---
title: "Funeral Oration · Ἐπιτάφιος"
author: "Hyperides"
translator: "J. O. Burtt"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
url: https://scriptura.si/works/hyperides-funeral-oration/
cite: "Hyperides, tr. J. O. Burtt, Funeral Oration · Ἐπιτάφιος. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/hyperides-funeral-oration/"
---

# Funeral Oration · Ἐπιτάφιος

*Hyperides, tr. J. O. Burtt*

For Leosthenes and the Athenians who fell in the Lamian War against Macedon.

> Greek: ed. J. O. Burtt, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0030.tlg006, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: J. O. Burtt, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0030.tlg006.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## Contents

1. [Sections 1–43](https://scriptura.si/works/hyperides-funeral-oration/1.md)

## 1. Sections 1–43

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/hyperides-funeral-oration/1/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/hyperides-funeral-oration/1/#p-N

[¶0] 1. The words to be pronounced above this grave, a tribute to Leosthenes the general and the others who have perished with him in the war, for the courage they have shown, have as their witness time itself... nor better men than these now dead nor more resplendent actions. Indeed my greatest doubt today is lest my speech may prove unworthy of their exploits.

> Greek: 1. τῶν μὲν λόγων τ⟨ῶν μελ⟩λόντων ῥηθήσες⟨θαι ἐπὶ⟩ τῷδε τῷ τάφῳ ⟨περί τε⟩ Λεωσθένους τοῦ στ⟨ρατη⟩γοῦ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄ⟨λλων⟩ τῶν μετʼ ἐκείνου ⟨τετελ⟩ευτηκότων ἐν τ⟨ῷ πολ⟩έμῳ, ὡς ἦσαν ἄν⟨δρες ἀ⟩γαθοί, μά⟨ρτυς αὐτὸς ὁ χ⟩ρόνος ὁ ς … ωι τὰς πρ⟨άξεις ⟩ … ς ἀνθρω⟨π⟩ … ⟨ν⟩ πω κα … ⟨ἑ⟩ώρακε ωρ … ⟨ἐν τῷ π⟩αντὶ αἰῶ⟨νι⟩ … ⟨γ⟩εγενη … ⟨οὔτε⟩ ἄνδρας ⟨ἀμείνους τῶν⟩ τετελευτ⟨ηκότων⟩ οὔτε πρ⟨άξεις μεγαλ⟩οπρεπεστ⟨έρας. ⟩ ⟨διὸ⟩ καὶ μάλιστα ⟨νῦν φοβοῦ⟩μαι, μή μοι συμ⟨βῇ τὸν λ⟩όγον ἐλάττ⟨ω φαίν⟩εσθαι τῶν ἔρ⟨γων⟩ τῶν γεγενη⟨μέ⟩νων.

[¶1] 2. I am, however, taking heart in this assurance: that what I leave unsaid will be supplied by you who hear me; for my listeners will be no random audience but the persons who themselves have witnessed the actions of these men.

> Greek: 2. πλὴν κατʼ ⟨ἐκεῖ⟩νό γε πάλιν θα⟨ρρῶ ὅ⟩τι τὰ ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ ⟨ἐ⟩κ⟨λει⟩πόμενα ὑμεῖς οἱ ἀκούοντες προσθήσετε· οὐ γὰρ ἐ⟨ν⟩ τοῖς τυχοῦσιν οἱ λόγοι ῥηθήσονται, ἀλλʼ ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς μάρτυσι τῶν ⟨ἐκ⟩είνοι⟨ς π⟩επραγμένων.

[¶2] 3. While praise is due to Athens for her policy, for choosing as she did a course not only ranking with her past achievements but even surpassing them in pride and honor, and to the fallen also for their gallantry in battle, for proving worthy of their forbears’ valor, to Leosthenes the general it is doubly due; the city’s guide in framing her decision, he was besides the citizens’ commander in the field.

> Greek: 3. ἄξιον δέ ⟨ἐς⟩τιν ἐπαινεῖν ⟨τ⟩ὴν μὲν ⟨πό⟩λιν ἡμῶν ⟨τ⟩ῆς προαιρέ⟨σεω⟩ς ἕνεκεν, τὸ προε⟨λέσθ⟩αι ὅμοια καὶ ἔτι σε⟨μνό⟩τερα καὶ καλλίω τῶν ⟨πρότ⟩ερον αὐτῇ πεπρα⟨γμέ⟩νων, τοὺς δὲ τετε⟨λευ⟩τηκότας τῆς ἀνδρείας τῆς ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ, τὸ μὴ καταισχῦναι τὰς τῶν προγόνων ἀρετάς, τὸν δὲ στρατηγὸν Λεωσθένη διὰ ἀμφότερα· τῆς τε γὰρ προαιρέσεως εἰσηγητὴς τῇ πόλει ἐγένετο, καὶ τῆς στρατείας ἡγεμὼν τοῖς πολίταις κατέστη.

[¶3] 4. In the case of Athens, to recount in detail the benefits which she has previously conferred upon the whole of Greece would be a task too great to compass in the time we have, nor is the occasion one for lengthy speaking. Indeed it is not easy for a single man, faced with so many noble actions, to recall the full story to your minds. I shall, however, venture one general comment on her.

> Greek: 4. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς πόλεως διεξιέναι τὸ καθʼ ἕκαστον ὧν πρό⟨τε⟩ρον πᾶσαν τὴν Ἑλλά⟨δα⟩ ⟨εὐεργέτηκεν⟩ οὔτε ὁ χρόνος ὁ παρὼν ἱκανός, οὔτε ὁ και⟨ρὸς⟩ ἁρμόττων τῷ μα⟨κρ⟩ολογεῖν, οὔτε ῥᾴδι⟨ον⟩ ἕνα ὄντα τοσαύ⟨τας⟩ καὶ τηλικαύτας πρά⟨ξεις⟩ ⟨ἐπ⟩ελθεῖν καὶ μνη⟨μο⟩νεῦσαι· ἐπὶ κεφαλαί⟨ου δ⟩ὲ οὐκ ὀκνήσω εἰπεῖν ⟨περ⟩ὶ αὐτῆς.

[¶4] 5. Compare her with the sun which visits the whole world and duly separates the seasons, disposing all things for the best, with provision, where men are virtuous and prudent, for their birth and nurture, the crops and all the other needs of life; for so our city never fails to punish the wicked, help the just, mete out to all men fairness in place of wrong, and at her individual peril and expense assure the Greeks a common safety.

> Greek: 5. ὥσπερ ⟨γὰρ⟩ ὁ ἥλιος πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμ⟨ένη⟩ν ἐπέρχεται, τὰ⟨ς μὲν⟩ ὥρας διακρίνων ⟨εἰς τὸ π⟩ρέπον καὶ καλῶ⟨ς πάντα καθ⟩ιστάς, τοῖς δὲ ς⟨ώφροσι καὶ ἐπ⟩ιεικέσι τ⟨ῶν ἀνθρώπ⟩ων ἐπιμ⟨ελούμενος κ⟩αὶ γεν⟨έσεως καὶ τροφῆ⟩ς καὶ ⟨καρπ⟩ῶν κ⟨αὶ τῶν ἄ⟩λλων ἁ⟨πά⟩ντων τῶν εἰς τὸν β⟨ίο⟩ν χρησίμων, οὕτως καὶ ἡ πόλις ἡμῶν διατελε⟨ῖ το⟩ὺς μὲν κακοὺς κολάζο⟨υσα, τοῖς⟩ δὲ δικαίοις β⟨οηθοῦσα⟩, τὸ δὲ ἴσον ἀν⟨τί τῆς ἀδι⟩κίας ἅπασιν ⟨ἀπονέμουσα, τ⟩οῖς δὲ ἰδί⟨οις κινδύνοις κα⟩ὶ δαπάναι⟨ς κοινὴν ἄδει⟩αν τοῖς Ἕλλη⟨σιν παρασκευ⟩άζουσα.

[¶5] 6. To deal with the achievements of the city as a whole is, as I said before, a task which I shall not attempt, and I will here confine myself to Leosthenes and his companions. At what point, then, shall I take up the story? What shall I mention first? Shall I trace the ancestry of each?

> Greek: 6. ⟨περὶ μὲν οὖ⟩ν τῶν κοινῶ⟨ν ἔργων τῆς πόλ⟩εως ὥσπερ ⟨προεῖπον φρά⟩σαι ⟨παρ⟩αλείψω, πε⟨ρὶ δὲ Λεωσθέν⟩ους καὶ τῶν ἄ⟨λλων τοὺς λόγ⟩ους ποιήσομ⟨αι. νῦ⟩ν δὲ πόθεν ἄρξωμα⟨ι λέγων⟩, ἢ τίνος πρῶτον μνησθῶ; πότερα περὶ τοῦ γένους αὐτῶν ἑκάστου διεξέλθω;

[¶6] 7. To do so would, I think, be foolish. Granted, if one is praising men of a different stamp, such as have gathered from diverse places into the city which they inhabit, each contributing his lineage to the common stock, then one must trace their separate ancestry. But from one who speaks of Athenians, born of their own country and sharing a lineage of unrivalled purity, a eulogy of the descent of each must surely be superfluous.

> Greek: 7. ἀλλʼ εὔηθες εἶναι ὑπολαμβάνω· τὸ⟨ν⟩ μὲν ⟨γὰρ⟩ ἄλλους τινὰς ἀνθρώπους ἐγκωμιάζοντα, οἳ πολλαχόθεν εἰς μίαν πόλιν συνεληλυθότες οἰκοῦσι γένος ἴδιον ἕκαστος συνεισενεγκάμενος, τοῦτον μὲν δεῖ κατʼ ἄνδρα γενεαλογεῖν ἕκαστον· περὶ δὲ Ἀθηναίων ἀνδρῶν τοὺ⟨ς⟩ λόγου⟨ς⟩ ποιούμενον, οἷς ἡ κοινὴ γένεσις α⟨ὐτόχ⟩θοσιν οὖσιν ἀνυπέρβλητ⟨ον⟩ τὴν εὐγένειαν ἔχει, περίεργον ἡγοῦμαι εἶναι ἰδίᾳ ⟨τὰ⟩ γένη ἐγκωμιάζειν.

[¶7] 8. Am I then to touch upon their education, and, as other speakers often do, remind you how as children they were reared and trained in strict self-discipline? None of us, I think, is unaware that our aim in training children is to convert them into valiant men; and that men who have proved of exceptional courage in war were well brought up in childhood needs no stressing.

> Greek: 8. ἀλλὰ ⟨πε⟩ρὶ τῆς παιδείας αὐτῶν ἐπι⟨μνη⟩σθῶ, καὶ ὡς ἐν πολλῇ ς⟨ωφρο⟩σύνῃ παῖδες ὄντ⟨ες ἐτρά⟩φησαν καὶ ἐπαιδε⟨ύθησαν⟩ ὅπερ εἰώθασίν ⟨τινες ποι⟩εῖν; ἀλλʼ οἶμαι π⟨άντας⟩ εἰδέναι ὅτι τούτο⟨υ ἕνεκα⟩ τοὺ⟨ς⟩ παῖδας παιδεύο⟨μεν⟩, ἵνα ἄνδρες ἀγαθοὶ γ⟨ένων⟩ται· τοὺς δὲ γεγενημ⟨ένους⟩ ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ ἄνδρ⟨ας⟩ ὑπερβάλλοντας τῇ ἀ⟨ρετῇ⟩, πρόδηλόν ἐστιν ὅτι πα⟨ῖδες⟩ ὄντες καλῶς ἐπαιδε⟨ύθη⟩σαν.

[¶8] 9. The simplest course, I think, will be to tell you of their courage under arms, revealing them as authors of many benefits conferred upon their country and the rest of Greece. First I shall take the general, as is his due.

> Greek: 9. ἁπλούστατον ο⟨ὖν ἡ⟩γοῦμαι εἶναι τὴν ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ διεξελθεῖν ἀρετήν, καὶ ὡς πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν αἴτιοι γεγένη⟨ν⟩ται τῇ πατρίδι καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις Ἕλλησιν. ἄρξομαι δὲ πρῶτον ἀπὸ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ· καὶ γὰρ δίκαιον.

[¶9] 10. For Leosthenes perceived that the whole of Greece was humiliated and … cowed, corrupted by men who were accepting bribes from Philip and Alexander against their native countries. He realized that our city stood in need of a commander, and Greece herself of a city, able to assume the leadership, and he gave himself to his country and the city to the Greeks, in the cause of freedom.

> Greek: 10. Λεωσθένης γὰρ ὁρῶν τὴν Ἑλλάδα πᾶσαν τεταπεινωμένην καὶ … ἐπτη⟨χυ⟩ῖαν, κατεφθαρμένην ὑπὸ ⟨τῶν⟩ δωροδοκούντων παρὰ Φι⟨λίπ⟩που καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου κατὰ ⟨τῶν⟩ πατρίδων τῶν αὑτῶν, ⟨καὶ τ⟩ὴν μὲν πόλιν ἡμῶν ⟨δεομέ⟩νην ἀνδρός, τὴν δʼ Ἑλλά⟨δα πᾶ⟩σαν πόλεως, ἥτις προστῆ⟨ναι δυν⟩ήσεται τῆς ἡγεμονίας, ⟨ἐπέδ⟩ωκεν ἑαυτὸν μὲν τῇ ⟨πατρί⟩δι, τὴν δὲ πόλιν τοῖς Ἕλλη⟨σιν⟩ εἰς τὴν ἐλευθερίαν·

[¶10] 11. After raising a mercenary force he took command of the citizen army and defeated the first opponents of Greek freedom, the Boeotians, Macedonians and Euboeans, together with their other allies, in battle in Boeotia.

> Greek: 11. καὶ ξενικὴν μὲν δύναμιν ⟨συ⟩στησάμενος, τῆς δὲ πολιτικῆς ἡγεμὼν καταστάς, τοὺς πρώτους ἀντιταξαμένους τῇ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐλευθερίᾳ Βοιωτοὺς καὶ Μακεδόνας καὶ Εὐβοέας καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους συμμάχους αὐτῶν ἐνίκησε μαχόμενος ἐν τῇ Βοιωτίᾳ.

[¶11] 12. Thence he advanced to Pylae and occupied the pass through which, in bygone days as well, barbarians marched against the Greeks. He thus prevented the inroad of Antipater into Greece, and overtaking him in that vicinity, defeated him in battle and shut him into Lamia, which he then besieged.

> Greek: 12. ἐντεῦθεν δʼ ἐλθὼν εἰς Πύλας καὶ καταλαβὼν τὰς ⟨πα⟩ρόδους, διʼ ὧν καὶ πρότερον ἐ⟨πὶ τ⟩οὺς Ἕλληνας οἱ βάρβαροι ἐ⟨πο⟩ρεύθησαν, τῆς μὲν ἐπὶ ⟨τὴν⟩ Ἑλλάδα πορείας Ἀντίπατρον ἐκώλυσεν, αὐτὸν δὲ ⟨κα⟩ταλαβὼν ἐν τοῖς τόποις τού⟨τοι⟩ς καὶ μάχῃ νικήσας, ἐπολι⟨όρ⟩κει κατακλείσας εἰς Λαμίαν.

[¶12] 13. The Thessalians, Phocians, Aetolians, and all the other peoples of the region, he made his allies, bringing under his control, by their own consent, the men whom Philip and Alexander gloried in controlling against their wish. The circumstances subject to his will he mastered, but fate he could not overpower.

> Greek: 13. Θετταλοὺς δὲ καὶ Φωκέας καὶ ⟨Αἰ⟩τωλοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἅπαντας τοὺς ἐν τῷ τόπῳ συμμάχους ἐποιήσατο, καὶ ὧν Φίλιππος καὶ Ἀλέξανδρος ἀκόντων ἡγούμενοι ἐσεμνύνοντο, τούτων Λεωσθένης ἑκόντων τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ἔλαβεν. συνέβη δʼ αὐτῷ τῶν μὲν πραγμάτων ὧν προείλετο κρατῆσαι, τῆς δὲ εἱ⟨μαρ⟩μένης οὐκ ἦν περιγενέ⟨σθαι.⟩

[¶13] 14. Leosthenes must have first claim upon our gratitude for ever, not only for the acts performed by him, but also for the later battle, fought after his death, and for those other triumphs which the Greeks have gained in this campaign. For on the foundations laid by Leosthenes the subsequent success of his survivors rests.

> Greek: 14. δίκαιον δʼ ἐστὶν μὴ μ⟨όνον⟩ ὧν ἔπραξεν Λεωσθέν⟨ην ἀε⟩ὶ χάριν ἔχειν αὐτῷ πρ⟨ώτῳ, ἀ⟩λλὰ καὶ τῆς ὕστερον ⟨γενομέν⟩ης μάχης μετὰ τ⟨ὸν ἐκείνο⟩υ θάνατον, καὶ τῶν ⟨ἄλλων ἀγ⟩αθῶν τῶν ἐν τῇ ς⟨τρατείᾳ τ⟩αύτῃ συμβάντων ⟨τοῖς Ἕλ⟩λησιν· ἐπὶ γὰρ τοῖς ὑπὸ ⟨Λε⟩ωσθένους ⟨τε⟩θεῖσιν θεμελίοις οἰκοδομοῦσιν οἱ νῦν τὰς ὕστερον πράξεις.

[¶14] 15. Let no one fancy that I disregard the other citizens and keep my eulogy for him alone. The praise bestowed upon Leosthenes for these engagements is in fact a tribute to the rest. For though sound strategy depends upon the leader, success in battle is ensured by those who are prepared to risk their lives; and therefore, in the praise that I bestow upon the victory gained, I shall be commending not merely the leadership of Leosthenes but the courage of his comrades too.

> Greek: 15. καὶ μηδεὶς ὑπολάβῃ με τῶν ἄλλων πολιτῶν ⟨μη⟩δένα λόγον ποιεῖσθαι, ⟨ἀλλὰ⟩ Λεωσθένη μόν⟨ον⟩ ἐγκω⟨μιάζ⟩ειν. συμβαίνει γὰρ ⟨τὸν Λε⟩ωσθένους ἔπαινον ⟨ἐπὶ ταῖ⟩ς μάχαις ἐγκώμιον ⟨τῶν ἄλ⟩λων πολιτῶν εἶναι· το⟨ῦ μὲν⟩ γὰρ βουλεύεσθαι καλ⟨ῶς ὁ στρα⟩τηγὸς αἴτιος, τοῦ δὲ νι⟨κᾶν μαχ⟩ομένους οἱ κινδυν⟨εύειν ἐθ⟩έλοντες τοῖς σώμας⟨ιν· ὥστ⟩ε ὅταν ἐπαιν⟨ῶ τὴν γ⟩εγονυῖαν νίκην, ἅμα τ⟨ῇ Λε⟩ωσθένους ἡγεμονίᾳ καὶ ⟨τὴν τ⟩ῶν ἄλλων ἀρετὴν ἐγκωμ⟨ιάς⟩ω.

[¶15] 16. For who could rightly grudge his praise to those of our citizens who fell in this campaign, who gave their lives for the freedom of the Greeks, convinced that the surest proof of their desire to guarantee the liberty of Greece was to die in battle for her?

> Greek: 16. τίς γὰρ οὐκ ἂν δικα⟨ίως⟩ ἐπαινοίη τῶν πολιτῶ⟨ν το⟩ὺς ἐν τῷδε τῷ πολέμῳ ⟨τε⟩λευτήσαντας, οἳ τὰς ἑα⟨υτῶ⟩ν ψυχὰς ἔδωκαν ὑπὲρ τῆ⟨ς τῶ⟩ν Ἑλλήνων ἐλευθερίας, ⟨φα⟩νερωτάτην ἀπόδειξιν τ⟨αύτ⟩ην ἡγούμενοι εἶναι τοῦ ⟨βούλ⟩εσθαι τῇ Ἑλλάδι ⟨τὴν⟩ ἐλε⟨υθερ⟩ίαν περιθεῖναι, τὸ μαχομ⟨ένους⟩ τελευτῆσαι ὑπὲρ αὐτῆ⟨ς.⟩

[¶16] 17. One circumstance did much to reinforce their purpose as champions of Greece: the fact that the earlier battle was fought in Boeotia. They saw that the city of Thebes had been tragically annihilated from the face of the earth, that its citadel was garrisoned by the Macedonians, and that the persons of its inhabitants were in slavery, while others parcelled out the land among themselves. And so these threats, revealed before their eyes, gave them an undaunted courage to meet danger gladly.

> Greek: 17. ⟨μ⟩έγα δʼ αὐτοῖς συνεβάλετ⟨ο εἰ⟩ς τὸ προθύμως ὑπὲρ τῆς ⟨Ἑλλά⟩δος ἀγωνίσασθαι τὸ ἐν τῇ ⟨Βοιω⟩τίᾳ τὴν μάχην τὴν π⟨ροτέραν⟩ γενέσθαι. ἑώρων γὰ⟨ρ τὴν μὲν π⟩όλιν τῶν Θηβαίων οἰκτ⟨ρῶς ἠφα⟩νισμένην ἐξ ἀνθρώπων, ⟨τὴν δὲ ἀ⟩κρόπολιν αὐτῆς φρουρου⟨μένην⟩ ὑπὸ τῶν Μακεδόνων, τὰ δὲ σώματα τῶν ἐνοικούντων ἐξηνδραποδισμένα, τὴν δὲ χώραν ἄλλους διανεμομένους, ὥστε πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν ὁρώμενα αὐτοῖς τὰ δεινὰ ἄοκνον π⟨αρ⟩εῖχε τόλμα⟨ν⟩ εἰς τὸ κινδυνεύειν ⟨πρ⟩οχείρως.

[¶17] 18. Yet the action fought near Pylae and Lamia has proved to be as glorious for them as the conflict in Boeotia, not solely through the circumstances of victory in the field, over Antipater and his allies, but on the grounds of situation also. The fact that this has been the battle’s site will mean that all the Greeks, repairing twice a year to the council of the Amphictyones, will witness their achievements; for by the very act of gathering in that spot they will recall the valor of these men.

> Greek: 18. ἀλλὰ μὴν τήν γε π⟨ερὶ Π⟩ύλας καὶ Λαμίαν μάχην γεν⟨ομέν⟩ην οὐχ ἧττον αὐτοῖς ἔνδο⟨ξον γεν⟩έσθαι συμβέβηκεν ἧς ⟨ἐν Βοιω⟩τοῖς ἠγωνίσαντο, οὐ μόνον ⟨τῷ μαχο⟩μένους νικᾶν Ἀντίπατρον ⟨καὶ τοὺς ς⟩υμμάχους, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ τόπῳ ⟨τῷ ἐ⟩νταυθοῖ γεγενῆσθαι τὴν μ⟨άχην.⟩ ἀφικνούμενοι γὰρ οἱ Ἕλλη⟨νες ἅπα⟩ντες δὶς τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ εἰς ⟨τὴν Πυλ⟩αίαν, θεωροὶ γενήσοντ⟨αι⟩ τῶν ἔργων τῶν π⟨επρα⟩γμένων αὐτοῖς· ἅμα γὰρ εἰς τὸ⟨ν τό⟩πον ἁθροισθήσονται καὶ τῆ⟨ς το⟩ύτων ἀρετῆς μνησθήσοντ⟨αι. ⟩ ⟨ο⟩ὐδένες γὰρ πώποτε τῶν γεγονότων οὔτε περὶ καλλιόνων οὔτε πρὸς ἰσχυροτέρους οὔτε μετʼ ἐλαττόνων ἠγωνίσαντο, τὴν ἀρετὴν ἰσχὺν καὶ τὴν ἀνδρείαν πλῆθος, ἀλλʼ οὐ τὸν πολὺν ἀριθμὸν τῶν σωμάτων εἶναι κρίνοντες.

[¶18] 19. Never before did men strive for a nobler cause, either against stronger adversaries or with fewer friends, convinced that valor gave strength and courage superiority as no mere numbers could. Liberty they gave us as an offering for all to share, but the honor of their deeds they have bestowed upon their country as a wreath for her alone. Now we might well reflect what, in our opinion, the outcome would have been, had these men failed to do their duty in the struggle. Must we not suppose that the whole world would be under one master, and Greece compelled to tolerate his whim as law? In short that Macedonian arrogance, and not the power of justice, would lord it among every people … The practices which even now we have to countenance are proof enough: sacrifices being made to men; images, altars, and temples carefully perfected in their honor, while those of the gods are neglected, and we ourselves are forced to honor as heroes the servants of these people.

> Greek: 19. καὶ τὴν μὲν ἐλευθερίαν εἰς τὸ κοινὸν πᾶσιν κατέθεσαν, τὴν δʼ εὐδοξίαν ⟨τὴν⟩ ἀπὸ τῶν πράξεων ἴδιον στέφανον τῇ πατρίδ⟨ι περι⟩έθηκαν. ἄξιον τοίνυν συλλογίσασθαι καὶ τί ἂν συμβῆναι νομίζομεν μὴ κατὰ τρόπον τούτων ἀγωνισαμένων. ἆρʼ οὐκ ἂν ἑνὸς μὲν δεσπότου τὴν οἰκουμένην ὑπήκοον ἅπασαν εἶναι, νόμῳ δὲ τῷ τούτου τρόπῳ ἐξ ἀνάγκης χρῆσθαι τὴν Ἑλλάδα; συνελόντα δʼ εἰπεῖν, τὴν Μακεδόνων ὑπερηφανίαν καὶ μὴ τὴν τοῦ δικαίου δύναμιν ἰσχύειν παρʼ ἑκάστοις, ὥστε μήτε γυναικῶν μήτε παρθένων μήτε παίδων ὕβρεις … ἀνεκλείπτους ἑκάστοις καθεστάναι. φανερὸν δʼ ἐξ ὧν ἀναγκαζόμεθα καὶ νῦν ἔτι· θυσίας μὲν ἀνθρώποις γ⟨ιγνο⟩μένας ἐφορᾶν, ἀγάλμ⟨ατα δὲ⟩ καὶ βωμοὺς καὶ ναοὺς τοῖ⟨ς μὲν⟩ θεοῖς ἀμελῶς, τοῖς δὲ ἀνθρώ⟨ποις⟩ ἐπιμελῶς συντελούμενα, καὶ τοὺς ⟨τού⟩των οἰκέτας ὥσπερ ἥρωας τιμᾶν ἡμᾶς ἀναγκαζομένους.

[¶19] 22. If reverence for the gods has been removed by Macedonian insolence, what fate must we conclude would have befallen the rules of conduct towards man? Would they not have been utterly discounted? The more terrible therefore we think the consequences would have been, the greater must be the praise which we believe the dead have earned.

> Greek: 22. ὅπου δὲ τὰ πρὸς ⟨τοὺς⟩ θεοὺς ὅσια διὰ τὴν Μακεδόνων τόλμαν ἀνῄρηται, τί τὰ πρὸς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους χρὴ νομίζειν; ἆρʼ οὐκ ἂν παντελῶς καταλελύσθαι; ὥστε ὅσῳ δεινότερα τὰ προ⟨ς⟩δοκώμενʼ ἂν γενέσθαι κρίνομεν, τοσούτῳ μειζόνων ἐπαίνων τοὺς τετελευτηκότας ἀξίους χρὴ νομίζειν.

[¶20] 23. For no campaign has better shown the courage of the soldiers than this last, when they had daily to be arrayed for combat, to fight, on but one expedition, more battles than the combats which any soldier of the past endured, and face extreme severities of weather and many hard privations in the daily needs of life with an endurance almost beyond description.

> Greek: 23. οὐδεμία γὰρ στρατεία τὴν ⟨τῶν⟩ στρατευομένων ἀρετὴν ἐνεφάνισεν μᾶλλον τῆς νῦν γεγενημένης, ἐν ᾗ γε παρατάττεσθαι μὲν ὁσημέραι ἀναγκαῖον ἦ⟨ν⟩, πλείους δὲ μάχας ἠγωνίσθαι διὰ μιᾶς στρατ⟨είας⟩ ἢ τοὺς ἄλλους πάντας πληγὰς λαμβάνειν ἐν τῷ παρεληλυθότι χρόνῳ, χειμώνων δʼ ὑπερβολὰς καὶ τῶν καθʼ ἡμέ⟨ρα⟩ν ἀναγκαίων ἐνδείας τος⟨αύ⟩τας καὶ τηλικαύτας οὕτως ⟨ἐγ⟩κρατῶς ὑπομεμ⟨ε⟩νηκένα⟨ι, ὥς⟩τε καὶ τῷ λόγῳ χαλεπὸν ⟨εἶν⟩αι φράσαι.

[¶21] 24. Such trials Leosthenes induced the citizens to brave undaunted, and they gave up their persons gladly to share the struggle with so great a leader. Should they not then be counted fortunate in their display of valor rather than unfortunate in their sacrifice of life? For in exchange for a mortal body they gained undying glory, safeguarding by their personal courage the universal liberty of Greece … If men are to be happy, the voice of law, and not a ruler’s threats, must reign supreme; if they are free, no groundless charge, but only proof of guilt, must cause them apprehension; nor must the safety of our citizens depend on those who slander them and truckle to their masters but on the force of law alone.

> Greek: 24. τὸν δὴ τοιαύτας καρτερίας ἀόκνως ὑπομεῖναι τοὺ⟨ς⟩ πολίτας προτρεψάμενον Λεωσθένη, καὶ τοὺς τῷ τοιούτῳ στρατηγῷ προθύμως συναγωνιστὰς σφᾶς αὐτοὺς παρασχόντας, ἆρʼ οὐ διὰ τὴν τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀπόδειξιν εὐτυχεῖς μᾶλλον ἢ διὰ τὴν τοῦ ζῆν ἀπόλειψιν ἀτυχεῖς νομιστέον; οἵτινες θνητοῦ σώματος ἀθάνατον δόξαν ἐκτήσαντο, καὶ διὰ τὴν ἰδίαν ἀρετὴν τὴν κοινὴν ἐλ⟨ευ⟩θερίαν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐβεβαίωσαν. φέρει γὰρ πᾶσαν εὐδαιμονίαν … ἄνευ τῆς αὐτονομίας. ο⟨ὐ⟩ γὰρ ἀνδρὸς ἀπειλήν, ἀλλὰ νόμου φωνὴν κυριεύειν δεῖ τῶν εὐδαιμόνων, οὐδʼ αἰτίαν φοβερὰν εἶναι τοῖς ἐλευθέροις, ἀλλʼ ἔλεγχον, οὐδʼ ἐπὶ τοῖς κολακεύουσιν τοὺς δυνάστας καὶ διαβάλλουσιν τοὺ⟨ς⟩ πολίτας τὸ τῶν πολιτῶν ἀσφαλές, ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν νόμων πίστει γενέσθαι.

[¶22] 26. Such were the aims with which these men accepted labor upon labor, and with the dangers of the passing hour dispelled the terrors which the whole future held for citizens and Greeks, sacrificing their lives that others might live well.

> Greek: 26. ὑπὲρ ὧν ἁπάντων οὗτοι πόνους πόνων διαδόχους ποιούμενοι, καὶ τοῖς καθʼ ἡμέραν κινδύνοις τοὺ⟨ς⟩ εἰς τὴν ἅπαντα χρόνον φόβους τῶν πολιτῶν καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων παραιρούμενοι, τὸ ζῆν ἀνήλωσαν εἰς τὸ τοὺς ἄλλους καλῶς ζῆν.

[¶23] 27. To them we owe it that fathers have grown famous, and mothers looked up to in the city, that sisters, through the benefit of law, have made, and will make, marriages worthy of them, that children too will find a passport to the people’s hearts in these men’s valor; these men who, far from dying—death is no word to use where lives are lost, as theirs were, for a noble cause—have passed from this existence to an eternal state.

> Greek: 27. διὰ τούτους πατέρες ἔνδοξοι, μητέρες περίβλε⟨π⟩τοι τοῖς πολίταις γεγόνασι, ἀδελφαὶ γάμων τῶν προσηκόντων ἐννόμως τετυχήκασι καὶ τεύξονται, παῖδες ἐφόδιον εἰς τὴν πρὸς τὸν δῆμον ε⟨ὔνοι⟩αν τὴν τῶν οὐκ ἀπολωλότων ἀρετήν, οὐ γὰρ θεμιτὸν τούτου τοῦ ὀνόματος τυχεῖν τοὺς οὕτως ὑπὲρ καλῶν τὸ⟨ν⟩ βίον ἐκλιπόντας, ἀλλὰ τῶν τὸ ζῆν ⟨ε⟩ἰς αἰώνιον τάξιν μετηλλα⟨χό⟩των ἕξουσιν.

[¶24] 28. For if the fact of death, to others a most grievous ill, has brought to them great benefits, are we not wrong indeed to count them wretched or to conclude that they have left the realm of life? Should we not rather say they have been born anew, a nobler birth than the first? Mere children then, they had no understanding, but now they have been born as valiant men.

> Greek: 28. εἰ γὰρ ⟨ὁ τοῖ⟩ς ἄλλοις ὢν ἀνιαρ⟨ότ⟩ατος θάνατος τούτοις ἀρχηγὸς μεγάλων ἀγαθῶν γέγονε, πῶς τούτους ο⟨ὐ⟩κ εὐτυχεῖς κρίνειν δίκαιον, ἢ πῶς ἐκλελοιπέναι τὸν βίον, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐξ ἀρχῆς γεγονέναι καλλίω γένεσιν τῆς πρώτης ὑπαρξάσης; τότε μὲν γὰρ παῖδες ὄντες ἄφρονες ἦσαν, νῦν δʼ ἄνδρες ἀγαθοὶ γεγόνασιν.

[¶25] 29. Formerly they stood in need of time and many dangers to reveal their courage; now, with that courage as a base, they have become known to all, to be remembered for their valor.

> Greek: 29. καὶ τότε μὲν ⟨ἐν⟩ πολλῷ χρόνῳ καὶ διὰ πολλῶν κινδύνων τὴν ἀρετὴν ἀπέδειξαν· νῦν δʼ ἀπὸ ταύτης ἀρξα⟨μένους ὑπάρχει⟩ γνωρίμους πᾶσι καὶ μνημονευτοὺς διὰ ἀνδραγαθίαν γεγονέναι.

[¶26] 30. On what occasion shall we fail to recollect the prowess of these men, in what place fail to see them win their due of emulation and the highest praise? What if the city prospers? Surely the successes, which they have earned, will bring their praises, and none other’s, to our lips and to our memories. Shall we then forget them in times of personal satisfaction? We cannot; for it is through their valor that we shall have the safe enjoyment of those moments.

> Greek: 30. τίς ⟨γὰρ⟩ κα⟨ι⟩ρὸς ἐν ᾧ τῆς τούτων ἀρετῆς οὐ μνημονεύσομεν; τίς τόπος ἐν ᾧ ζήλου καὶ τῶν ἐντιμοτάτων ἐπαίνων τυγχάνοντας οὐκ ὀψόμεθα; πότερον οὐκ ἐν τοῖς τῆς πόλεως ἀγαθοῖς; ἀλλὰ τὰ διὰ τούτους γεγονότα τ⟨ίνας⟩ ἄλλους ἢ τούτους ἐπαινεῖσθ⟨αι⟩ καὶ μνήμης τυγχάνειν ποιήσει; ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐν ταῖς ἰδίαις εὐπραξίαις; ἀλλʼ ἐν τῇ τούτων ἀρετῇ βεβαίως αὐτῶν ἀπολαύσομεν.

[¶27] 31. Will there be men of any age who will not count them blessed? What of the older generation, who think that through the efforts of these men they have been placed in safety and will pass the rest of their lives free from dread? Consider their compeers... Think, too, of the younger men and boys. Will they not envy their death and strive themselves to take as an example these men’s lives, in place of which they have left behind their valor?

> Greek: 31. παρὰ ποίᾳ δὲ τῶν ἡλικιῶν οὐ μακαριστοὶ γενήσο⟨νται; πότερον οὐ πα⟩ρὰ τοῖς π⟨ρεσβυτέροις, οἳ ἄ⟩φοβον ἄ⟨ξειν τὸν λοιπὸν⟩ βίον κα⟨ὶ ἐν τῷ ἀσφαλεῖ⟩ γεγενῆς⟨θαι νομίζουσι⟩ διὰ τούτ⟨ους; ἀλλʼ οὐ παρὰ τοῖς⟩ ἡλικιώτ⟨αις;⟩ … τελευτὴ φ … καλῶς ὠ … παρὰ πο … αι γεγον …; ⟨ἀλλʼ οὐ παρὰ τοῖς⟩ νεωτέρο⟨ις καὶ παισίν; ⟩ ⟨ἔπει⟩τα οὐ τὸν ⟨θάνατον ζηλώσου⟩σιν αὐτ⟨ῶν, καὶ αὐτοὶ σπου⟩δάσουσιν ⟨μιμεῖσθαι ὡς πα⟩ράδειγμ⟨α τὸν τούτων βίον, ἀνθʼ⟩ οὗ τὴν ἀ⟨ρετὴν καταλελοί⟩πασι;

[¶28] 33. Ought we then to count them happy in so great an honor? … For if it is for pleasure that men recall such feats of courage, what could be more pleasing to Greeks than the praise of those who gave them freedom from the Macedonian yoke?

> Greek: 33. οὐκ⟨οῦν ἄξιον εὐδαιμονί⟩ζειν αὐ⟨τοὺς ἐπὶ τοσαύτῃ τι⟩μῇ; ἢ τίνε⟨ς⟩ … φοι λει … Ἑλλην … τῶν πε … παρὰ πο … ⟨τῆς⟩ Φρυγῶν κ⟨ρατησάσης στρα⟩τείας ἐγ⟨κωμιασθήσεται;⟩ … δὲ τῆς ἐλ … τάτοις ε … ἅπασιν κ⟨αὶ λόγοις καὶ ᾠ⟩δαῖς ἐπα⟨ιν⟩ … ⟨ἀμφό⟩τερα γὰρ ε … περὶ Λεως⟨θένους⟩ … καὶ τῶν τ⟨ελευτησάντων⟩ ἐν τῷ πολ⟨έμῳ.

[¶29] 34. Or if it is desire for profit that prompts such recollections, what speech could be of greater profit to the hearts of those about to hear it than one which is to honor courage and brave men?

> Greek: 34. εἰ μὲν γὰρ⟩ ἡδονῆς ἕν⟨εκεν μνημονεύ⟩ουσιν τὰς τ⟨οιαύτας καρ⟩τερίας, τί γέ⟨νοιτʼ ἂν τοῖς Ἕλ⟩λησιν ἥδι⟨ον ἢ ἔπαινος τῶν⟩ τὴν ἐλευθερί⟨αν παρασκευα⟩σάντων ἀ⟨πὸ τῶν Μακεδό⟩νων; εἰ δὲ ⟨ὠφελείας ἕνε⟩κεν ἡ τοια⟨ύτη μνήμη⟩ γίγνεται, τίς ἂν λόγος ὠφελήσειεν μᾶλλον τὰς τῶν ἀκουσόντων ψυχὰς τοῦ τὴν ἀρετὴν ἐγκωμιάσοντος καὶ τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς ἄνδρας;

[¶30] 35. With us and all mankind, it is clear, in the light of these reflections, that their fame is now assured, but what of the lower world? Who, we may well ask ourselves, are waiting there to welcome the leader of these men? Are we not convinced that we should see, greeting Leosthenes with wonder, those of the so-called demi-gods who sailed against Troy: heroes whom he so far excelled, though his exploits were akin to theirs, that they with all Greece at their side took but one city, while he with his native town alone brought low the whole power which held Europe and Asia beneath its sway?

> Greek: 35. ἀλλὰ μὴν ὅτι παρʼ ἡμῖν καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς πᾶσιν εὐδοκιμεῖν αὐτοὺς ἀναγκαῖον, ἐκ τούτων φανερόν ἐστιν· ἐν Ἅιδου δὲ λογίσασθαι ἄξιον, τίνες οἱ τὸν ἡγεμόνα δεξιωσόμενοι τὸν τούτων. ἆρʼ οὐκ ἂν οἰόμεθα ὁρᾶν Λεωσθένη δεξιουμένους καὶ θαυμάζοντας τῶν ἡμιθέων καλουμένων τοὺς ἐπὶ Τροίαν στρατεύσαντας, ὧν οὗτος ἀδελφὰς πράξεις ἐνστησάμενος τοσοῦτον διήνεγκε, ὥστε οἱ μὲν μετὰ πάσης τῆς Ἑλλάδος μίαν πόλιν εἷλον, ὁ δὲ μετὰ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ πατρίδος μόνης πᾶσαν τὴν τῆς Εὐρώπης καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας ἄρχουσαν δύναμιν ἐταπείνωσεν.

[¶31] 36. They championed one lone woman wronged, but he staved off from all Greek women the violence coming upon them, aided by these men who now are being buried with him.

> Greek: 36. κἀκεῖνοι μὲν ἕνεκα μιᾶς γυναικὸς ὑβρισθείσης ἤμυναν, ὁ δὲ πασῶν τῶν Ἑλληνίδων τὰς ἐπιφερομένας ὕβρεις ἐκώλυσεν, μετὰ τῶν συνθαπτομένων νῦν αὐτῷ ἀνδρῶν.

[¶32] 37. Remember the figures who, born after the heroes of old, yet rivalled their deeds of valor, the followers of Miltiades and Themistocles, and those others who, by freeing Greece, brought honor to their country and glory to their lives;

> Greek: 37. τῶν ⟨δὲ⟩ μετʼ ἐκείνους μὲν γεγενημένων, ἄξια δὲ τῆς ἐκείνων ἀρετῆς διαπεπραγμένων, λέγω δὴ τοὺς περὶ Μιλτιάδην καὶ Θεμιστοκλέα καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους, οἳ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐλευθερώσαντες ἔντιμον μὲν τὴν πατρίδα κατέστησαν, ἔνδοξον ⟨δὲ⟩ τὸν αὑτῶν βίον ἐποίησαν, ὧν οὗτος τοσοῦτον ὑπερέσχεν ἀνδρείᾳ καὶ φρονήσει, ὅσον οἱ μὲν ἐπελθοῦσαν τὴ⟨ν⟩ τῶν βαρβάρων δύναμιν ἠμύναντο, ὁ δὲ μηδʼ ἐπελθεῖν ἐποίησεν.

[¶33] 38. whom Leosthenes so far outdid in bravery and counsel, that where they beat back the barbarian power as it advanced, he even forestalled its onslaught. They saw a struggle with the foe in their own land, but he defeated his opponents on the foe’s own soil.

> Greek: 38. κἀκεῖνοι μὲν ἐν τῇ οἰκ⟨ε⟩ίᾳ τοὺς ἐχθ⟨ρ⟩οὺς ἐπεῖδον ἀγωνιζομένους, οὗτος δὲ ἐν τῇ τῶν ἐχθρῶν περιεγένετο τῶν ἀντιπάλων.

[¶34] 39. Those too, I fancy, who gave the people the surest token of their mutual friendship, Harmodius and Aristogiton, do not regard … as Leosthenes and his comrades in arms; nor are there any with whom they would rather hold converse in the lower world than these. We need not wonder; for what these men did was no less a task than theirs; it was indeed, if judgement must be passed, a greater service still. Those two brought low the tyrants of their country, these the masters of the whole of Greece.

> Greek: 39. οἶμαι δὲ καὶ ⟨τοὺς⟩ τὴν πρὸς ἀλλήλους φιλίαν τῷ δήμῳ βεβαιότατα ἐνδειξαμένους, λέγω δὲ Ἁρμόδιον καὶ Ἀριστογείτονα, οὐθένας οὕτως αὑτοῖς οἰκειοτέρους ὑμῖν εἶναι νομίζειν ὡς Λεωσθέ⟨ν⟩η καὶ τοὺς ἐκείνῳ συναγωνισαμένους, οὐδʼ ἔστιν οἷς ἂν μᾶλλον ἢ τούτοις πλησιάσειαν ἐν Ἅιδου. εἰκότως· οὐκ ἐλάττω γὰρ ἐκείνων ἔργα διεπράξαντο, ἀλλʼ εἰ δέον εἰπεῖν, καὶ μείζω. οἱ μὲν γὰρ τοὺς τῆς πατρίδος τυράννους ⟨κα⟩τέλυσαν, οὗτοι δὲ τοὺς τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἁπάσης.

[¶35] 40. Noble indeed beyond our dreams was the courage these men attained, honorable and magnificent the choice they made. How supreme was the valor, the heroism in times of peril, which they, dedicating to the universal liberty of Greece … It is hard no doubt to offer consolation to those borne down with griefs like these.

> Greek: 40. ὢ καλῆς μὲν καὶ παραδόξου τόλμης τῆς πραχθείσης ὑπὸ τῶνδε τῶν ἀνδρῶν, ἐνδόξου δὲ καὶ μεγαλοπρεποῦς προαιρέσεως ἧς προείλοντο, ὑπερβαλλούσης δὲ ἀρετῆς καὶ ἀνδραγαθίας τῆς ἐν τοῖς κινδύνοις, ἣν οὗτοι παρασχόμενοι εἰς τὴν κοινὴν ἐλευθερίαν τῶν Ἑλλήνων … … χαλεπὸν μὲν ἴσως ἐστὶ τοὺς ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις ὄντας πάθεσι παραμυθεῖσθαι.

[¶36] 41. For sorrows are not stilled by word or law; only the individual’s temper, and the measure of his feeling for the dead, can set the limit to his mourning. Yet we must take heart, and restricting our grief as best we may, bear in our minds, with the thought of death, the glorious name which the fallen have left behind them.

> Greek: 41. τὰ γὰρ πένθη οὔτε λόγῳ οὔτε νόμῳ κοιμίζεται, ἀλλʼ ἡ φύσις ἑκάστου καὶ φιλία πρὸς τὸν τελευτήσαντα ⟨τὸν⟩ ὁρισμὸν ἔχει τοῦ λυπεῖσθαι. ὅμως δὲ χρὴ θαρρεῖν καὶ τῆς λύπης παραιρεῖν εἰς τὸ ἐνδεχόμενον, καὶ μεμνῆσθαι μὴ μόνον τοῦ θανάτου τῶν τετελευτηκότων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἧς καταλελοίπασιν.

[¶37] 42. For though their fate deserves our tears, their conduct claims the highest praise. Though they have failed to reach old age in life, they have achieved a fame which knows no age, and have attained the height of satisfaction. For all who were childless at their death the praises of the Greeks will be immortal children. For all who have children alive the goodwill of their country will be the children’s guardian.

> Greek: 42. εἰ γὰρ θρήνων ἄξια πεπόνθασιν, ἀλλʼ ἐπαίνων μεγάλων πεποιήκασιν. εἰ δὲ γήρως θνητοῦ μὴ μετέσχον, ἀλλʼ εὐδοξίαν ἀγήρατον εἰλήφασιν, εὐδαίμονές τε γεγόνασι κατὰ πάντα. ὅσοι μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν ἄπαιδες τετελευτήκασιν, οἱ παρὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἔπαινοι παῖδες αὐτῶν ἀθάνατοι ἔσονται. ὅσοι δὲ παῖδας καταλελοίπασιν, ἡ τῆς πατρίδος εὔνοια ἐπίτροπος αὐτοῖς τῶν παίδων καταστήσεται.

[¶38] 43. And furthermore, if death means non-existence, they have been released from sickness and from grief, and from the other ills which vex our human life. But if in Hades we are conscious still and cared for by some god, as we are led to think, then surely those who defended the worship of the gods, when it was being overthrown, must receive from him the greatest care of all …

> Greek: 43. πρὸς δὲ τούτοις, εἰ μέν ἐστι τὸ ἀποθανεῖν ὅμοιον τῷ μὴ γενέσθαι, ἀπηλλαγμένοι εἰσὶ νόσων καὶ λύπης καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν προσπιπτόντων εἰς τὸν ἀνθρώπινον βίον· εἰ δʼ ἔστιν αἴσθησις ἐν Ἅιδου καὶ ἐπιμέλεια παρὰ τοῦ δαιμονίου, ὥσπερ ὑπολαμβάνομεν, εἰκὸς τοὺς ταῖς τιμαῖς τῶν θεῶν καταλυομέναις βοηθήσαντας πλείστης κηδεμονίας ὑπὸ τοῦ δαιμονίου τυγχάνειν …