96. For in place of the ways of life established among them it filled the citizens with injustice, indolence, lawlessness and avarice and the commonwealth with contempt for its allies, covetousness of the possessions of other states, and indifference to its oaths and covenants. In fact they went so far beyond our ancestors in their crimes against the Hellenes that in addition to the evils which already afflicted the several states they stirred up in them slaughter and strife, in consequence of which their citizens will cherish for each other a hatred unquenchable.
96. ἀντὶ γὰρ τῶν καθεστώτων παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἐπιτηδευμάτων τοὺς μὲν ἰδιώτας ἐνέπλησεν ἀδικίας, ῥᾳθυμίας, ἀνομίας, φιλαργυρίας, τὸ δὲ κοινὸν τῆς πόλεως ὑπεροψίας μὲν τῶν συμμάχων, ἐπιθυμίας δὲ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων, ὀλιγωρίας δὲ τῶν ὅρκων καὶ τῶν συνθηκῶν. τοσοῦτον γὰρ ὑπερεβάλοντο τοὺς ἡμετέρους τοῖς εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἁμαρτήμασιν, ὅσον πρὸς τοῖς πρότερον ὑπάρχουσι σφαγὰς καὶ στάσεις ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν ἐποίησαν, ἐξ ὧν ἀειμνήστους τὰς ἔχθρας πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἕξουσιν.
97. And they became so addicted to war and the perils of war that, whereas in times past they had been more cautious in this regard than the rest of the world, they did not refrain from attacking even their own allies and their own benefactors; on the contrary, although the great King had furnished them with more than five thousand talents for the war against us, and although the Chians had supported them more zealously than any of their other allies by means of their fleet and the Thebans had contributed a great number of troops to their land forces, the Lacedaemonians no sooner gained the supremacy than they straightway plotted against the Thebans, dispatched Clearchus with an army against the King, and in the case of the Chians drove into exile the foremost of their citizens and launched their battle-ships from their docks and made off with their whole navy.
97. οὕτω δὲ φιλοπολέμως καὶ φιλοκινδύνως διετέθησαν, τὸν ἄλλον χρόνον πρὸς τὰ τοιαῦτα πεφυλαγμένως μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων ἔχοντες, ὥστε οὐδὲ τῶν συμμάχων οὐδὲ τῶν εὐεργετῶν ἀπέσχοντο τῶν σφετέρων αὐτῶν, ἀλλὰ βασιλέως μὲν αὐτοῖς εἰς τὸν πρὸς ἡμᾶς πόλεμον πλέον ἢ πεντακισχίλια τάλαντα παρασχόντος, Χίων δὲ προθυμότατα πάντων τῶν συμμάχων τῷ ναυτικῷ συγκινδυνευσάντων, Θηβαίων δὲ μεγίστην δύναμιν εἰς τὸ πεζὸν συμβαλομένων, οὐκ ἔφθασαν τὴν ἀρχὴν κατασχόντες, καὶ Θηβαίοις μὲν εὐθὺς ἐπεβούλευσαν, ἐπὶ δὲ τὸν βασιλέα Κλέαρχον καὶ στρατιὰν ἀνέπεμψαν, Χίων δὲ τοὺς μὲν πρώτους τῶν πολιτῶν ἐφυγάδευσαν, τὰς δὲ τριήρεις ἐκ τῶν νεωρίων ἐξελκύσαντες ἁπάσας ὤχοντο λαβόντες.
99. However, they were not satisfied with perpetrating these crimes, but about the same time were ravaging the Asiatic coast, committing outrages against the islands, subverting the free governments in Italy and Sicily, setting up despotisms in their stead, overrunning the Peloponnesus and filling it with seditions and wars. For, tell me, against which of the cities of Hellas did they fail to take the field? Which of them did they fail to wrong?
99. οὐκ ἐξήρκεσε δʼ αὐτοῖς ταῦτʼ ἐξαμαρτεῖν, ἀλλὰ περὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς χρόνους ἐπόρθουν μὲν τὴν ἤπειρον, ὕβριζον δὲ τὰς νήσους, ἀνῄρουν δὲ τὰς ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ καὶ Σικελίᾳ πολιτείας καὶ τυράννους καθίστασαν, ἐλυμαίνοντο δὲ τὴν Πελοπόννησον καὶ μεστὴν στάσεων καὶ πολέμων ἐποίησαν. ἐπὶ ποίαν γὰρ τῶν πόλεων οὐκ ἐστράτευσαν; ἢ περὶ τίνας αὐτῶν οὐκ ἐξήμαρτον;
100. Did they not rob the Eleans of part of their territory, did they not lay waste the land of the Corinthians, did they not disperse the Mantineans from their homes, did they not reduce the Phliasians by siege, and did they not invade the country of the Argives, never ceasing from their depredations upon the rest of the world and so bringing upon themselves the disaster at Leuctra? Some maintain that this disaster was the cause of the misfortunes which overtook Sparta, but they do not speak the truth. For it was not because of this that they incurred the hatred of their allies; it was because of their insolence in the time preceding that they were defeated in this battle and fell into peril of losing their own city.
100. οὐκ Ἠλείων μὲν μέρος τι τῆς χώρας ἀφείλοντο, τὴν δὲ γῆν τὴν Κορινθίων ἔτεμον, Μαντινέας δὲ διῴκισαν, Φλιασίους δʼ ἐξεπολιόρκησαν, εἰς δὲ τὴν Ἀργείων εἰσέβαλον, οὐδὲν δʼ ἐπαύσαντο τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους κακῶς ποιοῦντες, αὑτοῖς δὲ τὴν ἧτταν τὴν ἐν Λεύκτροις παρασκευάζοντες; ἥν φασί τινες αἰτίαν γεγενῆσθαι τῇ Ζπάρτῃ τῶν κακῶν, οὐκ ἀληθῆ λέγοντες· οὐ γὰρ διὰ ταύτην ὑπὸ τῶν συμμάχων ἐμισήθησαν, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὰς ὕβρεις τὰς ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν χρόνοις καὶ ταύτην ἡττήθησαν καὶ περὶ τῆς αὑτῶν ἐκινδύνευσαν.
101. We must not attribute the cause to any subsequent misfortunes but to their crimes in the beginning, as the result of which they were brought to such a disastrous end. So that anyone would be much more in accord with the truth if he should assert that they first became subject to the dominion of their present ills at the moment when they attempted to seize the dominion of the sea, since they were seeking to acquire a power which was in no wise like that which they had before possessed.
101. χρὴ δὲ τὰς αἰτίας ἐπιφέρειν οὐ τοῖς κακοῖς τοῖς ἐπιγιγνομένοις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς πρώτοις τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων, ἐξ ὧν ἐπὶ τὴν τελευτὴν ταύτην κατηνέχθησαν. ὥστε πολὺ ἄν τις ἀληθέστερα τυγχάνοι λέγων, εἰ φαίη τότε τὴν ἀρχὴν αὐτοῖς γεγενῆσθαι τῶν συμφορῶν, ὅτε τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς θαλάττης παρελάμβανον· ἐκτῶντο γὰρ δύναμιν οὐδὲν ὁμοίαν τῇ πρότερον ὑπαρχούσῃ.
102. For because of their supremacy on land and of their stern discipline and of the self control which was cultivated under it, they readily obtained command of the sea, whereas because of the arrogance which was bred in them by that power they speedily lost the supremacy both on land and sea. For they no longer kept the laws which they had inherited from their ancestors nor remained faithful to the ways which they had followed in times past, but conceived that they were licensed to do whatever they pleased and so were plunged into great confusion.
102. διὰ μὲν γὰρ τὴν κατὰ γῆν ἡγεμονίαν καὶ τὴν εὐταξίαν καὶ τὴν καρτερίαν τὴν ἐν αὐτῇ μελετωμένην ῥᾳδίως τῆς κατὰ θάλατταν δυνάμεως ἐπεκράτησαν, διὰ δὲ τὴν ἀκολασίαν τὴν ὑπὸ ταύτης τῆς ἀρχῆς αὐτοῖς ἐγγενομένην ταχέως κἀκείνης τῆς ἡγεμονίας ἀπεστερήθησαν. οὐ γὰρ ἔτι τοὺς νόμους ἐφύλαττον οὓς παρὰ τῶν προγόνων παρέλαβον, οὐδʼ ἐν τοῖς ἤθεσιν ἔμενον οἷς πρότερον εἶχον, ἀλλʼ ὑπολαβόντες ἐξεῖναι ποιεῖν αὑτοῖς ὅ τι ἂν βουληθῶσιν, εἰς πολλὴν ταραχὴν κατέστησαν.
103. For they did not know that this licence which all the world aspires to attain is a difficult thing to manage, that it turns the heads of those who are enamored by it, and that it is in its nature like courtesans, who lure their victims to love but destroy those who indulge this passion.
103. οὐ γὰρ ᾔδεσαν τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἧς πάντες εὔχονται τυχεῖν, ὡς δύσχρηστός ἐστιν, οὐδʼ ὡς παραφρονεῖν ποιεῖ τοὺς ἀγαπῶντας αὐτήν, οὐδʼ ὅτι τὴν φύσιν ὁμοίαν ἔχει ταῖς ἑταίραις ταῖς ἐρᾶν μὲν αὑτῶν ποιούσαις, τοὺς δὲ χρωμένους ἀπολλυούσαις.
104. And yet it has been shown clearly that it has this effect; for anyone can see that those who have been in the strongest position to do whatever they pleased have been involved in the greatest disasters, ourselves and the Lacedaemonians first of all. For when these states, which in time past had governed themselves with the utmost sobriety and enjoyed the highest esteem, attained to this license and seized the empire, they differed in no respect from each other, but, as is natural in the case of those who have been depraved by the same passions and the same malady, they attempted the same deeds and indulged in similar crimes and, finally, fell into like disasters.
104. καίτοι φανερῶς ἐπιδέδεικται ταύτην ἔχουσα τὴν δύναμιν· τοὺς γὰρ ἐν πλείσταις ἐξουσίαις γεγενημένους ἴδοι τις ἂν ταῖς μεγίσταις συμφοραῖς περιπεπτωκότας, ἀρξαμένους ἀφʼ ἡμῶν καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων. αὗται γὰρ αἱ πόλεις καὶ πολιτευόμεναι πρότερον σωφρονέστατα καὶ δόξαν ἔχουσαι καλλίστην, ἐπειδὴ ταύτης ἔτυχον καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔλαβον, οὐδὲν ἀλλήλων διήνεγκαν, ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ προσήκει τοὺς ὑπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς νόσου διεφθαρμένους, καὶ ταῖς πράξεσι ταῖς αὐταῖς ἐπεχείρησαν καὶ τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασι παραπλησίοις ἐχρήσαντο καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον ὁμοίαις ταῖς συμφοραῖς περιέπεσον.
105. For we, being hated by our allies and standing in peril of being enslaved, were saved by the Lacedaemonians; and just so they, when all the rest wanted to destroy them, came to us for refuge and were saved through us. And yet how can we praise a dominion which subjects us to so miserable an end? How can we fail to abhor and shun a power which has incited these two cities both to do and to suffer many abominable things?
105. ἡμεῖς τε γὰρ μισηθέντες ὑπὸ τῶν συμμάχων καὶ περὶ ἀνδραποδισμοῦ κινδυνεύσαντες ὑπὸ Λακεδαιμονίων ἐσώθημεν, ἐκεῖνοί τε πάντων αὐτοὺς ἀπολέσαι βουληθέντων ἐφʼ ἡμᾶς καταφυγόντες διʼ ἡμῶν τῆς σωτηρίας ἔτυχον. καίτοι πῶς χρὴ τὴν ἀρχὴν ταύτην ἐπαινεῖν τὴν τὰς τελευτὰς οὕτω πονηρὰς ἔχουσαν; ἢ πῶς οὐ μισεῖν καὶ φεύγειν τὴν πολλὰ καὶ δεινὰ ποιεῖν ἀμφοτέρας τὰς πόλεις ἐπάρασαν καὶ παθεῖν ἀναγκάσασαν;
106. But, after all, we should not be surprised that in the past all men have failed to see that this power is the cause of so many ills to those who hold it, nor should we wonder that it has been the bone of contention between us and the Lacedaemonians. For you will find that the great majority of mankind go astray in choosing a course of action and, being possessed of more desires for things evil than for things good, take counsel more in the interest of their foes than of themselves. You can observe this in matters of the greatest importance.
106. οὐκ ἄξιον δὲ θαυμάζειν, εἰ τὸν ἄλλον χρόνον ἐλάνθανεν ἅπαντας τοσούτων οὖσα κακῶν αἰτία τοῖς ἔχουσιν αὐτήν, οὐδʼ εἰ περιμάχητος ἦν ὑφʼ ἡμῶν καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων· εὑρήσετε γὰρ τοὺς πλείστους τῶν ἀνθρώπων περὶ τὰς αἱρέσεις τῶν πραγμάτων ἁμαρτάνοντας, καὶ πλείους μὲν ἐπιθυμίας ἔχοντας τῶν κακῶν ἢ τῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἄμεινον δὲ βουλευομένους ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἢ σφῶν αὐτῶν.
107. For when has it ever happened otherwise? Did we not choose to pursue a policy in consequence of which the Lacedaemonians became masters of the Hellenes? Did not they, in their turn, manage their supremacy so badly that not many years later we again got the upper hand and became the arbiters of their safety?
107. καὶ ταῦτʼ ἴδοι τις ἂν ἐπὶ τῶν μεγίστων· τί γὰρ οὐχ οὕτω γέγονεν; οὐχ ἡμεῖς μὲν τοιαῦτα προῃρούμεθα πράττειν, ἐξ ὧν Λακεδαιμόνιοι δεσπόται τῶν Ἑλλήνων κατέστησαν, ἐκεῖνοι δʼ οὕτω κακῶς προὔστησαν τῶν πραγμάτων, ὥσθʼ ἡμᾶς οὐ πολλοῖς ἔτεσιν ὕστερον πάλιν ἐπιπολάσαι καὶ κυρίους γενέσθαι τῆς ἐκείνων σωτηρίας;
108. Did not the meddlesomeness of the partizans of Athens cause the various states to become partisans of Sparta, and did not the insolence of the partisans of Sparta force these same states to become partisans of Athens? Did not the people themselves, because of the depravity of the popular orators, desire the oligarchy which was established under the Four Hundred? And have not we, all of us, because of the madness of the Thirty, become greater enthusiasts for democracy than those who occupied Phyle?
108. οὐχ ἡ μὲν τῶν ἀττικιζόντων πολυπραγμοσύνη λακωνίζειν τὰς πόλεις ἐποίησεν, ἡ δὲ τῶν λακωνιζόντων ὕβρις ἀττικίζειν τὰς αὐτὰς ταύτας ἠνάγκασεν; οὐ διὰ μὲν τὴν τῶν δημηγορούντων πονηρίαν αὐτὸς ὁ δῆμος ἐπεθύμησε τῆς ὀλιγαρχίας τῆς ἐπὶ τῶν τετρακοσίων καταστάσης, διὰ δὲ τὴν τῶν τριάκοντα μανίαν ἅπαντες δημοτικώτεροι γεγόναμεν τῶν Θυλὴν καταλαβόντων;
109. Indeed in matters of lesser importance and in our everyday life, one could show that the majority take pleasure in the foods and habits which injure both the body and the soul but consider laborious and irksome those from which both sides of our nature would benefit, and that those men are looked upon as austere who remain steadfast in habits which are beneficial.
109. ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐλαττόνων καὶ τοῦ βίου τοῦ καθʼ ἡμέραν ἐπιδείξειεν ἄν τις τοὺς πολλοὺς χαίροντας μὲν καὶ τῶν ἐδεσμάτων καὶ τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων τοῖς καὶ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν βλάπτουσιν, ἐπίπονα δὲ καὶ χαλεπὰ νομίζοντας ἀφʼ ὧν ἀμφότερα ταῦτʼ ἂν ὠφελοῖτο, καὶ καρτερικοὺς εἶναι δοκοῦντας τοὺς ἐν τούτοις ἐμμένοντας.
110. Since, therefore, in the circumstances in which they live every day and about which they are more directly concerned, men show that they prefer the worse to the better course, how can we be surprised if they lack insight regarding the empire of the sea and make war upon each other to possess a power regarding which they have never reflected in their lives?
110. οἵ τινες οὖν, ἐν οἷς ἀεὶ ζῶσι καὶ περὶ ὧν αὐτοῖς μᾶλλον μέλει, τὰ χείρω φαίνονται προαιρούμενοι, τί θαυμαστὸν εἰ περὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς τῆς κατὰ θάλατταν ἀγνοοῦσι καὶ μάχονται πρὸς ἀλλήλους, περὶ ἧς μηδεὶς πώποτε αὐτοῖς λογισμὸς εἰσῆλθεν;
111. Look at the one-man-rule which is established in various states and observe how many there are who aspire to it and are ready to undergo anything whatsoever to obtain it. And yet what that is dire and difficult is not its portion? Is it not true that when men obtain unlimited power they find themselves at once in the coil of so many troubles that they are compelled to make war upon all their citizens, to hate those from whom they have suffered no wrong whatsoever, to suspect their own friends and daily companions, to entrust the safety of their persons to hirelings whom they have never even seen, to fear no less those who guard their lives than those who plot against them, and to be so suspicious towards all men as not to feel secure even in the company of their nearest kin?
111. ὁρᾶτε δὲ καὶ τὰς μοναρχίας τὰς ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι καθισταμένας, ὅσους ἔχουσι τοὺς ἐπιθυμητὰς καὶ τοὺς ἑτοίμους ὄντας ὁτιοῦν πάσχειν ὥστε κατασχεῖν αὐτάς· αἷς τί τῶν δεινῶν ἢ τῶν χαλεπῶν οὐ πρόσεστιν; οὐκ εὐθὺς ἐπειδὰν λάβωσι τὰς δυναστείας, ἐν τοσούτοις ἐμπεπλεγμένοι κακοῖς εἰσιν, ὥστʼ ἀναγκάζεσθαι πολεμεῖν μὲν ἅπασι τοῖς πολίταις, μισεῖν δʼ ὑφʼ ὧν οὐδὲν κακὸν πεπόνθασιν, ἀπιστεῖν δὲ τοῖς φίλοις καὶ τοῖς ἑταίροις τοῖς αὑτῶν, παρακατατίθεσθαι δὲ τὴν τῶν σωμάτων σωτηρίαν μισθοφόροις ἀνθρώποις, οὓς οὐδὲ πώποτʼ εἶδον, μηδὲν δʼ ἧττον φοβεῖσθαι τοὺς φυλάττοντας ἢ τοὺς ἐπιβουλεύοντας, οὕτω δʼ ὑπόπτως πρὸς ἅπαντας ἔχειν ὥστε μηδὲ τοῖς οἰκειοτάτοις θαρρεῖν πλησιάζοντας;
113. And naturally so; for they know well that those who held despotic power before them have been put out of the way, some by their parents, some by their sons, some by their brothers, and some by their wives and, furthermore, that the lineage of these rulers has been blotted out from the sight of men. Nevertheless they willingly submit themselves to such a multitude of calamities. And when men who are of the foremost rank and of the greatest reputation are enamored of so many evils, is it any wonder that the rest of the world covets other evils of the same kind?
113. εἰκότως· συνίσασι γὰρ τοὺς πρὸ αὑτῶν τετυραννευκότας τοὺς μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν γονέων ἀνῃρημένους, τοὺς δʼ ὑπὸ τῶν παίδων, τοὺς δʼ ὑπʼ ἀδελφῶν, τοὺς δʼ ὑπὸ γυναικῶν, ἔτι δὲ τὸ γένος αὐτῶν ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἠφανισμένον. ἀλλʼ ὅμως ὑπὸ τοσαύτας τὸ πλῆθος συμφορὰς ἑκόντες σφᾶς αὐτοὺς ὑποβάλλουσιν. ὅπου δʼ οἱ πρωτεύοντες καὶ δόξας μεγίστας ἔχοντες τοσούτων κακῶν ἐρῶσι, τί δεῖ θαυμάζειν τοὺς ἄλλους, εἰ τοιούτων ἑτέρων ἐπιθυμοῦσιν;
114. But I do not fail to realize that while you accept readily what I say about the rule of despots, yet you hear with intolerance what I say about the empire of the sea. For you have fallen into a most shameful and careless way of thinking, since what you see clearly in the case of others, this you are blind to in your own case. And yet it is not the least important sign of whether men are possessed of intelligence if they are seen to recognize the same course of conduct in all cases that are comparable.
114. οὐκ ἀγνοῶ δʼ ὅτι τὸν μὲν περὶ τῶν τυράννων λόγον ἀποδέχεσθε, τὸν δὲ περὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς δυσκόλως ἀκούετε· πεπόνθατε γὰρ πάντων αἴσχιστον καὶ ῥᾳθυμότατον· ἃ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὁρᾶτε, ταῦτʼ ἐφʼ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν ἀγνοεῖτε. καίτοι τῶν φρονίμως διακειμένων οὐκ ἐλάχιστον τοῦτο σημεῖόν ἐστιν, ἢν τὰς αὐτὰς πράξεις ἐπὶ πάντων τῶν ὁμοίων φαίνωνται γνωρίζοντες.
115. But you have never given this a thought; on the contrary, while you consider the power of a despot to be harsh and harmful not only to others but to those who hold it, you look upon the empire of the sea as the greatest good in the world, when in fact it differs neither in what it does nor in what it suffers from one-man-rule. And you think that the affairs of the Thebans are in a bad way because they oppress their neighbors, but, although you yourselves are treating your allies no better than the Thebans treat the Boeotians, you believe that your own actions leave nothing to be desired.
115. ὧν ὑμῖν οὐδὲν πώποτʼ ἐμέλησεν, ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν τυραννίδας ἡγεῖσθε χαλεπὰς εἶναι καὶ βλαβερὰς οὐ μόνον τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἔχουσιν αὐτάς, τὴν δʼ ἀρχὴν τὴν κατὰ θάλατταν μέγιστον τῶν ἀγαθῶν, τὴν οὐδὲν οὔτε τοῖς πάθεσιν οὔτε ταῖς πράξεσι τῶν μοναρχιῶν διαφέρουσαν. καὶ τὰ μὲν Θηβαίων πράγματα πονηρῶς ἔχειν νομίζετε, ὅτι τοὺς περιοίκους ἀδικοῦσιν, αὐτοὶ δʼ οὐδὲν βέλτιον τοὺς συμμάχους διοικοῦντες ἢ lt*gtκεῖνοι τὴν Βοιωτίαν, ἡγεῖσθε πάντα τὰ δέοντα πράττειν.
116. If, then, you heed my advice you will stop taking counsel in your utterly haphazard fashion and give your attention to your own and the state’s welfare; pondering and searching into these questions: What is it which caused these two states—Athens and Sparta I mean—to rise, each one of them, from obscure beginnings to be the first power in Hellas and then to fall, after they had attained a power second to none, into peril of being enslaved?
116. ἢν οὖν ἐμοὶ πεισθῆτε, παυσάμενοι τοῦ παντάπασιν εἰκῇ βουλεύεσθαι προσέξετε τὸν νοῦν ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς καὶ τῇ πόλει, καὶ φιλοσοφήσετε καὶ σκέψεσθε τί τὸ ποιῆσάν ἐστι τὼ πόλη τούτω, λέγω δὲ τὴν ἡμετέραν καὶ τὴν Λακεδαιμονίων, ἐκ ταπεινῶν μὲν πραγμάτων ἑκατέραν ὁρμηθεῖσαν ἄρξαι τῶν Ἑλλήνων, ἐπεὶ δʼ ἀνυπέρβλητον τὴν δύναμιν ἔλαβον, περὶ ἀνδραποδισμοῦ κινδυνεῦσαι·
117. What are the reasons that the Thessalians, who inherited very great wealth and possess a very rich and abundant territory, have been reduced to poverty, while the Megarians, who had small and insignificant resources to begin with and who possess neither land nor harbors nor mines but are compelled to farm mere rocks, own estates which are the greatest among the Hellenes?
117. καὶ διὰ τίνας αἰτίας Θετταλοὶ μέν, μεγίστους πλούτους παραλαβόντες καὶ χώραν ἀρίστην καὶ πλείστην ἔχοντες, εἰς ἀπορίαν καθεστήκασι, Μεγαρεῖς δέ, μικρῶν αὐτοῖς καὶ φαύλων τῶν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὑπαρξάντων, καὶ γῆν μὲν οὐκ ἔχοντες οὐδὲ λιμένας οὐδʼ ἀργυρεῖα, πέτρας δὲ γεωργοῦντες, μεγίστους οἴκους τῶν Ἑλλήνων κέκτηνται·
118. Why is it that the Thessalians, with a cavalry of more than three thousand horse and light-armed troops beyond number, have their fortresses occupied from time to time by certain other states while the Megarians, with only a small force, govern their city as they see fit? And, again, why is it that the Thessalians are always at war with each other while the Megarians, who dwell between the Peloponnesians on the one hand and the Thebans and the Athenians on the other, are continually in a state of peace?
118. κἀκείνων μὲν τὰς ἀκροπόλεις ἄλλοι τινὲς ἀεὶ κατέχουσιν, ὄντων αὐτοῖς πλέον τρισχιλίων ἱππέων καὶ πελταστῶν ἀναριθμήτων, οὗτοι δὲ μικρὰν δύναμιν ἔχοντες τὴν αὑτῶν ὅπως βούλονται διοικοῦσιν· καὶ πρὸς τούτοις οἱ μὲν σφίσιν αὐτοῖς πολεμοῦσιν, οὗτοι δὲ μεταξὺ Πελοποννησίων καὶ Θηβαίων καὶ τῆς ἡμετέρας πόλεως οἰκοῦντες εἰρήνην ἄγοντες διατελοῦσιν.
119. If you will go over these and similar questions in your minds, you will discover that arrogance and insolence have been the cause of our misfortunes while sobriety and self control have been the source of our blessings. But, while you commend sobriety in individual men and believe that those who practice it enjoy the most secure existence and are the best among your fellow citizens, you do not think it fit to make the state practice it.
119. ἢν γὰρ ταῦτα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα διεξίητε πρὸς ὑμᾶς αὐτούς, εὑρήσετε τὴν μὲν ἀκολασίαν καὶ τὴν ὕβριν τῶν κακῶν αἰτίαν γιγνομένην, τὴν δὲ σωφροσύνην τῶν ἀγαθῶν. ἥν ὑμεῖς ἐπὶ μὲν τῶν ἰδιωτῶν ἐπαινεῖτε, καὶ νομίζετε τοὺς ταύτῃ χρωμένους ἀσφαλέστατα ζῆν καὶ βελτίστους εἶναι τῶν πολιτῶν, τὸ δὲ κοινὸν ἡμῶν οὐκ οἴεσθε δεῖν τοιοῦτο παρασκευάζειν.
120. And yet it behoves states much more than individuals to cultivate the virtues and to shun vices; for a man who is godless and depraved may die before paying the penalty for his sins, but states, since they are deathless, soon or late must submit to punishment at the hands both of men and of the gods.
120. καίτοι προσήκει τὰς ἀρετὰς ἀσκεῖν καὶ τὰς κακίας φεύγειν πολὺ μᾶλλον ταῖς πόλεσιν ἢ τοῖς ἰδιώταις. ἀνὴρ μὲν γὰρ ἀσεβὴς καὶ πονηρὸς τυχὸν ἂν φθάσειε τελευτήσας πρὶν δοῦναι δίκην τῶν ἡμαρτημένων· αἱ δὲ πόλεις διὰ τὴν ἀθανασίαν ὑπομένουσι καὶ τὰς παρὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ τὰς παρὰ τῶν θεῶν τιμωρίας.
121. These considerations you should bear in mind and not pay heed to those who gratify you for the moment, while caring nothing for the future, nor to those who profess to love the people, but are in fact the bane of the whole state; since in times past also when men of this character took over the supremacy of the rostrum, they led the city on to such a degree of folly that she suffered the fate which I described a moment ago.
121. ὧν ἐνθυμουμένους χρὴ μὴ προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν τοῖς ἐν τῷ παρόντι μὲν χαριζομένοις, τοῦ δὲ μέλλοντος χρόνου μηδεμίαν ἐπιμέλειαν ποιουμένοις, μηδὲ τοῖς φιλεῖν μὲν τὸν δῆμον φάσκουσιν, ὅλην δὲ τὴν πόλιν λυμαινομένοις· ὡς καὶ πρότερον, ἐπειδὴ παρέλαβον οἱ τοιοῦτοι τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος δυναστείαν, εἰς τοσαύτην ἄνοιαν προήγαγον τὴν πόλιν, ὥστε παθεῖν αὐτὴν οἷά περ ὀλίγῳ πρότερον ὑμῖν διηγησάμην.
122. And indeed what is most astonishing of all in your conduct is that you prefer as leaders of the people, not those who are of the same mind as the men who made Athens great, but those who say and do the same kind of things as the men who destroyed her power; and you do this albeit knowing full well that it is not alone in making the city prosperous that good leaders are superior to the base, but that our democracy itself under the leadership of the former remained unshaken and unchanged for many years, whereas under the guidance of these men it has already, within a short period of time, been twice overthrown, and that, furthermore, our people who were driven into exile under the despots and in the time of the Thirty were restored to the state, not through the efforts of the sycophants, but through those leaders who despised men of that character and were held in the highest respect for their integrity.
122. ἃ καὶ πάντων μάλιστʼ ἄν τις θαυμάσειεν, ὅτι προχειρίζεσθε δημαγωγοὺς οὐ τοὺς τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην ἔχοντας τοῖς μεγάλην τὴν πόλιν ποιήσασιν, ἀλλὰ τοὺς ὅμοια καὶ λέγοντας καὶ πράττοντας τοῖς ἀπολέσασιν αὐτήν, καὶ ταῦτʼ εἰδότες οὐ μόνον ἐν τῷ ποιῆσαι τὴν πόλιν εὐδαίμονα τοὺς χρηστοὺς τῶν πονηρῶν διαφέροντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν δημοκρατίαν ἐπὶ μὲν ἐκείνων ἐν πολλοῖς ἔτεσιν οὔτε κινηθεῖσαν οὔτε μεταστᾶσαν, ἐπὶ δὲ τούτων ἐν ὀλίγῳ χρόνῳ δὶς ἤδη καταλυθεῖσαν, καὶ τὰς φυγὰς τὰς ἐπὶ τῶν τυράννων καὶ τὰς ἐπὶ τῶν τριάκοντα γενομένας οὐ διὰ τοὺς συκοφάντας κατελθούσας, ἀλλὰ διὰ τοὺς μισοῦντας τοὺς τοιούτους καὶ μεγίστην ἐπʼ ἀρετῇ δόξαν ἔχοντας.
124. Nevertheless, in spite of the many things which remind us how the city fared under both kinds of leadership, we are so pleased with the depravity of our orators that, although we see that many of our other citizens have been stripped of their patrimony because of the war and of the disorders which these sycophants have caused, while the latter, from being penniless, have become rich, yet we are not aggrieved nor do we resent their prosperity but remain patient with a condition of affairs wherein our city is reproached with doing violence to the Hellenes and extorting money from them, while these men reap the harvest, and wherein our people, who are told by the sycophants that they ought to rule over the rest of the world, are worse off than those who are slaves to oligarchy, while these men, who had no advantage to start with, have risen because of our folly from a mean to an enviable position.
124. ἀλλʼ ὅμως τηλικούτων ἡμῖν ὑπομνημάτων καταλελειμμένων ὡς ἐφʼ ἑκατέρων αὐτῶν ἡ πόλις ἔπραττεν, οὕτω χαίρομεν ταῖς τῶν ῥητόρων πονηρίαις, ὥσθʼ ὁρῶντες διὰ τὸν πόλεμον καὶ τὰς ταραχάς, ἃς οὗτοι πεποιήκασι, τῶν μὲν ἄλλων πολιτῶν πολλοὺς ἐκ τῶν πατρῴων ἐκπεπτωκότας, τούτους δʼ ἐκ πενήτων πλουσίους γεγενημένους, οὐκ ἀγανακτοῦμεν οὐδὲ φθονοῦμεν ταῖς εὐπραγίαις αὐτῶν, ἀλλʼ ὑπομένομεν τὴν μὲν πόλιν διαβολὰς ἔχουσαν ὡς λυμαίνεται καὶ δασμολογεῖ τοὺς Ἕλληνας, τούτους δὲ τὰς ἐπικαρπίας λαμβάνοντας, καὶ τὸν μὲν δῆμον, ὅν φασιν οὗτοι δεῖν τῶν ἄλλων ἄρχειν, χεῖρον πράττοντα τῶν ταῖς ὀλιγαρχίαις δουλευόντων, οἷς δʼ οὐδὲν ὑπῆρχεν ἀγαθόν, τούτους δὲ διὰ τὴν ἄνοιαν τὴν ἡμετέραν ἐκ ταπεινῶν εὐδαίμονας γεγενημένους.
126. And yet Pericles, who was the leader of the people before men of this stamp came into favor, taking over the state when it was less prudent than it had been before it obtained the supremacy, although it was still tolerably well governed, was not bent upon his own enrichment, but left an estate which was smaller than that which he received from his father, while he brought up into the Acropolis eight thousand talents, apart from the sacred treasures.
126. καίτοι Περικλῆς ὁ πρὸ τῶν τοιούτων δημαγωγὸς καταστάς, παραλαβὼν τὴν πόλιν χεῖρον μὲν φρονοῦσαν ἢ πρὶν κατασχεῖν τὴν ἀρχήν, ἔτι δʼ ἀνεκτῶς πολιτευομένην, οὐκ ἐπὶ τὸν ἴδιον χρηματισμὸν ὥρμησεν, ἀλλὰ τὸν μὲν οἶκον ἐλάττω τὸν αὑτοῦ κατέλιπεν ἢ παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς παρέλαβεν, εἰς δὲ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ἀνήγαγεν ὀκτακισχίλια τάλαντα χωρὶς τῶν ἱερῶν.
127. But these demagogues have shown themselves so different from him that they have the effrontery to say that because of the care they give to the commonwealth they are not able to give attention to their private interests, although in fact these “neglected” interests have advanced to a degree of affluence which they would never have even dreamed of praying to the gods that they might attain, whereas our people, for whom they pretend to care, are in such straits that not one of our citizens is able to live with pleasure or at ease; on the contrary, Athens is rife with lamentations.
127. οὗτοι δὲ τοσοῦτον ἐκείνου διενηνόχασιν, ὥστε λέγειν μὲν τολμῶσιν ὡς διὰ τὴν τῶν κοινῶν ἐπιμέλειαν οὐ δύνανται τοῖς αὑτῶν ἰδίοις προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν, φαίνεται δὲ μὲν ἀμελούμενα τοσαύτην εἰληφότα τὴν ἐπίδοσιν, ὅσην οὐδʼ ἂν εὔξασθαι τοῖς θεοῖς πρότερον ἠξίωσαν, τὸ δὲ πλῆθος ἡμῶν, οὗ κήδεσθαί φασιν, οὕτω διακείμενον ὥστε μηδένα τῶν πολιτῶν ἡδέως ζῆν μηδὲ ῥᾳθύμως, ἀλλʼ ὀδυρμῶν μεστὴν εἶναι τὴν πόλιν.
128. For some are driven to rehearse and bewail amongst themselves their poverty and privation while others deplore the multitude of duties enjoined upon them by the state—the liturgies and all the nuisances connected with the symmories and with exchanges of property; for these are so annoying that those who have means find life more burdensome than those who are continually in want.
128. οἱ μὲν γὰρ τὰς πενίας καὶ τὰς ἐνδείας ἀναγκάζονται διεξιέναι καὶ θρηνεῖν πρὸς σφᾶς αὐτούς, οἱ δὲ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν προσταγμάτων καὶ τῶν λειτουργιῶν καὶ τὰ κακὰ τὰ περὶ τὰς συμμορίας καὶ τὰς ἀντιδόσεις· ἃ τοιαύτας ἐμποιεῖ λύπας, ὥστʼ ἄλγιον ζῆν τοὺς τὰς οὐσίας κεκτημένους ἢ τοὺς συνεχῶς πενομένους.
129. I marvel that you cannot see at once that no class is so inimical to the people as our depraved orators and demagogues. For, as if your other misfortunes were not enough, their chief desire is that you should be in want of your daily necessities, observing that those who are able to manage their affairs from their private incomes are on the side of the commonwealth and of our best counsellors, whereas those who live off the law-courts and the assemblies and the doles derived from them are constrained by their need to be subservient to the sycophants and are deeply grateful for the impeachments and the indictments and the other sharp practices which are due to the sycophants.
129. θαυμάζω δʼ εἰ μὴ δύνασθε συνιδεῖν ὅτι γένος οὐδέν ἐστι κακονούστερον τῷ πλήθει πονηρῶν ῥητόρων καὶ δημαγωγῶν· πρὸς γὰρ τοῖς ἄλλοις κακοῖς καὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἡμέραν ἑκάστην ἀναγκαίων οὗτοι μάλιστα βούλονται σπανίζειν ὑμᾶς, ὁρῶντες τοὺς μὲν ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων δυναμένους τὰ σφέτερʼ αὐτῶν διοικεῖν τῆς πόλεως ὄντας καὶ τῶν τὰ βέλτιστα λεγόντων, τοὺς δʼ ἀπὸ τῶν δικαστηρίων ζῶντας καὶ τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν καὶ τῶν ἐντεῦθεν λημμάτων ὑφʼ αὑτοῖς διὰ τὴν ἔνδειαν ἠναγκασμένους εἶναι, καὶ πολλὴν χάριν ἔχοντας ταῖς εἰσαγγελίαις καὶ ταῖς γραφαῖς καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις συκοφαντίαις ταῖς διʼ αὑτῶν γιγνομέναις.
131. Wherefore these men would be most happy to see all of our citizens reduced to the condition of helplessness in which they themselves are powerful. And the greatest proof of this is that they do not consider by what means they may provide a livelihood for those who are in need, but rather how they may reduce those who are thought to possess some wealth to the level of those who are in poverty.
131. ἐν οὖν ταῖς ἀπορίαις, ἐν αἷς αὐτοὶ δυναστεύουσιν, ἐν ταύταις ἥδιστʼ ἂν ἴδοιεν ἅπαντας ὄντας τοὺς πολίτας. τεκμήριον δὲ μέγιστον· οὐ γὰρ τοῦτο σκοποῦσιν, ἐξ οὗ τρόπου τοῖς δεομένοις βίον ἐκποριοῦσιν, ἀλλʼ ὅπως τοὺς ἔχειν τι δοκοῦντας τοῖς ἀπόροις ἐξισώσουσιν.
132. What, then, is the way of escape from our present ills? I have already discussed most of the points which bear upon this question, not in sequence, but as each fell into its opportune place. But perhaps it will help you to hold them in memory if I attempt to bring together and review those which more than others press upon our attention.
132. τίς οὖν ἀπαλλαγὴ γένοιτʼ ἂν τῶν κακῶν τῶν παρόντων; διείλεγμαι μὲν τὰ πλεῖστα περὶ αὐτῶν τούτων, οὐκ ἐφεξῆς, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἕκαστον τῷ καιρῷ συνέπιπτεν· μᾶλλον δʼ ἂν ὑμῖν ἐγγένοιτο μνημονεύειν, εἰ συναγαγὼν τὰ μάλιστα κατεπείγοντα πάλιν ἐπανελθεῖν αὐτὰ πειραθείην.
133. The first way by which we can set right and improve the condition of our city is to select as our advisers on affairs of state the kind of men whose advice we should desire on our private affairs, and to stop thinking of the sycophants as friends of democracy and of the good men and true among us as friends of oligarchy, realizing that no man is by nature either the one or the other but that all men desire, in each case, to establish that form of government in which they are held in honor.
133. ἔστι δʼ ἐξ ὧν ἂν ἐπανορθώσαιμεν τὰ τῆς πόλεως καὶ βελτίω ποιήσαιμεν, πρῶτον μὲν ἢν συμβούλους ποιώμεθα τοιούτους περὶ τῶν κοινῶν, οἵους περ ἂν περὶ τῶν ἰδίων ἡμῖν εἶναι βουληθεῖμεν, καὶ παυσώμεθα δημοτικοὺς μὲν εἶναι νομίζοντες τοὺς συκοφάντας, ὀλιγαρχικοὺς δὲ τοὺς καλοὺς κἀγαθοὺς τῶν ἀνδρῶν, γνόντες ὅτι φύσει μὲν οὐδεὶς οὐδέτερον τούτων ἐστίν, ἐν ᾗ δʼ ἂν ἕκαστοι τιμῶνται, ταύτην βούλονται καθεστάναι τὴν πολιτείαν·
134. The second way is to be willing to treat our allies just as we would our friends and not to grant them independence in words, while in fact giving them over to our generals to do with as they please, and not to exercise our leadership as masters but as helpers, since we have learned the lesson that while we are stronger than any single state we are weaker than all Hellas.
134. δεύτερον δʼ ἢν ἐθελήσωμεν χρῆσθαι τοῖς συμμάχοις ὁμοίως ὥσπερ τοῖς φίλοις, καὶ μὴ λόγῳ μὲν αὐτονόμους ἀφιῶμεν, ἔργῳ δὲ τοῖς στρατηγοῖς αὐτοὺς ὅ τι ἂν βούλωνται ποιεῖν ἐκδιδῶμεν, μηδὲ δεσποτικῶς ἀλλὰ συμμαχικῶς αὐτῶν ἐπιστατῶμεν, ἐκεῖνο καταμαθόντες, ὅτι μιᾶς μὲν ἑκάστης τῶν πόλεων κρείττους ἐσμέν, ἁπασῶν δʼ ἥττους·
135. And the third way is to consider that nothing is more important, save only to show reverence to the gods, than to have a good name among the Hellenes. For upon those who are so regarded they willingly confer both sovereign power and leadership.
135. τρίτον ἢν μηδὲν περὶ πλείονος ἡγῆσθε, μετά γε τὴν περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς εὐσέβειαν, τοῦ παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν εὐδοκιμεῖν· τοῖς γὰρ οὕτω διακειμένοις ἑκόντες καὶ τὰς δυναστείας καὶ τὰς ἡγεμονίας διδόασιν.
136. If, then, you will abide by the advice which I have given you, and if, besides, you will prove yourselves warlike by training and preparing for war but peaceful by doing nothing contrary to justice, you will render not only this city but all the Hellenes happy and prosperous.
136. ἢν οὖν ἐμμείνητε τοῖς εἰρημένοις, καὶ πρὸς τούτοις ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς παράσχητε πολεμικοὺς μὲν ὄντας ταῖς μελέταις καὶ ταῖς παρασκευαῖς, εἰρηνικοὺς δὲ τῷ μηδὲν παρὰ τὸ δίκαιον πράττειν, οὐ μόνον εὐδαίμονα ποιήσετε ταύτην τὴν πόλιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἅπαντας.
137. For no other of the states will dare to oppress them; on the contrary, they will hold back and studiously avoid aggression when they see the power of Athens on the alert and ready to go to the aid of the oppressed. But no matter what course the rest may take, our own position will be honorable and advantageous;
137. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἄλλη τῶν πόλεων οὐδεμία τολμήσει περὶ αὐτοὺς ἐξαμαρτάνειν, ἀλλʼ ὀκνήσουσι καὶ πολλὴν ἡσυχίαν ἄξουσιν, ὅταν ἴδωσιν ἐφεδρεύουσαν τὴν δύναμιν τὴν ἡμετέραν καὶ παρεσκευασμένην τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις βοηθεῖν. οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ ὁπότερον ἂν ποιήσωσι, τό γʼ ἡμέτερον καλῶς ἕξει καὶ συμφερόντως.
138. for if the foremost states resolve to abstain from acts of oppression, we shall have the credit for this blessing; but if, on the other hand, they attempt to oppress others, then all who fear them and suffer evil at their hands will come to us for refuge, with many prayers and supplications, offering us not only the hegemony but their own support.
138. ἤν τε γὰρ δόξῃ τῶν πόλεων ταῖς προεχούσαις ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν ἀδικημάτων, ἡμεῖς τούτων τῶν ἀγαθῶν τὴν αἰτίαν ἕξομεν· ἤν τʼ ἐπιχειρῶσιν ἀδικεῖν, ἐφʼ ἡμᾶς ἅπαντες οἱ δεδιότες καὶ κακῶς πάσχοντες καταφεύξονται, πολλὰς ἱκετείας καὶ δεήσεις ποιούμενοι, καὶ διδόντες οὐ μόνον τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ἀλλὰ καὶ σφᾶς αὐτούς.
139. So that we shall not lack for allies to help us to check the oppressors but shall find many ready and willing to join their forces to our own. For what city or what men will not be eager to share our friendship and our alliance when they see that the Athenians are at once the most just and the most powerful of peoples and are at the same time both willing and able to save the other states, while needing no help for themselves?
139. ὥστʼ οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν μεθʼ ὧν κωλύσομεν τοὺς ἐξαμαρτάνοντας, ἀλλὰ πολλοὺς ἕξομεν τοὺς ἑτοίμως καὶ προθύμως συναγωνιζομένους ἡμῖν. ποία γὰρ πόλις ἢ τίς ἀνθρώπων οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσει μετασχεῖν τῆς φιλίας καὶ τῆς συμμαχίας τῆς ἡμετέρας, ὅταν ὁρῶσι τοὺς αὐτούς, ἀμφότερα, καὶ δικαιοτάτους ὄντας καὶ μεγίστην δύναμιν κεκτημένους, καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους σώζειν καὶ βουλομένους καὶ δυναμένους, αὐτοὺς δὲ μηδεμιᾶς βοηθείας δεομένους;
140. What a turn for the better should you expect the affairs of our city to take when we enjoy such good will from the rest of the Hellenes? What wealth will flow into Athens when through her all Hellas is made secure? And who among men will fail to praise those who will have been the authors of blessings so many and so great?
140. πόσην δὲ χρὴ προσδοκᾶν ἐπίδοσιν τὰ τῆς πόλεως λήψεσθαι, τοιαύτης εὐνοίας ἡμῖν παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων ὑπαρξάσης; πόσον δὲ πλοῦτον εἰς τὴν πόλιν εἰσρυήσεσθαι, διʼ ἡμῶν ἁπάσης τῆς Ἑλλάδος σωζομένης; τίνας δʼ οὐκ ἐπαινέσεσθαι τοὺς τοσούτων καὶ τηλικούτων ἀγαθῶν αἰτίους γεγενημένους;
141. But I am not able because of my age to include in my speech all the things which I grasp in my thought, save that it is a noble enterprise for us, in the midst of the injustice and madness of the rest of the world, to be the first to adopt a sane policy and stand forth as the champions of the freedom of the Hellenes, to be acclaimed as their saviors, not their destroyers, and to become illustrious for our virtues and regain the good repute which our ancestors possessed.
141. ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ δύναμαι διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν ἅπαντα τῷ λόγῳ περιλαβεῖν, ἃ τυγχάνω τῇ διανοίᾳ καθορῶν, πλὴν ὅτι καλόν ἐστιν ἐν ταῖς τῶν ἄλλων ἀδικίαις καὶ μανίαις πρώτους εὖ φρονήσαντας προστῆναι τῆς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐλευθερίας, καὶ σωτῆρας ἀλλὰ μὴ λυμεῶνας αὐτῶν κληθῆναι, καὶ περιβλέπτους ἐπʼ ἀρετῇ γενομένους τὴν δόξαν τὴν τῶν προγόνων ἀναλαβεῖν.
142. But I have yet to touch upon the chief consideration of all—that upon which centers everything that I have said and in the light of which we should appraise the actions of the state. For if we really wish to clear away the prejudice in which we are held at the present time, we must cease from the wars which are waged to no purpose and so gain for our city the hegemony for all time; we must abhor all despotic rule and imperial power, reflecting upon the disasters which have sprung from them; and we must emulate and imitate the position held by the kings of Lacedaemon:
142. κεφάλαιον δὲ τούτων ἐκεῖνʼ ἔχω λέγειν, εἰς ὃ πάντα τὰ προειρημένα συντείνει καὶ πρὸς ὃ χρὴ βλέποντας τὰς πράξεις τὰς τῆς πόλεως δοκιμάζειν. δεῖ γὰρ ἡμᾶς, εἴπερ βουλόμεθα διαλύσασθαι μὲν τὰς διαβολὰς ἃς ἔχομεν ἐν τῷ παρόντι, παύσασθαι δὲ τῶν πολέμων τῶν μάτην γιγνομένων, κτήσασθαι δὲ τῇ πόλει τὴν ἡγεμονίαν εἰς τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον, μισῆσαι μὲν ἁπάσας τὰς τυραννικὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς δυναστείας, ἀναλογισαμένους τὰς συμφορὰς τὰς ἐξ αὐτῶν γεγενημένας, ζηλῶσαι δὲ καὶ μιμήσασθαι τὰς ἐν Λακεδαίμονι βασιλείας.
143. they, it is true, have less freedom than their private citizens to do wrong, yet are much more enviable than those who hold despotic power by force; for those who take the lives of despots are given the highest rewards by their fellow citizens, whereas those Spartans who are not ready to lay down their lives for their kings in battle are held in greater dishonor than men who desert their post and throw away their shields.
143. ἐκείνοις γὰρ ἀδικεῖν μὲν ἧττον ἔξεστιν ἢ τοῖς ἰδιώταις, τοσούτῳ δὲ μακαριστότεροι τυγχάνουσιν ὄντες τῶν βία τὰς τυραννίδας κατεχόντων, ὅσον οἱ μὲν τοὺς τοιούτους ἀποκτείναντες τὰς μεγίστας δωρεὰς παρὰ τῶν συμπολιτευομένων λαμβάνουσιν, ὑπὲρ ἐκείνων δʼ οἱ μὴ τολμῶντες ἐν ταῖς μάχαις ἀποθνήσκειν ἀτιμότεροι γίγνονται τῶν τὰς τάξεις λειπόντων καὶ τὰς ἀσπίδας ἀποβαλλόντων.
144. This, then, is the kind of leadership which is worth striving for. And this very position of honor which the kings of Lacedaemon have from their citizens we Athenians have it in our power to win from the Hellenes, if only they become convinced that our supremacy will be the instrument, not of their enslavement, but of their salvation.
144. ἄξιον οὖν ὀρέγεσθαι τῆς τοιαύτης ἡγεμονίας. ἔνεστι δὲ τοῖς πράγμασιν ἡμῶν τυχεῖν παρὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων τῆς τιμῆς ταύτης, ἥνπερ ἐκεῖνοι παρὰ τῶν πολιτῶν ἔχουσιν, ἢν ὑπολάβωσι τὴν δύναμιν τὴν ἡμετέραν μὴ δουλείας ἀλλὰ σωτηρίας αἰτίαν αὑτοῖς ἔσεσθαι.
145. My subject is not exhausted; there are many excellent things to be said upon it, but I am prompted by two considerations to stop speaking: the length of my discourse and the number of my years. But I urge and exhort those who are younger and more vigorous than I to speak and write the kind of discourses by which they will turn the greatest states—those which have been wont to oppress the rest—into the paths of virtue and justice, since when the affairs of Hellas are in a happy and prosperous condition, it follows that the state of learning and letters also is greatly improved.
145. πολλῶν δὲ καὶ καλῶν λόγων ἐνόντων περὶ τὴν ὑπόθεσιν ταύτην, ἐμοὶ μὲν ἀμφότερα συμβουλεύει παύσασθαι λέγοντι, καὶ τὸ μῆκος τοῦ λόγου καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἐτῶν τῶν ἐμῶν· τοῖς δὲ νεωτέροις καὶ μᾶλλον ἀκμάζουσιν ἢ ἐγὼ παραινῶ καὶ παρακελεύομαι τοιαῦτα καὶ λέγειν καὶ γράφειν, ἐξ ὧν τὰς μεγίστας τῶν πόλεων καὶ τὰς εἰθισμένας ταῖς ἄλλαις κακὰ παρέχειν προτρέψουσιν ἐπʼ ἀρετὴν καὶ δικαιοσύνην, ὡς ἐν ταῖς τῆς Ἑλλάδος εὐπραγίαις συμβαίνει καὶ τὰ τῶν φιλοσόφων πράγματα πολλῷ βελτίω γίγνεσθαι.