45. Accordingly, they believed that by removing the root of evil they would deliver the young from the sins which spring from it. On the other hand, they compelled those who possessed sufficient means to devote themselves to horsemanship, athletics, hunting, and philosophy, observing that by these pursuits some are enabled to achieve excellence, others to abstain from many vices.
45. ἀπορίας· ἀναιροῦντες οὖν τὴν ἀρχὴν τῶν κακῶν ἀπαλλάξειν ᾤοντο καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁμαρτημάτων τῶν μετʼ ἐκείνην γιγνομένων. τοὺς δὲ βίον ἱκανὸν κεκτημένους περὶ τὴν ἱππικὴν καὶ τὰ γυμνάσια καὶ τὰ κυνηγέσια καὶ τὴν φιλοσοφίαν ἠνάγκασαν διατρίβειν, ὁρῶντες ἐκ τούτων τοὺς μὲν διαφέροντας γιγνομένους, τοὺς δὲ τῶν πλείστων κακῶν ἀπεχομένους.
46. But when they had laid down these ordinances they were not negligent regarding what remained to be done, but, dividing the city into districts and the country into townships, they kept watch over the life of every citizen, haling the disorderly before the Council, which now rebuked, now warned, and again punished them according to their deserts. For they understood that there are two ways both of encouraging men to do wrong and of checking them from evil-doing;
46. καὶ ταῦτα νομοθετήσαντες οὐδὲ τὸν λοιπὸν χρόνον ὠλιγώρουν, ἀλλὰ διελόμενοι τὴν μὲν πόλιν κατὰ κώμας τὴν δὲ χώραν κατὰ δήμους ἐθεώρουν τὸν βίον τὸν ἑκάστου, καὶ τοὺς ἀκοσμοῦντας ἀνῆγον εἰς τὴν βουλήν. ἡ δὲ τοὺς μὲν ἐνουθέτει, τοῖς δʼ ἠπείλει, τοὺς δʼ ὡς προσῆκεν ἐκόλαζεν. ἠπίσταντο γὰρ ὅτι δύο τρόποι τυγχάνουσιν ὄντες οἱ καὶ προτρέποντες ἐπὶ τὰς ἀδικίας καὶ παύοντες τῶν πονηριῶν·
47. for where no watch is kept over such matters and the judgements are not strict, there even honest natures grow corrupt; but where, again, it is not easy for wrongdoers either to escape detection or, when detected, to obtain indulgence, there the impulse to do evil disappears. Understanding this, they restrained the people from wrongdoing in both ways—both by punishment and by watchfulness; for so far from failing to detect those who had gone astray, they actually saw in advance who were likely to commit some offence.
47. παρʼ οἷς μὲν γὰρ μήτε φυλακὴ μηδεμία τῶν τοιούτων καθέστηκε μήθʼ αἱ κρίσεις ἀκριβεῖς εἰσι, παρὰ τούτοις μὲν διαφθείρεσθαι καὶ τὰς ἐπιεικεῖς τῶν φύσεων, ὅπου δὲ μήτε λαθεῖν τοῖς ἀδικοῦσι ῥᾴδιόν ἐστι μήτε φανεροῖς γενομένοις συγγνώμης τυχεῖν, ἐνταῦθα δʼ ἐξιτήλους γίγνεσθαι τὰς κακοηθείας. ἅπερ ἐκεῖνοι γιγνώσκοντες ἀμφοτέροις κατεῖχον τοὺς πολίτας, καὶ ταῖς τιμωρίαις καὶ ταῖς ἐπιμελείαις· τοσούτου γὰρ ἔδεον αὐτοὺς λανθάνειν οἱ κακόν τι δεδρακότες, ὥστε καὶ τοὺς ἐπιδόξους ἁμαρτήσεσθαί τι προῃσθάνοντο.
48. Therefore the young men did not waste their time in the gambling-dens or with the flute-girls or in the kind of company in which they now spend their days, but remained steadfastly in the pursuits to which they had been assigned, admiring and emulating those who excelled in these. And so strictly did they avoid the market-place that even when they were at times compelled to pass through it, they were seen to do this with great modesty and sobriety of manner.
48. τοιγαροῦν οὐκ ἐν τοῖς σκιραφείοις οἱ νεώτεροι διέτριβον, οὐδʼ ἐν ταῖς αὐλητρίσιν, οὐδʼ ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις συλλόγοις ἐν οἷς νῦν διημερεύουσιν· ἀλλʼ ἐν τοῖς ἐπιτηδεύμασιν ἔμενον ἐν οἷς ἐτάχθησαν, θαυμάζοντες καὶ ζηλοῦντες τοὺς ἐν τούτοις πρωτεύοντας. οὕτω δʼ ἔφευγον τὴν ἀγοράν, ὥστʼ εἰ καί ποτε διελθεῖν ἀναγκασθεῖεν, μετὰ πολλῆς αἰδοῦς καὶ σωφροσύνης ἐφαίνοντο τοῦτο ποιοῦντες.
49. To contradict one’s elders or to be impudent to them was then considered more reprehensible than it is nowadays to sin against one’s parents; and to eat or drink in a tavern was something which no one, not even an honest slave, would venture to do; for they cultivated the manners of a gentleman, not those of a buffoon; and as for those who had a turn for jesting and playing the clown, whom we today speak of as clever wits, they were then looked upon as sorry fools.
49. ἀντειπεῖν δὲ τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις ἢ λοιδορήσασθαι δεινότερον ἐνόμιζον ἢ νῦν περὶ τοὺς γονέας ἐξαμαρτεῖν. ἐν καπηλείῳ δὲ φαγεῖν ἢ πιεῖν οὐδεὶς οὐδʼ ἂν οἰκέτης ἐπιεικὴς ἐτόλμησεν· σεμνύνεσθαι γὰρ ἐμελέτων, ἀλλʼ οὐ βωμολοχεύεσθαι. καὶ τοὺς εὐτραπέλους δὲ καὶ τοὺς σκώπτειν δυναμένους, οὓς νῦν εὐφυεῖς προσαγορεύουσιν, ἐκεῖνοι δυστυχεῖς ἐνόμιζον.
50. But let no one suppose that I am out of temper with the younger generation: I do not think that they are to blame for what goes on, and in fact I know that most of them are far from pleased with a state of affairs which permits them to waste their time in these excesses; so that I cannot in fairness censure them, when it is much more just to rest the blame upon those who directed the city a little before our time;
50. καὶ μηδεὶς οἰέσθω με δυσκόλως διακεῖσθαι πρὸς τοὺς ταύτην ἔχοντας τὴν ἡλικίαν. οὔτε γὰρ ἡγοῦμαι τούτους αἰτίους εἶναι τῶν γιγνομένων, σύνοιδά τε τοῖς πλείστοις αὐτῶν ἥκιστα χαίρουσι ταύτῃ τῇ καταστάσει, διʼ ἣν ἔξεστιν αὐτοῖς ἐν ταῖς ἀκολασίαις ταύταις διατρίβειν· ὥστʼ οὐκ ἂν εἰκότως τούτοις ἐπιτιμῴην, ἀλλὰ πολὺ δικαιότερον τοῖς ὀλίγῳ πρὸ ἡμῶν τὴν πόλιν διοικήσασιν.
51. for it was they who led on our youth to this spirit of heedlessness and destroyed the power of the Areopagus. For while this Council maintained its authority, Athens was not rife with law-suits, or accusations, or tax-levies, or poverty, or war; on the contrary, her citizens lived in accord with each other and at peace with mankind, enjoying the good will of the Hellenes and inspiring fear in the barbarians;
51. ἐκεῖνοι γὰρ ἦσαν οἱ προτρέψαντες ἐπὶ ταύτας τὰς ὀλιγωρίας καὶ καταλύσαντες τῆς βουλῆς δύναμιν. ἧς ἐπιστατούσης οὐ δικῶν οὐδʼ ἐγκλημάτων οὐδʼ εἰσφορῶν οὐδὲ πενίας οὐδὲ πολέμων ἡ πόλις ἔγεμεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἡσυχίαν εἶχον καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ἅπαντας εἰρήνην ἦγον. παρεῖχον γὰρ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς τοῖς μὲν Ἕλλησι πιστούς, τοῖς δὲ βαρβάροις φοβερούς·
52. for they had saved the Hellenes from destruction and had punished the barbarians so severely that the latter were well content if only they might suffer no further injury. And so, because of these things, our forefathers lived in such a degree of security that the houses and establishments in the country were finer and more costly than those within the city-walls, and many of the people never visited Athens even for the festivals, preferring to remain at home in the enjoyment of their own possessions rather than share in the pleasures dispensed by the state.
52. τοὺς μὲν γὰρ σεσωκότες ἦσαν, παρὰ δὲ τῶν δίκην τηλικαύτην εἰληφότες, ὥστʼ ἀγαπᾶν ἐκείνους εἰ μηδὲν ἔτι κακὸν πάσχοιεν. τοιγάρτοι διὰ ταῦτα μετὰ τοσαύτης ἀσφαλείας διῆγον, ὥστε καλλίους εἶναι καὶ πολυτελεστέρας τὰς οἰκήσεις καὶ τὰς κατασκευὰς τὰς ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν ἢ τὰς ἐντὸς τείχους, καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν πολιτῶν μηδʼ εἰς τὰς ἑορτὰς εἰς ἄστυ καταβαίνειν, ἀλλʼ αἱρεῖσθαι μένειν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀγαθοῖς μᾶλλον ἢ τῶν κοινῶν ἀπολαύειν.
53. For even the public festivals, which might otherwise have drawn many to the city, were not conducted with extravagance or ostentation, but with sane moderation, since our people then measured their well-being, not by their processions or by their efforts to outdo each other in fitting out the choruses, or by any such empty shows, but by the sobriety of their government, by the manner of their daily life, and by the absence of want among all their citizens. These are the standards by which one should judge whether people are genuinely prosperous and not living in vulgar fashion.
53. οὐδὲ γὰρ τὰ περὶ τὰς θεωρίας, ὧν ἕνεκʼ ἄν τις ἦλθεν, ἀσελγῶς οὐδʼ ὑπερηφάνως ἀλλὰ νοῦν ἐχόντως ἐποίουν. οὐ γὰρ ἐκ τῶν πομπῶν οὐδʼ ἐκ τῶν περὶ τὰς χορηγίας φιλονεικιῶν οὐδʼ ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων ἀλαζονειῶν τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν ἐδοκίμαζον, ἀλλʼ ἐκ τοῦ σωφρόνως οἰκεῖν καὶ τοῦ βίου τοῦ καθʼ ἡμέραν καὶ τοῦ μηδένα τῶν πολιτῶν ἀπορεῖν τῶν ἐπιτηδείων. ἐξ ὧνπερ χρὴ κρίνειν τοὺς ὡς ἀληθῶς εὖ πράττοντας καὶ μὴ φορτικῶς πολιτευομένους·
54. For as things now are, who among intelligent men can fail to be chagrined at what goes on, when we see many of our fellow-citizens drawing lots in front of the law-courts to determine whether they themselves shall have the necessaries of life, yet thinking it proper to support at their expense any of the Hellenes who will deign to row their ships; appearing in the public choruses in garments spangled with gold, yet living through the winter in clothing which I refuse to describe and showing other contradictions of the same kind in their conduct of affairs, which bring great shame upon the city?
54. ἐπεὶ νῦν γε τίς οὐκ ἂν ἐπὶ τοῖς γιγνομένοις τῶν εὖ φρονούντων ἀλγήσειεν, ὅταν ἴδῃ πολλοὺς τῶν πολιτῶν αὐτοὺς μὲν περὶ τῶν ἀναγκαίων, εἴθʼ ἕξουσιν εἴτε μή, πρὸ τῶν δικαστηρίων κληρουμένους, τῶν δʼ Ἑλλήνων τοὺς ἐλαύνειν τὰς ναῦς βουλομένους τρέφειν ἀξιοῦντας, καὶ χορεύοντας μὲν ἐν χρυσοῖς ἱματίοις, χειμάζοντας δʼ ἐν τοιούτοις ἐν οἷς οὐ βούλομαι λέγειν, καὶ τοιαύτας ἄλλας ἐναντιώσεις περὶ τὴν διοίκησιν γιγνομένας, αἳ μεγάλην αἰσχύνην τῇ πόλει ποιοῦσιν;
55. Nothing of the sort happened when the Areopagus was in power; for it delivered the poor from want by providing them with work and with assistance from the wealthy, the young from excesses by engaging them in occupations and by watching over them, the men in public life from the temptations of greed by imposing punishments and by letting no wrong-doer escape detection, and the older men from despondency by securing to them public honors and the devotion of the young. How then could there be a polity of greater worth than this, which so excellently watched over all the interests of the state?
55. ὧν οὐδὲν ἦν ἐπʼ ἐκείνης τῆς βουλῆς· ἀπήλλαξε γὰρ τοὺς μὲν πένητας τῶν ἀποριῶν ταῖς ἐργασίαις καὶ ταῖς παρὰ τῶν ἐχόντων ὠφελίαις, τοὺς δὲ νεωτέρους τῶν ἀκολασιῶν τοῖς ἐπιτηδεύμασι καὶ ταῖς αὐτῶν ἐπιμελείαις, τοὺς δὲ πολιτευομένους τῶν πλεονεξιῶν ταῖς τιμωρίαις καὶ τῷ μὴ λανθάνειν τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας, τοὺς δὲ πρεσβυτέρους τῶν ἀθυμιῶν ταῖς τιμαῖς ταῖς πολιτικαῖς καὶ ταῖς παρὰ τῶν νεωτέρων θεραπείαις. καίτοι πῶς ἂν γένοιτο ταύτης πλείονος ἀξία πολιτεία, τῆς οὕτω καλῶς ἁπάντων τῶν πραγμάτων ἐπιμεληθείσης;
56. I have now discussed most of the features of the constitution as it once was, and those which I have passed over may readily be judged from those which I have described, since they are of the same character. However, certain people who have heard me discuss this constitution, while praising it most unreservedly and agreeing that our forefathers were fortunate in having governed the state in this fashion, have nevertheless expressed the opinion that you could not be persuaded to adopt it, but that, because you have grown accustomed to the present order, you would prefer to continue a wretched existence under it rather than enjoy a better life under a stricter polity; and they warned me that I even ran the risk, although giving you the very best advice, of being thought an enemy of the people and of seeking to turn the state into an oligarchy.
56. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν ποτὲ καθεστώτων τὰ μὲν πλεῖστα διεληλύθαμεν· ὅσα δὲ παραλελοίπαμεν, ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων, ὅτι κἀκεῖνα τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον εἶχε τούτοις, ῥᾴδιόν ἐστι καταμαθεῖν. ἤδη δέ τινες ἀκούσαντές μου ταῦτα διεξιόντος ἐπῄνεσαν μὲν ὡς οἷόν τε μάλιστα, καὶ τοὺς προγόνους ἐμακάρισαν ὅτι τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον τὴν πόλιν διῴκουν, οὐ μὴν ὑμᾶς γε ᾤοντο πεισθήσεσθαι χρῆσθαι τούτοις, ἀλλʼ αἱρήσεσθαι διὰ τὴν συνήθειαν ἐν τοῖς καθεστηκόσι πράγμασι κακοπαθεῖν μᾶλλον ἢ μετὰ πολιτείας ἀκριβεστέρας ἄμεινον τὸν βίον διάγειν. εἶναι δʼ ἔφασαν ἐμοὶ καὶ κίνδυνον, μὴ τὰ βέλτιστα συμβουλεύων μισόδημος εἶναι δόξω καὶ τὴν πόλιν ζητεῖν εἰς ὀλιγαρχίαν ἐμβαλεῖν.
58. Well, if I were proposing a course which was unfamiliar and not generally known, and if I were urging you to appoint a committee or a commission to consider it, which was the means through which the democracy was done away with before, there might be some reason for this charge. I have, however, proposed nothing of the kind, but have been discussing a government whose character is hidden from no one, but evident to all— one which, as you all know, is a heritage from our fathers, which has been the source of numberless blessings both to Athens and to the other states of Hellas, and which was, besides, ordained and established by men who would be acknowledged by all the world to have been the best friends of the people among the citizens of Athens; so that it would be of all things most absurd if I, in seeking to introduce such a polity, should be suspected of favoring revolution.
58. ἐγὼ δʼ εἰ μὲν περὶ πραγμάτων ἀγνοουμένων καὶ μὴ κοινῶν τοὺς λόγους ἐποιούμην, καὶ περὶ τούτων ἐκέλευον ὑμᾶς ἑλέσθαι συνέδρους ἢ συγγραφέας, διʼ ὧν ὁ δῆμος κατελύθη τὸ πρότερον, εἰκότως ἂν εἶχον ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν· νῦν δʼ οὐδὲν εἴρηκα τοιοῦτον, ἀλλὰ διείλεγμαι περὶ διοικήσεως οὐκ ἀποκεκρυμμένης ἀλλὰ πᾶσι φανερᾶς, ἣν πάντες ἴστε καὶ πατρίαν ἡμῖν οὖσαν καὶ πλείστων ἀγαθῶν καὶ τῇ πόλει καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις Ἕλλησιν αἰτίαν γεγενημένην, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ὑπὸ τοιούτων ἀνδρῶν νομοθετηθεῖσαν καὶ κατασταθεῖσαν, οὓς οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐκ ἂν ὁμολογήσειε δημοτικωτάτους γεγενῆσθαι τῶν πολιτῶν. ὥστε πάντων ἄν μοι συμβαίη δεινότατον, εἰ τοιαύτην πολιτείαν εἰσηγούμενος νεωτέρων δόξαιμι πραγμάτων ἐπιθυμεῖν.
60. Furthermore, it is easy to judge of my purpose from the fact that in most of the discourses which I have written, you will find that I condemn oligarchies and special privileges, while I commend equal rights and democratic governments—not all of them, but those which are well-ordered, praising them not indiscriminately, but on just and reasonable grounds.
60. ἔπειτα κἀκεῖθεν ῥᾴδιον γνῶναι τὴν ἐμὴν διάνοιαν· ἐν γὰρ τοῖς πλείστοις τῶν λόγων τῶν εἰρημένων ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ φανήσομαι ταῖς μὲν ὀλιγαρχίαις καὶ ταῖς πλεονεξίαις ἐπιτιμῶν, τὰς δʼ ἰσότητας καὶ τὰς δημοκρατίας ἐπαινῶν, οὐ πάσας, ἀλλὰ τὰς καλῶς καθεστηκυίας, οὐδʼ ὡς ἔτυχον, ἀλλὰ δικαίως καὶ λόγον ἐχόντως.
61. For I know that under this constitution our ancestors were far superior to the rest of the world, and that the Lacedaemonians are the best governed of peoples because they are the most democratic; for in their selection of magistrates, in their daily life, and in their habits in general, we may see that the principles of equity and equality have greater influence than elsewhere in the world—principles to which oligarchies are hostile, while well-ordered democracies practise them continually.
61. οἶδα γὰρ τούς τε προγόνους τοὺς ἡμετέρους ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ καταστάσει πολὺ τῶν ἄλλων διενεγκόντας, καὶ Λακεδαιμονίους διὰ τοῦτο κάλλιστα πολιτευομένους, ὅτι μάλιστα δημοκρατούμενοι τυγχάνουσιν. ἐν γὰρ τῇ τῶν ἀρχῶν αἱρέσει καὶ τῷ βίῳ τῷ καθʼ ἡμέραν καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐπιτηδεύμασιν ἴδοιμεν ἂν παρʼ αὐτοῖς τὰς ἰσότητας καὶ τὰς ὁμοιότητας μᾶλλον ἢ παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἰσχυούσας· οἷς αἱ μὲν ὀλιγαρχίαι πολεμοῦσιν, οἱ δὲ καλῶς δημοκρατούμενοι χρώμενοι διατελοῦσιν.
62. Moreover, if we will examine into the history of the most illustrious and the greatest of the other states, we shall find that democratic forms of government are more advantageous for them than oligarchies. For if we compare our own government—which is criticized by everyone —not with the old democracy which I have described, but with the rule which was instituted by the Thirty, there is no one who would not consider our present democracy a divine creation.
62. τῶν τοίνυν ἄλλων πόλεων ταῖς ἐπιφανεστάταις καὶ μεγίσταις, ἢν ἐξετάζειν βουληθῶμεν, εὑρήσομεν τὰς δημοκρατίας μᾶλλον ἢ τὰς ὀλιγαρχίας συμφερούσας· ἐπεὶ καὶ τὴν ἡμετέραν πολιτείαν, ᾗ πάντες ἐπιτιμῶσιν, ἢν παραβάλωμεν αὐτὴν μὴ πρὸς τὴν ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ ῥηθεῖσαν ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὴν ὑπὸ τῶν τριάκοντα καταστᾶσαν, οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐκ ἂν θεοποίητον εἶναι νομίσειεν.
63. And I desire, even though some will complain that I am straying from my subject, to expound and to explain how much superior this government is to that of the Thirty, in order that I may not be accused of scrutinizing too minutely the mistakes of our democracy, while overlooking the many fine things which it has achieved. I promise, however, that the story will not be long or without profit to my hearers.
63. βούλομαι δʼ, εἰ καί τινές με φήσουσιν ἔξω τῆς ὑποθέσεως λέγειν, δηλῶσαι καὶ διελθεῖν ὅσον αὕτη τῆς τότε διήνεγκεν, ἵνα μηδεὶς οἴηταί με τὰ μὲν ἁμαρτήματα τοῦ δήμου λίαν ἀκριβῶς ἐξετάζειν, εἰ δέ τι καλὸν ἢ σεμνὸν διαπέπρακται, ταῦτα δὲ παραλείπειν. ἔσται δʼ ὁ λόγος οὔτε μακρὸς οὔτʼ ἀνωφελὴς τοῖς ἀκούουσιν.
64. When we lost our fleet in the Hellespont and our city was plunged into the disasters of that time, who of our older men does not know that the “people’s party,” as they were called, were ready to go to any length of hardship to avoid doing what the enemy commanded, deeming it monstrous that anyone should see the city which had ruled over the Hellenes in subjection to another state, whereas the partisans of oligarchy were ready both to tear down the walls and to submit to slavery?
64. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὰς ναῦς τὰς περὶ Ἑλλήσποντον ἀπωλέσαμεν καὶ ταῖς συμφοραῖς ἐκείναις ἡ πόλις περιέπεσε, τίς οὐκ οἶδε τῶν πρεσβυτέρων τοὺς μὲν δημοτικοὺς καλουμένους ἑτοίμους ὄντας ὁτιοῦν πάσχειν ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ ποιεῖν τὸ προσταττόμενον, καὶ δεινὸν ἡγουμένους εἴ τις ὄψεται τὴν πόλιν τὴν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἄρξασαν, ταύτην ὑφʼ ἑτέροις οὖσαν, τοὺς δὲ τῆς ὀλιγαρχίας ἐπιθυμήσαντας ἑτοίμως καὶ τὰ τείχη καθαιροῦντας καὶ τὴν δουλείαν ὑπομένοντας;
65. Or that at the time when the people were in control of affairs, we placed our garrisons in the citadels of other states, whereas when the Thirty took over the government, the enemy occupied the Acropolis of Athens? Or, again, that during the rule of the Thirty the Lacedaemonians were our masters, but that when the exiles returned and dared to fight for freedom, and Conon won his naval victory, ambassadors came from the Lacedaemonians and offered Athens the command of the sea?
65. καὶ τότε μέν, ὅτε τὸ πλῆθος ἦν κύριον τῶν πραγμάτων, ἡμᾶς τὰς τῶν ἄλλων ἀκροπόλεις φρουροῦντας, ἐπειδὴ δʼ οἱ τριάκοντα παρέλαβον τὴν πολιτείαν, τοὺς πολεμίους τὴν ἡμετέραν ἔχοντας; καὶ κατὰ μὲν ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον δεσπότας ἡμῶν ὄντας Λακεδαιμονίους, ἐπειδὴ δʼ οἱ φεύγοντες κατελθόντες πολεμεῖν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἐτόλμησαν καὶ Κόνων ναυμαχῶν ἐνίκησε, πρέσβεις ἐλθόντας παρʼ αὐτῶν καὶ διδόντας τῇ πόλει τὴν ἀρχὴν τὴν τῆς θαλάττης;
66. Yes, and who of my own generation does not remember that the democracy so adorned the city with temples and public buildings that even today visitors from other lands consider that she is worthy to rule not only over Hellas but over all the world; while the Thirty neglected the public buildings, plundered the temples, and sold for destruction for the sum of three talents the dockyards upon which the city had spent not less than a thousand talents?
66. καὶ μὲν δὴ καὶ τάδε τίς οὐ μνημονεύει τῶν ἡλικιωτῶν τῶν ἐμῶν, τὴν μὲν δημοκρατίαν οὕτω κοσμήσασαν τὴν πόλιν καὶ τοῖς ἱεροῖς καὶ τοῖς ὁσίοις, ὥστʼ ἔτι καὶ νῦν τοὺς ἀφικνουμένους νομίζειν αὐτὴν ἀξίαν εἶναι μὴ μόνον τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἄρχειν ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων, τοὺς δὲ τριάκοντα τῶν μὲν ἀμελήσαντας, τὰ δὲ συλήσαντας, τοὺς δὲ νεωσοίκους ἐπὶ καθαιρέσει τριῶν ταλάντων ἀποδομένους, εἰς οὓς ἡ πόλις ἀνήλωσεν οὐκ ἐλάττω χιλίων ταλάντων;
67. And surely no one could find grounds to praise the mildness of the Thirty as against that of the people’s rule! For when the Thirty took over the city, by vote of the Assembly, they put to death fifteen hundred Athenians without a trial and compelled more than five thousand to leave Athens and take refuge in the Piraeus, whereas when the exiles overcame them and returned to Athens under arms, these put to death only the chief perpetrators of their wrongs and dealt so generously and so justly by the rest that those who had driven the citizens from their homes fared no worse than those who had returned from exile.
67. ἀλλὰ μὴν οὐδὲ τὴν πραότητα δικαίως ἄν τις ἐπαινέσειε τὴν ἐκείνων μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν τοῦ δήμου. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ψηφίσματι παραλαβόντες τὴν πόλιν πεντακοσίους μὲν καὶ χιλίους τῶν πολιτῶν ἀκρίτους ἀπέκτειναν, εἰς δὲ τὸν Πειραιᾶ φυγεῖν πλείους ἢ πεντακισχιλίους ἠνάγκασαν· οἱ δὲ κρατήσαντες καὶ μεθʼ ὅπλων κατιόντες, αὐτοὺς τοὺς αἰτιωτάτους τῶν κακῶν ἀνελόντες, οὕτω τὰ πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους καλῶς καὶ νομίμως διῴκησαν, ὥστε μηδὲν ἔλαττον ἔχειν τοὺς ἐκβαλόντας τῶν κατελθόντων.
68. But the best and strongest proof of the fairness of the people is that, although those who had remained in the city had borrowed a hundred talents from the Lacedaemonians with which to prosecute the siege of those who occupied the Piraeus, yet later when an assembly of the people was held to consider the payment of the debt, and when many insisted that it was only fair that the claims of the Lacedaemonians should be settled, not by those who had suffered the siege, but by those who had borrowed the money, nevertheless the people voted to pay the debt out of the public treasury.
68. ὃ δὲ πάντων κάλλιστον καὶ μέγιστον τεκμήριον τῆς ἐπιεικείας τοῦ δήμου· δανεισαμένων γὰρ τῶν ἐν ἄστει μεινάντων ἑκατὸν τάλαντα παρὰ Λακεδαιμονίων εἰς τὴν πολιορκίαν τῶν τὸν Πειραιᾶ κατασχόντων, ἐκκλησίας γενομένης περὶ ἀποδόσεως τῶν χρημάτων, καὶ λεγόντων πολλῶν ὡς δίκαιόν ἐστι διαλύειν τὰ πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους μὴ τοὺς πολιορκουμένους ἀλλὰ τοὺς δανεισαμένους, ἔδοξε τῷ δήμῳ κοινὴν ποιήσασθαι τὴν ἀπόδοσιν.
69. And in truth it was because of this spirit that they brought us into such concord with each other and so far advanced the power of the city that the Lacedaemonians, who under the rule of the oligarchy laid their commands upon us almost every day, under the rule of the people came begging and supplicating us not to allow them to be driven from their homes. In a word the spirit of the two parties was this: the oligarchies were minded to rule over their fellow-citizens and be subject to their enemies; the people, to rule over the world at large and share the power of the state on equal terms with their fellow-citizens.
69. καὶ γάρ τοι διὰ ταύτην τὴν γνώμην εἰς τοιαύτην ἡμᾶς ὁμόνοιαν κατέστησαν καὶ τοσοῦτον ἐπιδοῦναι τὴν πόλιν ἐποίησαν, ὥστε Λακεδαιμονίους, τοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς ὀλιγαρχίας ὀλίγου δεῖν καθʼ ἑκάστην τὴν ἡμέραν προστάττοντας ἡμῖν, ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ τῆς δημοκρατίας ἱκετεύσοντας καὶ δεησομένους μὴ περιιδεῖν αὐτοὺς ἀναστάτους γενομένους. τὸ δʼ οὖν κεφάλαιον τῆς ἑκατέρων διανοίας τοιοῦτον ἦν· οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἠξίουν τῶν μὲν πολιτῶν ἄρχειν, τοῖς δὲ πολεμίοις δουλεύειν, οἱ δὲ τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ἄρχειν, τοῖς δὲ πολίταις ἴσον ἔχειν.
70. I have recounted these things for two reasons: because I wanted to show, in the first place, that I am not in favor of oligarchy or special privilege, but of a just and orderly government of the people, and, in the second place, that even badly constituted democracies are responsible for fewer disasters than are oligarchies, while those which are well-ordered are superior to oligarchies in that they are more just, more impartial, and more agreeable to those who live under them.
70. ταῦτα δὲ διῆλθον δυοῖν ἕνεκα, πρῶτον μὲν ἐμαυτὸν ἐπιδεῖξαι βουλόμενος οὐκ ὀλιγαρχιῶν οὐδὲ πλεονεξιῶν ἀλλὰ δικαίας καὶ κοσμίας ἐπιθυμοῦντα πολιτείας, ἔπειτα τὰς δημοκρατίας τάς τε κακῶς καθεστηκυίας ἐλαττόνων συμφορῶν αἰτίας γιγνομένας, τὰς τε καλῶς πολιτευομένας προεχούσας τῷ δικαιοτέρας εἶναι καὶ κοινοτέρας καὶ τοῖς χρωμένοις ἡδίους.
71. But perhaps some of you may wonder what my purpose is in trying to persuade you to exchange the polity which has achieved so many fine things for another, and why it is that after having just now eulogized democracy in such high terms, I veer about capriciously and criticize and condemn the present order.
71. τάχʼ οὖν ἄν τις θαυμάσειε, τί βουλόμενος ἀντὶ τῆς πολιτείας τῆς οὕτω πολλὰ καὶ καλὰ διαπεπραγμένης ἑτέραν ὑμᾶς πείθω μεταλαβεῖν, καὶ τίνος ἕνεκα νῦν μὲν οὕτω καλῶς ἐγκεκωμίακα τὴν δημοκρατίαν, ὅταν δὲ τύχω, πάλιν μεταβαλὼν ἐπιτιμῶ καὶ κατηγορῶ τῶν καθεστώτων.
72. Well, I reproach men in private life when they succeed in a few things and fail in many, and regard them as falling short of what they ought to be; and, more than that, when men are sprung from noble ancestors and yet are only a little better than those who are distinguished for depravity, and much worse than their fathers, I rebuke them and would counsel them to cease from being what they are.
72. ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν τοὺς ὀλίγα μὲν κατορθοῦντας πολλὰ δʼ ἐξαμαρτάνοντας μέμφομαι καὶ νομίζω φαυλοτέρους εἶναι τοῦ δέοντος, καὶ πρός γε τούτοις τοὺς γεγονότας ἐκ καλῶν κἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν, καὶ μικρῷ μὲν ὄντας ἐπιεικεστέρους τῶν ὑπερβαλλόντων ταῖς πονηρίαις, πολὺ δὲ χείρους τῶν πατέρων, λοιδορῶ, καὶ συμβουλεύσαιμʼ ἂν αὐτοῖς παύσασθαι τοιούτοις οὖσιν.
73. And I am of the same mind also regarding public affairs. For I think that we ought not to be proud or even satisfied should we have shown ourselves more law-regarding than men accursed by the gods and afflicted with madness, but ought much rather to feel aggrieved and resentful should we prove to be worse than our ancestors; for it is their excellence and not the depravity of the Thirty which we should strive to emulate, especially since it behoves Athenians to be the best among mankind.
73. τὴν αὐτὴν οὖν γνώμην ἔχω καὶ περὶ τῶν κοινῶν· ἡγοῦμαι γὰρ δεῖν ἡμᾶς οὐ μέγα φρονεῖν οὐδʼ ἀγαπᾶν, εἰ κακοδαιμονησάντων καὶ μανέντων ἀνθρώπων νομιμώτεροι γεγόναμεν, ἀλλὰ πολὺ μᾶλλον ἀγανακτεῖν καὶ βαρέως φέρειν, εἰ χείρους τῶν προγόνων τυγχάνοιμεν ὄντες· πρὸς γὰρ τὴν ἐκείνων ἀρετὴν ἀλλʼ οὐ πρὸς τὴν τῶν τριάκοντα πονηρίαν ἁμιλλητέον ἡμῖν ἐστιν, ἄλλως τε καὶ προσῆκον ἡμῖν βελτίστοις ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων εἶναι.
74. This is not the first time that I have expressed this sentiment; I have done so many times and before many people. For I know that while other regions produce varieties of fruits and trees and animals, each peculiar to its locality and much better than those of other lands, our own country is able to bear and nurture men who are not only the most gifted in the world in the arts and in the powers of action and of speech, but are also above all others in valor and in virtue.
74. καὶ τοῦτον εἴρηκα τὸν λόγον οὐ νῦν πρῶτον, ἀλλὰ πολλάκις ἤδη καὶ πρὸς πολλούς. ἐπίσταμαι γὰρ ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις τόποις φύσεις ἐγγιγνομένας καρπῶν καὶ δένδρων καὶ ζώων ἰδίας ἐν ἑκάστοις καὶ πολὺ τῶν ἄλλων διαφερούσας, τὴν δʼ ἡμετέραν χώραν ἄνδρας φέρειν καὶ τρέφειν δυναμένην οὐ μόνον πρὸς τὰς τέχνας καὶ τὰς πράξεις καὶ τοὺς λόγους εὐφυεστάτους, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς ἀνδρίαν καὶ πρὸς ἀρετὴν πολὺ διαφέροντας.
75. This conclusion we may justly draw from the ancient struggles which they carried on against the Amazons and the Thracians and all of the Peloponnesians, and also from the wars which they waged against the Persians, in which, both when they fought alone and when they were aided by the Peloponnesians, whether on land or on the sea, they were victorious over the barbarians and were adjudged the meed of valor; for they could not have achieved these things, had they not far surpassed other men in the endowments of nature.
75. τεκμαίρεσθαι δὲ δίκαιόν ἐστι τοῖς τε παλαιοῖς ἀγῶσιν, οὓς ἐποιήσαντο πρὸς Ἀμαζόνας καὶ Θρᾷκας καὶ Πελοποννησίους ἅπαντας, καὶ τοῖς κινδύνοις τοῖς περὶ τὰ Περσικὰ γενομένοις, ἐν οἷς καὶ μόνοι καὶ μετὰ Πελοποννησίων, καὶ πεζομαχοῦντες καὶ ναυμαχοῦντες, νικήσαντες τοὺς βαρβάρους ἀριστείων ἠξιώθησαν· ὧν οὐδὲν ἂν ἔπραξαν, εἰ μὴ πολὺ τὴν φύσιν διήνεγκαν.
76. But let no one think that this eulogy is appropriate to those who compose the present government—far from it; for such words are a tribute to those who show themselves worthy of the valor of their forefathers, but a reproach to those who disgrace their noble origin by their slackness and their cowardice. And this is just what we are doing; for you shall have the truth. For although we were blessed with such a nature at our birth, we have not cherished and preserved it, but have, on the contrary, fallen into folly and confusion and lust after evil ways.
76. καὶ μηδεὶς οἰέσθω ταύτην τὴν εὐλογίαν ἡμῖν προσήκειν τοῖς νῦν πολιτευομένοις, ἀλλὰ πολὺ τοὐναντίον. εἰσὶ γὰρ οἱ τοιοῦτοι τῶν λόγων ἔπαινος μὲν τῶν ἀξίους σφᾶς αὐτοὺς τῆς τῶν προγόνων ἀρετῆς παρεχόντων, κατηγορία δὲ τῶν τὰς εὐγενείας ταῖς αὑτῶν ῥᾳθυμίαις καὶ κακίαις καταισχυνόντων. ὅπερ ἡμεῖς ποιοῦμεν· εἰρήσεται γὰρ τἀληθές. τοιαύτης γὰρ ἡμῖν τῆς φύσεως ὑπαρχούσης, οὐ διεφυλάξαμεν αὐτήν, ἀλλʼ ἐμπεπτώκαμεν εἰς ἄνοιαν καὶ ταραχὴν καὶ πονηρῶν πραγμάτων ἐπιθυμίαν.
77. But if I go on attacking the things which admit of criticism and of censure in our present order, I fear that I shall wander too far afield from my subject. In any case I have spoken about these things before, and I shall do so again if I do not succeed in persuading you to cease from such mistakes of policy. For the present, I shall speak but a few words on the theme which I proposed to discuss in the beginning and then yield the platform to any who desire to address you upon this question.
77. ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἢν ἐπακολουθῶ τοῖς ἐνοῦσιν ἐπιτιμῆσαι καὶ κατηγορῆσαι τῶν ἐνεστώτων πραγμάτων, δέδοικα μὴ πόρρω λίαν τῆς ὑποθέσεως ἀποπλανηθῶ. περὶ μὲν οὖν τούτων καὶ πρότερον εἰρήκαμεν, καὶ πάλιν ἐροῦμεν, ἢν μὴ πείσωμεν ὑμᾶς παύσασθαι τοιαῦτʼ ἐξαμαρτάνοντας· περὶ δʼ ὧν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τὸν λόγον κατεστησάμην, βραχέα διαλεχθεὶς παραχωρῶ τοῖς βουλομένοις ἔτι συμβουλεύειν περὶ τούτων.
78. If we continue to govern Athens as we are now doing, then we are doomed to go on deliberating and waging war and living and faring and acting in almost every respect just as we do at the present moment and have done in the past; but if we effect a change of polity, it is evident by the same reasoning that such conditions of life as our ancestors enjoyed will come about for us also; for from the same political institutions there must always spring like or similar ways of life.
78. ἡμεῖς γὰρ ἢν μὲν οὕτως οἰκῶμεν τὴν πόλιν ὥσπερ νῦν, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως οὐ καὶ βουλευσόμεθα καὶ πολεμήσομεν καὶ βιωσόμεθα καὶ σχεδὸν ἅπαντα καὶ πεισόμεθα καὶ πράξομεν, ἅπερ ἐν τῷ παρόντι καιρῷ καὶ τοῖς παρελθοῦσι χρόνοις· ἢν δὲ μεταβάλωμεν τὴν πολιτείαν, δῆλον ὅτι κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον, οἷά περ ἦν τοῖς προγόνοις τὰ πράγματα, τοιαῦτʼ ἔσται καὶ περὶ ἡμᾶς· ἀνάγκη γὰρ ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν πολιτευμάτων καὶ τὰς πράξεις ὁμοίας ἀεὶ καὶ παραπλησίας ἀποβαίνειν.
79. But we must take the most significant of these ways and, comparing one with the other, decide which is preferable for us. And first let us consider how the Hellenes and the barbarians felt towards the earlier polity as compared with how they are now disposed towards us; for other peoples contribute not the least part of our well-being when they are properly disposed towards us.
79. δεῖ δὲ τὰς μεγίστας αὐτῶν παρʼ ἀλλήλας θέντας βουλεύσασθαι, ποτέρας ἡμῖν αἱρετέον ἐστίν. καὶ πρῶτον μὲν σκεψώμεθα τοὺς Ἕλληνας καὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους, πῶς πρὸς ἐκείνην τὴν πολιτείαν διέκειντο καὶ πῶς νῦν ἔχουσι πρὸς ἡμᾶς. οὐ γὰρ ἐλάχιστον μέρος τὰ γένη ταῦτα συμβάλλεται πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν, ὅταν ἔχῃ κατὰ τρόπον ἡμῖν.
80. Well then, the Hellenes felt such confidence in those who governed the city in those times that most of them of their own accord placed themselves under the power of Athens, while the barbarians were so far from meddling in the affairs of the Hellenes that they neither sailed their ships-of-war this side of the Phaselis nor marched their armies beyond the Halys River, refraining, on the contrary, from all aggression.
80. οἱ μὲν τοίνυν Ἕλληνες οὕτως ἐπίστευον τοῖς κατʼ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον πολιτευομένοις, ὥστε τοὺς πλείστους αὐτῶν ἑκόντας ἐγχειρίσαι τῇ πόλει σφᾶς αὐτούς· οἱ δὲ βάρβαροι τοσοῦτον ἀπεῖχον τοῦ πολυπραγμονεῖν περὶ τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν πραγμάτων, ὥστε οὔτε μακροῖς πλοίοις ἐπὶ τάδε Φασήλιδος ἔπλεον οὔτε στρατοπέδοις ἐντὸς Ἅλυος ποταμοῦ κατέβαινον, ἀλλὰ πολλὴν ἡσυχίαν ἦγον.
81. Today, however, circumstances are so completely reversed that the Hellenes regard Athens with hatred and the barbarians hold us in contempt. As to the hatred of us among the Hellenes, you have heard the report of our generals themselves, and what the King thinks of us, he has made plain in the letters which have been dispatched by him.
81. νῦν δʼ εἰς τοῦτο τὰ πράγματα περιέστηκεν, ὥσθʼ οἱ μὲν μισοῦσι τὴν πόλιν, οἱ δὲ καταφρονοῦσιν ἡμῶν· καὶ περὶ μὲν τοῦ μίσους τῶν Ἑλλήνων αὐτῶν ἀκηκόατε τῶν στρατηγῶν· ὡς δὲ βασιλεὺς ἔχει πρὸς ἡμᾶς, ἐκ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν ὧν ἔπεμψεν ἐδήλωσεν.
82. Furthermore, under the discipline of the old days the citizens were so schooled in virtue as not to injure each other, but to fight and conquer all who attempted to invade their territory. We, however, do the very opposite; for we never let a day go by without bringing trouble on each other, and we have so far neglected the business of war that we do not even deign to attend reviews unless we are paid money for doing so.
82. ἔτι πρὸς τούτοις ὑπὸ μὲν ἐκείνης τῆς εὐταξίας οὕτως ἐπαιδεύθησαν οἱ πολῖται πρὸς ἀρετήν, ὥστε σφᾶς μὲν αὐτοὺς μὴ λυπεῖν, τοὺς δʼ εἰς τὴν χώραν εἰσβάλλοντας ἅπαντας μαχόμενοι νικᾶν. ἡμεῖς δὲ τοὐναντίον· ἀλλήλοις μὲν γὰρ κακὰ παρέχοντες οὐδεμίαν ἡμέραν διαλείπομεν, τῶν δὲ περὶ τὸν πόλεμον οὕτω κατημελήκαμεν, ὥστʼ οὐδʼ εἰς ἐξετάσεις ἰέναι τολμῶμεν ἢν μὴ λαμβάνωμεν ἀργύριον.
83. But the greatest difference lies in the fact that in that day no one of the citizens lacked the necessaries of life nor shamed the city by begging from passers-by, whereas today those who are destitute of means outnumber those who possess them. And we may well be patient with people in such circumstances if they care nothing for the public welfare, but consider only how they may live from day to day.
83. τὸ δὲ μέγιστον· τότε μὲν οὐδεὶς ἦν τῶν πολιτῶν ἐνδεὴς τῶν ἀναγκαίων, οὐδὲ προσαιτῶν τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας τὴν πόλιν κατῄσχυνε, νῦν δὲ πλείους εἰσὶν οἱ σπανίζοντες τῶν ἐχόντων· οἷς ἄξιόν ἐστι πολλὴν συγγνώμην ἔχειν, εἰ μηδὲν τῶν κοινῶν φροντίζουσιν, ἀλλὰ τοῦτο σκοποῦσιν ὁπόθεν τὴν ἀεὶ παροῦσαν ἡμέραν διάξουσιν.
84. Now I have come before you and spoken this discourse, believing that if we will only imitate our ancestors we shall both deliver ourselves from our present ills and become the saviors, not of Athens alone, but of all the Hellenes; but it is for you to weigh all that I have said and cast your votes according to your judgement of what is best for Athens.
84. ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν ἡγούμενος, ἢν μιμησώμεθα τοὺς προγόνους, καὶ τῶν κακῶν ἡμᾶς τούτων ἀπαλλαγήσεσθαι καὶ σωτῆρας οὐ μόνον τῆς πόλεως ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν Ἐλλήνων ἁπάντων γενήσεσθαι, τήν τε πρόσοδον ἐποιησάμην καὶ τοὺς λόγους εἴρηκα τούτους· ὑμεῖς δὲ πάντα λογισάμενοι ταῦτα χειροτονεῖθʼ ὅ τι ἂν ὑμῖν δοκῇ μάλιστα συμφέρειν τῇ πόλει.