶ τοῖσί γε φλαύρως ἔχουσιν οὐχ αἱμορραγίην, ἀλλὰ θάνατον σημαίνει.
3.20. The painful swellings by the ears in fevers in some cases neither subsided nor suppurated when the fever ceased with a crisis. They were cured by bilious diarrhœa, or dysentery, or a sediment of thick urine such as closed the illness of Hermippus of Clazomenæ. The circumstances of the crises, from which too I formed my judgments, were either similar or dissimilar; for example, the two brothers, who fell sick together at the same time, and lay ill near the bungalow of Epigenes. The elder of these had a crisis on the sixth day, the younger on the seventh. Both suffered a relapse together at the same time with an intermission of five days. After the relapse both had a complete crisis together on the seventeenth day. But the great majority had a crisis on the sixth day, with an intermission of six days followed by a crisis on the fifth day after the relapse. Those who had a crisis on the seventh day had an intermission of seven days, with a crisis on the third day after the relapse. Others with a crisis on the seventh had an intermission of three days, with a crisis on the seventh day after the relapse. Some who had a crisis on the sixth day had an intermission of six and a relapse of three, an intermission of one and a relapse of one, followed by a crisis; for example, Euagon the son of Daitharses. Others with a crisis on the sixth had an intermission of seven days, and after the relapse a crisis on the fourth; for example, the daughter of Aglai+das. Now most of those who fell ill in this constitution went through their illness in this manner, and none of those who recovered, so far as I know, failed to suffer the relapses which were normal in these cases, but all, so far as I know, recovered if their relapses took place after this fashion. Further, I know of none who suffered a fresh relapse after going through the illness in the manner described above.
3.20. χχ. τὰ παρὰ τὰ ὦτα ἐν πυρετοῖσιν ἐπαιρόμενα μετʼ ὀδύνης ἔστιν οἷσιν ἐκλείποντος τοῦ πυρετοῦ κρισίμως οὔτε καθίστατο οὔτε ἐξεπύει· τούτοισι διάρροιαι χολωδέων ἢ δυσεντερίη ἢ παχέων οὔρων ὑπόστασις γενομένη ἔλυσεν, οἷον Ἑρμίππῳ τῷ Κλαζομενίῳ. τὰ δὲ περὶ τὰς κρίσιας, ἐξ ὧν καὶ διεγινώσκομεν, ἢ ὅμοια ἢ ἀνόμοια, οἷον οἱ δύο ἀδελφεοί, οἳ ἤρξαντο ὁμοῦ τὴν αὐτὴν ὥρην· κατέκειντο παρὰ τὸ θέρετρον Ἐπιγένεος. τούτων τῷ πρεσβυτέρῳ ἔκρινεν ἑκταίῳ, τῷ δὲ νεωτέρῳ ἑβδομαίῳ. ὑπέστρεψεν ἀμφοτέροισιν ὁμοῦ τὴν αὐτὴν ὥρην καὶ διέλιπεν ἡμέρας πέντε. ἐκ δὲ τῆς ὑποστροφῆς ἐκρίθη ἀμφοτέροισιν ὁμοῦ τὸ σύμπαν ἑπτακαιδεκαταίοισιν. ἔκρινε δὲ τοῖσι πλείστοισιν ἑκταίοις. διέλειπεν ἕξ· ἐκ δὲ τῶν ὑποστροφέων ἔκρινε πεμπταίοις. οἷσι δʼ ἔκρινεν ἑβδομαίοισι, διέλειπεν ἑπτά· ἐκ δὲ τῆς ὑποστροφῆς ἔκρινε τριταίοις. οἷσι δʼ ἔκρινεν ἑβδομαίοισι, διαλείποντα τρεῖς ἔκρινεν ἑβδομαίοις. οἷσι δʼ ἔκρινεν ἑκταίοισι, διαλείποντα ἓξ ἐλάμβανε τρισίν, διέλειπε μίαν, μίαν ἐλάμβανεν· ἔκρινεν, οἷον Εὐάγοντι τῷ Δαιθάρσεος. οἷσι δʼ ἔκρινεν ἑκταίοισι, διέλειπεν ἑπτά, ἐκ δὲ τῆς ὑποστροφῆς ἔκρινε τετάρτῃ, οἷον τῇ Ἀγλαΐδου θυγατρί. οἱ μὲν οὖν πλεῖστοι τῶν νοσησάντων ἐν τῇ καταστάσει ταύτῃ τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ διενόσησαν, καὶ οὐδένα οἶδα τῶν περιγενομένων, ᾧτινι οὐχ ὑπέστρεψαν αἱ κατὰ λόγον ὑποστροφαὶ γενόμεναι, καὶ διεσῴζοντο πάντες, οὓς κἀγὼ οἶδα, οἷσιν αἱ ὑποστροφαὶ διὰ τοῦ εἴδεος τούτου γενοίατο. οὐδὲ τῶν διανοσησάντων διὰ τούτου τοῦ τρόπου οὐδενὶ οἶδα ὑποστροφὴν γενομένην πάλιν.