1. Whoever having undertaken to speak or write on Medicine, have first laid down for themselves some hypothesis to their argument, such as hot, or cold, or moist, or dry, or whatever else they choose (thus reducing their subject within a narrow compass, and supposing only one or two original causes of diseases or of death among mankind), are all clearly mistaken in much that they say; and this is the more reprehensible as relating to an art which all men avail themselves of on the most important occasions, and the good operators and practitioners in which they hold in especial honor. For there are practitioners, some bad and some far otherwise, which, if there had been no such thing as Medicine, and if nothing had been investigated or found out in it, would not have been the case, but all would have been equally unskilled and ignorant of it, and everything concerning the sick would have been directed by chance. But now it is not so; for, as in all the other arts, those who practise them differ much from one another in dexterity and knowledge, so is it in like manner with Medicine. Wherefore I have not thought that it stood in need of an empty hypothesis, like those subjects which are occult and dubious, in attempting to handle which it is necessary to use some hypothesis; as, for example, with regard to things above us and things below the earth; if any one should treat of these and undertake to declare how they are constituted, the reader or hearer could not find out, whether what is delivered be true or false; for there is nothing which can be referred to in order to discover the truth.
1. ὁπόσοι μὲν ἐπεχείρησαν περὶ ἰητρικῆς λέγειν ἢ γράφειν, ὑπόθεσιν αὐτοὶ αὐτοῖς ὑποθέμενοι τῷ λόγῳ, θερμὸν ἢ ψυχρὸν ἢ ὑγρὸν ἢ ξηρὸν ἢ ἄλλο τι ὃ ἂν θέλωσιν, ἐς βραχὺ ἄγοντες τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς αἰτίης τοῖσι ἀνθρώποισι νούσων τε καὶ θανάτου, καὶ πᾶσι τὴν αὐτήν, ἓν ἢ δύο ὑποθέμενοι, ἐν πολλοῖσι μὲν καὶ οἷσι λέγουσι καταφανέες εἰσὶ ἁμαρτάνοντες, μάλιστα δὲ ἄξιον μέμψασθαι, ὅτι ἀμφὶ τέχνης ἐούσης, ᾗ χρέονταί τε πάντες ἐπὶ τοῖσι μεγίστοισι καὶ τιμῶσι μάλιστα τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς χειροτέχνας καὶ δημιουργούς. εἰσὶν δὲ δημιουργοὶ οἱ μὲν φαῦλοι, οἱ δὲ πολλὸν διαφέροντες· ὅπερ, εἰ μὴ ἦν ἰητρικὴ ὅλως, μηδʼ ἐν αὐτῇ ἔσκεπτο μηδʼ εὕρητο μηδέν, οὐκ ἂν ἦν, ἀλλὰ πάντες ὁμοίως αὐτῆς ἄπειροί τε καὶ ἀνεπιστήμονες ἦσαν, τύχῃ δʼ ἂν πάντα τὰ τῶν καμνόντων διοικεῖτο. νῦν δʼ οὐχ οὕτως ἔχει, ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τεχνέων πασέων οἱ δημιουργοὶ πολλὸν ἀλλήλων διαφέρουσιν κατὰ χεῖρα καὶ κατὰ γνώμην, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ ἰητρικῆς. διὸ οὐκ ἠξίουν αὐτὴν ἔγωγε κενῆς ὑποθέσιος δεῖσθαι ὥσπερ τὰ ἀφανέα τε καὶ ἀπορεόμενα, περὶ ὧν ἀνάγκη, ἤν τις ἐπιχειρῇ τι λέγειν, ὑποθέσει χρῆσθαι, οἷον περὶ τῶν μετεώρων ἢ τῶν ὑπὸ γῆν· ἃ εἴ τις λέγοι καὶ γινώσκοι ὡς ἔχει, οὔτʼ ἂν αὐτῷ τῷ λέγοντι οὔτε τοῖς ἀκούουσι δῆλα ἂν εἴη, εἴτε ἀληθέα ἐστὶν εἴτε μή. οὐ γὰρ ἔστι πρὸς ὅ τι χρὴ ἀνενέγκαντα εἰδέναι τὸ σαφές.
2. But all these requisites belong of old to Medicine, and an origin and way have been found out, by which many and elegant discoveries have been made, during a length of time, and others will yet be found out, if a person possessed of the proper ability, and knowing those discoveries which have been made, should proceed from them to prosecute his investigations. But whoever, rejecting and despising all these, attempts to pursue another course and form of inquiry, and says he has discovered anything, is deceived himself and deceives others, for the thing is impossible. And for what reason it is impossible, I will now endeavor to explain, by stating and showing what the art really is. From this it will be manifest that discoveries cannot possibly be made in any other way. And most especially, it appears to me, that whoever treats of this art should treat of things which are familiar to the common people. For of nothing else will such a one have to inquire or treat, but of the diseases under which the common people have labored, which diseases and the causes of their origin and departure, their increase and decline, illiterate persons cannot easily find out themselves, but still it is easy for them to understand these things when discovered and expounded by others. For it is nothing more than that every one is put in mind of what had occurred to himself. But whoever does not reach the capacity of the illiterate vulgar and fails to make them listen to him, misses his mark. Wherefore, then, there is no necessity for any hypothesis.
2. ἰητρικῇ δὲ πάλαι πάντα ὑπάρχει, καὶ ἀρχὴ καὶ ὁδὸς εὑρημένη, καθʼ ἣν τὰ εὑρημένα πολλά τε καὶ καλῶς ἔχοντα εὕρηται ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ, καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ εὑρεθήσεται, ἤν τις ἱκανός τε ἐὼν καὶ τὰ εὑρημένα εἰδὼς ἐκ τούτων ὁρμώμενος ζητῇ. ὅστις δὲ ταῦτα ἀποβαλὼν καὶ ἀποδοκιμάσας πάντα, ἑτέρῃ ὁδῷ καὶ ἑτέρῳ σχήματι ἐπιχειρεῖ ζητεῖν, καί φησί τι ἐξευρηκέναι, ἐξηπάτηται καὶ ἐξαπατᾶται· ἀδύνατον γάρ· διʼ ἃς δὲ ἀνάγκας ἀδύνατον, ἐγὼ πειρήσομαι ἐπιδεῖξαι, λέγων καὶ ἐπιδεικνύων τὴν τέχνην ὅ τι ἐστίν. ἐκ δὲ τούτου καταφανὲς ἔσται ἀδύνατα ἐόντα ἄλλως πως τούτων εὑρίσκεσθαι. μάλιστα δέ μοι δοκεῖ περὶ ταύτης δεῖν λέγοντα τῆς τέχνης γνωστὰ λέγειν τοῖσι δημότῃσι. οὐ γὰρ περὶ ἄλλων τινῶν οὔτε ζητεῖν οὔτε λέγειν προσήκει ἢ περὶ τῶν παθημάτων ὧν αὐτοὶ οὗτοι νοσεουσί τε καὶ πονέουσι. αὐτοὺς μὲν οὖν τὰ σφέων αὐτῶν παθήματα καταμαθεῖν, ὡς γίνεται καὶ παύεται καὶ διʼ οἵας προφάσιας αὔξεταί τε καὶ φθίνει, δημότας ἐόντας οὐ ῥηίδιον· ὑπʼ ἄλλου δὲ εὑρημένα καὶ λεγόμενα, εὐπετές. οὐδὲν γὰρ ἕτερον ἢ ἀναμιμνήσκεται ἕκαστος ἀκούων τῶν αὐτῷ συμβαινόντων. εἰ δέ τις τῆς τῶν ἰδιωτέων γνώμης ἀποτεύξεται καὶ μὴ διαθήσει τοὺς ἀκούοντας οὕτως, τοῦ ἐόντος ἀποτεύξεται. καὶ διὰ ταῦτα οὖν ταῦτα οὐδὲν δεῖ ὑποθέσιος.
3. For the art of Medicine would not have been invented at first, nor would it have been made a subject of investigation (for there would have been no need of it), if when men are indisposed, the same food and other articles of regimen which they eat and drink when in good health were proper for them, and if no others were preferable to these. But now necessity itself made medicine to be sought out and discovered by men, since the same things when administered to the sick, which agreed with them when in good health, neither did nor do agree with them. But to go still further back, I hold that the diet and food which people in health now use would not have been discovered, provided it had suited with man to eat and drink in like manner as the ox, the horse, and all other animals, except man, do of the productions of the earth, such as fruits, weeds, and grass; for from such things these animals grow, live free of disease, and require no other kind of food. And, at first, I am of opinion that man used the same sort of food, and that the present articles of diet had been discovered and invented only after a long lapse of time, for when they suffered much and severely from strong and brutish diet, swallowing things which were raw, unmixed, and possessing great strength, they became exposed to strong pains and diseases, and to early deaths. It is likely, indeed, that from habit they would suffer less from these things then than we would now, but still they would suffer severely even then; and it is likely that the greater number, and those who had weaker constitutions, would all perish; whereas the stronger would hold out for a longer time, as even nowadays some, in consequence of using strong articles of food, get off with little trouble, but others with much pain and suffering. From this necessity it appears to me that they would search out the food befitting their nature, and thus discover that which we now use: and that from wheat, by macerating it, stripping it of its hull, grinding it all down, sifting, toasting, and baking it, they formed bread; and from barley they formed cake (maza), performing many operations in regard to it; they boiled, they roasted, they mixed, they diluted those things which are strong and of intense qualities with weaker things, fashioning them to the nature and powers of man, and considering that the stronger things Nature would not be able to manage if administered, and that from such things pains, diseases, and death would arise, but such as Nature could manage, that from them food, growth, and health, would arise. To such a discovery and investigation what more suitable name could one give than that of Medicine? since it was discovered for the health of man, for his nourishment and safety, as a substitute for that kind of diet by which pains, diseases, and deaths were occasioned.
3. τὴν γὰρ ἀρχὴν οὔτʼ ἂν εὑρέθη ἡ τέχνη ἡ ἰητρικὴ οὔτʼ ἂν ἐζητήθη — οὐδὲν γὰρ αὐτῆς ἔδει-εἰ τοῖσι κάμνουσι τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὰ αὐτὰ διαιτωμένοισί τε καὶ προσφερομένοισι, ἅπερ οἱ ὑγιαίνοντες ἐσθίουσί τε καὶ πίνουσι καὶ τἄλλα διαιτέονται, συνέφερεν, καὶ μὴ ἦν ἕτερα τούτων βελτίω. νῦν δὲ αὐτὴ ἡ ἀνάγκη ἰητρικὴν ἐποίησεν ζητηθῆναί τε καὶ εὑρεθῆναι ἀνθρώποισι, ὅτι τοῖσι κάμνουσι ταὐτὰ προσφερομένοισι, ἅπερ οἱ ὑγιαίνοντες, οὐ συνέφερεν, ὡς οὐδὲ νῦν συμφέρει. ἔτι δὲ ἄνωθεν ἔγωγε ἀξιῶ οὐδʼ ἂν τὴν τῶν ὑγιαινόντων δίαιτάν τε καὶ τροφήν, ᾗ νῦν χρέονται, εὑρεθῆναι, εἰ ἐξήρκει τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ταὐτὰ ἐσθίοντι καὶ πίνοντι βοΐ τε καὶ ἵππῳ καὶ πᾶσιν ἐκτὸς ἀνθρώπου, οἷον τὰ ἐκ τῆς γῆς φυόμενα, καρπούς τε καὶ ὕληνν καὶ χόρτον. ἀπὸ τούτων γὰρ καὶ τρέφονται καὶ αὔξονται καὶ ἄπονοι διάγουσιν οὐδὲν προσδεόμενοι ἄλλης διαίτης. καί τοι τήν γε ἀρχὴν ἔγωγε δοκέω καὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον τοιαύτῃ τροφῇ κεχρῆσθαι. τὰ δὲ νῦν διαιτήματα εὑρημένα καὶ τετεχνημένα ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ γεγενῆσθαί μοι δοκεῖ. ὡς γὰρ ἔπασχον πολλά τε καὶ δεινὰ ὑπὸ ἰσχυρῆς τε καὶ θηριώδεος διαίτης ὠμά τε καὶ ἄκρητα καὶ μεγάλας δυνάμιας ἔχοντα ἐσφερόμενοι. οἷά περ ἂν καὶ νῦν ὑπʼ αὐτῶν πάσχοιεν πόνοισί τε ἰσχυροῖσι καὶ νούσοις περιπίπτοντες καὶ διὰ τάχεος θανάτοισι. ἧσσον μὲν οὖν ταῦτα τότε εἰκὸς ἦν πάσχειν διὰ τὴν συνήθειαν, ἰσχυρῶς δὲ καὶ τότε. καὶ τοὺς μὲν πλείστους τε καὶ ἀσθενεστέρην φύσιν ἔχοντας ἀπόλλυσθαι εἰκός, τοὺς δὲ τούτων ὑπερέχοντας πλείω χρόνον ἀντέχειν· ὥσπερ καὶ νῦν ἀπὸ τῶν ἰσχυρῶν βρωμάτων οἱ μὲν ῥηϊδίως ἀπαλλάσσονται, οἱ δὲ μετὰ πολλῶν πόνων τε καὶ κακῶν. διὰ δὴ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίην καὶ οὗτοί μοι δοκέουσι ζητῆσαι τροφὴν ἁρμόζουσαν τῇ φύσει καὶ εὑρεῖν ταύτην, ᾗ νῦν χρεώμεθα. ἐκ μὲν οὖν τῶν πυρῶν βρέξαντές σφας καὶ πτίσαντες καὶ καταλέσαντές τε καὶ διασήσαντες καὶ φορύξαντες καὶ ὀπτήσαντες ἀπετέλεσαν ἄρτον, ἐκ δὲ τῶν κριθέων μᾶζαν· ἄλλα τε πολλὰ περὶ ταῦτα πρηγματευσάμενοι ἥψησάν τε καὶ ὤπτησαν καὶ ἔμιξαν, καὶ ἐκέρασαν τὰ ἰσχυρά τε καὶ ἄκρητα τοῖς ἀσθενεστέροις, πλάσσοντες πάντα πρὸς τὴν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου φύσιν τε καὶ δύναμιν, ἡγεύμενοι, ὅσα μὲν ἂν ἰσχυρότερα ᾖ ἢ δυνήσεται κρατεῖν ἡ φύσις, ἢν ἐμφέρηται, ἀπὸ τούτων δʼ αὐτῶν πόνους τε καὶ νούσους καὶ θανάτους ἔσεσθαι, ὁπόσων δʼ ἂν δύνηται ἐπικρατεῖν, ἀπὸ τούτων τροφήν τε καὶ αὔξησιν καὶ ὑγιείην. τῷ δὲ εὑρήματι τούτῳ καὶ ζητήματι τί ἄν τις ὄνομα δικαιότερον ἢ προσῆκον μᾶλλον θείη ἢ ἰητρικήν; ὅτι γε εὕρηται ἐπὶ τῇ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ὑγιείῃ τε καὶ σωτηρίῃ καὶ τροφῇ, ἄλλαγμα ἐκείνης τῆς διαίτης, ἐξ ἧς οἱ πόνοι καὶ νοῦσοι καὶ θάνατοι ἐγίνοντο.
4. And if this is not held to be an art, I do not object. For it is not suitable to call any one an artist of that which no one is ignorant of, but which all know from usage and necessity. But still the discovery is a great one, and requiring much art and investigation. Wherefore those who devote themselves to gymnastics and training, are always making some new discovery, by pursuing the same line of inquiry, where, by eating and drinking certain things, they are improved and grow stronger than they were.
4. εἰ δὲ μὴ τέχνη αὕτη νομίζεται εἶναι, οὐκ ἀπεοικός· ἧς γὰρ μηδείς ἐστιν ἰδιώτης, ἀλλὰ πάντες ἐπιστήμονες διὰ τὴν χρῆσίν τε καὶ ἀνάγκην, οὐ προσήκει ταύτης οὐδένα τεχνίτην καλεῖσθαι· ἐπεὶ τό γε εὕρημα μέγα τε καὶ πολλῆς σκέψιος τε καὶ τέχνης. ἔτι γοῦν καὶ νῦν οἱ τῶν γυμνασίων τε καὶ ἀσκησίων ἐπιμελόμενοι αἰεί τι προσεξευρίσκουσιν κατὰ τὴν αὐτὴν ὁδὸν ζητέοντες ὅ τι ἐσθίων τε καὶ πίνων ἐπικρατήσει τε αὐτοῦ μάλιστα καὶ ἰσχυρότερος αὐτὸς ἑωυτοῦ ἔσται.
5. Let us inquire then regarding what is admitted to be Medicine; namely, that which was invented for the sake of the sick, which possesses a name and practitioners, whether it also seeks to accomplish the same objects, and whence it derived its origin. To me, then, it appears, as I said at the commencement, that nobody would have sought for medicine at all, provided the same kinds of diet had suited with men in sickness as in good health. Wherefore, even yet, such races of men as make no use of medicine, namely, barbarians, and even certain of the Greeks, live in the same way when sick as when in health; that is to say, they take what suits their appetite, and neither abstain from, nor restrict themselves in anything for which they have a desire. But those who have cultivated and invented medicine, having the same object in view as those of whom I formerly spoke, in the first place, I suppose, diminished the quantity of the articles of food which they used, and this alone would be sufficient for certain of the sick, and be manifestly beneficial to them, although not to all, for there would be some so affected as not to be able to manage even small quantities of their usual food, and as such persons would seem to require something weaker, they invented soups, by mixing a few strong things with much water, and thus abstracting that which was strong in them by dilution and boiling. But such as could not manage even soups, laid them aside, and had recourse to drinks, and so regulated them as to mixture and quantity, that they were administered neither stronger nor weaker than what was required.
5. σκεψώμεθα δὲ καὶ τὴν ὁμολογεομένως ἰητρικήν, τὴν ἀμφὶ τοὺς κάμνοντας εὑρημένην, ἣ καὶ ὄνομα καὶ τεχνίτας ἔχει, ἦρά τι καὶ αὐτὴ τῶν αὐτῶν ἐθέλει, καὶ πόθεν ποτὲ ἦρκται. ἐμοὶ μὲν γάρ, ὅπερ ἐν ἀρχῇ εἶπον, οὐδʼ ἂν ζητῆσαι ἰητρικὴν δοκεῖ οὐδείς, εἰ ταὐτὰ διαιτήματα τοῖσί τε κάμνουσι καὶ τοῖσι ὑγιαίνουσιν ἥρμοζεν. ἔτι γοῦν καὶ νῦν ὅσοι ἰητρικῇ μὴ χρέονται, οἵ τε βάρβαροι καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἔνιοι, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον, ὅνπερ οἱ ὑγιαίνοντες, διαιτέονται πρὸς ἡδονήν, καὶ οὔτʼ ἂν ἀπόσχοιντο οὐδενὸς ὧν ἐπιθυμέουσιν οὔθʼ ὑποστείλαιντο ἄν. οἱ δὲ ζητήσαντες καὶ εὑρόντες ἰητρικὴν τὴν αὐτὴν ἐκείνοισι διάνοιαν ἔχοντες, περὶ ὧν μοι ὁ πρότερος λόγος εἴρηται, πρῶτον μέν, οἶμαι, ὑφεῖλον τοῦ πλήθεος τῶν σιτίων αὐτῶν τούτων, καὶ ἀντὶ πλειόνων ὀλίγιστα ἐποίησαν. ἐπεὶ δὲ αὐτοῖσι τοῦτο ἔστι μὲν ὅτε πρός τινας τῶν καμνόντων ἤρκεσε καὶ φανερὸν ἐγένετο ὠφελῆσαν, οὐ μέντοι πᾶσί γε, ἀλλʼ ἦσάν τινες οὕτως ἔχοντες, ὡς μὴ ὀλίγων σιτίων δύνασθαι ἐπικρατεῖν, ἀσθενεστέρου δὲ δή τινος οἱ τοιοίδε ἐδόκεον δεῖσθαι, εὗρον τὰ ῥυφήματα μίξαντες ὀλίγα τῶν ἰσχυρῶν πολλῷ τῷ ὕδατι καὶ ἀφαιρεόμενοι τὸ ἰσχυρὸν τῇ κρήσει τε καὶ ἑψήσει. ὅσοι δὲ μηδὲ τῶν ῥυφημάτων ἐδύναντο ἐπικρατεῖν, ἀφεῖλον καὶ ταῦτα, καὶ ἀφίκοντο ἐς πόματα, καὶ ταῦτα τῇσι τε κρήσεσι καὶ τῷ πλήθει διαφυλάσσοντες ὡς μετρίως ἔχοι, μήτε πλείω τῶν δεόντων μήτε ἀκρη τέστερα προσφερόμενοι μηδὲ ἐνδεέστερα.
6. But this ought to be well known, that soups do not agree with certain persons in their diseases, but, on the contrary, when administered both the fevers and the pains are exacerbated, and it becomes obvious that what was given has proved food and increase to the disease, but a wasting and weakness to the body. But whatever persons so affected partook of solid food, or cake, or bread, even in small quantity, would be ten times and more decidedly injured than those who had taken soups, for no other reason than from the strength of the food in reference to the affection; and to whomsoever it is proper to take soups and not eat solid food, such a one will be much more injured if he eat much than if he eat little, but even little food will be injurious to him. But all the causes of the sufferance refer themselves to this rule, that the strongest things most especially and decidedly hurt man, whether in health or in disease.
6. εὖ δὲ χρὴ τοῦτο εἰδέναι, ὅτι τισὶ τὰ ῥυφήματα ἐν τῇσι νούσοισιν οὐ συμφέρει, ἀλλʼ ἄντικρυς, ὅταν ταῦτα προσαίρωνται, παροξύνονταί σφισι οἵ τε πυρετοὶ καὶ τὰ ἀλγήματα· καὶ δῆλον τὸ προσενεχθὲν τῇ μὲν νούσῳ τροφή τε καὶ αὔξησις γενόμενον, τῷ δὲ σώματι φθίσις τε καὶ ἀρρωστίη. ὅσοι δὲ ἂν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ διαθέσει ἐόντες προσενέγκωνται ξηρὸν σιτίον ἢ μᾶζαν ἢ ἄρτον, καὶ ἢν πάνυ σμικρόν, δεκαπλασίως ἂν μᾶλλον καὶ ἐπιφανέστερον κακωθεῖεν ἢ ῥυφέοντες, διʼ οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἢ διὰ τὴν ἰσχὺν τοῦ βρώματος πρὸς τὴν διάθεσιν· καὶ ὅτῳ ῥυφεῖν μὲν συμφέρει, ἐσθίειν δʼ οὔ, εἰ πλείω φάγοι, πολὺ ἂν μᾶλλον κακωθείη, ἢ εἰ ὀλίγα· καὶ εἰ ὀλίγα δέ, πονήσειεν ἄν. πάντα δὴ τὰ αἴτια τοῦ πόνου ἐς τὸ αὐτὸ ἀνάγεται, τὰ ἰσχυρότατα μάλιστά τε καὶ ἐπιφανέστατα λυμαίνεσθαι τὸν ἄνθρωπον καὶ τὸν ὑγιᾶ ἐόντα καὶ τὸν κάμνοντα.
7. What other object, then, had he in view who is called a physician, and is admitted to be a practitioner of the art, who found out the regimen and diet befitting the sick, than he who originally found out and prepared for all mankind that kind of food which we all now use, in place of the former savage and brutish mode of living? To me it appears that the mode is the same, and the discovery of a similar nature. The one sought to abstract those things which the constitution of man cannot digest, because of their wildness and intemperature, and the other those things which are beyond the powers of the affection in which any one may happen to be laid up. Now, how does the one differ from the other, except that the latter admits of greater variety, and requires more application, whereas the former was the commencement of the process?
7. τί οὖν φαίνεται ἑτεροῖον διανοηθεὶς ὁ καλεύμενος ἰητρὸς καὶ ὁμολογεομένως χειροτέχνης, ὃς ἐξεῦρε τὴν ἀμφὶ τοὺς κάμνοντας δίαιτάν τε καὶ τροφήν, ἢ ἐκεῖνος ὁ ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς τοῖσι πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποισιν τροφήν, ᾗ νῦν χρώμεθα, ἐξ ἐκείνης τῆς ἀγρίης τε καὶ θηριώδεος διαίτης εὑρών τε καὶ παρασκευασάμενος; ἐμοὶ μὲν γὰρ φαίνεται ὁ αὐτὸς λόγος καὶ ἓν καὶ ὅμοιον τὸ εὕρημα. ὁ μέν, ὅσων μὴ ἐδύνατο ἡ φύσις ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη ὑγιαίνουσα ἐπικρατεῖν ἐμπιπτόντων διὰ τὴν θηριότητά τε καὶ τὴν ἀκρησίην, ὁ δέ, ὅσων ἡ διάθεσις, ἐν οἵῃ ἂν ἑκάστοτε ἕκαστος τύχῃ διακείμενος, μὴ δύνηται ἐπικρατεῖν, ταῦτα ἐζήτησεν ἀφελεῖν. τί δὴ τοῦτο ἐκείνου διαφέρει ἀλλʼ ἢ πλέον τό γε εἶδος, καὶ ὅτι ποικιλώτερον καὶ πλείονος πρηγματίης, ἀρχὴ δὲ ἐκείνη ἡ πρότερον γενομένη;
8. And if one would compare the diet of sick persons with that of persons in health, he will find it not more injurious than that of healthy persons in comparison with that of wild beasts and of other animals. For, suppose a man laboring under one of those diseases which are neither serious and unsupportable, nor yet altogether mild, but such as that, upon making any mistake in diet, it will become apparent, as if he should eat bread and flesh, or any other of those articles which prove beneficial to healthy persons, and that, too, not in great quantity, but much less than he could have taken when in good health; and that another man in good health, having a constitution neither very feeble, nor yet strong, eats of those things which are wholesome and strengthening to an ox or a horse, such as vetches, barley, and the like, and that, too, not in great quantity, but much less than he could take; the healthy person who did so would be subjected to no less disturbance and danger than the sick person who took bread or cake unseasonably. All these things are proofs that Medicine is to be prosecuted and discovered by the same method as the other.
8. εἰ δέ τις σκέπτοιτο τὴν τῶν καμνόντων δίαιταν πρὸς τὴν τῶν ὑγιαινόντων, εὕροι ἂν τὴν τῶν θηρίων τε καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων οὐ βλαβερωτέρην πρὸς τὴν τῶν ὑγιαινόντων. ἀνὴρ γὰρ κάμνων νοσήματι μήτε τῶν χαλεπῶν τε καὶ ἀπόρων μήτε αὖ τῶν παντάπασιν εὐηθέων, ἀλλʼ ὅ τι αὐτῷ ἐξαμαρτάνοντι μέλλει ἐπίδηλον ἔσεσθαι, εἰ ἐθέλοι καταφαγεῖν ἄρτον καὶ κρέας ἢ ἄλλο τι ὧν οἱ ὑγιαίνοντες ἐσθίοντες ὠφελέονται, μὴ πολλόν, ἀλλὰ πολλῷ ἔλασσον ἢ ὑγιαίνων ἂν ἐδύνατο, ἄλλος τε τῶν ὑγιαινόντων φύσιν ἔχων μήτε παντάπασιν ἀσθενέα μήτε αὖ ἰσχυρὴν φάγοι τι ὧν βοῦς ἢ ἵππος φαγὼν ἂν ὠφελοῖτό τε καὶ ἰσχύοι, ὀρόβους ἢ κριθὰς ἢ ἄλλο τι τῶν τοιούτων, μὴ πολύ, ἀλλὰ πολλῷ μεῖον ἢ δύναιτο, οὐκ ἂν ἧσσον ὁ ὑγιαίνων τοῦτο ποιήσας πονήσειέ τε καὶ κινδυνεύσειε κείνου τοῦ νοσέοντος, ὃς τὸν ἄρτον ἢ τὴν μᾶζαν ἀκαίρως προσηνέγκατο. ταῦτα δὴ πάντα τεκμήρια, ὅτι αὕτη ἡ τέχνη πᾶσα ἡ ἰητρικὴ τῇ αὐτῇ ὁδῷ ζητεομένη εὑρίσκοιτο ἄν.
9. And if it were simply, as is laid down, that such things as are stronger prove injurious, but such as are weaker prove beneficial and nourishing, both to sick and healthy persons, it were an easy matter, for then the safest rule would be to circumscribe the diet to the lowest point. But then it is no less mistake, nor one that injuries a man less, provided a deficient diet, or one consisting of weaker things than what are proper, be administered. For, in the constitution of man, abstinence may enervate, weaken, and kill. And there are many other ills, different from those of repletion, but no less dreadful, arising from deficiency of food; wherefore the practice in those cases is more varied, and requires greater accuracy. For one must aim at attaining a certain measure, and yet this measure admits neither weight nor calculation of any kind, by which it may be accurately determined, unless it be the sensation of the body; wherefore it is a task to learn this accurately, so as not to commit small blunders either on the one side or the other, and in fact I would give great praise to the physician whose mistakes are small, for perfect accuracy is seldom to be seen, since many physicians seem to me to be in the same plight as bad pilots, who, if they commit mistakes while conducting the ship in a calm do not expose themselves, but when a storm and violent hurricane overtake them, they then, from their ignorance and mistakes, are discovered to be what they are, by all men, namely, in losing their ship. And thus bad and commonplace physicians, when they treat men who have no serious illness, in which case one may commit great mistakes without producing any formidable mischief (and such complaints occur much more frequently to men than dangerous ones): under these circumstances, when they commit mistakes, they do not expose themselves to ordinary men; but when they fall in with a great, a strong, and a dangerous disease, then their mistakes and want of skill are made apparent to all. Their punishment is not far off, but is swift in overtaking both the one and the other.
9. καὶ εἰ μὲν ἦν ἁπλοῦν, ὥσπερ ὑφήγητο, ὅσα μὲν ἦν ἰσχυρότερα, ἔβλαπτεν, ὅσα δʼ ἦν ἀσθενέστερα, ὠφέλει τε καὶ ἔτρεφεν καὶ τὸν κάμνοντα καὶ τὸν ὑγιαίνοντα, εὐπετὲς ἂν ἦν τὸ πρῆγμα· πολλὸν γὰρ τοῦ ἀσφαλέος ἂν ἔδει περιλαμβάνοντας ἄγειν ἐπὶ τὸ ἀσθενέστερον. νῦν δὲ οὐκ ἔλασσον ἁμάρτημα, οὐδὲ ἧσσον λυμαίνεται τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἢν ἐλάσσονα καὶ ἐνδεέστερα τῶν ἱκανῶν προσφέρηται. τὸ γὰρ τοῦ λιμοῦ μένος δύνα ται ἰσχυρῶς ἐν τῇ φύσει τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καὶ γυιῶσαι καὶ ἀσθενέα ποιῆσαι καὶ ἀποκτεῖναι. πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα κακὰ ἑτεροῖα τῶν ἀπὸ πληρώσιος, οὐχ ἧσσον δὲ δεινά, καὶ ἀπὸ κενώσιος. διότι πολλὸν ποικιλώτερά τε καὶ διὰ πλείονος ἀκριβείης ἐστί. δεῖ γὰρ μέτρου τινὸς στοχάσασθαι. μέτρον δὲ οὔτε ἀριθμὸν οὔτε σταθμὸν ἄλλον, πρὸς ὃ ἀναφέρων εἴσῃ τὸ ἀκριβές, οὐκ ἂν εὕροις ἀλλʼ ἢ τοῦ σώματος τὴν αἴσθησιν. διὸ ἔργον οὕτω καταμαθεῖν ἀκριβέως, ὥστε σμικρὰ ἁμαρτάνειν ἔνθα ἢ ἔνθα. κἂν ἐγὼ τοῦτον τὸν ἰητρὸν ἰσχυρῶς ἐπαινέοιμι τὸν σμικρὰ ἁμαρτάνοντα. τὸ δὲ ἀτρεκὲς ὀλιγάκις ἔστι κατιδεῖν. ἐπεὶ οἱ πολλοί γε τῶν ἰητρῶν τὰ αὐτά μοι δοκέουσιν τοῖσι κακοῖσι κυβερνήτῃσι πάσχειν. καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι ὅταν ἐν γαλήνῃ κυβερνῶντες ἁμαρτάνωσιν, οὐ καταφανέες εἰσίν· ὅταν δὲ αὐτοὺς κατάσχῃ χειμών τε μέγας καὶ ἄνεμος ἐξώστης, φανερῶς πᾶσιν ἤδη ἀνθρώποις διʼ ἀγνωσίην καὶ ἁμαρτίην δῆλοί εἰσιν ἀπολέσαντες τὴν ναῦν. οὕτω δὴ καὶ οἱ κακοί τε καὶ οἱ πλεῖστοι ἰητροί, ὅταν μὲν θεραπεύωσιν ἀνθρώπους μηδὲν δεινὸν ἔχοντας, ἐς οὓς ἄν τις τὰ μέγιστα ἐξαμαρτάνων οὐδὲν δεινὸν ἐργάσαιτο-πολλὰ δὲ τοιαῦτα νοσήματα καὶ πολλόν τι πλείω τῶν δεινῶν ἀνθρώποις συμβαίνει — ἐν μὲν τοῖσι τοιούτοις ἁμαρτάνοντες οὐ καταφανέες εἰσὶν τοῖσιν ἰδιώτῃσιν· ὅταν δʼ ἐντύχωσιν μεγάλῳ τε καὶ ἰσχυρῷ καὶ ἐπισφαλεῖ νοσήματι, τότε σφέων τά τε ἁμαρτήματα καὶ ἡ ἀτεχνίη πᾶσι καταφανής· οὐ γὰρ ἐς μακρὸν αὐτῶν ἑκατέρου αἱ τιμωρίαι, ἀλλὰ διὰ τάχεος πάρεισιν.
10. And that no less mischief happens to a man from unseasonable depletion than from repletion, may be clearly seen upon reverting to the consideration of persons in health. For, to some, with whom it agrees to take only one meal in the day, and they have arranged it so accordingly; whilst others, for the same reason, also take dinner, and this they do because they find it good for them, and not like those persons who, for pleasure or from any casual circumstance, adopt the one or the other custom and to the bulk of mankind it is of little consequence which of these rules they observe, that is to say, whether they make it a practice to take one or two meals. But there are certain persons who cannot readily change their diet with impunity; and if they make any alteration in it for one day, or even for a part of a day, are greatly injured thereby. Such persons, provided they take dinner when it is not their wont, immediately become heavy and inactive, both in body and mind, and are weighed down with yawning, slumbering, and thirst; and if they take supper in addition, they are seized with flatulence, tormina, and diarrhea, and to many this has been the commencement of a serious disease, when they have merely taken twice in a day the same food which they have been in the custom of taking once. And thus, also, if one who has been accustomed to dine, and this rule agrees with him, should not dine at the accustomed hour, he will straightway feel great loss of strength, trembling, and want of spirits, the eyes of such a person will become more pallid, his urine thick and hot, his mouth bitter; his bowels will seem, as it were, to hang loose; he will suffer from vertigo, lowness of spirit, and inactivity,—such are the effects; and if he should attempt to take at supper the same food which he was wont to partake of at dinner, it will appear insipid, and he will not be able to take it off; and these things, passing downwards with tormina and rumbling, burn up his bowels; he experiences insomnolency or troubled and disturbed dreams; and to many of them these symptoms are the commencement of some disease.
10. ὅτι δʼ οὐδὲν ἐλάσσους ἀπὸ κενώσιος ἀκαίρου κακοπάθειαι γίνονται τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἢ ἀπὸ πληρώσιος, καταμανθάνειν καλῶς ἔχει ἐπαναφέροντας ἐπὶ τοὺς ὑγιαίνοντας. ἔστι γὰρ οἷσιν αὐτῶν συμφέρει μονοσιτεῖν, καὶ τοῦτο διὰ τὸ συμφέρον οὕτως αὐτοὶ ἐτάξαντο, ἄλλοισι δὲ ἀριστῆν διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν ἀνάγκην· οὕτω γὰρ αὐτοῖσι συμφέρει. καὶ μὴν τοῦτʼ εἰσὶ οἳ διʼ ἡδονὴν ἢ διʼ ἄλλην τινὰ συγκυρίην ἐπετήδευσαν ὁπότερον αὐτῶν. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ πλείστοισι τῶν ἀνθρώπων οὐδὲν διαφέρει, ὁπότερον ἂν ἐπιτηδεύσωσιν, εἴτε μονοσιτεῖν εἴτε ἀριστῆν, τούτῳ τῷ ἔθει χρῆσθαι. εἰσὶ δέ τινες οἳ οὐκ ἂν δύναιντο ἔξω τοῦ συμφέροντος ποιέοντες ῥηϊδίως ἀπαλλάσσειν, ἀλλὰ συμβαίνει αὐτῶν ἑκατέροισι παρʼ ἡμέρην μιαν καὶ ταύτην οὐχ ὅλην μεταβάλλουσιν ὑπερφυὴς κακοπάθεια. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἢν ἀριστήσωσιν μὴ συμφέροντος αὐτοῖσι, εὐθέως βαρέες καὶ νωθροὶ καὶ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν γνώμην χάσμης τε καὶ νυσταγμοῦ καὶ δίψης πλήρεες· ἢν δὲ καὶ ἐπιδειπνήσωσι, καὶ φῦσα καὶ στρόφος καὶ ἡ κοιλίη καταρρήγνυται. καὶ πολλοῖσιν ἀρχὴ νούσου αὕτη μεγάλης ἐγένετο, καὶ ἢν τὰ σιτία, ἃ μεμαθήκεσαν ἅπαξ ἀναλίσκειν, ταῦτα δὶς προσενέγκωνται καὶ μηδὲν πλείω. τοῦτο δέ, ἢν ἀριστῆν μεμαθηκώς τις — καὶ οὕτως αὐτῷ συμφέρον ἦν — μὴ ἀριστήσῃ, ὅταν τάχιστα παρέλθῃ ἡ ὥρη, εὐθὺς ἀδυναμίη δεινή, τρόμος, ἀψυχίη· ἐπὶ τούτοις ὀφθαλμοὶ κοῖλοι, οὖρον χλωρότερον καὶ θερμότερον, στόμα πικρόν, καὶ τὰ σπλάγχνα δοκεῖ οἱ κρέμασθαι, σκοτοδινίη, δυσθυμίη, δυσεργείη. ταῦτα δὲ πάντα, καὶ ὅταν δειπνεῖν ἐπιχειρήσῃ, ἀηδέστερος μὲν ὁ σῖτος, ἀναλίσκειν δὲ οὐ δύναται ὅσα ἀριστιζόμενος πρότερον ἐδείπνει. ταῦτα δὲ αὐτὰ μετὰ στρόφον καὶ ψόφου καταβαίνοντα συγκαίει τὴν κοιλίην, δυσκοιτέουσί τε καὶ ἐνυπνιάζουσι τεταραγμένα τε καὶ θορυβώδεα. πολλοῖσι δὲ καὶ τούτων αὕτη ἀρχὴ νούσου ἐγένετο.
11. But let us inquire what are the causes of these things which happened to them. To him, then, who was accustomed to take only one meal in the day, they happened because he did not wait the proper time, until his bowels had completely derived benefit from and had digested the articles taken at the preceding meal, and until his belly had become soft, and got into a state of rest, but he gave it a new supply while in a state of heat and fermentation, for such bellies digest much more slowly, and require more rest and ease. And as to him who had been accustomed to dinner, since, as soon as the body required food, and when the former meal was consumed, and he wanted refreshment, no new supply was furnished to it, he wastes and is consumed from want of food. For all the symptoms which I describe as befalling to this man I refer to want of food. And I also say that all men who, when in a state of health, remain for two or three days without food, experience the same unpleasant symptoms as those which I described in the case of him who had omitted to take dinner.
11. σκέψασθαι δὲ χρή, διὰ τίνα αἰτίην αὐτοῖσιν ταῦτα συνέβη. τῷ μέν, οἶμαι, μεμαθηκότι μονοσιτεῖν, ὅτι οὐκ ἀνέμεινεν τὸν χρόνον τὸν ἱκανόν, μέχρι αὐτοῦ ἡ κοιλίη τῶν τῇ προτεραίῃ προσενηνεγμένων σιτίων ἀπολαύσῃ τελέως καὶ ἐπικρατήσῃ καὶ λαπαχθῇ τε καὶ ἡσυχάσῃ, ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ ζέουσάν τε καὶ ἐζυμωμένην καινὰ ἐπεσηνέγκατο. αἱ δὲ τοιαῦται κοιλίαι πολλῷ τε βραδύτερον πέσσουσι καὶ πλείονος δέονται ἀναπαύσιός τε καὶ ἡσυχίης. ὁ δὲ μεμαθηκὼς ἀριστίζεσθαι, διότι, ἐπειδὴ τάχιστα ἐδεήθη τὸ σῶμα τροφῆς καὶ τὰ πρότερα κατανάλωτο καὶ οὐκ εἶχεν οὐδεμίαν ἀπόλαυσιν, οὐκ εὐθέως αὐτῷ προσεγένετο καινὴ τροφή, φθίνει δὴ καὶ συντήκεται ὑπὸ λιμοῦ. πάντα γάρ, ἃ λέγω πάσχειν τὸν τοιοῦτον ἄνθρωπον, λιμῷ ἀνατίθημι. φημὶ δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους ἅπαντας, οἵτινες ἂν ὑγιαίνοντες ἄσιτοι δύο ἡμέρας ἢ τρεῖς γένωνται, ταῦτα πείσεσθαι, οἷάπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀναρίστων γενομένων εἴρηκα.
12. Wherefore, I say, that such constitutions as suffer quickly and strongly from errors in diet, are weaker than others that do not; and that a weak person is in a state very nearly approaching to one in disease; but a person in disease is the weaker, and it is, therefore, more likely that he should suffer if he encounters anything that is unseasonable. It is difficult, seeing that there is no such accuracy in the Art, to hit always upon what is most expedient, and yet many cases occur in medicine which would require this accuracy, as we shall explain. But on that account, I say, we ought not to reject the ancient Art, as if it were not, and had not been properly founded, because it did not attain accuracy in all things, but rather, since it is capable of reaching to the greatest exactitude by reasoning, to receive it and admire its discoveries, made from a state of great ignorance, and as having been well and properly made, and not from chance.
12. τὰς δὲ τοιαύτας φύσιας ἔγωγέ φημι τὰς ταχέως τε καὶ ἰσχυρῶς τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων ἀπολαυούσας ἀσθενεστέρας εἶναι τῶν ἑτέρων. ἐγγύτατα δὲ τοῦ ἀσθενέοντός ἐστιν ὁ ἀσθενής, ἔτι δὲ ἀσθενέστερος ὁ ἀσθενέων, καὶ μᾶλλον αὐτῷ προσήκει ὅ τι ἂν τοῦ καιροῦ ἀποτυγχάνῃ πονεῖν. χαλεπὸν δὲ τοιαύτης ἀκριβείης ἐούσης περὶ τὴν τέχνην τυγχάνειν αἰεὶ τοῦ ἀτρεκεστάτου. πολλὰ δὲ εἴδεα κατʼ ἰητρικὴν ἐς τοσαύτην ἀκρίβειαν ἥκει, περὶ ὧν εἰρήσεται. οὔ φημι δὲ δεῖν διὰ τοῦτο τὴν τέχνην ὡς οὐκ ἐοῦσαν οὐδὲ καλῶς ζητεομένην τὴν ἀρχαίην ἀποβάλλεσθαι, εἰ μὴ ἔχει περὶ πάντα ἀκρίβειαν, ἀλλὰ πολὺ μᾶλλον διὰ τὸ ἐγγὺς οἶμαι τοῦ ἀτρεκεστάτου δύνασθαι ἥκειν λογισμῷ ἐκ πολλῆς ἀγνωσίης θαυμάζειν τὰ ἐξευρημένα, ὡς καλῶς καὶ ὀρθῶς ἐξεύρηται καὶ οὐκ ἀπὸ τύχης.
13. But I wish the discourse to revert to the new method of those who prosecute their inquiries in the Art by hypothesis. For if hot, or cold, or moist, or dry, be that which proves injurious to man, and if the person who would treat him properly must apply cold to the hot, hot to the cold, moist to the dry, and dry to the moist—let me be presented with a man, not indeed one of a strong constitution, but one of the weaker, and let him eat wheat, such as it is supplied from the thrashing-floor, raw and unprepared, with raw meat, and let him drink water. By using such a diet I know that he will suffer much and severely, for he will experience pains, his body will become weak, and his bowels deranged, and he will not subsist long. What remedy, then, is to be provided for one so situated? Hot? or cold? or moist? or dry? For it is clear that it must be one or other of these. For, according to this principle, if it is one of the which is injuring the patient, it is to be removed by its contrary. But the surest and most obvious remedy is to change the diet which the person used, and instead of wheat to give bread, and instead of raw flesh, boiled, and to drink wine in addition to these; for by making these changes it is impossible but that he must get better, unless completely disorganized by time and diet. What, then, shall we say? whether that, as he suffered from cold, these hot things being applied were of use to him, or the contrary? I should think this question must prove a puzzler to whomsoever it is put. For whether did he who prepared bread out of wheat remove the hot, the cold, the moist, or the dry principle in it?—for the bread is consigned both to fire and to water, and is wrought with many things, each of which has its peculiar property and nature, some of which it loses, and with others it is diluted and mixed.
13. ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν τὸν καινὸν τρόπον τὴν τέχνην ζητεύντων ἐξ ὑποθέσιος τὸν λόγον ἐπανελθεῖν βούλομαι. εἰ γάρ τί ἐστιν θερμὸν ἢ ψυχρὸν ἢ ξηρὸν ἢ ὑγρὸν τὸ λυμαινόμενον τὸν ἄνθρωπον, καὶ δεῖ τὸν ὀρθῶς ἰητρεύοντα βοηθεῖν τῷ μὲν θερμῷ ἐπὶ τὸ ψυχρόν, τῷ δὲ ψυχρῷ ἐπὶ τὸ θερμόν, τῷ δὲ ξηρῷ ἐπὶ τὸ ὑγρόν, τῷ δὲ ὑγρῷ ἐπὶ τὸ ξηρόν. ἔστω μοι ἄνθρωπος μὴ τῶν ἰσχυρῶν φύσει, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἀσθενεστέρων· οὗτος δὲ πυροὺς ἐσθιέτω, οὓς ἂν ἀπὸ τῆς ἅλω ἀνέλῃ, ὠμοὺς καὶ ἀργούς, καὶ κρέα ὠμὰ καὶ πινέτω ὕδωρ. ταύτῃ χρεώμενος τῇ διαίτῃ εὖ οἶδʼ ὅτι πείσεται πολλὰ καὶ δεινά· καὶ γὰρ πόνους πονήσει καὶ τὸ σῶμα ἀσθενὲς ἔσται καὶ ἡ κοιλίη φθαρήσεται καὶ ζῆν πολὺν χρόνον οὐ δυνήσεται. τί δὴ χρὴ βοήθημα παρεσκευάσθαι ὧδʼ ἔχοντι; θερμὸν ἢ ψυχρὸν ἢ ξηρὸν ἢ ὑγρόν; δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι τούτων τι. εἰ γὰρ τὸ λυμαινόμενόν ἐστιν τούτων τὸ ἕτερον, τῷ ὑπεναντίῳ προσήκει λῦσαι, ὡς ὁ ἐκείνων λόγος ἔχει. τὸ μὲν γὰρ βεβαιότατόν τε καὶ προφανέστατον φάρμακον ἀφελόντα τὰ διαιτήματα, οἷς ἐχρῆτο, ἀντὶ μὲν τῶν πυρῶν ἄρτον διδόναι, ἀντὶ δὲ τῶν ὠμῶν κρεῶν ἑφθά, πιεῖν τε ἐπὶ τούτοισιν οἴνου. ταῦτα μεταβαλόντα οὐχ οἷόν τε μὴ οὐχ ὑγιᾶ γενέσθαι, ἤν γε μὴ παντάπασιν ᾖ διεφθαρμένος ὑπὸ χρόνου τε καὶ τῆς διαίτης. τί δὴ φήσομεν; πότερον αὐτῷ ἀπὸ ψυχροῦ κακοπαθέοντι θερμὰ ταῦτα προσενέγκαντες ὠφέλησαν ἢ τἀναντία; οἶμαι γὰρ ἔγωγε πολλὴν ἀπορίην τῷ ἐρωτηθέντι παρασχεῖν. ὁ γὰρ τὸν ἄρτον παρασκευάζων τῶν πυρῶν τὸ θερμὸν ἢ τὸ ψυχρὸν ἢ τὸ ξηρὸν ἢ τὸ ὑγρὸν ἀφείλατο; ὃ γὰρ καὶ πυρὶ καὶ ὕδατι δέδοται καὶ ἄλλοις πολλοῖσι ἤργασται, ὧν ἕκαστον ἰδίην δύναμιν καὶ φύσιν ἔχει, τὰ μὲν τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἀποβέβληκε, ἄλλοισι δὲ κέκρηταί τε καὶ μέμικται.
14. And this I know, moreover, that to the human body it makes a great difference whether the bread be fine or coarse; of wheat with or without the hull, whether mixed with much or little water, strongly wrought or scarcely at all, baked or raw—and a multitude of similar differences; and so, in like manner, with the cake (maza); the powers of each, too, are great, and the one nowise like the other. Whoever pays no attention to these things, or, paying attention, does not comprehend them, how can he understand the diseases which befall a man? For, by every one of these things, a man is affected and changed this way or that, and the whole of his life is subjected to them, whether in health, convalescence, or disease. Nothing else, then, can be more important or more necessary to know than these things. So that the first inventors, pursuing their investigations properly, and by a suitable train of reasoning, according to the nature of man, made their discoveries, and thought the Art worthy of being ascribed to a god, as is the established belief. For they did not suppose that the dry or the moist, the hot or the cold, or any of these are either injurious to man, or that man stands in need of them, but whatever in each was strong, and more than a match for a man’s constitution, whatever he could not manage, that they held to be hurtful, and sought to remove. Now, of the sweet, the strongest is that which is intensely sweet; of the bitter, that which is intensely bitter; of the acid, that which is intensely acid; and of all things that which is extreme, for these things they saw both existing in man, and proving injurious to him. For there is in man the bitter and the salt, the sweet and the acid, the sour and the insipid, and a multitude of other things having all sorts of powers both as regards quantity and strength. These, when all mixed and mingled up with one another, are not apparent, neither do they hurt a man; but when any of them is separate, and stands by itself, then it becomes perceptible, and hurts a man. And thus, of articles of food, those which are unsuitable and hurtful to man when administered, every one is either bitter, or intensely so, or saltish or acid, or something else intense and strong, and therefore we are disordered by them in like manner as we are by the secretions in the body. But all those things which a man eats and drinks are devoid of any such intense and well-marked quality, such as bread, cake, and many other things of a similar nature which man is accustomed to use for food, with the exception of condiments and confectioneries, which are made to gratify the palate and for luxury. And from those things, when received into the body abundantly, there is no disorder nor dissolution of the powers belonging to the body; but strength, growth, and nourishment result from them, and this for no other reason than because they are well mixed, have nothing in them of an immoderate character, nor anything strong, but the whole forms one simple and not strong substance.
14. οἶδα μὲν γὰρ καὶ τάδε δήπου, ὅτι διαφέρει ἐς τὸ σῶμα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καθαρὸς ἄρτος ἢ συγκομιστός, ἢ ἀπτίστων πυρῶν ἢ ἐπτισμένων, ἢ πολλῷ ὕδατι πεφυρημένος ἢ ὀλίγῳ, ἢ ἰσχυρῶς πεφυρημένος ἢ ἀφύρητος, ἢ ἔξοπτος ἢ ἔνωμος, ἄλλα τε πρὸς τούτοισι μυρία. ὡς δʼ αὔτως καὶ περὶ μάζης. καὶ αἱ δυνάμιες μεγάλαι τε ἑκάστου καὶ οὐδὲν ἡ ἑτέρη τῇ ἑτέρῃ ἐοικυῖα. ὅστις δὲ ταῦτα οὐκ ἐπέσκεπται ἢ σκεπτόμενος οὐκ οἶδεν, πῶς ἄν τι οὗτος δύναιτο τῶν κατʼ ἄνθρωπον παθημάτων εἰδέναι; ὑπὸ γὰρ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου τούτων πάσχει τε καὶ ἑτεροιοῦται ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἢ τοῖον ἢ τοῖον. καὶ διὰ τούτων πᾶς ὁ βίος καὶ ὑγιαίνοντι καὶ ἐκ νούσου ἀνατρεφομένῳ καὶ κάμνοντι. οὐκ ἂν οὖν ἕτερα τούτων χρησιμώτερα οὐδὲ ἀναγκαιότερα εἴη εἰδέναι δήπου, ὡς δὲ καλῶς καὶ λογισμῷ προσήκοντι ζητήσαντες πρὸς τὴν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου φύσιν εὗρον αὐτὰ οἱ πρῶτοι εὑρόντες καὶ ᾠήθησαν ἀξίην τὴν τέχνην θεῷ προσθεῖναι, ὥσπερ καὶ νομίζεται. οὐ γὰρ τὸ ξηρὸν οὐδὲ τὸ ὑγρὸν οὐδὲ τὸ θερμὸν οὐδὲ τὸ ψυχρὸν οὐδὲ ἄλλο τούτων ἡγησάμενοι οὐδὲν οὔτε λυμαίνεσθαι οὔτε προσδεῖσθαι οὐδενὸς τούτων τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἰσχυρὸν ἑκάστου καὶ τὸ κρέσσον τῆς φύσιος τῆς ἀνθρωπείης, οὗ μὴ ἠδύνατο κρατεῖν, τοῦτο βλά πτειν ἡγήσαντο καὶ τοῦτο ἐζήτησαν ἀφαιρεῖν. ἰσχυρότατον δʼ ἐστὶ τοῦ μὲν γλυκέος τὸ γλυκύτατον, τοῦ δὲ πικροῦ τὸ πικρότατον, τοῦ δὲ ὀξέος τὸ ὀξύτατον, ἑκάστου δὲ πάντων τῶν ἐνεόντων ἡ ἀκμή. ταῦτα γὰρ ἑώρων καὶ ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐνεόντα καὶ λυμαινόμενα τὸν ἄνθρωπον. ἔνι γὰρ ἐν ἀνθρώπῳ καὶ ἁλμυρὸν καὶ πικρὸν καὶ γλυκὺ καὶ ὀξὺ καὶ στρυφνὸν καὶ πλαδαρὸν καὶ ἄλλα μυρία παντοίας δυνάμιας ἔχοντα πλῆθός τε καὶ ἰσχύν. ταῦτα μὲν μεμιγμένα καὶ κεκρημένα ἀλλήλοισιν οὔτε φανερά ἐστιν οὔτε λυπεῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον. ὅταν δέ τι τούτων ἀποκριθῇ καὶ αὐτὸ ἐφʼ ἑωυτοῦ γένηται, τότε καὶ φανερόν ἐστι καὶ λυπεῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον· τοῦτο δέ, τῶν βρωμάτων ὅσα ἡμῖν ἀνεπιτήδειά ἐστιν καὶ λυμαίνεται τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐμπεσόντα, τούτων ἓν ἕκαστον ἢ πικρόν ἐστιν ἢ ἁλμυρὸν ἢ ὀξὺ ἢ ἄλλο τι ἄκρητόν τε καὶ ἰσχυρόν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ταρασσόμεθα ὑπʼ αὐτῶν, ὥσπερ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐν τῷ σώματι ἀποκρινομένων. πάντα δὲ ὅσα ἄνθρωπος ἐσθίει ἢ πίνει, τὰ τοιαῦτα βρώματα ἥκιστα τοιούτου χυμοῦ ἀκρήτου τε καὶ διαφέροντος δῆλά ἐστιν μετέχοντα, οἷον ἄρτος τε καὶ μᾶζα καὶ τὰ ἑπόμενα τούτοις, οἷς εἴθισται ὁ ἄνθρωπος πλείστοισί τε καὶ αἰεὶ χρῆσθαι, ἔξω τῶν πρὸς ἡδονήν τε καὶ κόρον ἠρτυμένων τε καὶ ἐσκευασμένων. καὶ ἀπὸ τούτων πλείστων ἐσιόντων ἐς τὸν ἄνθρωπον τάραχος καὶ ἀπόκρισις τῶν ἀμφὶ τὸ σῶμα δυναμίων ἥκιστα γίνεται, ἰσχὺς δὲ καὶ αὔξησις καὶ τροφὴ μάλιστα διʼ οὐδὲν ἕτερον γίνεται ἢ ὅτι εὖ τε κέκρηται καὶ οὐδὲν ἔχει οὔτε ἄκρητον οὔτε ἰσχυρόν, ἀλλʼ ὅλον ἕν τε γέγονε καὶ ἁπλοῦν.