70. Dislocation inward at the hip-joint is to be reduced in the following manner: (it is a good, proper, and natural mode of reduction, and has something of display in it, if any one takes delight in such ostentatious modes of procedure). The patient is to be suspended by the feet from a cross-beam with a strong, soft, and broad cord; the feet are to be about four inches or less from one another; and a broad and soft leather collar connected with the cross-beam is to be put on above the knees; and the affected leg should be so extended as to moved be two inches longer than the other; the head should be about two cubits from the ground, or a little more or less; and the arms should be stretched along the sides, and bound with something soft; all these preparations should be made while he is lying on his back, so that he may be suspended for as short a time as possible. But when the patient is suspended, a person properly instructed and not weak, having introduced his arm between his thighs, is to place his fore-arm between the perineum and the dislocated head of the os femoris; and then, having joined the other hand to the one thus passed through the thighs, he is to stand by the side of the suspended patient, and suddenly suspend and swing himself in the air as perpendicularly as possible. This method comprises all the conditions which are natural; for the body being suspended by its weight, produces extension, and the person suspended from him, along with the extension, forces the head of the thigh-bone to rise up above the acetabulum; and at the same time he uses the bone of the fore-arm as a lever, and forces the os femoris to slip into its old seat. The cords should be properly prepared, and care should be taken that the person suspended along with the patient have a sufficiently strong hold.
70. 70. μηροῦ δὲ ὀλίσθημα κατʼ ἰσχίον ὧδε χρὴ ἐμβάλλειν, ἢν ἐς τὸ ἔσω μέρος ὠλισθήκῃ· ἀγαθὴ μὲν ἥδε καὶ δικαίη καὶ κατὰ φύσιν ἡ ἐμβολὴ, καὶ δή τι καὶ ἀγωνιστικὸν ἔχουσα, ὅστις γε τοῖσι τοιούτοισιν ἥδεται κομψευόμενος. κρεμάσαι χρὴ τὸν ἄνθρωπον τῶν ποδῶν πρὸς μεσόδμην δεσμῷ δυνατῷ μὲν, μαλθακῷ δὲ καὶ πλάτος ἔχοντι· τοὺς δὲ πόδας διέχειν χρὴ, ὅσον τέσσαρας δακτύλους ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων, ἢ καὶ ἔλασσον· χρὴ δὲ καὶ ἐπάνωθεν τῶν ἐπιγουνίδων προσπεριβεβλῆσθαι πλαῖ ἱμάντι καὶ μαλθακῷ, ἀνατείνοντι ἐς τὴν μεσόδμην· τὸ δὲ σκέλος τὸ σιναρὸν ἐντετάσθαι χρὴ ὡς δύο δακτύλους μᾶλλον τοῦ ἑτέρου· ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς γῆς τὴν κεφαλὴν ἀπεχέτω ὡς δύο πήχεας, ἢ ὀλίγῳ πλέον, ἢ ἔλασσον· τὰς δὲ χεῖρας παρατεταμένας παρὰ τὰς πλευρὰς προσδεδεμένος ἔστω μαλθακῷ τινι· πάντα δὲ ταῦτα ὑπτίῳ κατακειμένῳ κατασκευασθήτω, ὡς ὅτι ἐλάχιστον χρόνον κρέμηται. ὅταν δὲ κρεμασθῇ, ἄνδρα χρὴ εὐπαίδευτον καὶ μὴ ἀσθενέα, ἐνείραντα τὸν πῆχυν μεσηγὺ τῶν μηρῶν, εἶτα θέσθαι τὸν πῆχυν μεσηγὺ τοῦ περινέου καὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς τοῦ μηροῦ τῆς ἐξεστηκυίης, ἔπειτα ξυνάψαντα τὴν ἑτέρην χεῖρα πρὸς τὴν διῃρμένην, παραστάντα ὀρθὸν παρὰ τὸ σῶμα τοῦ κρεμαμένου, ἐξαπίνης ἐκκρεμασθέντα, μετέωρον αἰωρηθῆναι ὡς ἰσοῤῥοπώτατον. αὕτη δὲ ἡ ἐμβολὴ παρέχεται πάντα, ὅσα χρὴ κατὰ φύσιν· αὐτό τε γὰρ τὸ σῶμα, κρεμάμενον, τῷ ἑωυτοῦ βάρεϊ κατάτασιν ποιέεται, ὅ τε ἐκκρεμασθεὶς ἅμα μὲν τῇ κατατάσει ἀναγκάζει ὑπεραιωρέεσθαι τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ μηροῦ ὑπὲρ τῆς κοτύλης, ἅμα δὲ τῷ ὀστέῳ τοῦ πήχεος ἀπομοχλεύει καὶ ἀναγκάζει ἐς τὴν ἀρχαίην φύσιν ὀλισθάνειν. χρὴ δὲ παγκάλως μὲν τοῖσι δεσμοῖσιν ἐσκευάσθαι, φρονέοντα δὲ καὶ ὡς ἐχυρώτατον τὸν ἐξαιωρούμενον εἶναι.
71. Wherefore, as formerly stated, men’s constitutions differ much from one another as to the facility or difficulty with which dislocations are reduced; and the cause of this was also stated formerly in treating of the shoulder. In some the thigh is reduced with no preparation, with slight extension, directed by the hands, and with slight movement; and in some the reduction is effected by bending the limb at the joint, and making rotation. But much more frequently it does not yield to any ordinary apparatus, and therefore one should be acquainted with the most powerful means which can be applied in each case, and use whatever maybe judged most proper under all circumstances. The modes of extension have been described in the former parts of the work, so that one may make use of whatever may happen to be at hand. For, extension and counter-extension are to be made in the direction of the limb and the body; and if this be properly effected, the head of the thigh-bone will be raised above its ancient seat; and if thus raised, it will not be easy to prevent it from settling in its place, so that any ordinary impulse with the lever and adjustment will be quite sufficient; but some apply insufficient extension, and hence the reduction gives much trouble. The bands then should be fastened, not only at the foot, but also above the knee, so that the force of the extension may not be expended on the knee-joint more than upon the hip-joint. The extension in the direction of the foot is to be thus contrived. But the counter-extension is not only to be managed by means of something carried round the chest and armpits, but also by a long, double, strong, and supple thong applied to the perineum, and carried behind along the spine, and in front along the collar-bone and fixed to the point from which counter-extension is made; and then force is to be so applied, by means of this extension and counter-extension, that the thong at the perineum may not pass over the head of the thigh-bone, but between it and the perineum; and during the extension one should strike the head of the femur with the fist, so as to drive it outward. And when the patient is raised up by the stretching, you should pass a hand through (between the legs?) and grasp it with the other hand, so as at the same time to make extension, and force the dislocated limb outward; while some other person sitting by the knee quietly directs it inward.
71. 71. ὡς μὲν οὖν καὶ πρόσθεν εἴρηται, μέγα τὸ διαφέρον ἐστὶ τῶν φυσίων τοῖσιν ἀνθρώποισιν ἐς τὸ εὐέμβλητα εἶναι, καὶ δυσέμβλητα· καὶ διότι μέγα διαφέρει, εἴρηται πρόσθεν ἐν τοῖσι περὶ ὤμου. ἐνίοισι γὰρ ὁ μηρὸς ἐμπίπτει ἀπʼ οὐδεμιῆς παρασκευῆς, ἀλλʼ ὀλίγης μὲν κατατάσιος, ὅσον τῇσι χερσὶ κατιθῦναι, βραχείης δὲ κιγκλίσιος· πολλοῖσι δὲ ξυγκάμψασι τὸ σκέλος κατὰ τὸ ἄρθρον, ἐνέπεσεν, ἤδη ἀμφίσφαλσιν ποιησάμενον. ἀλλὰ γὰρ τὰ πουλὺ πλείω οὐκ ἐνακούει τῆς τυχούσης παρασκευῆς· διὰ τοῦτο ἐπίστασθαι μὲν χρὴ τὰ κράτιστα περὶ ἑκάστου ἐν πάσῃ τῇ τέχνῃ· χρέεσθαι δὲ, οἷσιν ἂν δόξῃ ἑκάστοτε. εἴρηνται μὲν οὖν τρόποι κατατασίων καὶ ἐν τοῖσιν ἔμπροσθεν γεγραμμένοισιν, ὥστε χρέεσθαι τούτων, ὅστις ἂν παρατύχῃ. δεῖ γὰρ ἀντικατατετάσθαι ἰσχυρῶς, ἐπὶ θάτερα μὲν τοῦ σκέλεος, ἐπὶ θάτερα δὲ τοῦ σώματος· ἢν γὰρ εὖ καταταθῇ, ὑπεραιωρηθήσεται ἡ κεφαλὴ τοῦ μηροῦ ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀρχαίης ἕδρης· καὶ ἢν μὲν ὑπεραιωρηθῇ οὕτως, οὐδὲ κωλύσαι ἔτι ῤηΐδιον ἵζεσθαι αὐτὴν ἐς τὴν ἑωυτῆς ἕδρην, ὥστε ἤδη πᾶσα ἀρκέει μόχλευσίς τε καὶ κατόρθωσις· ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἐλλείπουσιν ἐν τῇ κατατάσει· διὰ τοῦτο ὄχλον πλείω παρέχει ἡ ἐμβολή. χρὴ οὖν οὐ μόνον παρὰ τὸν πόδα τὰ δεσμὰ ἐξηρτῆσθαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄνωθεν τοῦ γούνατος, ὅκως μὴ κατὰ τὸ τοῦ γούνατος ἄρθρον ἐν τῇ τανύσει ἡ ἐπίδεσις ἔῃ μᾶλλον, ἢ κατὰ τὸ τοῦ ἰσχίου ἄρθρον. οὕτω μὲν οὖν χρὴ τὴν κατάτασιν, τὴν πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ποδὸς μέρος, ἐσκευάσθαι· ἀτὰρ καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ θάτερα κατάτασιν, μὴ μοῦνον ἐκ τῆς περὶ τὸ στῆθος καὶ τὰς μασχάλας περιβολῆς ἀντιτείνεσθαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἱμάντι μακρῷ, διπτύχῳ, ἰσχυρῷ, προσηνεῖ, παρὰ τὸν περίνεον βεβλημένῳ, παρατεταμένῳ ἐπὶ μὲν τὰ ὄπισθεν παρὰ τὴν ῤάχιν, ἐπὶ δὲ τὰ ἔμπροσθεν παρὰ τὴν κληῗδα, προσηρτημένῳ πρὸς τὴν ἀρχὴν τὴν ἀκτικατατείνουσαν, οὕτω διαναγκάζεσθαι, τοῖσι μὲν ἔνθα διατεινομένοισι, τοῖσι δὲ ἔνθα, ὅκως δὲ ὁ ἱμὰς ὁ παρὰ τὸν περίνεον μὴ περὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ μηροῦ παρατεταμένος ἔσται, ἀλλὰ μεσηγὺ τῆς κεφαλῆς καὶ τοῦ περινέου· ἐν δὲ τῇ κατάτασει, κατὰ μὲν τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ μηροῦ ἐρείσας τὴν πυγμὴν, ἐς τὸ ἔξω ὠθεέτω· ἢν δὲ μετεωρίζηται ἑλκόμενος, διέρσας τὴν χεῖρα καὶ ἐπιξυνάψας τῇ ἑτέρῃ χειρὶ, ἅμα μὲν συγκατατεινέτω, ἅμα δὲ ἐς τὸ ἔξω ξυναναγκαζέτω· ἄλλος δέ τις τὸ παρὰ τὸ γόνυ τοῦ μηροῦ ἡσύχως ἐς τὸ ἔσω μέρος κατορθούτω.
72. It has been formerly stated by us that it will be of importance for any person who practices medicine in a populous city to get prepared a quadrangular board, about six cubits or a little more in length, and about two cubits in breadth; a fathom will be sufficient thickness for it; and then along it from the one end to the other, an excavation must be made, so that the working of the levers may not be higher than is proper; then at both sides we are to raise short, strong, and strongly-fixed posts, having axles; and in the middle of the bench five or six long grooves are to be scooped out about four inches distant from one another, three inches will be a sufficient breadth for them, and the depth in like manner; and although the number of grooves I have mentioned will be sufficient, there is nothing to prevent their being made all over the bench. And the bench should have in its middle a pretty deep hole, of a square shape, and of about three inches in size; and into this hole, when judged necessary, is to be adjusted a corresponding piece of wood, rounded above, which, at the proper time, is to be adjusted between the perineum and the head of the thigh-bone. This upright piece of wood prevents the body from yielding to the force dragging downward by the feet; for sometimes this piece of wood serves the purpose of counter-extension upward; and sometimes, too, when extension and counter-extension are made, this piece of wood, if susceptible of some motion to this side or that, will serve the purpose of a lever for pushing the head of the thigh-bone outward. It is on this account that several grooves are scooped out on the bench, so that this piece of wood, being erected at the one which answers, may act as a lever, either on the sides of the articular heads of bones, or may make pressure direct on the heads along with the extension, according as it may suit to push inward or outward with the lever; and the lever may be either of a round or broad form, as may be judged proper; for sometimes the one form and sometimes the other suits with the articulation. This mode of applying the lever along with extension is applicable in the reduction of all dislocations of the thigh. In the case now on hand, a round lever is proper; but in dislocations outward a flat lever will be the suitable one. By means of such machines and of such powers, it appears to me that we need never fail in reducing any dislocation at a joint.
72. 72. εἴρηται δὲ καὶ πρόσθεν ἤδη, ὅτι ἐπάξιον, ὅστις ἐν πόλει πολυανθρώπῳ ἰητρεύει, ξύλον κεκτῆσθαι τετράγωνον, ὡς ἑξάπηχυ ἢ ὀλίγῳ μέζον, εὖρος δὲ, ὡς δίπηχυ, πάχος δὲ, ἀρκέει σπιθαμιαῖον· ἔπειτα κατὰ μῆκος μὲν, ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν ἐντομὴν ἔχειν χρὴ, ὡς μὴ ὑψηλοτέρη τοῦ καιροῦ ἡ μηχάνησις ἔῃ· ἔπειτα φλιὰς βραχείας, ἰσχυρὰς, καὶ ἰσχυρῶς ἐνηρμοσμένας, ὀνίσκον ἔχειν ἑκατέρωθεν· ἔπειτα ἀρκέει μὲν ἐν τῷ ἡμίσεϊ τοῦ ξύλου (οὐδὲν δὲ κωλύει καὶ διὰ παντὸς) ἐντετμῆσθαι ὡς καπέτους μακρὰς πέντε ἢ ἓξ, διαλείπουσας ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων ὡς τέσσαρας δακτύλους, αὐτὰς δὲ ἀρκέει εὖρος τριδακτύλους εἶναι, καὶ βάθος οὕτως. ἔχειν δὲ κατὰ μέσον τὸ ξύλον καὶ καταγλυφὴν χρὴ βαθυτέρην, ἐπὶ τετράγωνον, ὡς τριῶν δακτύλων, καὶ ἐς μὲν τὴν καταγλυφὴν ταύτην, ὅταν δοκέῃ προσδεῖν, ξύλον ἐμπηγνύναι ἐναρμόζον τῇ καταγλυφῇ, τὸ δὲ ἄνω στρογγύλον, ἐμπηγνύναι δὲ, ἐπήν ποτε δοκέῃ ξυμφέρειν, μεσηγὺ τοῦ περινέου καὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς τοῦ μηροῦ. τοῦτο τὸ ξύλον ἑστεὸς κωλύει τὴν ἐπίδοσιν ἐπιδιδόναι τὸ σῶμα τοῖσι πρὸς ποδῶν ἕλκουσιν· ἐνίοτε γὰρ ἀρκέει αὐτὸ τὸ ξύλον τοῦτο ἀντὶ τῆς ἄνωθεν ἀντικατατάσιος· ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ, κατατεινομένου τοῦ σκέλεος ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν, αὐτὸ τὸ ξύλον τοῦτο, χαλαρὸν ἐγκείμενον ἢ τῇ ἢ τῇ, ἐκμοχλεύειν ἐπιτήδειον ἂν εἴη τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ μηροῦ ἐς τὸ ἔξω μέρος. διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ αἱ κάπετοι ἐντετμέαται, ὡς, καθʼ ὁκοίην ἂν αὐτέων ἁρμόσῃ, ἐμβαλλόμενος ξύλινος μοχλὸς μοχλεύοι, ἢ παρὰ τὰς κεφαλὰς τῶν ἄρθρων, ἢ κατὰ τὰς κεφαλὰς τελέως ἐρειδόμενος ἅμα τῇ κατατάσει, ἤν τε ἐς τὸ ἔξω μέρος ξυμφέρῃ ἐκμοχλεύεσθαι, ἤν τε ἐς τὸ ἔσω, καὶ ἤν τε στρογγύλον τὸν μοχλὸν ξυμφέρῃ εἶναι, ἤν τε πλάτος ἔχοντα· ἄλλος γὰρ ἄλλῳ τῶν ἄρθρων ἁρμόζει. εὔχρηστος δέ ἐστιν ἐπὶ πάντων τῶν ἄρθρων ἐμβολῆς, τῶν κατὰ τὰ σκέλεα, αὕτη ἡ μόχλευσις ξὺν τῇ κατατάσει. περὶ οὖ οὖν ὁ λόγος ἐστὶ, στρογγύλος ἁρμόζει ὁ μοχλὸς εἶναι· τῷ μέντοι ἔξω ἐκπεπτωκότι ἄρθρῳ πλατὺς ἁρμόσει εἶναι. ἀπὸ τουτέων τῶν μηχανέων καὶ ἀναγκέων οὐδὲν ἄρθρον μοι δοκέει οἷόν τε εἶναι ἀπορηθῆναι ἐμπεσεῖν.
73. And one might find out other modes of reduction for this joint. If the large bench were to have raised on it two posts about a foot (in diameter?), and of a suitable height, on each side near its middle, and if a transverse piece of wood like the step of a ladder, were inserted in the posts, then if the sound leg were carried through between the posts, and the injured limb were brought over the transverse piece of wood, which should be exactly adapted in height to the joint which is dislocated (and it is an easy matter so to adjust it, for the step of the ladder should be made a little higher than required, and a convenient robe, folded several times, is to be laid below the patient’s body), then a piece of wood, of suitable breadth and length, is to be laid below the limb, and it should reach from the ankle to beyond the head of the thigh-bone, and should be bound moderately tight to the limb. Then the limb being extended, either by means of the pestle-like piece of wood (formerly described), or by any of the other methods of extension, the limb which is carried over the step with the piece of wood attached to it, is to be forced downward, while somebody grasps the patient above the hip-joint. In this manner the extension will carry the head of the thighbone above the acetabulum, while the lever power that is exercised will push the head of the thigh-bone into its natural seat. All the above-mentioned powers are strong, and more than sufficient to rectify the accident, if properly and skillfully applied. For, as formerly stated, in most cases reduction may be effected by much weaker extension, and an inferior apparatus.
73. 73. εὕροι δʼ ἄν τις καὶ ἄλλους τρόπους τούτου τοῦ ἄρθρου ἐμβολῆς· εἰ γὰρ τὸ ξύλον τὸ μέγα τοῦτο ἔχοι κατὰ μέσον καὶ ἐκ πλαγίων φλιὰς δύο, ὡς ποδιαίας, ὕψος δὲ ὅκως ἂν δοκέοι ξυμφέρειν, τὴν μὲν ἔνθεν, τὴν δὲ ἔνθεν, ἔπειτα ξύλον πλάγιον ἐνείη ἐν τῇσι φλιῇσιν ὡς κλιμακτὴρ, ἔπειτα διέρσαι τὸ ὑγιὲς σκέλος μεσηγὺ τῶν φλιέων, τὸ δὲ σιναρὸν ἄνωθεν τοῦ κλιμακτῆρος ἔχειν ἁρμόζον ἀπαρτὶ πρὸς τὸ ὕψος καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἄρθρον, ᾗ ἐκπέπτωκεν· ῤηΐδιον δὲ ἁρμόζειν· τὸν γὰρ κλιμακτῆρα ὑψηλότερόν τινι χρὴ ποιέειν τοῦ μετρίου, καὶ ἱμάτιον πολύπτυχον, ὡς ἂν ἁρμόσῃ, ὑποτείνειν ὑπὸ τὸ σῶμα. ἔπειτα χρὴ ξύλον, ἔχον πλάτος μέτριον καὶ μῆκος, ἄχρι τοῦ σφυροῦ ὑποτεταμένον ὑπὸ τὸ σκέλος εἶναι, ἱκνεόμενον ἐπέκεινα τῆς κεφαλῆς τοῦ μηροῦ ὡς οἷόν τε· προσκαταδεδέσθαι δὲ χρὴ πρὸς τὸ σκέλος, ὅκως ἂν μετρίως ἔχῃ. κἄπειτα κατατεινομένου τοῦ σκέλεος, εἴτε ξύλῳ. ὑπεροειδέϊ, εἴτε τουτέων τινὶ τῶν κατατασίων, ὁμοῦ χρὴ καταναγκάζεσθαι τὸ σκέλος περὶ τὸν κλιμακτῆρα ἐς τὸ κάτω μέρος ξὺν τῷ ξύλῳ τῷ προσδεδεμένῳ· τὸν δέ τινα κατέχειν τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἀνωτέρω τοῦ ἄρθρου κατὰ τὸ ἰσχίον. καὶ γὰρ οὕτως ἅμα μὲν ἡ κατάτασις ὑπεραιωρέοι ἂν τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ μηροῦ ὑπὲρ τῆς κοτύλης, ἅμα δὲ ἡ μόχλευσις ἀπωθέοι τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ μηροῦ ἐς τὴν ἀρχαίην φύσιν. αὗται πᾶσαι αἱ εἰρημέναι ἀνάγκαι ἰσχυραὶ, καὶ πᾶσαι κρέσσους τῆς ξυμφορῆς, ἤν τις ὀρθῶς καὶ καλῶς σκευάζῃ. ὥσπερ δὲ καὶ πρόσθεν ἤδη εἴρηται, πουλύ τι ἀπὸ ἀσθενεστέρων κατατασίων καὶ φαυλοτέρης κατασκευῆς τοῖσι πλείοσιν ἐμπίπτει.
74. If the head of the bone slip outward, extension and counter-extension must be made as described, or in a similar manner. But along with the extension a broad lever is to be used to force the bone from without inward, the lever being placed at the nates or a little farther up, and some person is to steady the patient’s body, so that it may not yield, either by grasping him at the buttocks with his hands, or this may be effected by means of another similar lever, adjusted to one of the grooves, while the patient has something laid below him, and he is secured, and the dislocated thigh is to be turned gently from within outward at the knee. Suspension will not answer in this form of dislocation, for, in this instance, the arm of the person suspended from him, would push the head of the thigh-bone from the acetabulum. But one might use the piece of wood placed below him as a lever, in such a manner as might suit with this mode of dislocation; it must work from without. But what use is there for more words? For if the extension be well and properly done, and if the lever be properly used, what dislocation of the joint could occur, that might not be thus reduced?
74. 74. ἢν δὲ ἐς τὸ ἔξω κεφαλὴ μηροῦ ὀλίσθῃ, τὰς μὲν κατατάσιας ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα χρὴ ποιέεσθαι, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, ἢ τοιουτοτρόπως· τὴν δὲ μόχλευσιν πλάτος ἔχοντι μοχλῷ μοχλεύειν χρὴ ἅμα τῇ κατατάσει, ἐκ τοῦ ἔξω μέρεος ἐς τὸ ἔσω ἀναγκάζοντα, κατά γε αὐτὸν τὸν γλουτὸν τιθέμενον τὸν μοχλὸν καὶ ὀλίγῳ ἀνωτέρω· ἐπὶ δὲ τὸ ὑγιὲς ἰσχίον κατὰ τὸν γλουτὸν ἀντιστηριζέτω τις τῇσι χερσὶν, ὡς μὴ ὑπείκῃ τὸ σῶμα, ἢ ἑτέρῳ τινὶ τοιούτῳ μοχλῷ, ὑποβάλλων καὶ ἐρείσας, ἐκ τῶν καπέτων τὴν ἁρμόζουσαν ἀντικατεχέτω· τοῦ δὲ μηροῦ τοῦ ἐξηρθρηκότος τὸ παρὰ τὸ γόνυ ἔσωθεν ἔξω παραγέτω ἡσύχως. ἡ δὲ κρέμασις οὐχ ἁρμόσει τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ τῆς ὀλισθήσιος τοῦ ἄρθρου· ὁ γὰρ πῆχυς τοῦ ἐκκρεμαμένου ἀπωθέοι ἂν τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ μηροῦ ἀπὸ τῆς κοτύλης. τὴν μέντοι ξὺν τῷ ξύλῳ τῷ ὑποτεινομένῳ μόχλευσιν μηχανήσαιτʼ ἄν τις, ὥστε ἁρμόζειν καὶ τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ τοῦ ὀλισθήματος, ἔξωθεν προσαρτέων. ἀλλὰ τί καὶ δεῖ πλείω λέγειν; ἢν γὰρ ὀρθῶς μὲν καὶ εὖ κατατείνηται, ὀρθῶς δὲ μοχλεύηται, τί οὐκ ἂν ἐμπέσοι ἄρθρον, οὕτως ἐκπεπτωκός;
75. In dislocation of the thigh, backward, extension and counter-extension should be made as has been described; and having laid on the bench a cloth which has been folded several times, so that the patient may lie soft, he is to be laid on his face, and extension thus made, and, along with the extension, pressure is to be made with a board, as in the case of humpback, the board being placed on the region of the nates, and rather below than above the hip-joint; and the hole made in the wall for the board should not be direct over, but should be inclined a little downward, toward the feet. This mode of reduction is particularly appropriate to this variety of dislocation, and at the same time is very strong. But perhaps, instead of the board, it might be sufficient to have a person sitting (on the seat of luxation?), or pressing with his hands, or with his foot, and suddenly raising himself up, along with the extension. None of the other aforementioned modes of reduction are natural in this form of dislocation.
75. 75. ἢν δὲ ἐς τοὔπισθεν μέρος ἐκπεπτώκῃ ὁ μηρὸς, τὰς μὲν κατατάσιας καὶ ἀντιτάσιας οὕτω δεῖ ποιέεσθαι, καθάπερ εἴρηται· ἐπιστορέσαντα δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον ἱμάτιον πολύπτυχον, ὡς μαλακώτατον ἔῃ, πρηνέα κατακλίναντα τὸν ἄνθρωπον, οὕτω κατανείνειν· άμα δὲ τῇ κατατάσει χρὴ τῇ σανίδι καταναγκάζειν τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ὡς τὰ ὑβώματα, κατʼ ἴξιν τοῦ πυγαίου ποιησάμενον τὴν σανίδα, καὶ μᾶλλον ἐς τὸ κάτω μέρος, ἢ ἐς τὸ ἄνω τῶν ἰσχίων· καὶ ἡ ἐντομὴ, ἡ ἐν τῷ τοίχῳ τῇ σανίδι, μὴ εὐθεῖα ἔστω, ἀλλʼ ὀλίγον καταφερὴς πρὸς τὸ τῶν ποδῶν μέρος. αὕτη ἡ ἐμβολὴ κατὰ φύσιν τε μάλιστα τῷ τρόπῳ τούτῳ τοῦ ὀλισθήματός ἐστι, καὶ ἅμα ἰσχυροτάτη. Ἀρκέσειε δʼ ἂν ἴσως ἀντὶ τῆς σανίδος καὶ ἐφεζόμενόν τινα, ἢ τῇσι χερσὶν ἐρεισάμενον, ἢ ἐπιβάντα, ἐξαπίνης ἐπαιωρηθῆναι ἅμα τῇ κατατάσει. ἄλλη δὲ οὐδεμίη ἐμβολὴ τῶν προειρημένων κατὰ φύσιν ἐστὶ τῷ τρόπῳ τούτῳ τοῦ ὀλισθήματος.
76. In dislocation forward, the same mode of extension should be made; but a person who has very strong hands, and is well trained, should place the palm of the one hand on the groin, and taking hold of this hand with the other, is at the same time to push the dislocated part downward, and at the same time to the fore part of the knee. This method of reduction is most especially conformable to this mode of dislocation. And the mode of suspension is also not far removed from being natural, but the person suspended should be well trained, so that his arm may not act as a lever upon the joint, but that the force of the suspension may act about the middle of the perineum, and at the os sacrum.
76. 76. ἢν δὲ ἐς τὸ ἔμπροσθεν ὀλίσθῃ, τῶν μὲν κατατασίων ὁ αὐτὸς τρόπος ποιητέος, ἄνδρα δὲ χρὴ ὡς ἰσχυρότατον ἀπὸ χειρῶν καὶ ὡς εὐπαιδευτότατον, ἐνερείσαντα τὸ θέναρ τῆς χειρὸς τῆς ἑτέρης παρὰ τὸν βουβῶνα, καὶ τῇ ἑτέρῃ χειρὶ τὴν ἑωυτοῦ χεῖρα προσκαταλαβόντα, ἅμα μὲν ἐς τὸ κάτω ὠθέειν τὸ ὀλίσθημα, ἅμα δὲ ἐς τὸ ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ γούνατος μέρος. οὗτος γὰρ ὁ τρόπος τῆς ἐμβολῆς μάλιστα κατὰ φύσιν τούτῳ τῷ ὀλισθήματί ἐστιν. ἀτὰρ καὶ ὁ κρεμασμὸς ἐγγύς τι τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν· δεῖ μέντοι τὸν ἐκκρεμάμενον ἔμπειρον εἶναι, ὡς μὴ ἐκμοχλεύῃ τῷ πήχεϊ τὸ ἄρθρον, ἀλλὰ περὶ μέσον τὸν περίνεον καὶ κατὰ τὸ ἱερὸν ὀστέον τὴν ἐκκρέμασιν ποιέηται.
77. Reduction by the bladder is also celebrated in dislocations at this joint, and I have seen certain persons who, from ignorance, attempted to reduce both dislocations outward and backward therewith, not knowing that they were rather displacing than replacing the parts; it is clear, however, that he who first invented this method intended it for dislocation inward. It is proper, then, to know how the bladder should be used, if it is to be used, and it should be understood that many other methods are more powerful than it. The bladder should be placed between the thighs uninflated, so that it may be carried as far up the perineum as possible, and the thighs beginning at the patella are to be bound together with a swathe, as far up as the middle of the thigh, and then a brass pipe is to be introduced into one of the loose feet of the bladder, and air forced into it, the patient is to lie on his side with the injured limb uppermost. This, then, is the preparation; some, however, do the thing worse than as I have described, for they do not bind the thighs together to any extent, but only at the knees, neither do they make extension, whereas extension should be made, and yet some people by having the good fortune to meet with a favorable case, have succeeded in making reduction. But it is not a convenient method of applying force, for the bladder, when inflated, does not present its most prominent part to the articular extremity of the femur, which is the place that ought to be more especially pressed outward, but its middle, which probably corresponds with the middle of the thigh, or still lower down, for the thighs are naturally curved, being fleshy, and in contact above, and becoming smaller downward, so that the natural configuration of the parts forces the bladder from the most proper place. And if a small bladder be introduced, its power will be small, and unable to overcome the resistance of the articular bone. But if the bladder must be used, the thighs are to be bound together to a considerable extent, and the bladder is to be inflated along with the extension of the body, and in this method of reduction both legs are to be bound together at their extremity.
77. 77. Εὐδοκιμέει δὲ δὴ καὶ ἀσκῷ τοῦτο τὸ ἄρθρον ἐμβάλλεσθαι· καὶ ἤδη μέν τινας εἶδον, οἵτινες ὑπὸ φαυλότητος καὶ τὰ ἔξω ἐκκεκλιμένα καὶ τὰ ὄπισθεν ἀσκῷ ἐπειρῶντο ἐμβάλλειν, οὐ γινώσκοντες, ὅτι ἐξέβαλλον αὐτὸ μᾶλλον, ἢ ἐνέβαλλον· ὁ μέντοι πρῶτος ἐπινοήσας δῆλον ὅτι πρὸς τὰ ἔσω ὠλισθηκότα, ἀσκῷ ἐμβάλλειν ἐπειρήσατο. ἐπίστασθαι μὲν οὖν χρὴ, ὡς χρηστέον ἀσκῷ, εἰ δέοι χρέεσθαι, διαγινώσκειν δὲ χρὴ, ὅτι ἕτερα πολλὰ ἀσκοῦ κρέσσω ἐστίν· χρὴ δὲ τὸν μὲν ἀσκὸν κατατιθέναι ἐς τοὺς μηροὺς ἀφύσητον ἐόντα, ὡς ἂν δύναιτο, ἀνωτάτω πρὸς τὸν περίνεον ἀνάγοντα· ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἐπιγουνίδων ἀρξάμενον, ταινίῃ πρὸς ἀλλήλους τοὺς μηροὺς καταδῆσαι ἄχρι τοῦ ἡμίσεος τῶν μηρῶν· ἔπειτα ἐς ἕνα τῶν ποδῶν, τὸν λελυμένον, ἐνθέντα αὐλὸν ἐκ χαλκείου, φῦσαν ἐσαναγκάζειν ἐς τὸν ἀσκόν· τὸν δὲ ἄνθρωπον πλάγιον κατακέεσθαι. τὸ σιναρὸν σκέλος ἐπιπολῆς ἔχοντα. ἡ μὲν οὖν παρασκευὴ αὕτη ἐστίν· σκευάζονται δὲ κάκιον οἱ πλεῖστοι, ἢ ὡς ἐγὼ εἴρηκα· οὐ γὰρ καταδέουσι τοὺς μηροὺς ἐπὶ συχνὸν, ἀλλὰ μοῦνον τὰ γούνατα. οὐδὲ κατατείνουσι, χρὴ δὲ καὶ προσκατατείνειν· ὅμως δὲ ἤδη τινὲς ἐνέβαλον, ῤηϊδίου πρήγματος ἐπιτυχόντες. εὐφόρως δὲ οὐ πάνυ ἔχει διαναγκάζεσθαι οὕτως· ὅ τε γὰρ ἀσκὸς, ἐμφυσώμενος, οὐ τὰ ὀγκηρότατα αὐτοῦ ἔχει πρὸς τῷ ἄρθρῳ τῆς κεφαλῆς, ἣν δεῖ μάλιστα ἐκμοχλεύσασθαι, ἀλλὰ κατὰ ἑωυτὸν αὐτὸς μέσος, καὶ τῶν μηρῶν ἴσως ἢ κατὰ τὸ μέσον ἢ ἔτι κατωτέρω· οἵ τε αὖ μηροὶ φύσει γαυσοὶ πεφύκασιν, ἄνωθεν γὰρ σαρκώδεές τε καὶ ξύμμηροι, ἐς δὲ τὸ κάτω ὑπόξηροι, ὥστε καὶ ἡ τῶν μηρῶν φύσις ἀπαναγκάζει τὸν ἀσκὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐπικαιροτάτου χωρίου. εἴ τε οὖν τις μικρὸν ἐνθήσει τὸν ἀσκὸν, μικρὴ ἡ ἰσχὺς ἐοῦσα ἀδύνατος ἔσται ἀναγκάζειν τὸ ἄρθρον. εἰ δὲ δεῖ ἀσκῷ χρέεσθαι, ἐπὶ πουλὺ οἱ μηροὶ ξυνδετέοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους, καὶ ἅμα τῇ· κατατάσει τοῦ σώματος ὁ ἀσκὸς φυσητέος· τὰ δὲ σκέλεα ἀμφότερα ὁμοῦ καὶ καταδέειν ἐν τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ τῆς ἐμβολῆς ἐπὶ τὴν τελευτήν.
78. The prime object of the physician in the whole art of medicine should be to cure that which is diseased; and if this can be accomplished in various ways, the least troublesome should be selected; for this is more becoming a good man, and one well skilled in the art, who does not covet popular coin of base alloy. With regard to the subject now on hand, the following are domestic means of making extension of the body, so that it is easy to choose from among the things at hand:—In the first place, when soft and supple thongs are not at hand for ligatures, either iron chains, or cords, or cables of ships, are to be wrapped round with scarfs or pieces of woolen rags, especially at the parts of them which are to be applied, and in this state they are to be used as bands. In the second place, the patient is to be comfortably laid on the strongest and largest couch that is at hand, and the feet of the couch, either those at the (patient’s?) head, or those at the feet, are to be fastened to the threshold, either within or without, as is most suitable; and a square piece of wood is to be laid across, and extending from the one foot to the other; and if this piece of wood be slender, it should be bound to the feet of the couch, but, not withstanding, if it be thick, there will be no necessity for this; then the heads of the ligatures, both of those at the head and those at the feet, are to be fastened to a pestle, or some such piece of wood, difficult to reduce at either end; the ligatures should run along the line of the body, or be a little elevated above it, and it should be stretched proportionally to the pestles, so that, standing erect, the one may be fastened to the threshold, and the other to the transverse piece of wood. Extension is then to be made by bending back the ends of the pestles. A ladder, having strong steps, if laid below the bed, will serve the purpose of the threshold and the piece of wood laid along (the foot of the couch?), as the pestles can be fastened to the steps at either end, and when drawn back they thus make extension of the ligatures. Dislocation, inward or forward, may be reduced in the following manner: a ladder is to be fastened in the ground, and the man is to be seated upon it, and then the sound leg is to be gently stretched along and bound to it, wherever it is found convenient; and water is to be poured into an earthen vessel, or stones put into a hamper and slung from the injured leg, so as to effect the reduction. Another mode of reduction: a cross-beam is to be fastened between two pillars of moderate height; and at one part of the cross-beam there should be a protuberance proportionate to the size of the nates; and having bound a coverlet round the patient’s breast, he is to be seated on the protuberant part of the cross-beam, and afterward the breast is to be fastened to the pillar by some broad ligature; then some one is to hold the sound leg so that he may not fall off, and from the injured limb is to be suspended some convenient weight, as formerly described.
78. 78. χρὴ δὲ περὶ πλείστου μὲν ποιέεσθαι ἐν πάσῃ τῇ τέχνῃ, ὅκως ὑγιὲς μὲν ποιήσεις τὸ νοσέον· εἰ δὲ πολλοῖσι τρόποισιν οἷόν τε εἴη ὑγιέας ποιέειν, τὸν ἀοχλότατον χρὴ αἱρέεσθαι· καὶ γὰρ ἀνδραγαθικώτερον τοῦτο καὶ τεχνικώτερον, ὅστις μὴ ἐπιθυμέει δημοειδέος κιβδηλίης. περὶ οὗ οὖν ὁ λόγος ἐστὶ, τοιαίδε ἄν τινες κατοικίδιοι κατατάσιες εἶεν τοῦ σώματος, ὥστε ἐκ τῶν παρεόντων τὸ εὔπορον εὑρίσκειν· τοῦτο μὲν, εἰ τὰ δεσμὰ τὰ ἱμάντινα μὴ παρείη τὰ μαλθακὰ καὶ προσηνέα, ἀλλʼ ἢ σιδήρεα, ἢ ὅπλα, ἢ σχοινία, ταινίῃσι χρὴ ἢ ἐκρήγμασι τρυχίων ἐρινεῶν περιελίσσειν ταύτῃ μάλιστα, ᾗ μέλλει τὰ δεσμὰ καθέξειν, καὶ ἔτι ἐπὶ πλέον· ἔπειτα οὕτω δεῖν τοῖσι δεσμοῖσιν· τοῦτο δὲ, ἐπὶ κλίνης χρὴ, ἥτις ἰσχυροτάτη καὶ μεγίστη τῶν παρεουσέων, κατατ ετάσθαι καλῶς τὸν ἄνθρωπον· τῆς δὲ κλίνης τοὺς πόδας, ἢ τοὺς πρὸς κεφαλῆς, ἢ τοὺς πρὸς ποδῶν, ἐρηρεῖσθαι πρὸς τὸν οὐδὸν, εἴ τε ἔξωθεν ξυμφέρει, εἴτε ἔσωθεν· παρὰ δὲ τοὺς ἑτέρους πόδας παρεμβεβλῆσθαι ξύλον τετράγωνον, πλάγιον, διῆκον ἀπὸ τοῦ ποδὸς πρὸς τὸν πόδα, καὶ, ἢν μὲν λεπτὸν ἔῃ τὸ ξύλον, προσδεδέσθω πρὸς τοὺς πόδας τῆς κλίνης, ἢν δὲ παχὺ ἔῃ, μηδέν· ἔπειτα τὰς ἀρχὰς χρὴ τῶν δεσμῶν, καὶ τῶν πρὸς τῆς κεφαλῆς, καὶ τῶν πρὸς τῶν ποδῶν, προσδῆσαι ἑκατέρας πρὸς ὕπερον, ἢ πρὸς ἄλλο τι τοιοῦτον ξύλον· ὁ δὲ δεσμὸς ἐχέτω ἰθυωρίην κατὰ τὸ σῶμα, ἢ καὶ ὀλίγον ἀνωτέρω, ξυμμέτρως δὲ ἐκτετάσθω πρὸς τὰ ὕπερα, ὡς, ὀρθὰ ἑστεῶτα, τὸ μὲν παρὰ τὸν οὐδὸν ἐρείδηται, τὸ δὲ παρὰ τὸ ξύλον τὸ παραβεβλημένον· κἄπειτα οὕτω τὰ ὕπερα ἀνακλῶντα χρὴ τὴν κατάτασιν ποιέειν. ἀρκέει δὲ καὶ κλίμαξ ἰσχυροὺς ἔχουσα τοὺς κλιμακτῆρας, ὑποτεταμένη ὑπὸ τὴν κλίνην, ἀντὶ τοῦ οὐδοῦ τε καὶ τοῦ ξύλου τοῦ παρατεταμένου, ὡς τὰ ὕπερα, πρὸς τῶν κλιμακτήρων τοὺς ἁρμόζοντας ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν προσερηρεισμένα, ἀνακλώμενα, οὕτω τὴν κατάτασιν ποιέηται τῶν δεσμῶν. ἐμβάλλεται δὲ μηροῦ ἄρθρον καὶ τόνδε τὸν τρόπον, ἢν ἐς τὸ ἔσω ὠλισθήκῃ καὶ ἐς τὸ ἔμπροσθεν· κλίμακα χρὴ κατορύξαντα, ἐπικαθίσαι τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἔπειτα τὸ μὲν ὑγιὲς σκέλος ἡσύχως κατατείναντα προσδῆσαι, ὅκου ἂν ἁρμόσῃ, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ σιναροῦ ἐς κεράμιον ὕδωρ ἐγχέαντα ἐκκρεμάσαι ἢ ἐς σφυρίδα λίθους ἐμβαλόντα. ἕτερος τρόπος ἐμβολῆς· ἢν ἐς τὸ ἔσω ὠλισθήκῃ, στρωτῆρα χρὴ διαδῆσαι μεταξὺ δύο στύλων, ὕψος ἔχοντα σύμμετρον· προεχέτω δὲ τοῦ στρωτῆρος κατὰ τὸ ἓν μέρος δκόσον τὸ πυγαῖον· περιδήσας δὲ περὶ τὸ στῆθος τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἱμάτιον, ἐπικαθίσαι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐπὶ τὸ προέχον τοῦ στρωτῆρος· εἶτα προσλαβεῖν τὸ στῆθος πρὸς τὸν στύλον πλατέϊ τινί· ἔπειτα τὸ μὲν ὑγιὲς σκέλος κατεχέτω τις, ὡς μὴ περισφάλληται· ἐκ δὲ τοῦ σιναροῦ ἐκκρεμάσαι βάρος, ὅσον ἂν ἁρμόζῃ, ὡς καὶ πρόσθεν ἤδη εἴρηται.
79. It should be particularly known that the union of all bones is, for the most part, by a head and socket (cotyle); in some of these the place (socket?) is cotyloid and oblong, and in some the socket is glenoid (shallow?). In all dislocations reduction is to be effected, if possible, immediately, while still warm, but otherwise, as quickly as it can be done; for reduction will be a much easier and quicker process to the operator, and a much less painful one to the patient, if effected before swelling comes on. But all the joints when about to be reduced should be first softened, and gently moved about; for, thus they are more easily reduced. And, in all cases of reduction at joints, the patient must be put on a spare diet, but more especially in the case of the greatest joints, and those most difficult to reduce, and less so in those which are very small and easily reduced.
79. 79. πρῶτον μὲν οὖν δεῖ εἰδέναι, ὅτι πάντων τῶν ὀστέων αἱ ξυμβολαί εἰσιν ὡς ἐπὶ πουλὺ ἡ κεφαλὴ καὶ ἡ κοτύλη· ἐφʼ ὧν δὲ καὶ ἡ χώρα κοτυλοειδὴς καὶ ἐπίμακρος· ἔνιαι δὲ τῶν χωρέων γληνοειδέες εἰσίν. ἀεὶ δὲ ἐμβάλλειν δεῖ πάντα τὰ ἐκπίπτοντα ἄρθρα, μάλιστα μὲν εὐθὺς παραχρῆμα ἔτι θερμῶν ἐόντων· εἰ δὲ μὴ, ὡς τάχιστα· καὶ γὰρ τῷ ἐμβάλλοντι ῤηΐτερον καὶ θᾶσσόν ἐστιν ἐμβαλεῖν, καὶ τῷ ἀσθενέοντι πουλὺ ἀπονωτέρη ἡ ἐμβολὴ, ἡ πρὶν διοιδεῖν, ἐστιν. δεῖ δὲ ἀεὶ πάντα τὰ ἄρθρα, ὁκόταν μέλλῃς ἐμβάλλειν, προαναμαλάξαι καὶ διακιγκλίσαι· ῥᾷον γὰρ ἐθέλει ἐμβάλλεσθαι. παρὰ πάσας δὲ τὰς τῶν ἄρθρων ἐμβολὰς ἰσχναίνειν δεῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον, μάλιστα μὲν περὶ τὰ μέγιστα ἄρθρα καὶ χαλεπώτατα ἐμβάλλεσθαι, ἥκιστα δὲ περὶ τὰ ἐλάχιστα καὶ ῤηΐδια.
80. If any joint of the fingers is dislocated, whether the first, second, or the third, the same method of reduction is to be applied, but the largest joints are the most difficult to reduce. There are four modes of displacement-either upward, downward, or to either side; most commonly upward, and most rarely laterally, and in consequence of violent motion. On both sides of its articular cavity there is a sort of raised border. When the dislocation is upward or downward, owing to the articular cavity having smoother edges there than at the sides, if the joint of it be dislocated, it is more easily reduced. This is the mode of reduction:—The end of the finger is to be wrapped round with a fillet, or something such, that, when you lay hold of it and make extension, it will not slip; and when this is done, some person is to grasp the arm at the wrist, and another is to take hold of the finger which is wrapped in the fillet, and then each is to make considerable extension toward himself, and at the same time the projecting bone is to be pushed into its place. But, if the dislocation be lateral, the same mode of reduction is to be used; but when you think that the extremity of the bone has cleared the rim, at the same time that extension is made, the bone is to be pushed direct into its place, while another person on the other side of the finger is to take care and make counter-pressure, so that it may not again slip out there. The twisted nooses formed from palm-shoots are convenient for effecting reduction, if you will make extension and counter-extension by holding the twisted string in the one hand and the wrist in the other. When reduced, you must bind the part as quickly as possible with bandages; these are to be very slender and waxed with cerate, neither very soft nor very hard, but of middle consistence; for that which is hard drops off from the finger, while that which is soft and liquid is melted and lost by the increased heat of the finger. The bandage is to be loosed on the third or fourth day; but on the whole, if inflamed, it is to be the more frequently loosed, and if otherwise, more rarely; this I say respecting all the joints. The articulation of a finger is restored in fourteen days. The treatment of the fingers and of the toes is the same.
80. 80. δακτύλων δὲ ἢν ἐκπέσῃ ἄρθρον τι τῶν τῆς χειρὸς, ἤν τε τὸ πρῶτον, ἤν τε τὸ δεύτερον, ἤν τε τὸ τρίτον, ωὑτὸς καὶ ἴσος τρόπος τῆς ἐμβολῆς· χαλεπώτερα μέντοι ἀεὶ τὰ μέγιστα τῶν ἄρθρων ἐμβάλλειν. ἐκπίπτει δὲ κατὰ τέσσαρας τρόπους, ἢ ἄνω, ἢ κάτω, ἢ ἐς τὸ πλάγιον ἑκατέρωθεν, μάλιστα μὲν ἐς τὸ ἄνω, ἥκιστα δὲ ἐς τὰ πλάγια, ἐν τῷ σφόδρα κινέεσθαι. ἑκατέρωθεν δὲ τῆς χώρης, οὗ ἐκβέβηκεν, ὥσπερ ἄμβη ἐστίν. ἢν μὲν οὖν ἐς τὸ ἄνω ἐκπέσῃ ἢ ἐς τὸ κάτω διὰ τὸ λειοτέρην εἶναι ταύτην τὴν χώρην, ἢ ἐκ τῶν πλαγίων, καὶ ἅμα μικρῆς ἐούσης τῆς ὑπερβάσιος, ἢν μεταστῇ τὸ ἄρθρον, ῤηΐδιόν ἐστιν ἐμβάλλειν. τρόπος δὲ τῆς ἐμβολῆς ὅδε· περιελίξαι τὸν δάκτυλον ἄκρον ἢ ἐπιδέσματί τινι ἢ ἄλλῳ τρόπῳ τοιούτῳ τινὶ, ὅκως, ὁκόταν κατατείνῃς ἄκρου λαβόμενος, μὴ. ἀπολισθάνῃ· ὅταν δὲ περιελίξῃς, τὸν μέν τινα διαλαβέσθαι ἄνωθεν τοῦ καρποῦ τῆς χειρὸς, τὸν δὲ τοῦ κατειλημμένου· ἔπειτα κατατείνειν πρὸς ἑωυτὸν ἀμφοτέρους εὖ μάλα, καὶ ἅμα ἀπῶσαι τὸ ἐξεστηκὸς ἄρθρον ἐς τὴν χώρην. ἢν δὲ ἐς τὰ πλάγια ἐκπέσῃ, τῆς μὲν κατατάσιος ωὑτὸς τρόπος· ὅταν δὲ δὴ δοκέῃ σοι ὑπερβεβηκέναι τὴν γραμμὴν, ἅμα χρὴ κατατείναντας ἀπῶσαι ἐς τὴν χώρην εὐθὺς, ἕτερον δέ τινα ἐκ τοῦ ἑτέρου μέρεος τοῦ δακτύλου φυλάσσειν καὶ ἀνωθέειν, ὅκως μὴ πάλιν ἐκεῖθεν ἀπολίσθῃ. ἐμβάλλουσι δὲ ἐπιεικέως καὶ αἱ σαῦραι αἱ ἐκ τῶν φοινίκων πλεκόμεναι, ἢν κατατείνῃς ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν τὸν δάκτυλον, λαβόμενος τῇ μὲν ἑτέρῃ τῆς σαύρης, τῇ δὲ ἑτέρῃ τοῦ καρποῦ τῆς χειρός. ὁκόταν δὲ ἐμβάλῃς, ἐπιδεῖν δεῖ ὀθονίοισιν ὡς τάχιστα, λεπτοτάτοισι, κεκηρωμένοισι κηρωτῇ μήτε λίην μαλακῇ μήτε λίην σκληρῇ, ἀλλὰ μετρίως ἐχούσῃ· ἡ μὲν γὰρ σκληρὴ ἀφέστηκεν ἀπὸ τοῦ δακτύλου, ἡ δὲ ἁπαλὴ καὶ ὑγρὴ διατήκεται καὶ ἀπόλλυται, θερμαινομένου τοῦ δακτύλου· λύειν δὲ ἄρθρον δακτύλου τριταῖον ἢ τεταρταῖον· τὸ δὲ ὅλον, ἢν μὲν φλεγμήνῃ, πυκνότερον λύειν, ἢν δὲ μὴ, ἀραιότερον· κατὰ πάντων δὲ τῶν ἄρθρων ταῦτα λέγω. καθίσταται δὲ τοῦ δακτύλου τὸ ἄρθρον τεσσαρεσκαιδεκαταῖον. ὁ αὐτὸς δέ ἐστι θεραπείης τρόπος δακτύλων χειρός τε καὶ ποδός.
81. After all reductions of joints the patient should be confined to a restricted diet and abstinence until the seventh day; and if there be inflammation, the bandages are to be the more frequently loosed, but otherwise, less frequently, and the pained joint is to be kept constantly in a state of rest, and is to be laid in the most convenient position possible.
81. 81. παρὰ πάσας δὲ τὰς τῶν ἄρθρων ἐμβολὰς δεῖ ἰσχναίνειν καὶ λιμαγχονέειν ἄχρι ἑβδόμης· καὶ εἰ μὲν φλεγμαίνοι, πυκνότερον λύειν, εἰ δὲ μὴ, ἀραιότερον· ἡσυχίην δὲ δεῖ ἔχειν ἀεὶ τὸ πονέον ἄρθρον, καὶ ὡς κάλλιστα ἐσχηματισμένον κέεσθαι.
82. Accidents at the knee are more mild than at the elbow, from its being compact, regular, and elegant in its construction; and, therefore, it is more readily dislocated and reduced. It is most frequently dislocated inward, but also outward and backward. The modes of reduction are these: by flexion at the knee, or by sudden calcitration, or having rolled a swathe into a ball, and fixed it in the ham, the patient’s body is to be suddenly dropped on its bended knees. Dislocation backward, also, as in the case of the elbow, may be reduced by moderate extension, and to either side, either by flexion or calcitration, but also by moderate extension. The adjustment is the same in all cases. In dislocations backward which are not reduced, the patient cannot bend the joint, but neither can he, to any great extent, in the other varieties; the thigh and leg are wasted in front; but if inward the patients become bow-legged, and the external parts are wasted; but if outward they become more bandy-legged, but the impediment is less, for the body is supported on the larger of the bones, and the inner parts are wasted. When these accidents happen at birth or during adolescence, they follow the rule formerly stated.
82. 82. γόνυ δὲ εὐηθέστερον ἀγκῶνος διὰ τὴν εὐσταλίην καὶ τὴν εὐφυΐην, διὸ καὶ ἐκπίπτει καὶ ἐμπίπτει ῤᾷον· ἐκπίπτει δὲ πλειστάκις ἔσω, ἀτὰρ καὶ ἔξω καὶ ὄπισθεν. ἐμβολαὶ δὲ, ἐκ τοῦ ξυγκεκάμφθαι· ἢ ἐκλακτίσαι ὀξέως, ἢ ξυνελίξας ταινίης ὄγκον, ἐν τῇ ἰγνύϊ θεὶς, ἀμφὶ τοῦτον ἐξαίφνης ἐς ὄκλασιν ἀφιέναι τὸ σῶμα. δύναται δὲ καὶ κατατεινόμενον μετρίως, ὥσπερ ἀγκὼν, ἐμπίπτειν, τὰ ὄπισθεν· τὰ δὲ ἔνθα ἢ ἔνθα, ἐκ τοῦ ξυγκεκάμφθαι, ἢ ἐκλακτίσαι, ἀτὰρ καὶ ἐκ κατατάσιος μετρίης. ἡ διόρθωσις ἅπασι κοινή. ἢν δὲ μὴ ἐμπέσῃ, τοῖσι μὲν ὄπισθεν, ξυγκάμπτειν οὐ δύνανται, ἀτὰρ οὐδὲ τοῖσιν ἄλλοισι πάνυ· μινύθει δὲ μηροῦ καὶ κνήμης τοὔμπροσθεν· ἢν δὲ ἐς τὸ ἔσω, βλαισότεροι, μινύθει δὲ τὰ ἔξω· ἢν δὲ ἐς τὸ ἔξω, γαυσότεροι, χωλοὶ δὲ ἧσσον, κατὰ γὰρ τὸ παχύτερον ὀστέον ὀχέει, μινύθει δὲ τὰ ἔσω, Ἐκ γενεῆς δὲ καὶ ἐν αὐξήσει κατὰ λόγον τὸν πρόσθεν.
83. Dislocations at the ankle-joints require strong extension, either with the hands or some such means; and adjustment, which at the same time effects both purposes, as is common in all cases.
83. 83. τὰ δὲ κατὰ τὰ σφυρὰ, κατατάσιος ἰσχυρῆς δέεται, ἢ τῇσι χερσὶν, ἢ ἄλλοισι τοιούτοισι, κατορθώσιος δὲ ἅμα ἀμφότερα ποιεούσης· κοινὸν δὲ τοῦτο ἅπασιν.
84. Injuries of the foot are to be remedied like those of the hand.
84. 84. τὰ δὲ ἐν ποδὶ, ὡς καὶ τὰ ἐν χειρὶ, ὑγιέες.
85. The bones connected with the leg, and which are dislocated, either at birth or during adolescence, follow the same course as those in the hand.
85. 85. τὰ δὲ τῆς κνήμης ξυγκοινωνέοντα, καὶ ἐκπεσόντα ἐκ γενεῆς, ἢ καὶ ἐν αὐξήσει ἐξαρθρήσαντα, ταὐτὰ ἃ καὶ ἐν χειρί.
86. When persons jumping from a height pitch on the heel, so as to occasion separation (diastasis) of the bones, ecchymosis of the veins, and contusion of the nerves; when these symptoms are very violent there is danger of sphacelus, and that the case may give trouble during life, for the bones are so constructed as to slip from one another, and the nerves communicate together. And, indeed, in cases of fracture, either from an injury in the leg or thigh, or in paralysis of the nerves (tendons?) connected with these parts, or from neglect during confinement to bed, when the heel gets blackened the most serious consequences result therefrom. Sometimes, in addition to the sphacelus, there come on acute fevers accompanied with hiccup, aberration of intellect, and speedy death, with lividities of the large blood-vessels. With regard to the symptoms attending exacerbations, if the ecchymosed and blackened parts and those around be somewhat hard and red, and if along with the hardness there be lividity, mortification is to be apprehended; but if the parts be slightly livid, or even very livid, and the swelling diffused, or if greenish and soft, these appearances, in such cases, are all favorable. The treatment, if no fever be present, consists in the administration of hellebore, but otherwise (it is not to be given, but oxyglyky (decoction of honeycombs and vinegar) is to be given for drink, if required. Bandaging as in the other articulations: above all, more especially in contusions, the bandages should be numerous and softer than usual, but the compression should be less; most turns should be made around the heel. Position, like the bandaging, should be so regulated as not to determine to the heel. Splints are not to be used.
86. 86. ὁκόσοι δὲ πηδήσαντες ἄνωθεν ἐστηρίξαντο τῇ πτέρνῃ, ὥστε διαστῆναι τὰ ὀστέα, καὶ φλέβας ἐκχυμωθῆναι, καὶ νεῦρα ἀμφιφλασθῆναι, ὁκόταν γένηται οἷα τὰ δεινὰ, κίνδυνος μὲν σφακελίσαντα τὸν αἰῶνα πρήγματα παρασχεῖν· ῤοιώδη μὲν γὰρ τὰ ὀστέα, τὰ δὲ νεῦρα ἀλλήλοισι κοινωνέοντα. ἐπεὶ καὶ οἷσιν ἂν μάλιστα κατεηγεῖσιν, ἢ ὑπὸ τρώματος ἢ ἐν κνήμῃ, ἢ ἐν μηρῷ, ἢ νεύρων ἀπολυθέντων, ἃ κοινωνέει τούτων, ἢ ἐκ κατακλίσιος ἀμελέος ἐμελάνθη πτέρνη, καὶ τούτοισι τὰ παλιγκοτέοντα ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων. ἔστιν ὅτε καὶ πρὸς τῷ σφακελισμῷ γίνονται πυρετοὶ ὀξέες, λυγμώδεες, γνώμης ἁπτόμενοι, ταχυθάνατοι, καὶ ἔτι φλεβῶν αἱμοῤῥοιέων πελιώσιες. σημήϊα δὲ τῶν παλιγκοτησάντων, ἢν τὰ ἐκχυμώματα καὶ τὰ μελάσματα καὶ τὰ περὶ ταῦτα ὑπόσκληρα καὶ ὑπέρυθρα· ἤν τε ξὺν σκληρύσματι πελιδνωθῇ, κίνδυνος μελανθῆναι· ἢν δὲ ὑποπέλια ᾖ, ἢ καὶ πέλια μάλα καὶ ἐκκεχυμωμένα, ἢ ὑπόχλωρα καὶ μαλακὰ, ταῦτα ἐπὶ πᾶσι τοῖσι τοιούτοισιν ἀγαθά. ἴησις, ἢν μὲν ἀπύρετος ἔῃ, ἐλλέβορον· ἢν δὲ μὴ, μή· ἀλλὰ ποτὸν ὀξύγλυκυ, εἰ δέοι. ἐπίδεσις δὲ, ἄρθρων· ἐπὶ δὲ πάντα, μᾶλλον τοῖσι φλάσμασιν, ὀθονίοισι πλείοσι καὶ μαλθακωτέροισιν· πίεξις ἧσσον προσπεριβάλλειν δὲ τὰ πλεῖστα τῇ πτέρνῃ. τὸ σχῆμα, ὅπερ ἡ ἐπίδεσις, ὡς μὴ ἐς τὴν πτέρνην ἀποπιέζηται. νάρθηξι δὲ μὴ χρέεσθαι.
87. When the foot is dislocated, either alone or along with its epiphysis, the displacement is, for the most part, to the inside. If not reduced, in the course of time, the hip, the thigh, and the side of the leg opposite the dislocation, become atrophied. Reduction is the same as in the wrist, but the extension requires to be very powerful. Treatment, agreeably to the general rule for joints. Exacerbations do occur, but less frequently than in dislocations at the wrist, provided the parts get rest. While they remain at rest the diet should be restricted. Those which occur at birth, or during adolescence, follow the rule formerly stated.
87. 87. οἷσι δʼ ἂν ἐκβῇ ὁ ποὺς ἢ αὐτὸς, ἢ ξὺν τῇ ἐπιφύσει, ἐκπίπτει μὲν μᾶλλον ἐς τὸ ἔσω. ἢν δὲ μὴ ἐμπέσῃ, λεπτύνεται ἀνὰ χρόνον τό τε ἰσχίον καὶ ὁ μηρὸς καὶ κνήμης τὸ ἀντίον τοῦ ὀλισθήματος. ἐμβολὴ δὲ ἄλλη, ὥσπερ καρποῦ, κατάτασις δὲ ἰσχυρή. ἴησις δὲ, νόμος ἄρθρων. Παλιγκοτέει, ἧσσον δὲ καρποῦ, ἢν ἡσυχάσωσιν. δίαιτα μείων, ἐλινύουσιν. τὰ δὲ ἐκ γενεῆς ἢ ἐν αὐξήσει, κατὰ λόγον τὸν πρότερον.