1. It is thus with regard to the disease called Sacred: it appears to me to be nowise more divine nor more sacred than other diseases, but has a natural cause from the originates like other affections. Men regard its nature and cause as divine from ignorance and wonder, because it is not at all like to other diseases. And this notion of its divinity is kept up by their inability to comprehend it, and the simplicity of the mode by which it is cured, for men are freed from it by purifications and incantations. But if it is reckoned divine because it is wonderful, instead of one there are many diseases which would be sacred; for, as I will show, there are others no less wonderful and prodigious, which nobody imagines to be sacred. The quotidian, tertian, and quartan fevers, seem to me no less sacred and divine in their origin than this disease, although they are not reckoned so wonderful. And I see men become mad and demented from no manifest cause, and at the same time doing many things out of place; and I have known many persons in sleep groaning and crying out, some in a state of suffocation, some jumping up and fleeing out of doors, and deprived of their reason until they awaken, and afterward becoming well and rational as before, although they be pale and weak; and this will happen not once but frequently. And there are many and various things of the like kind, which it would be tedious to state particularly.
1. 1. περὶ μὲν τῆς ἱερῆς νούσου καλεομένης ὧδʼ ἔχει· οὐδέν τί μοι δοκέει τῶν ἄλλων θειοτέρη εἶναι νούσων οὐδὲ ἱερωτέρη, ἀλλὰ φύσιν μὲν ἔχει ἣν καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ νουσήματα, ὅθεν γίνεται. φύσιν δὲ αὐτῇ καὶ πρόφασιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐνόμισαν θεῖόν τι πρῆγμα εἶναι ὑπὸ ἀπειρίης καὶ θαυμασιότητος, ὅτι οὐδὲν ἔοικεν ἑτέρῃσι νούσοισιν· καὶ κατὰ μὲν τὴν ἀπορίην αὐτοῖσι τοῦ μὴ γινώσκειν τὸ θεῖον αὐτῇ διασώζεται, κατὰ δὲ τὴν εὐπορίην τοῦ τρόπου τῆς ἰήσιος ᾧ ἰῶνται, ἀπόλλυται, ὅτι καθαρμοῖσί τε ἰῶνται καὶ ἐπαοιδῇσιν. εἰ δὲ διὰ τὸ θαυμάσιον θεῖον νομιεῖται, πολλὰ τὰ ἱερὰ νουσήματα ἔσται καὶ οὐχὶ ἓν, ὡς ἐγὼ ἀποδείξω ἕτερα οὐδὲν ἧσσον ἐόντα θαυμάσια οὐδὲ τερατώδεα, ἃ οὐδεὶς νομίζει ἱερὰ εἶναι. τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ οἱ πυρετοὶ οἱ ἀμφημερι νοὶ καὶ οἱ τριταῖοι καὶ οἱ τεταρταῖοι οὐδὲν ἧσσόν μοι δοκέουσιν. ἱεροὶ εἶναι καὶ ὑπὸ θεοῦ γίνεσθαι ταύτης τῆς νούσου, ὧν οὐ θαυμασίως γʼ ἔχουσιν· τοῦτο δὲ ὁρέω μαινομένους ἀνθρώπους καὶ παραφρονέοντας ἀπὸ μηδεμιῆς προφάσιος ἐμφανέος, καὶ πολλά τε καὶ ἄκαιρα ποιέοντας, ἔν τε τῷ ὕπνῳ οἶδα πολλοὺς οἰμώζοντας καὶ βοῶντας, τοὺς δὲ πνιγομένους, τοὺς δὲ καὶ ἀναΐσσοντάς τε καὶ φεύγοντας ἔξω καὶ παραφρονέοντας μέχρις ἂν ἐπέγρωνται, ἔπειτα δὲ ὁγιέας ἐόντας καὶ φρονέοντας ὥσπερ καὶ πρότερον, ἐόντας τʼ αὐτέους ὠχρούς τε καὶ ἀσθενέας, καὶ ταῦτα οὐχ ἅπαξ, ἀλλὰ πολλάκις, ἄλλα τε πολλά ἐστι καὶ παντοδαπὰ ὧν περὶ ἑκάστου λέγειν πουλὺς ἂν εἴη λόγος.
They who first referred this malady to the gods appear to me to have been just such persons as the conjurors, purificators, mountebanks, and charlatans now are, who give themselves out for being excessively religious, and as knowing more than other people. Such persons, then, using the divinity as a pretext and screen of their own inability to afford any assistance, have given out that the disease is sacred, adding suitable reasons for this opinion, they have instituted a mode of treatment which is safe for themselves, namely, by applying purifications and incantations, and enforcing abstinence from baths and many articles of food which are unwholesome to men in diseases. Of sea substances, the surmullet, the blacktail, the mullet, and the eel; for these are the fishes most to be guarded against. And of fleshes, those of the goat, the stag, the sow, and the dog: for these are the kinds of flesh which are aptest to disorder the bowels. Of fowls, the cock, the turtle, and the bustard, and such others as are reckoned to be particularly strong. And of potherbs, mint, garlic, and onions; for what is acrid does not agree with a weak person. And they forbid to have a black robe, because black is expressive of death; and to sleep on a goat’s skin, or to wear it, and to put one foot upon another, or one hand upon another; for all these things are held to be hindrances to the cure. All these they enjoin with reference to its divinity, as if possessed of more knowledge, and announcing beforehand other causes so that if the person should recover, theirs would be the honor and credit; and if he should die, they would have a certain defense, as if the gods, and not they, were to blame, seeing they had administered nothing either to eat or drink as medicines, nor had overheated him with baths, so as to prove the cause of what had happened. But I am of opinion that (if this were true) none of the Libyans, who live in the interior, would be free from this disease, since they all sleep on goats’ skins, and live upon goats’ flesh; neither have they couch, robe, nor shoe that is not made of goat’s skin, for they have no other herds but goats and oxen. But if these things, when administered in food, aggravate the disease, and if it be cured by abstinence from them, godhead is not the cause at all; nor will purifications be of any avail, but it is the food which is beneficial and prejudicial, and the influence of the divinity vanishes.
ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκέουσιν οἱ πρῶτοι τοῦτο τὸ νόσημα ἀφιερώσαντες τοιοῦτοι εἶναι ἄνθρωποι οἷοι καὶ νῦν εἰσι μάγοι τε καὶ καθάρται καὶ ἀγύρται καὶ ἀλαζόνες, ὁκόσοι δὴ προσποιέονται σφόδρα θεοσεβέες εἶναι καὶ πλέον τι εἰδέναι. οὗτοι τοίνυν παραμπεχόμενοι καὶ προβαλλόμενοι τὸ θεῖον τῆς ἀμηχανίης τοῦ μὴ ἴσχειν ὅ τι προσενέγκαντες ὠφελήσουσιν, ὡς μὴ κατάδηλοι ἔωσιν οὐδὲν ἐπιστάμενοι, ἱερὸν ἐνόμισαν τοῦτο τὸ πάθος εἶναι, καὶ λόγους ἐπιλέξαντες ἐπιτηδείους τὴν ἴησιν κατεστήσαντο ἐς τὸ ἀσφαλὲς σφίσιν αὐτοῖσι, καθαρμοὺς προσφέροντες καὶ ἐπαοιδὰς, λουτρῶν τε ἀπέχεσθαι κελεύοντες καὶ ἐδεσμάτων πολλῶν καὶ ἀνεπιτηδείων ἀνθρώποισι νοσέουσιν ἐσθίειν, θαλασσίων μὲν τρίγλης, μελανούρου, κεστρέος, ἐγχέλυος (οὗτοι γὰρ οἱ ἰχθύες εἰσὶν ἐπικαιρότατοι), κρεῶν δὲ αἰγείου καὶ ἐλάφων καὶ χοιρίων καὶ κυνὸς (ταῦτα γὰρ κρεῶν ταρακτικώτατά ἐστι τῆς κοιλίης), ὀρνίθων δὲ ἀλεκτρυόνος καὶ τρυγόνος καὶ ὠτίδος, ἔτι δὲ ὅσα νομίζεται ἰσχυρότατα εἶναι, λαχάνων δὲ μίνθης, σκορόδου καὶ κρομύου (δριμὺ γὰρ ἀσθενέοντι οὐδὲν ξυμφέρει), ἱμάτιον δὲ μέλαν μὴ ἔχειν (θανατῶδες γὰρ τὸ μέλαν), μηδὲ ἐν αἰγείῳ κατακέεσθαι δέρματι μηδὲ φορέειν, μηδὲ πόδα ἐπὶ ποδὶ ἔχειν, μηδὲ χεῖρα ἐπὶ χειρὶ (ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα κωλύματα εἶναι). ταῦτα δὲ πάντα τοῦ θείου εἵνεκεν προστιθέασιν, ὡς πλέον τι εἰδότες καὶ ἄλλας προφάσιας λέγοντες, ὅκως, εἰ μὲν ὑγιὴς γένοιτο, αὐτῶν ἡ δόξα εἴη καὶ ἡ δεξιότης, εἰ δὲ ἀποθάνοι, ἐν ἀσφαλεῖ καθισταῖντο αὐτῶν αἱ ἀπολογίαι καὶ ἔχοιεν πρόφασιν ὡς οὐκ αἴτιοί εἰσιν αὐτοὶ, ἀλλʼ οἱ θεοί· οὔτε γὰρ φαγέειν οὔτε πιέειν ἔδοσαν φάρμακον οὐδὲν, οὔτε λουτροῖσι καθήψησαν, ὥστε δοκέειν αἴτιον εἶναι. ἐγὼ δὲ δοκέω Λιβύων τῶν τὴν μεσόγειον οἰκεόντων οὐδένα ὑγιαίνειν, ὅτι ἐν αἰγείοισι δέρμασι κατακέονται καὶ κρέασιν αἰγείοισι χρῶνται, ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἔχουσιν οὔτε στρῶμα οὔτε ἱμάτιον οὔτε ὑπόδημα ὅ τι μὴ αἴγειόν ἐστιν· οὐ γάρ ἐστιν αὐτοῖς ἄλλο προβάτιον οὐδὲν ἢ αἶγες καὶ βόες. εἰ δὲ ταῦτα προσφερόμενα καὶ ἐσθιόμενα τὴν νοῦσον τίκτει τε καὶ αὔξει καὶ μὴ ἐσθιόμενα ἰῆται, οὐκ ἐστὶν ἄρα ὁ θεὸς αἴτιος οὐδενὸς, οὐδὲ οἱ καθαρμοὶ ὠφελέουσιν, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἐδέσματα τὰ ἰώμενά ἐστι καὶ τὰ βλάπτοντα, τοῦ δὲ θείου ἀφανίζεται ἡ δύναμις.
Thus, they who try to cure these maladies in this way, appear to me neither to reckon them sacred nor divine. For when they are removed by such purifications, and this method of cure, what is to prevent them from being brought upon men and induced by other devices similar to these? So that the cause is no longer divine, but human. For whoever is able, by purifications conjurations, to drive away such an affection, will be able, by other practices, to excite it; and, according to this view, its divine nature is entirely done away with. By such sayings and doings, they profess to be possessed of superior knowledge, and deceive mankind by enjoining lustrations and purifications upon them, while their discourse turns upon the divinity and the godhead. And yet it would appear to me that their discourse savors not of piety, as they suppose, but rather of impiety, and as if there were no gods, and that what they hold to be holy and divine, were impious and unholy. This I will now explain.
οὕτως οὖν ἔμοιγε δοκέουσιν οἵτινες τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ ἐγχειρέουσιν ἰῆσθαι ταῦτα τὰ νοσήματα, οὔτε ἱερὰ νομίζειν εἶναι οὔτε θεῖα· ὅκου γὰρ ὑπὸ καθαρμῶν τοιούτων μετάστατα γίνεται καὶ ὑπὸ θεραπείης τοιῆσδε, τί κωλύει καὶ ὑφʼ ἑτέρων τεχνημάτων ὁμοίων τούτοισιν ἐπιγίνεσθαι τοῖσιν ἀνθρώποισι καὶ προσπίπτειν; ὥστε μηκέτι τὸ θεῖον αἴτιον εἶναι, ἀλλά τι ἀνθρώπινον. ὅστις γὰρ οἷός τε περικαθαίρων ἐστὶ καὶ μαγεύων ἀπάγειν τοιοῦτον πάθος, οὗτος κἂν ἐπάγοι ἕτερα τεχνησάμενος, καὶ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ λόγῳ τὸ θεῖον ἀπόλλυται. τοιαῦτα λέγοντες καὶ μηχανεύμενοι προσποιέονται πλέον τι εἰδέναι, καὶ ἀνθρώπους ἐξαπατέουσι προστιθέμενοι τούτοισιν ἁγνείας τε καὶ καθαρότητας, ὅ τε πουλὺς αὐτοῖσι τοῦ λόγου ἐς τὸ θεῖον ἀφήκει καὶ τὸ δαιμόνιον.
For, if they profess to know how to bring down the moon, darken the sun, induce storms and fine weather, and rains and droughts, and make the sea and land unproductive, and so forth, whether they arrogate this power as being derived from mysteries or any other knowledge or consideration, they appear to me to practice impiety, and either to fancy that there are no gods, or, if there are, that they have no ability to ward off any of the greatest evils. How, then, are they not enemies to the gods? For if a man by magical arts and sacrifices will bring down the moon, and darken the sun, and induce storms, or fine weather, I should not believe that there was anything divine, but human, in these things, provided the power of the divine were overpowered by human knowledge and subjected to it. But perhaps it will be said, these things are not so, but, not withstanding, men being in want of the means of life, invent many and various things, and devise many contrivances for all other things, and for this disease, in every phase of the disease, assigning the cause to a god. Nor do they remember the same things once, but frequently. For, if they imitate a goat, or grind their teeth, or if their right side be convulsed, they say that the mother of the gods is the cause. But if they speak in a sharper and more intense tone, they resemble this state to a horse, and say that Poseidon (Neptune) is the cause. Or if any excrement be passed, which is often the case, owing to the violence of the disease, the appellation of Enodia (Hecate?) is adhibited; or, if it be passed in smaller and denser masses, like bird’s, it is said to be from Apollo Nomius. But if foam be emitted by the mouth, and the patient kick with his feet, Ares (Mars) then gets the blame. But terrors which happen during the night, and fevers, and delirium, and jumpings out of bed, and frightful apparitions, and fleeing away,-all these they hold to be the plots of Hecate, and the invasions the and use purifications and incantations, and, as appears to me, make the divinity to be most wicked and most impious. For they purify those laboring under this disease, with the same sorts of blood and the other means that are used in the case of those who are stained with crimes, and of malefactors, or who have been enchanted by men, or who have done any wicked act; who ought to do the very reverse, namely, sacrifice and pray, and, bringing gifts to the temples, supplicate the gods. But now they do none of these things, but purify; and some of the purifications they conceal in the earth, and some they throw into the sea, and some they carry to the mountains where no one can touch or tread upon them. But these they ought to take to the temples and present to the god, if a god be the cause of the disease. Neither truly do I count it a worthy opinion to hold that the body of man is polluted by god, the most impure by the most holy; for were it defiled, or did it suffer from any other thing, it would be like to be purified and sanctified rather than polluted by god. For it is the divinity which purifies and sanctifies the greatest of offenses and the most wicked, and which proves our protection from them. And we mark out the boundaries of the temples and the groves of the gods, so that no one may pass them unless he be pure, and when we enter them we are sprinkled with holy water, not as being polluted, but as laying aside any other pollution which we formerly had. And thus it appears to me to hold, with regard to purifications.
καίτοι ἔμοιγε οὐ περὶ εὐσεβείης δοκέουσι τοὺς λόγους ποιέεσθαι, ὡς οἴονται, ἀλλὰ περὶ δυσσεβείης μᾶλλον, καὶ ὡς οἱ θεοὶ οὐκ εἰσὶ, τό τε εὐσεβὲς καὶ θεῖον αὐτῶν ἀσεβὲς καὶ ἀνόσιόν ἐστιν, ὡς ἐγὼ διδάξω. εἰ γὰρ σελήνην τε καθαιρέειν καὶ ἥλιον ἀφανίζειν καὶ χειμῶνά τε καὶ εὐδίην ποιέειν καὶ ὄμβρους καὶ αὐχμοὺς καὶ θάλασσαν ἄφορον καὶ γῆν καὶ τἄλλα τὰ τοιουτότροπα πάντα ὑποδέχονται ἐπίστασθαι, εἴτε καὶ ἐκ τελετέων εἴτε καὶ ἐξ ἄλλης τινὸς γνώμης ἢ μελέτης φασὶν ταῦτα οἷόν τʼ εἶναι γενέσθαι οἱ ταῦτʼ ἐπιτηδεύοντες, δυσσεβέειν ἔμοιγε δοκέουσι καὶ θεοὺς οὔτε εἶναι νομίζειν οὔτʼ ἐόντας ἰσχύειν οὐδὲν οὔτε εἴργεσθαι ἂν οὐδενὸς τῶν ἐσχάτων, ὧν ποιέοντες πῶς οὐ δεινοὶ αὐτοῖσίν εἰσιν; εἰ γὰρ ἄνθρωπος μαγεύων τε καὶ θύων σελήνην τε καθαιρήσει καὶ ἥλιον ἀφανιεῖ καὶ χειμῶνα καὶ εὐδίην ποιήσει, οὐκ ἂν ἔγωγέ τι θεῖον νομίσαιμι τούτων εἶναι, ἀλλʼ ἀνθρώπινον, εἰ δὴ τοῦ θείου ἡ δύναμις ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπου γνώμης κρατέεται καὶ δεδούλωται. ἴσως δὲ οὐχ οὕτως ἔχει ταῦτα, ἀλλʼ ἄνθρωποι βίου δεόμενοι πολλὰ καὶ παντοῖα τεχνέονται καὶ ποικίλλουσιν ἔς τε τἄλλα πάντα καὶ ἐς τὴν νοῦσον ταύτην, ἑκάστῳ εἴδει τοῦ πάθεος θεῷ τὴν αἰτίην προστιθέντες. οὐ γὰρ καθάπαξ, ἀλλὰ πλεονάκις ταῦτα μέμνηνται· κἢν μὲν γὰρ αἶγα μιμῶνται, κἢν βρύχωνται, κἢν τὰ δεξιὰ σπῶνται, μητέρα θεῶν φασὶν αἰτίην εἶναι. ἢν δὲ ὀξύτερον καὶ εὐτονώτερον φθέγγηται, ἵππῳ εἰκάζουσι, καὶ φασὶ Ποσειδῶνα αἴτιον εἶναι. ἢν δὲ καὶ τῆς κόπρου τι παρέῃ, ὃ πολλάκις γίνεται ὑπὸ τῆς νούσου βιαζομένοισιν, Ἐνοδίου πρόσκειται ἡ προσωνυμίη· ἢν δὲ λεπτότερον καὶ πυκνότερον, οἷον ὄρνιθες, Ἀπόλλων νόμιος. ἢν δὲ ἀφρὸν ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ἀφίῃ καὶ τοῖσι ποσὶ λακτίζῃ, Ἄρης τὴν αἰτίην ἔχει. ὁκόσα δὲ δείματα νυκτὸς παρίσταται καὶ φόβοι καὶ παράνοιαι καὶ ἀναπηδήσιες ἐκ τῆς κλίνης καὶ φόβητρα καὶ φεύξιες ἔξω, Ἑκάτης φασὶν εἶναι ἐπιβολὰς καὶ ἡρώων ἐφόδους. Καθαρμοῖσί τε χρέονται καὶ ἐπαοιδῇσι, καὶ ἀνοσιώτατόν γε καὶ ἀθεώτατον ποιέουσιν, ὡς ἔμοιγε δοκέει, τὸ θεῖον· καθαίρουσι γὰρ τοὺς ἐχομένους τῇ νούσῳ αἵματί τε καὶ ἄλλοισι τοιούτοισιν ὥσπερ μίασμά τι ἔχοντας, ἢ ἀλάστορας, ἢ πεφαρμαγμένους ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων, ἤ τι ἔργον ἀνόσιον εἰργασμένους, οὓς ἐχρῆν τἀναντία τούτοισι ποιέειν, θύειν τε καὶ εὔχεσθαι καὶ ἐς τὰ ἱερὰ φέροντας ἱκετεύειν τοὺς θεούς· νῦν δὲ τούτων μὲν ποιέουσιν οὐδὲν, καθαίρουσι δέ. καὶ τὰ μὲν τῶν καθαρμῶν γῇ κρύπτουσι, τὰ δὲ ἐς θάλασσαν ἐμβάλλουσι, τὰ δὲ ἐς τὰ οὔρεα ἀποφέρουσιν, ὅπη μηδεὶς ἅψεται μηδὲ ἐπιβήσεται· τὰ δʼ ἐχρῆν ἐς τὰ ἱερὰ φέροντας τῷ θεῷ ἀποδοῦναι, εἰ δὴ θεός γέ ἐστιν αἴτιος. οὐ μέντοι ἔγωγε ἀξιῶ ὑπὸ θεοῦ ἀνθρώπου σῶμα μιαίνεσθαι, τὸ ἐπικηρότατον ὑπὸ τοῦ ἁγνοτάτου· ἀλλὰ κἢν τυγχάνῃ ὑπὸ ἑτέρου μεμιασμένον ἠ τι πεπονθὸς, ἐθέλοι ἂν ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ καθαίρεσθαι καὶ ἁγνίζεσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ μιαίνεσθαι. τὰ γοῦν μέγιστα τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων καὶ ἀνοσιώτατα τὸ θεῖόν ἐστι τὸ καθαῖρον καὶ ἁγνίζον καὶ ῥύμμα γινόμενον ἡμῖν, αὐτοί τε ὅρους τοῖσι θεοῖσι τῶν ἱερῶν καὶ τῶν τεμενέων ἀποδεικνύμενοι, ὡς ἂν μηδεὶς ὑπερβαίνῃ ἢν μὴ ἁγνεύῃ, εἰσιόντες τε ἡμεῖς περιῤῥαινόμεθα οὐχ ὡς μιαινόμενοι, ἀλλʼ εἴ τι καὶ πρότερον ἔχομεν μύσος, τοῦτο ἀφαγνιούμενοι. καὶ περὶ μὲν τῶν καθαρμῶν οὕτω μοι δοκέει ἔχειν.
2. But this disease seems to me to be no more divine than others; but it has its nature such as other diseases have, and a cause whence it originates, and its nature and cause are divine only just as much as all others are, and it is curable no less than the others, unless when, the from of time, it is confirmed, and has became stronger than the remedies applied. Its origin is hereditary, like that of other diseases. For if a phlegmatic person be born of a phlegmatic, and a bilious of a bilious, and a phthisical of a phthisical, and one having spleen disease, of another having disease of the spleen, what is to hinder it from happening that where the father and mother were subject to this disease, certain of their offspring should be so affected also? As the semen comes from all parts of the body, healthy particles will come from healthy parts, and unhealthy from unhealthy parts. And another great proof that it is in nothing more divine than other diseases is, that it occurs in those who are of a phlegmatic constitution, but does not attack the bilious. Yet, if it were more divine than the others, this disease ought to befall all alike, and make no distinction between the bilious and phlegmatic.
2. 2. τὸ δὲ νούσημα τοῦτο οὐδέν τί μοι δοκέει θειότερον εἶναι τῶν λοιπῶν, ἀλλὰ φύσιν μὲν ἔχει ἣν καὶ τὰ ἄλλα νουσήματα, καὶ πρόφασιν ὅθεν ἕκαστα γίνεται· φύσιν δὲ τοῦτο καὶ πρόφασιν ἀπὸ ταὐτοῦ τὸ θεῖον γίνεσθαι ἀφʼ ὅτου καὶ τἄλλα πάντα, καὶ ἰητὸν εἶναι, καὶ οὐδὲν ἧσσον ἑτέρων, ὅ τι ἂν μὴ ἤδη ὑπὸ χρόνου πολλοῦ καταβεβιασμένον ἔῃ, ὥστε ἤδη εἶναι ἰσχυρότερον τῶν φαρμάκων τῶν προσφερομένων. ἄρχεται δὲ ὥσπερ καὶ τἄλλα νουσήματα κατὰ γένος· εἰ γὰρ ἐκ φλεγματώδεος φλεγματώδης, καὶ ἐκ χολώδεος χολώδης γίνεται, καὶ ἐκ φθινώδεος φθινώδης, καὶ ἐκ σπληνώδεος σπληνώδης, τί κωλύει ὅτῳ πατὴρ καὶ μήτηρ εἴχετο, τούτῳ τῷ νοσήματι καὶ τῶν ἐκγόνων ἔχεσθαί τινα; ὡς ὁ γόνος ἔρχεται πάντοθεν τοῦ σώματος, ἀπό τε τῶν ὑγιηρῶν ὑγιηρὸς, ἀπό τε τῶν νοσερῶν νοσερός. ἕτερον δὲ μέγα τεκμήριον ὅτι οὐδὲν θειότερόν ἐστι τῶν λοιπῶν νουσημάτων· τοῖσι γὰρ φλεγματώδεσι φύσει γίνεται· τοῖσι δὲ χολώδεσιν οὐ προσπίπτει· καίτοι εἰ θειότερόν ἐστι τῶν ἄλλων, τοῖσιν ἅπασιν ὁμοίως ἔδει γίνεσθαι τὴν νοῦσον ταύτην, καὶ μὴ διακρίνειν μήτε χολώδεα μήτε φλεγματώδεα.
3. But in them, the brain is the cause of this affection, as it is of other very great diseases, and in what manner and from what cause it is formed, I will now plainly declare. The brain of man, as in all other animals, is double, and a thin membrane (meninx) divides it through the middle, and therefore the pain is not always in the same part of the head; for sometimes it is situated on either side, and sometimes the whole is affected; and veins run toward it from all parts of the body, many of which are small, but two are thick, the one from the liver, and the other from the spleen. And it is thus with regard to the one from the liver: a portion of it runs downward through the parts on the side, near the kidneys and the psoas muscles, to the inner part of the thigh, and extends to the foot. It is called vena cava. The other runs upward by the right veins and the lungs, and divides into branches for the heart and the right arm. The remaining part of it rises upward across the clavicle to the right side of the neck, and is superficial so as to be seen; near the ear it is concealed, and there it divides; its thickest, largest, and most hollow part ends in the brain; another small vein goes to the right ear, another to the right eye, and another to the nostril. Such are the distributions of the hepatic vein. And a vein from the spleen is distributed on the left side, upward and downward, like that from the liver, but more slender and feeble.
3. 3. ἀλλὰ γὰρ αἴτιος ὁ ἐγκέφαλος τούτου τοῦ πάθεος, ὥσπερ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων νουσημάτων τῶν μεγίστων· ὁτέῳ δὲ τρόπῳ καὶ ἐξ οἵης προφάσιος γίνεται, ἐγὼ φράσω σαφέως. ὁ ἐγκέφαλος τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐστὶ διπλόος ὥσπερ καὶ τοῖσιν ἄλλοισι ζώοισιν ἅπασιν· τὸ δὲ μέσον αὐτοῦ διείργει μῆνιγξ λεπτή· διὸ οὐκ αἰεὶ κατὰ τωὐτὸ τῆς κεφαλὴς ἀλγέει, ἀλλʼ ἐν μέρει ἑκάτερον, ὁτὲ δὲ ἅπασαν. καὶ φλέβες δʼ ἐς αὐτὸν τείνουσιν ἐξ ἅπαντος τοῦ σώματος, πολλαὶ καὶ λεπταὶ, δύο δὲ παχεῖαι, ἡ μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἥπατος, ἡ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ σπληνός. καὶ ἡ μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἥπατος ὧδʼ ἔχει· τὸ μέν τι τῆς φλεβὸς κάτω τείνει διὰ τῶν ἐπὶ δεξιὰ παρʼ αὐτὸν τὸν νεφρὸν καὶ τὴν ψυὴν ἐς τὸ ἐντὸς τοῦ μηροῦ, καὶ καθήκει ἐς τὸν πόδα, καὶ καλέεται κοίλη φλέψ· ἡ δὲ ἑτέρη ἄνω τείνει διὰ φρενῶν τῶν δεξιῶν καὶ τοῦ πλεύμονος· ἀπέσχισται δὲ καὶ ἐς τὴν καρδίην καὶ ἐς τὸν βραχίονα τὸν δεξιόν· τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν ἄνω φέρει διὰ τῆς κληῗδος ἐς τὰ δεξιὰ τοῦ αὐχένος, ἐς αὐτὸ τὸ δέρμα, ὥστε κατάδηλός εἶναι· παρὰ δὲ τὸ οὖς κρύπτεται καὶ ἐνταῦθα σχίζεται, καὶ τὸ μὲν παχύτατον καὶ μέγιστον καὶ κοιλότατον ἐς τὸν ἐγκέφαλον τελευτᾷ, τὸ δὲ ἐς τὸ οὖς τὸ δεξιὸν φλέβιον λεπτὸν, τὸ δὲ ἐς τὸν ὀφθαλμὸν τὸν δεξιὸν, τὸ δὲ ἐς τὸν μυκτῆρα. ἀπὸ μὲν τοῦ ἥπατος οὕτως ἔχει τῶν φλεβῶν. διατέταται δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ σπληνὸς φλὲψ ἐς τὰ ἀριστερὰ καὶ κάτω καὶ ἄνω, ὥσπερ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἥπατος, λεπτοτέρη δὲ καὶ ἀσθενεστέρη.
4. By these veins we draw in much spirit (gas?), since they are the spiracles of our bodies inhaling air to themselves and distributing it to the rest of the body, and to the smaller veins, and they and afterwards exhale it. For the breath (pneuma) cannot be stationary, but it passes upward and downward, for if stopped and intercepted, the part where it is stopped becomes powerless. In proof of this, when, in sitting or lying, the small veins are compressed, so that the breath (pneuma) from the larger vein does not pass into them, the part is immediately seized with numbness; and it is so likewise with regard to the other veins.
4. 4. κατὰ ταύτας δὲ τὰς φλέβας καὶ ἐσαγόμεθα τὸ πουλὺ τοῦ πνεύματος· αὗται γὰρ ἡμέων εἰσὶν ἀναπνοαὶ τοῦ σώματος τὸν ἠέρα ἐς σφᾶς ἕλκουσαι, καὶ ἐς τὸ σῶμα τὸ λοιπὸν ὀχετεύουσι κατὰ τὰ φλέβια, καὶ ἀναψύχουσι καὶ πάλιν ἀφιᾶσιν. οὐ γὰρ οἷόν τε τὸ πνεῦμα στῆναι, ἀλλὰ χωρέει ἄνω καὶ κάτω· ἢν γὰρ στῇ που καὶ ἀποληφθῇ, ἀκρατὲς γίνεται ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέρος ὅπου ἂν στῇ· τεκμήριον δέ· ὁκόταν καθημένῳ ἢ κατακειμένῳ φλέβια πιεσθῇ, ὥστε τὸ πνεῦμα μὴ διεξιέναι διὰ τῆς φλεβὸς, εὐθὺς νάρκη ἔχει. περὶ μὲν τῶν φλεβῶν καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν οὕτως ἔχει.
5. This malady, then, affects phlegmatic people, but not bilious. It begins to be formed while the foetus is still in utero. For the brain, like the other organs, is depurated and grows before birth. If, then, in this purgation it be properly and moderately depurated, and neither more nor less than what is proper be secreted from it, the head is thus in the most healthy condition. If the secretion (melting) the from the brain be greater than natural, the person, when he grows up, will have his head diseased, and full of noises, and will neither be able to endure the sun nor cold. Or, if the melting take place from any one part, either from the eye or ear, or if a vein has become slender, that part will be deranged in proportion to the melting. Or, should depuration not take place, but it (the secretion?) accumulate in the brain, it necessarily becomes phlegmatic. And such children as have an eruption of ulcers on the head, on the ears, and along the rest of the body, with copious discharges of saliva and mucus,-these, in after life, enjoy best health; for in this way the phlegm which ought to have been purged off in the womb, is discharged and cleared away, and persons so purged, for the most part, are not subject to attacks of this disease. But such as have had their skin free from eruptions, and have had no discharge of saliva or mucus, nor have undergone the proper purgation in the womb, these persons run the risk of being seized with this disease.
5. 5. ἡ δὲ νοῦσος αὕτη γίνεται τοῖσι μὲν φλεγματίῃσι, τοῖσι δὲ χολώδεσιν οὔ. ἄρχεται δὲ φύεσθαι ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμβρύου ἔτι ἐν τῇ μήτρῃ ἐόντος· καθαίρεται γὰρ καὶ ἀνθέει, ὥσπερ τἄλλα μέρεα, πρὶν γενέσθαι, καὶ ὁ ἐγκέφαλος. ἐν ταύτῃ δὲ τῇ καθάρσει ἢν μὲν καλῶς καὶ μετρίως καθαρθῇ καὶ μήτε πλέον μήτε ἔλασσον τοῦ δέοντος ἀποῤῥυῇ, οὕτως ὑγιεινοτάτην τὴν κεφαλὴν ἔχει· ἢν δὲ πλέονα ῥυῇ ἀπὸ παντὸς τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου καὶ ἀπότηξις πολλὴ γένηται, νοσώδεά τε τὴν κεφαλὴν ἕξει αὐξόμενος καὶ ἤχου πλέην, καὶ οὔτε ἥλιον οὔτε ψῦχος ἀνέξεται· ἢν δὲ ἀπὸ ἑνός τινος γένηται ἢ ὀφθαλμοῦ ἢ ρὔατος, ἢ φλέψ τις συνισχνανθῇ, ἐκεῖνο κακοῦται τὸ μέρος, ὁκοίως ἂν καὶ τῆς ἀποτήξιος ἔχῃ· ἢν δὲ κάθαρσις μὴ ἐπιγένηται, ἀλλὰ ξυστραφῇ τῷ ἐγκεφάλῳ, οὕτως ἀνάγκη φλεγματώδεα εἶναι. καὶ ὁκόσοισι μὲν παιδίοισιν ἐοῦσιν ἐξανθέει ἕλκεα ἐς τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ ἐς τὰ οὔατα καὶ ἐς τὸν ἄλλον χρῶτα, καὶ σιαλώδεα γίνεται καὶ μυξόῤῥοα, ταῦτα μὲν ῥήϊστα διάγει προϊούσης τῆς ἡλικίης· ἐνταῦθα γὰρ ἀφίει καὶ ἐκκαθαίρεται τὸ φλέγμα, ὃ ἐχρῆν ἐν τῇ μήτρῃ καθαρθῆναι· καὶ τὰ οὕτω καθαρθέντα οὐκ ἐπίληπτα γίνεται ταύτῃ τῇ νούσῳ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πουλύ. ὁκόσα δὲ καθαρά ἐστι, καὶ μήθʼ ἕλκος μηδὲν μήτε μύξα μήτε σίελον αὐτοῖς προέρχεται μηδὲν, μήτε ἐν τῇσι μήτρῃσι πεποίηται. τὴν κάθαρσιν, τούτοισιν ἐπικίνδυνόν ἐστιν ἁλίσκεσθαι ὑπὸ ταύτης τῆς νούσου.
6. But should the defluxion make its way to the heart, the person is seized with palpitation and asthma, the chest becomes diseased, and some also have curvature of the spine. For when a defluxion of cold phlegm takes place on the lungs and heart, the blood is chilled, and the veins, being violently chilled, palpitate in the lungs and heart, and the heart palpitates, so that from this necessity asthma and orthopnoea supervene. For it does not receive the spirits (pneuma) as much breath as he needs until the defluxion of phlegm be mastered, and being heated is distributed to the veins, then it ceases from its palpitation and difficulty of breathing, and this takes place as soon as it obtains an abundant supply; and this will be more slowly, provided the defluxion be more abundant, or if it be less, more quickly. And if the defluxions be more condensed, the epileptic attacks will be more frequent, but otherwise if it be rarer. Such are the symptoms when the defluxion is upon the lungs and heart; but if it be upon the bowels, the person is attacked with diarrhoea.
6. 6. ἢν δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίην ποιήσηται ὁ κατάῤῥοος τὴν πορείην, παλμὸς ἐπιλαμβάνει καὶ ἄσθματα, καὶ τὰ στήθεα διαφθείρεται, ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ κυφοὶ γίνονται· ὁκόταν γὰρ ἐπικατέλθῃ τὸ φλέγμα ψυχρὸν ἐπὶ τὸν πλεύμονα ἢ ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίην, ἀποψύχεται τὸ αἷμα· αἱ δὲ φλέβες πρὸς βίην ψυχόμεναι πρὸς τῷ πλεύμονι καὶ τῇ καρδίῃ πηδῶσι, καὶ ἡ καρδίη πάλλεται, ὥστε ὑπὸ τῆς ἀνάγκης ταύτης τὰ ἄσθματα ἐπιπίπτειν καὶ τὴν ὀρθοπνοίην. οὐ γὰρ δέχεται τὸ πνεῦμα ὅσον ἐθέλει, μέχρις ἂν κρατηθῇ τοῦ φλέγματος τὸ ἐπιῤῥυὲν καὶ διαθερμανθὲν διαχυθῇ ἐς τὰς φλέβας· ἔπειτα παύεται τοῦ παλμοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἄσθματος· παύεται δὲ ὅκως ἂν τοῦ πλήθεος ἔχῃ· ἢν μὲν γὰρ πλέον ἐπικαταῤῥυῇ, σχολαίτερον, ἢν δὲ ἔλασσον, θᾶσσον· καὶ ἢν μὲν πυκνότεροι ἔωσιν οἱ κατάῤῥοοι, πυκνότερα ἐπίληπτος γίνεται, ἢν δὲ μὴ, ἀραιότερα. Τάῦτα μὲν οὖν πάσχει, ἢν ἐπὶ τὸν πλεύμονα καὶ τὴν καρδίην ἴῃ· ἢν δὲ ἐς τὴν κοιλίην, διάῤῥοιαι λαμβάνουσιν.
7. And if, being shut out from all these outlets, its defluxion be determined to the veins I have formerly mentioned, the patient loses his speech, and chokes, and foam issues by the mouth, the teeth are fixed, the hands are contracted, the eyes distorted, he becomes insensible, and in some cases the bowels are evacuated. And these symptoms occur sometimes on the left side, sometimes on the right, and sometimes in both. The cause of everyone of these symptoms I will now explain. The man becomes speechless when the phlegm, suddenly descending into the veins, shuts out the air, and does not admit it either to the brain or to the vena cava, or to the ventricles, but interrupts the inspiration. For when a person draws in air by the mouth and nostrils, the breath (pneuma) goes first to the brain, then the greater part of it to the internal cavity, and part to the lungs, and part to the veins, and from them it is distributed to the other parts of the body along the veins; and whatever passes to the stomach cools, and does nothing more; and so also with regard to the lungs. But the air which enters the veins is of use (to the body) by entering the brain and its ventricles, and thus it imparts sensibility and motion to all the members, so that when the veins are excluded from the air by the phlegm and do not receive it, the man loses his speech and intellect, and the hands become powerless, and are contracted, the blood stopping and not being diffused, as it was wont; and the eyes are distorted owing to the veins being excluded from the air; and they palpitate; and froth from the lungs issues by the mouth. For when the breath (pneuma) does not find entrance to him, he foams and sputters like a dying person. And the bowels are evacuated in consequence of the violent suffocation; and the suffocation is produced when the liver and stomach ascend to the diaphragm, and the mouth of the stomach is shut up; this takes place when the breath (pneuma) does not enter by the mouth, as it is wont. The patient kicks with his feet when the air is shut up in the lungs and cannot find an outlet, owing to the phlegm; and rushing by the blood upward and downward, it occasions convulsions and pain, and therefore he kicks with his feet. All these symptoms he endures when the cold phlegm passes into the warm blood, for it congeals and stops the blood. And if the deflexion be copious and thick, it immediately proves fatal to him, for by its cold it prevails over the blood and congeals it; or, if it be less, it in the first place obtains the mastery, and stops the respiration; and then in the course of time, when it is diffused along the veins and mixed with much warm blood, it is thus overpowered, the veins receive the air, and the patient recovers his senses.
7. 7. ἢν δὲ τουτέων μὲν τῶν ὁδῶν ἀποκλεισθῇ, ἐς δὲ τὰς φλέβας, ἃς προείρηκα, τὸν κατάῤῥοον ποιήσηται, ἄφωνός τὲ γίνεται καὶ πνίγεται, καὶ ἀφρὸς ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ἐκρέει, καὶ οἱ ὁδόντες συνηρείκασι, καὶ αἱ χεῖρες συσπῶνται, καὶ τὰ ὄμματα διαστρέφονται, καὶ οὐδὲν φρονέουσιν, ἐνίοισι δὲ καὶ ὑποχωρέει ἡ κόπρος κάτω· καὶ ταῦτα γίνεται ὁτὲ μὲν ἐς τὰ ἀριστερὰ, ὁτὲ δὲ ἐς τὰ δεξιὰ, ὁτὲ δὲ ἐς ἀμφότερα. ὅκως δὲ τούτων ἕκαστον πάσχει ἐγὼ φράσω· ἄφωνος μέν ἐστιν ὁκόταν ἐξαίφνης τὸ φλέγμα ἐπικατελθὸν ἐς τὰς φλέβας ἀποκλείσῃ τὸν ἠέρα καὶ μὴ παραδέχηται μήτε ἐς τὸν ἐγκέφαλον μήτε ἐς τὰς φλέβας τὰς κοίλας μήτε ἐς τὰς κοιλίας, ἀλλʼ ἐπιλάβῃ τὴν ἀναπνοήν· ὅταν γὰρ λάβῃ ἄνθρωπος κατὰ τὸ στόμα καὶ τοὺς μυκτῆρας τὸ πνεῦμα, πρῶτον μὲν ἐς τὸν ἐγκέφαλον ἔρχεται, ἔπειτα δὲ ἐς τὴν κοιλίην τὸ πλεῖστον μέρος, τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν πλεύμονα, τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ τὰς φλέβας. ἐκ τουτέων δὲ σκίδναται ἐς τὰ λοιπὰ μέρεα κατὰ τὰς φλέβας· καὶ ὅσον μὲν ἐς τὴν κοιλίην ἔρχεται, τοῦτο μὲν τὴν κοιλίην διαψύχει, καὶ ἄλλο τι οὐδὲν ξυμβάλλεται· ὁ δʼ ἐς τὸν πλεύμονά τε καὶ τὰς φλέβας ἀὴρ ξυμβάλλεται ἐς τὰς κοιλίας ἐσιὼν καὶ ἐς τὸν ἐγκέφαλον, καὶ οὕτω τὴν φρόνησιν καὶ τὴν κίνησιν τοῖσι μέλεσι παρέχει, ὥστε, ἐπειδὰν ἀποκλεισθῶσιν αἱ φλέβες τοῦ ἠέρος ὑπὸ τοῦ φλέγματος καὶ μὴ παραδέχωνται, ἄφωνον καθιστᾶσι καὶ ἄφρονα τὸν ἄνθρωπον. αἱ δὲ χεῖρες ἀκρατέες γίνονται καὶ σπῶνται, τοῦ αἵματος ἄτρεμίσαντος καὶ μὴ διαχεομένου ὥσπερ εἰώθει. καὶ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ διαστρέφονται, τῶν φλεβίων ἀποκλειομένων τοῦ ἠέρος καὶ σφυζόντων. ἀφρὸς δὲ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος προέρχεται ἐκ τοῦ πλεύμονος· ὅταν γὰρ τὸ πνεῦμα μὴ ἐσίῃ ἐς αὐτὸν, ἀφρέει καὶ ἀναβλύει ὥσπερ ἀποθνήσκων. ἡ δὲ κόπρος ὑπέρχεται ὑπὸ βίης πνιγομένου· πνίγεται δὲ τοῦ ἥπατος καὶ τῆς κοιλίης ἄνω πρὸς τὰς φρένας προσπεπτωκότων καὶ τοῦ στομάχου τῆς γαστρὸς ἀπειλημμένου· προσπίπτει δὲ ὁκόταν τὸ πνεῦμα μὴ ἐσίῃ ἐσίῃ ἐς τὸ στόμα ὅσον εἰώθει. λακτίζει δὲ τοῖσι ποσὶν, ὁκόταν ὁ ἀὴρ ἀποκλεισθῇ ἐν τοῖσι μέλεσι καὶ μὴ οἷός τε ἔῃ διεκδῦναι ἔξω ὑπὸ τοῦ φλέγματος· ἀΐσσων δὲ διὰ τοῦ αἵματος ἄνω καὶ κάτω σπασμὸν ἐμποιέει καὶ ὀδύνην, διὸ λακτίζει. ταῦτα δὲ πάσχει πάντα, ὁκόταν τὸ φλέγμα ψυχρὸν παραῤῥυῇ ἐς τὸ αἷμα θερμὸν ἐόν· ἀποψύχει γὰρ καὶ ἵστησι τὸ αἷμα· κἢν μὲν τὸ ῥεῦμα πουλὺ ἔῃ καὶ παχὺ, αὐτίκα ἀποκτείνει· κρατέει γὰρ τοῦ αἵματος τῷ ψύχει καὶ πήγνυσιν· ἢν δὲ ἔλασσον ἔῃ, πὸ μὲν παραυτίκα κρατέει ἀποφράξαν τὴν ἀναπνοήν· ἔπειτα τῷ χρόνῳ ὁκόταν σκεδασθῇ κατὰ τὰς φλέβας καὶ μιγῇ τῷ αἵματι πολλῷ ἐόντι καὶ θερμῷ, ἢν κρατηθῇ οὕτως, ἐδέξαντο τὸν ἠέρα αἱ φλέβες, καὶ ἐφρόνησαν.