220. And this is what the Spartans have done. And yet with what conscience can we say that they make good use of their warlike practices who have at all times without ceasing sought to destroy those whom it behoved them to save?
220. ἅπερ ἐποίουν Ξπαρτιᾶται. καίτοι πῶς ὅσιόν ἐστι φάσκειν καλῶς χρῆσθαι τοῖς περὶ τὸν πόλεμον ἐπιτηδεύμασιν, οἵτινες οὓς προσῆκε σώζειν, τούτους ἀπολλύοντες ἅπαντα τὸν χρόνον διετέλεσαν;
221. “In truth, however, it is not you alone who fail to distinguish those who make good use of things, but, I might almost say, the great majority of the Hellenes. For whenever they see or hear from others that any people devote themselves zealously to what appear to be good practices, they extol them and make many speeches about them, without knowing what will be the effects of this devotion.
221. ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ σὺ μόνος ἀγνοεῖς τοὺς καλῶς χρωμένους τοῖς πράγμασιν, ἀλλὰ σχεδὸν οἱ πλεῖστοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων. ἐπειδὰν γάρ τινας ἴδωσιν ἢ πύθωνται παρά τινων ἐπιμελῶς διατρίβοντας περὶ τὰ δοκοῦντʼ εἶναι καλὰ τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων, ἐπαινοῦσι καὶ πολλοὺς λόγους ποιοῦνται περὶ αὐτῶν, οὐκ εἰδότες τὸ συμβησόμενον.
222. However, those who desire to form a correct judgement about such people should remain silent and have no opinion about them in the beginning, but when the time comes when they can observe them both speaking and taking action regarding both private and public affairs, then they should take accurate note of what they do in each case; and when men make good use of the things which they have practised, they should praise and honor them, but when they go wrong and do evil they should censure and abhor them and guard themselves against their ways, bearing in mind that things do not of their own nature either help or harm us, but that the manner in which they are used and employed by men is the cause of all the things which befall us. One may grasp the truth of this from the following consideration:
222. χρὴ δὲ τοὺς ὀρθῶς δοκιμάζειν βουλομένους περὶ τῶν τοιούτων ἐν ἀρχῇ μὲν ἡσυχίαν ἄγειν καὶ μηδεμίαν δόξαν ἔχειν περὶ αὐτῶν, ἐπειδὰν δʼ εἰς τὸν χρόνον ἐκεῖνον ἔλθωσιν, ἐν ᾧ καὶ λέγοντας καὶ πράττοντας αὐτοὺς ὄψονται καὶ περὶ τῶν ἰδίων καὶ περὶ τῶν κοινῶν, τότε θεωρεῖν ἀκριβῶς ἕκαστον αὐτῶν, καὶ τοὺς μὲν νομίμως καὶ καλῶς χρωμένους οἷς ἐμελέτησαν ἐπαινεῖν καὶ τιμᾶν, τοὺς δὲ πλημμελοῦντας καὶ κακουργοῦντας ψέγειν καὶ μισεῖν καὶ φυλάττεσθαι τὸν τρόπον αὐτῶν, ἐνθυμουμένους ὡς οὐχ αἱ φύσεις αἱ τῶν πραγμάτων οὔτʼ ὠφελοῦσιν οὔτε βλάπτουσιν ἡμᾶς, ἀλλʼ ὡς αἱ τῶν ἀνθρώπων χρήσεις καὶ πράξεις ἁπάντων ἡμῖν αἴτιαι τῶν συμβαινόντων εἰσίν.
224. things which are in themselves always the same and never different are to some helpful and to others harmful. And yet it is not conceivable that each thing should have a nature which itself is contrary to itself and not the same. But, on the other hand, who that can reason correctly will not look upon it as natural that the consequences should be by no means the same in the case of those who act rightly and justly and in the case of those who act willfully and wickedly?
224. γνοίη δʼ ἄν τις ἐκεῖθεν· τὰ γὰρ αὐτὰ πανταχῇ καὶ μηδαμῇ διαφέροντα τοῖς μὲν ὠφέλιμα τοῖς δὲ βλαβερὰ γίγνεται. καίτοι τὴν μὲν φύσιν ἕκαστον τῶν ὄντων τὴν ἐναντίαν αὐτὴν αὑτῇ καὶ μὴ αὐτὴν οὐκ εὔκολόν ἐστιν· τὸ δὲ μηδὲν τῶν αὐτῶν συμβαίνειν τοῖς ὀρθῶς καὶ δικαίως πράττουσι καὶ τοῖς ἀσελγῶς τε καὶ κακῶς, τίνι τῶν ὀρθῶς λογιζομένων οὐκ ἂν εἰκότως ταῦτα γίγνεσθαι δόξειεν;
225. “This same argument applies also to the matter of concord; for this is not different in its nature from the things which I have discussed; on the contrary, we shall find that it is in some instances the cause of very many blessings, but in others of the greatest evils and misfortunes. And I contend that the concord of the Spartans is of the latter sort. For I shall speak the truth even at the risk of appearing to some to say what is quite contrary to the general opinion.
225. ὁ δʼ αὐτὸς οὗτος λόγος καὶ περὶ τὰς ὁμονοίας ἂν ἁρμόσειεν· καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖναι τὴν φύσιν εἰσὶν οὐκ ἀνόμοιαι τοῖς εἰρημένοις, ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν αὐτῶν εὕροιμεν ἂν πλείστων ἀγαθῶν αἰτίας γιγνομένας, τὰς δὲ τῶν μεγίστων κακῶν καὶ συμφορῶν. ὧν μίαν εἶναί φημι καὶ τὴν Σπαρτιατῶν· εἰρήσεται γὰρ τἀληθές, εἰ καί τισι δόξω λίαν παράδοξα λέγειν.
226. For by being of one mind amongst themselves regarding the outside world they have always striven to set the Hellenes at variance with each other, reducing this practice, as it were, to a fine art and they have always looked upon the cruellest of evils which befell the other states as of all things in the world the greatest of boons to themselves; for when the states were in such stress, they found it possible to manage them as they pleased. So that no one could justly praise them because of their concord, any more than one could praise pirates or brigands or men given to other forms of injustice. For such men also enjoy concord among themselves and thereby seek to destroy all others.
226. οὗτοι γὰρ τῷ ταὐτὰ γιγνώσκειν περὶ τῶν ἔξω πραγμάτων ἀλλήλοις στασιάζειν τοὺς Ἕλληνας ὥσπερ τέχνην ἔχοντες, ἐποίουν, καὶ τὸ χαλεπώτατον ταῖς ἄλλαις πόλεσι τῶν κακῶν γιγνόμενον, τοῦθʼ αὑτοῖς ἁπάντων συμφορώτατον ἐνόμιζον εἶναι· τὰς γὰρ οὕτω διακειμένας ἐξῆν αὐτοῖς, ὅπως ἠβούλοντο, διοικεῖν. ὥστʼ οὐδεὶς ἂν αὐτοὺς διά γε τὴν ὁμόνοιαν δικαίως ἐπαινέσειεν, οὐδὲν μᾶλλον ἢ τοὺς καταποντιστὰς καὶ λῃστὰς καὶ τοὺς περὶ τὰς ἄλλας ἀδικίας ὄντας· καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι σφίσιν αὐτοῖς ὁμονοοῦντες τοὺς ἄλλους ἀπολλύουσιν.
227. But if I appear to some to use a comparison which is not in keeping with the reputation of the Spartans, I discard this and instance the Triballians, who, according to what all men say, are of one mind as are no other people on earth, but are bent on destroying not only those who border upon their territory and those who live in their neighborhood but also all others whom they are able to reach.
227. εἰ δέ τισι δοκῶ τὴν παραβολὴν ἀπρεπῆ πεποιῆσθαι πρὸς τὴν ἐκείνων δόξαν, ταύτην μὲν ἐῶ, λέγω δὲ Τριβαλλούς, οὓς ἅπαντές φασιν ὁμονοεῖν μὲν ὡς οὐδένας ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους, ἀπολλύναι δʼ οὐ μόνον τοὺς ὁμόρους καὶ τοὺς πλησίον οἰκοῦντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ὅσων ἂν ἐφικέσθαι δυνηθῶσιν.
228. But men who pretend to excellence must not imitate their example but much rather the power of wisdom and of justice and of the other virtues. For these do not work for the benefit of their own natures, but whomsoever they visit and abide with—these they bless with prosperity and happiness. But the Lacedaemonians do the very opposite: whomsoever they approach they seek to destroy and they are ever striving to appropriate all the good things which belong to the world at large.”
228. οὓς οὐ χρὴ μιμεῖσθαι τοὺς ἀρετῆς ἀντιποιουμένους, ἀλλὰ πολὺ μᾶλλον τὴν τῆς σοφίας καὶ τῆς δικαιοσύνης καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀρετῶν δύναμιν. αὗται μὲν γὰρ οὐ τὰς σφετέρας αὐτῶν φύσεις εὐεργετοῦσιν, ἀλλʼ οἷς ἂν παραγενόμεναι παραμείνωσιν, εὐδαίμονας καὶ μακαρίους ποιοῦσιν· Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ τοὐναντίον, οἷς μὲν ἂν πλησιάσωσιν, ἀπολλύουσι, τὰ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἀγαθὰ πάντα περὶ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς ποιοῦνται.”
229. Having said these things, I silenced the man to whom I had addressed my remarks, albeit he was able and experienced in many things and had been trained in speaking no less than any of those who had been under my instruction. However, the youths who had been present at all this discussion did not form the same judgement as myself, but, while they applauded me both for having spoken more vigorously than they anticipated and for having debated well, they disparaged my opponent, although in fact they judged neither of us correctly but missed the truth as to us both.
229. ταῦτʼ εἰπὼν κατέσχον πρὸς ὃν τοὺς λόγους ἐποιούμην, ἄνδρα δεινὸν καὶ πολλῶν ἔμπειρον καὶ περὶ τὸ λέγειν γεγυμνασμένον οὐδενὸς ἧττον τῶν ἐμοὶ πεπλησιακότων. οὐ μὴν τὰ μειράκια τὰ πᾶσι παραγεγενημένα τούτοις τὴν αὐτὴν ἐμοὶ γνώμην ἔσχεν, ἀλλʼ ἐμὲ μὲν ἐπῄνεσαν ὡς διειλεγμένον τε νεαρωτέρως ἢ προσεδόκησαν ἠγωνισμένον τε καλῶς, ἐκείνου δὲ κατεφρόνησαν, οὐκ ὀρθῶς γιγνώσκοντες, ἀλλὰ διημαρτηκότες ἀμφοτέρων ἡμῶν.
230. For he went his way, having grown wiser and feeling chastened in spirit, as is becoming to men of intelligence he had experienced the force of the inscription at Delphi and come to know both himself and the nature of the Lacedaemonians better than before. I, on the other hand, remained, having perhaps debated effectively, but having because of this very fact shown less understanding, cherishing a greater pride than befits men of my age, and given over to youthful confusion.
230. ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἀπῄει φρονιμώτερος γεγενημένος καὶ συνεσταλμένην ἔχων τὴν διάνοιαν, ὥσπερ χρὴ τοὺς εὖ φρονοῦντας, καὶ πεπονθὼς τὸ γεγραμμένον ἐν Δελφοῖς, αὑτόν τʼ ἐγνωκὼς καὶ τὴν Λακεδαιμονίων φύσιν μᾶλλον ἢ πρότερον· ἐγὼ δʼ ὑπελειπόμην ἐπιτυχῶς μὲν ἴσως διειλεγμένος, ἀνοητότερος δὲ διʼ αὐτὸ τοῦτο γεγενημένος, καὶ φρονῶν μεῖζον ἢ προσῆκε τοὺς τηλικούτους, καὶ ταραχῆς μειρακιώδους μεστὸς ὤν.
231. Manifestly I was in such a state of mind; for when I seized a moment of quiet, I did not cease until I had dictated to my boy the speech which a short time before I had delivered with pleasure but which a little later was to cause me distress. For when, after three or four days had elapsed, I was reading and going over it, I found that, while I was not troubled about the things which I had said about Athens (for in everything which had reference to her I had written well and justly), yet I was distressed and uncomfortable about what I had said with reference to the Lacedaemonians.
231. δῆλος δʼ ἦν οὕτω διακείμενος· ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἡσυχίας ἐπελαβόμην, οὐ πρότερον ἐπαυσάμην πρὶν ὑπέβαλον τῷ παιδὶ τὸν λόγον, ὃν ὀλίγῳ μὲν πρότερον μεθʼ ἡδονῆς διῆλθον, μικρῷ δʼ ὕστερον ἤμελλέ με λυπήσειν. τριῶν γὰρ ἢ τεττάρων ἡμερῶν διαλειφθεισῶν ἀναγιγνώσκων αὐτὰ καὶ διεξιών, ἐπὶ μὲν οἷς περὶ τῆς πόλεως ἦν εἰρηκώς, οὐκ ἠχθόμην, καλῶς γὰρ καὶ δικαίως ἦν ἅπαντα περὶ αὐτῆς γεγραφώς, ἐπὶ δὲ τοῖς περὶ Λακεδαιμονίων ἐλυπήθην καὶ βαρέως ἔφερον·
232. For it seemed to me that I had not spoken of them with moderation nor in the same manner as the rest of the world but with contempt and with extreme bitterness and altogether without understanding. The result was that I was often on the point of blotting out or burning what I had written and as often changed my mind when I thought with pity of my old age and of the labour which had been spent upon my discourse.
232. οὐ γὰρ μετρίως ἐδόκουν μοι διειλέχθαι περὶ αὐτῶν οὐδʼ ὁμοίως τοῖς ἄλλοις, ἀλλʼ ὀλιγώρως καὶ λίαν πικρῶς καὶ παντάπασιν ἀνοήτως· ὥστε πολλάκις ὁρμήσας ἐξαλείφειν αὐτὸν ἢ κατακάειν μετεγίγνωσκον, ἐλεῶν τὸ γῆρας τοὐμαυτοῦ καὶ τὸν πόνον τὸν περὶ τὸν λόγον γεγενημένον.
233. Since I was in this state of confusion, shifting frequently from one impulse to the other, I decided that the best thing for me to do was to call in those of my former disciples who lived in the city and take counsel with them as to whether my discourse was to be entirely destroyed or to be distributed among those who desired to have it, and to follow their judgement whatever it might be. Having so resolved, I lost no time; they whom I have mentioned were summoned at once; I announced to them beforehand the object of their coming together the speech was read aloud, was praised and applauded and accorded even such a reception as is given to successful declamations.
233. ἐν τοιαύτῃ δὲ μοι ταραχῇ καθεστηκότι καὶ μεταβολὰς ποιουμένῳ πολλὰς ἔδοξε κράτιστον εἶναι παρακαλέσαντι τῶν πεπλησιακότων τοὺς ἐπιδημοῦντας βουλεύσασθαι μετʼ αὐτῶν, πότεροι ἀφανιστέος παντάπασίν ἐστιν ἢ διαδοτέος τοῖς βουλομένοις λαμβάνειν, ὁπότερα δʼ ἂν ἐκείνοις δόξῃ, ταῦτα ποιεῖν. τούτων γνωσθέντων οὐδεμίαν διατριβὴν ἐποιησάμην, ἀλλʼ εὐθὺς παρεκέκληντο μὲν οὓς εἶπον, προειρηκὼς δʼ ἦν αὐτοῖς ἐφʼ ἃ συνεληλυθότες ἦσαν, ἀνέγνωστο δʼ ὁ λόγος, ἐπῃνημένος δʼ ἦν καὶ τεθορυβημένος καὶ τετυχηκὼς ὧνπερ οἱ κατορθοῦντες ἐν ταῖς ἐπιδείξεσιν.
234. But when all this demonstration had come to an end, the others present began to talk among themselves, presumably about the discourse which had been read. But the man whom I had sent for at first to obtain his advice (the panegyrist of the Lacedaemonians, to whom I had spoken at greater length than I should), having remained silent in the meantime, turned to me and said that he was in doubt what to do in the present situation, for he desired neither to discredit the words which I had spoken nor was he able to credit them entirely.
234. ἁπάντων δὲ τούτων ἐπιτετελεσμένων οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι διελέγοντο πρὸς σφᾶς αὐτούς, δῆλον ὅτι περὶ τῶν ἀναγνωσθέντων· ὃν δʼ ἐξ ἀρχῆς μετεπεμψάμεθα σύμβουλον, τὸν Λακεδαιμονίων ἐπαινέτην, πρὸς ὃν πλείω διελέχθην τοῦ δέοντος, σιωπὴν ποιησάμενος καὶ πρὸς ἐμὲ βλέψας ἀπορεῖν ἔφασκεν ὅ τι χρήσηται τοῖς παροῦσιν· οὔτε γὰρ ἀπιστεῖν βούλεσθαι τοῖς ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ λεγομένοις, οὔτε πιστεύειν δύνασθαι παντάπασιν αὐτοῖς.
235. “For I wonder,” he continued, “whether you were as distressed and uncomfortable about the things which you had said concerning the Lacedaemonians as you allege—for I see nothing in what you have written to indicate such a feeling—and whether you really brought us together because you desired to get our advice about your discourse, since you knew well enough that we always commend whatever you say or do. Men of intelligence are accustomed to take common counsel with others regarding matters about which they are concerned, preferably with those who are wiser than themselves, but, at any rate, with those who will express their own judgement. But you have done the very opposite.
235. “θαυμάζω γὰρ εἴθʼ οὕτως ἐλυπήθης καὶ βαρέως ἔσχες, ὥσπερ φῄς, ἐπὶ τοῖς περὶ Λακεδαιμονίων εἰρημένοις, οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐν αὐτοῖς ὁρῶ τοιοῦτον γεγραμμένον, εἴτε συμβούλοις περὶ τοῦ λόγου χρήσασθαι βουλόμενος ἡμᾶς συνήγαγες, οὓς οἶσθʼ ἀκριβῶς ἅπαν ὅ τι ἂν σὺ λέγῃς ἢ πράττῃς ἐπαινοῦντας. εἰθισμένοι δʼ εἰσὶν οἱ νοῦν ἔχοντες ἀνακοινοῦσθαι, περὶ ὧν ἂν σπουδάζωσι, μάλιστα μὲν τοῖς ἄμεινον αὑτῶν φρονοῦσιν, εἰ δὲ μή, τοῖς μέλλουσιν ἀποφαίνεσθαι τὴν αὑτῶν γνώμην· ὧν τἀναντία σὺ πεποίηκας.
236. Therefore I accept neither of these explanations but am rather of the opinion that you summoned us here and pronounced your encomium on Athens, not ingenuously nor for the reason you stated to us, but because you wanted to test us to see if we were true to the cultivated life, if we remembered what had been said to us under your tutelage, and if we could grasp at once the manner in which your speech was written— that you chose, and chose wisely, to eulogize your own city in order that you might gratify the multitude of your fellow-citizens and that you might win the acclaim of those who are friendly disposed towards you.
236. τούτων μὲν οὖν οὐδέτερον ἀποδέχομαι τῶν λόγων, δοκεῖς δέ μοι ποιήσασθαι τήν τε παράκλησιν τὴν ἡμετέραν καὶ τὸν ἔπαινον τὸν τῆς πόλεως οὐχ ἁπλῶς, οὐδʼ ὡς διείλεξαι πρὸς ἡμᾶς, ἀλλʼ ἡμῶν μὲν πεῖραν λαβεῖν βουλόμενος, εἰ φιλοσοφοῦμεν καὶ μεμνήμεθα τῶν ἐν ταῖς διατριβαῖς λεγομένων καὶ συνιδεῖν δυνηθεῖμεν ἂν ὃν τρόπον ὁ λόγος τυγχάνει γεγραμμένος, τὴν δὲ πόλιν ἐπαινεῖν προελέσθαι τὴν σαυτοῦ σωφρονῶν, ἵνα τῷ τε πλήθει τῷ τῶν πολιτῶν χαρίσῃ καὶ παρὰ τοῖς εὖνοι·
237. But having so decided, you conceived that if you confined your discourse to Athens alone and repeated the fables about her which fall easily from the lips of everyone, your speech would appear no different from those which had been composed by the other orators (which would cause you extreme humiliation and distress), whereas if you discarded these fables and dealt with her acknowledged achievements, which have brought many blessings to the Hellenes, and compared these with the deeds of the Lacedaemonians, praising the achievements of your ancestors and censuring the things which have been done by the Lacedaemonians, not only would your discourse make a more striking impression upon your hearers but you yourself would lose no ground, and many would admire such a treatment of the theme more than what had been written by the other orators.
237. κῶς πρὸς ὑμᾶς διακειμένοις εὐδοκιμήσῃς. ταῦτα δὲ γνοὺς ὑπέλαβες ὡς εἰ μὲν περὶ μόνης αὐτῆς ποιήσει τοὺς λόγους καὶ τὰ μυθώδη περὶ αὐτῆς ἐρεῖς ἃ πάντες θρυλοῦσιν, ὅμοια φανεῖται τὰ λεγόμενα τοῖς ὑπὸ τῶν ἄλλων γεγραμμένοις, ἐφʼ ᾧ σὺ μάλιστʼ ἂν αἰσχυνθείης καὶ λυπηθείης· ἐὰν δʼ ἐάσας ἐκεῖνα λέγῃς τὰς πράξεις τὰς ὁμολογουμένας καὶ πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν αἰτίας τοῖς Ἕλλησι γεγενημένας, καὶ παραβάλλῃς αὐτὰς πρὸς τὰς Λακεδαιμονίων, καὶ τὰς μὲν τῶν προγόνων ἐπαινῇς, τῶν δʼ ἐκείνοις πεπραγμένων κατηγορῇς, ὅ τε λόγος ἐναργέστερος εἶναι δόξει τοῖς ἀκούουσι καὶ σὺ μενεῖς ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς, ὃ μᾶλλον ἄν τινες θαυμάσειαν τῶν τοῖς ἄλλοις γεγραμμένων.
239. “At the first, then, so it appears to me, this was the manner in which you reviewed and thought upon your problem. But since you knew that you had praised the government of the Spartans more than any other man, you feared lest you might impress those who had heard this praise as no different from the orators who speak without conviction or principle, if, that is to say, you censured on the present occasion those whom you formerly were wont to praise above all others. Pondering this difficulty, you proceeded to study in what light you could represent each of these two cities in order that you might seem to speak the truth about them both and that you might be able to praise your ancestors, just as you purposed to do, and at the same time to appear to be censuring the Spartans in the eyes of those who have no liking for them, while in reality doing nothing of the sort but covertly praising them instead.
239. ἐν ἀρχῇ μὲν οὖν οὕτω μοι φαίνει τάξαι καὶ βουλεύσασθαι περὶ αὐτῶν, εἰδὼς δὲ σαυτὸν ἐπῃνεκότα τὴν Σπαρτιατῶν διοίκησιν ὡς οὐδεὶς ἄλλος, φοβεῖσθαι τοὺς ἀκηκοότας, μὴ δόξῃς ὅμοιος εἶναι τοῖς λέγουσιν ὅ τι ἂν τύχωσι καὶ τούτους νῦν ψέγειν οὓς πρότερον ἐπῄνεις μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων· ταῦτʼ ἐνθυμηθεὶς σκοπεῖσθαι ποίους τινὰς ἂν ἑκατέρους εἶναι φήσας ἀληθῆ τε λέγειν δόξειας περὶ ἀμφοτέρων, ἔχοις τʼ ἂν τοὺς μὲν προγόνους ἐπαινεῖν, οὕσπερ βούλει, Σπαρτιατῶν δὲ δοκεῖν μὲν κατηγορεῖν τοῖς ἀηδῶς πρὸς αὐτοὺς διακειμένοις, μηδὲν δὲ ποιεῖν τοιοῦτον ἀλλὰ λανθάνειν ἐπαινῶν αὐτούς·
240. Seeking such an effect, you found without difficulty arguments of double meaning, which lend themselves no more to the purpose of those who praise than of those who blame, but are capable of being turned both ways and leave room for much disputation—arguments the employment of which, when one contends in court over contracts for his own advantage, is shameful and no slight token of depravity but, when one discourses on the nature of man and of things, is honorable and bespeaks a cultivated mind.
240. ζητῶν δὲ τὰ τοιαῦτα ῥᾳδίως εὑρεῖν λόγους ἀμφιβόλους καὶ μηδὲν μᾶλλον μετὰ τῶν ἐπαινούντων ἢ τῶν ψεγόντων ὄντας, ἀλλʼ ἐπαμφοτερίζειν δυναμένους καὶ πολλὰς ἀμφισβητήσεις ἔχοντας, οἷς χρῆσθαι περὶ μὲν συμβολαίων καὶ περὶ πλεονεξίας ἀγωνιζόμενον αἰσχρὸν καὶ πονηρίας οὐ μικρὸν σημεῖον, περὶ δὲ φύσεως ἀνθρώπων διαλεγόμενον καὶ πραγμάτων καλὸν καὶ φιλόσοφον.
241. Even such is the discourse which has been read, in which you have represented your ancestors as devoted to peace and lovers of the Hellenes and champions of equality in the government of states, but have painted the Spartans as arrogant and warlike and self-seeking, as indeed they have been conceived by all men to be. “Such being the nature of each of these two cities, the Athenians are extolled by all men and are credited with being friendly to the masses, while the Spartans are envied and disliked by the majority of men.
241. οἷός περ ὁ λόγος ὁ διαναγνωσθείς ἐστιν, ἐν ᾧ πεποίηκας τοὺς μὲν σοὺς προγόνους εἰρηνικοὺς καὶ φιλέλληνας καὶ τῆς ἰσότητος τῆς ἐν ταῖς πολιτείαις ἡγεμόνας, Σπαρτιάτας δʼ ὑπεροπτικοὺς καὶ πολεμικοὺς καὶ πλεονέκτας, οἵους περ αὐτοὺς εἶναι πάντες ὑπειλήφασιν. τοιαύτην δʼ ἑκατέρων ἐχόντων τὴν φύσιν, τοὺς μὲν ὑπὸ πάντων ἐπαινεῖσθαι καὶ δοκεῖν εὔνους εἶναι τῷ πλήθει, τοῖς δὲ τοὺς μὲν πολλοὺς φθονεῖν καὶ δυσμενῶς ἔχειν, ἔστι δʼ οὓς καὶ ἐπαινεῖν αὐτοὺς καὶ θαυμάζειν, καὶ τολμᾶν λέγειν ὡς ἀγαθὰ μείζω τυγχάνουσιν ἔχοντες τῶν τοῖς προγόνοις τοῖς σοῖς προσόντων·
242. There are, however, those who praise them and admire them and make bold to say that they have greater advantages than were possessed by your ancestors. For arrogance partakes of dignity—a quality held in high esteem—and men of that character are regarded as more high-minded than those who champion equality, just as those who are warlike are regarded as superior to those who are peaceable. For the latter are neither seekers after what they do not have nor staunch guardians of what they possess, while the former are effective in both respects—both in seizing whatever they covet and in keeping whatever they have once made their own.
242. τήν τε γὰρ ὑπεροψίαν σεμνότητος μετέχειν, εὐδοκίμου πράγματος, καὶ δοκεῖν ἅπασι μεγαλοφρονεστέρους εἶναι τοὺς τοιούτους ἢ τοὺς τῆς ἰσότητος προεστῶτας, τούς τε πολεμικοὺς πολὺ διαφέρειν τῶν εἰρηνικῶν· τοὺς μὲν γὰρ οὔτε κτητικοὺς εἶναι τῶν οὐκ ὄντων οὔτε φύλακας δεινοὺς τῶν ὑπαρχόντων, τοὺς δʼ ἀμφότερα δύνασθαι, καὶ λαμβάνειν ὧν ἂν ἐπιθυμῶσι καὶ σώζειν ἅπερ ἂν ἅπαξ κατάσχωσιν· ἃ ποιοῦσιν οἱ τέλειοι δοκοῦντες εἶναι τῶν ἀνδρῶν.
243. And this is what is done by those who are men in the complete sense. But the eulogists of Sparta think they have even a stronger plea for self-seeking than what I have said. For they do not consider that men who break contracts and cheat and falsify accounts deserve to be termed self-seeking; for because they are in bad repute with all men they come off worse in all circumstances, whereas the self-seeking of the Spartans and of kings and despots is a gift from heaven which all men crave.
243. ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ περὶ τῆς πλεονεξίας καλλίους ἔχειν οἴονται λόγους τῶν εἰρημένων· τοὺς μὲν γὰρ ἀποστεροῦντας τὰ συμβόλαια καὶ τοὺς παρακρουομένους καὶ παραλογιζομένους οὐχ ἡγοῦνται δικαίως καλεῖσθαι πλεονεκτικούς, διὰ γὰρ τὸ πονηρὰν ἔχειν τὴν δόξαν ἐν ἅπασιν αὐτοὺς ἐλαττοῦσθαι τοῖς πράγμασι, τὰς δὲ Σπαρτιατῶν πλεονεξίας καὶ τὰς τῶν βασιλέων καὶ τὰς τῶν τυράννων εὐκτὰς μὲν εἶναι, καὶ ἅπαντας αὐτῶν ἐπιθυμεῖν, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ λοιδορεῖσθαι καὶ καταρᾶσθαι τοῖς τὰς τηλικαύτας ἔχουσι δυναστείας·
244. It is true that those who hold such power are the objects of abuse and execration but no man is so constituted by nature that he would not pray to the gods to be granted this power, preferably for himself, but, failing that, for those nearest and dearest to him. And this fact makes it manifest that all men regard it as the greatest good in the world to have the advantage over others. “It was, then, with such thoughts, as it seems to me, that you planned the general scope of your discourse.
244. οὐδένα δὲ τοιοῦτον εἶναι τὴν φύσιν ὅστις οὐκ ἂν εὔξαιτο τοῖς θεοῖς μάλιστα μὲν αὐτὸς τυχεῖν τῆς ἐξουσίας ταύτης, εἰ δὲ μή, τοὺς οἰκειοτάτους· ᾧ καὶ φανερόν ἐστιν ὅτι μέγιστον τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἅπαντες εἶναι νομίζομεν τὸ πλέον ἔχειν τῶν ἄλλων. τὴν μὲν οὖν περιβολὴν τοῦ λόγου δοκεῖς μοι ποιήσασθαι μετὰ τοιαύτης διανοίας.
245. But if I believed that you would refrain from revising what has been said and would let this discourse stand without criticism, I would not myself attempt to speak further. As it is, however, I do not suppose that you will feel disturbed in the least because I did not speak out my opinion on the question about which I was called in to advise you, for even at the time when you called us together you did not seem to me to be really concerned about it. I suppose rather that you will object that, whereas you have deliberately chosen to compose a discourse which is not at all like any other, but which to those who read it casually will appear to be ingenuous and easy to comprehend, though to those who scan it thoroughly and endeavor to see in it what has escaped all others it will reveal itself as difficult and hard to understand, packed with history and philosophy, and filled with all manner of devices and fictions—not the kind of fictions which, used with evil intent, are wont to injure one’s fellow-citizens, but the kind which, used by the cultivated mind, are able to benefit or to delight one’s audience,— you will object, I say, that, whereas you have chosen to do this, yet I have not allowed any of this to stand as you resolved that it should, but that I fail to see that in seeking both to explain the force of your words and to expound your real thoughts I thereby lessen the reputation of the discourse in proportion as I make it more patent and intelligible to its readers; for by implanting understanding in those who are without knowledge I render the discourse naked and strip it of the honor which would otherwise attach to it through those who study hard and are willing to take pains.
245. εἰ μὲν οὖν ἡγούμην ἀφέξεσθαι σε τῶν εἰρημένων καὶ παραλείψειν ἀνεπιτίμητον τὸν λόγον τοῦτον, οὐδʼ ἂν αὐτὸς ἔτι λέγειν ἐπεχείρουν· νῦν δʼ ὅτι μὲν οὐκ ἀπεφηνάμην περὶ ὧν παρεκλήθην σύμβουλος, οὐδὲν οἶμαί σοι μελήσειν, οὐδὲ γὰρ ὅτε συνῆγες ἡμᾶς, ἐδόκεις μοι σπουδάζειν περὶ αὐτῶν, προελόμενον δέ σε συνθεῖναι λόγον μηδὲν ὅμοιον τοῖς ἄλλοις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν ῥᾳθύμως ἀναγιγνώσκουσιν ἁπλοῦν εἶναι δόξοντα καὶ ῥᾴδιον καταμαθεῖν, τοῖς δʼ ἀκριβῶς διεξιοῦσιν αὐτόν, καὶ πειρωμένοις κατιδεῖν ὃ τοὺς ἄλλους λέληθεν, χαλεπὸν φανούμενον καὶ δυσκαταμάθητον καὶ πολλῆς μὲν ἱστορίας γέμοντα καὶ φιλοσοφίας, παντοδαπῆς δὲ μεστὸν ποικιλίας καὶ ψευδολογίας, οὐ τῆς εἰθισμένης μετὰ κακίας βλάπτειν τοὺς συμπολιτευομένους, ἀλλὰ τῆς δυναμένης μετὰ παιδιᾶς ὠφελεῖν ἢ τέρπειν τοὺς ἀκούοντας, —ὧν οὐδὲν ἐάσαντά με φήσειν τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον ἔχειν ὡς ἐβουλεύσω σὺ περὶ αὐτῶν, ἀλλὰ τήν τε δύναμιν τῶν λεγομένων διδάσκοντα καὶ τὴν σὴν διάνοιαν ἐξηγούμενον οὐκ αἰσθάνεσθαι τοσούτῳ τὸν λόγον ἀδοξότερον διʼ ἐμὲ γιγνόμενον, ὅσῳ περ αὐτὸν φανερώτερον ἐποίουν καὶ γνωριμώτερον τοῖς ἀναγιγνώσκουσιν· ἐπιστήμην γὰρ τοῖς οὐκ εἰδόσιν ἐνεργαζόμενον ἔρημον τὸν λόγον με ποιεῖν καὶ τῆς τιμῆς ἀποστερεῖν τῆς γιγνομένης ἂν αὐτῷ διὰ τοὺς πονοῦντας καὶ πράγματα σφίσιν αὐτοῖς παρέχοντας.
248. “But, while I acknowledge that my own intelligence is vastly inferior to your own, yet as surely as I appreciate this fact so surely do I know that in times when your city deliberates on matters of the greatest import those who are reputed to be the wisest some times miss the expedient course of action, whereas now and then some chance person from the ranks of men who are deemed of no account and are regarded with contempt hits upon the right course and is thought to give the best advice.
248. ἐγὼ δʼ ὁμολογῶ μὲν ἀπολελεῖφθαι τὴν ἐμὴν φρόνησιν τῆς σῆς ὡς δυνατὸν πλεῖστον, οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ τοῦτʼ οἶδα, κἀκεῖνο τυγχάνω γιγνώσκων, ὅτι τῆς πόλεως τῆς ὑμετέρας βουλευομένης περὶ τῶν μεγίστων οἱ μὲν ἄριστα φρονεῖν δοκοῦντες ἐνίοτε διαμαρτάνουσι τοῦ συμφέροντος, τῶν δὲ φαύλων νομιζομένων εἶναι καὶ καταφρονουμένων ἔστιν ὅτε κατώρθωσεν ὁ τυχὼν καὶ βέλτιστα λέγειν ἔδοξεν·
249. It would not, then, be surprising if something of the sort has come to pass in the present instance, where you think that you will gain the greatest credit if you conceal for the longest possible time the purpose you had in mind when you worked out your discourse, whereas I think that you will best succeed if you can with the least possible delay publish the thought by which you were governed when you composed it to all the world and especially to the Lacedaemonians, whom you have often discussed, sometimes with fairness and dignity, but then again with recklessness and extreme captiousness.
249. ὥστʼ οὐδὲν θαυμαστὸν εἰ καὶ περὶ τοῦ νῦν ἐνεστῶτος τοιοῦτόν τι συμβέβηκεν, ὅπου σὺ μὲν οἴει μάλιστʼ εὐδοκιμήσειν, ἢν ὡς πλεῖστον χρόνον διαλάθῃς ἣν ἔχων γνώμην τὰ περὶ τὸν λόγον ἐπραγματεύθης, ἐγὼ δʼ ἡγοῦμαι βέλτιστά σε πράξειν, ἢν δυνηθῇς τὴν διάνοιαν, ᾗ χρώμενος αὐτὸν συνέθηκας, ὡς τάχιστα φανερὰν ποιῆσαι τοῖς τʼ ἄλλοις ἅπασι καὶ Λακεδαιμονίοις, περὶ ὧν πεποίησαι πολλοὺς λόγους, τοὺς μὲν δικαίους καὶ σεμνούς, τοὺς δʼ ἀσελγεῖς καὶ λίαν φιλαπεχθήμονας.
250. “For if one were to show them a discourse of the latter sort before I had explained it to them, they would inevitably hate you and dislike you for having written in denunciation of them. As it is, I think that while most of the Lacedaemonians will continue to abide in the ways to which they have been faithful in past times and will pay no more attention to what is written in Athens than to what is said beyond the Pillars of Heracles, yet the most intelligent among them, who possess and admire certain of your writings, will not misapprehend anything of what is said in this discourse if they can find someone who will interpret it to them, and if they can take the time to ponder over it by themselves; on the contrary, they will appreciate the praise given to their own city, which is based on proof, while they will dismiss with contempt the abuse, which is uttered at random with no regard to the facts, and is offensive only in the words employed; and they will think that envy slipped in the calumnies which are found in your treatise,
250. οὓς εἴ τις ἐπέδειξεν αὐτοῖς πρὶν ἐμὲ διαλεχθῆναι περὶ αὐτῶν, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως οὐκ ἂν ἐμίσησαν καὶ δυσκόλως πρὸς σὲ διετέθησαν ὡς κατηγορίαν γεγραφότα καθʼ αὑτῶν. νῦν δʼ οἴομαι τοὺς μὲν πλείστους Σπαρτιατῶν ἐμμενεῖν τοῖς ἤθεσιν οἷσπερ καὶ τὸν ἄλλον χρόνον, τοῖς δὲ λόγοις τοῖς ἐνθάδε γραφομένοις οὐδὲν μᾶλλον προσέξειν τὸν νοῦν ἢ τοῖς ἔξω τῶν Ἡρακλέους στηλῶν λεγομένοις, τοὺς δὲ φρονιμωτάτους αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν λόγων τινὰς ἔχοντας τῶν σῶν καὶ θαυμάζοντας, τούτους, ἢν λάβωσι τὸν ἀναγνωσόμενον καὶ χρόνον ὥστε συνδιατρῖψαι σφίσιν αὐτοῖς, οὐδὲν ἀγνοήσειν τῶν μετʼ ἀποδείξεως εἰρημένων περὶ τῆς πόλεως τῆς ἑαυτῶν, καὶ τῶν λοιδοριῶν καταφρονήσειν τῶν εἰκῇ μὲν τοῖς πράγμασι λεγομένων πικρῶς δὲ τοῖς ὀνόμασι κεχρημένων, καὶ νομιεῖν τὰς μὲν βλασφημίας τὰς ἐνούσας ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τὸν φθόνον ὑποβαλεῖν,
252. but that you have recorded the exploits and the battles in which they themselves take great pride and because of which they enjoy a high repute with the rest of the world, and that you have made these achievements memorable by collecting them all and placing them side by side with each other and so have brought it about that many of the Spartans long to read and peruse your accounts of them, not because they crave to hear of their own deeds, but because they wish to hear how you have dealt with them.
252. τὰς δὲ πράξεις καὶ τὰς μάχας, ἐφʼ αἷς αὐτοί τε μέγα φρονοῦσι καὶ παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις εὐδοκιμοῦσι, σὲ γεγραφέναι καὶ μνημονεύεσθαι πεποιηκέναι, συναγαγόντα πάσας αὐτὰς καὶ θέντα παρʼ ἀλλήλας, αἴτιον δʼ εἶναι καὶ τοῦ πολλοὺς ποθεῖν ἀναγνῶναι καὶ διελθεῖν αὐτάς, οὐ τὰς ἐκείνων ἐπιθυμοῦντας ἀκοῦσαι πράξεις, ἀλλὰ πῶς σὺ διείλεξαι περὶ αὐτῶν μαθεῖν βουλομένους.
253. And as they think and dwell upon these deeds, they will not fail to recall also those ancient exploits through which you have glorified their ancestors, but will often talk of them amongst themselves; and first of all they will tell of the time when, being still Dorians, they saw their own cities to be inglorious and insignificant and in need of many things, and, feeling them to be unworthy, took the field against the leading states of the Peloponnesus—against Argos and Lacedaemon and Messene— conquered them in battle and drove the vanquished both from their cities and from their lands, and seized for themselves at that time all the possessions of the enemy and have continued to hold them to this day. And no man can point to a greater or a more marvellous achievement in those times nor to an enterprise more fortunate or more blessed of the gods than that which delivered those who engaged in it from their own poverty and placed them in possession of the prosperity of others.
253. ταῦτʼ ἐνθυμουμένους καὶ διεξιόντας οὐδὲ τῶν παλαιῶν ἔργων ἀμνημονήσειν, διʼ ὧν ἐγκεκωμίακας τοὺς προγόνους αὐτῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλάκις διαλέξεσθαι πρὸς σφᾶς αὐτούς, πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι Δωριεῖς ὄντες, ἐπειδὴ κατεῖδον τὰς πόλεις τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἀδόξους καὶ μικρὰς καὶ πολλῶν ἐνδεεῖς οὔσας, ὑπεριδόντες ταύτας ἐστράτευσαν ἐπὶ τὰς ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ πρωτευούσας, ἐπʼ Ἄργος καὶ Λακεδαίμονα καὶ Μεσσήνην, μάχῃ δὲ νικήσαντες τοὺς μὲν ἡττηθέντας ἔκ τε τῶν πόλεων καὶ τῆς χώρας ἐξέβαλον, αὐτοὶ δὲ τὰς κτήσεις ἁπάσας τὰς ἐκείνων τότε κατασχόντες ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἔχουσιν, οὗ μεῖζον ἔργον καὶ θαυμαστότερον οὐδεὶς ἐπιδείξει κατʼ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον γενόμενον, οὐδὲ πρᾶξιν εὐτυχεστέραν καὶ θεοφιλεστέραν τῆς τοὺς χρησαμένους τῆς μὲν οἰκείας ἀπορίας ἀπαλλαξάσης, τῆς δʼ ἀλλοτρίας εὐδαιμονίας κυρίους ποιησάσης.
255. “These were victories won with the aid of all who joined in that expedition. But after they had divided the territory with the Argives and the Messenians and for themselves had settled in Sparta—at this juncture, as you say, they were so proud that although they then numbered no more than two thousand men they considered themselves unworthy to live unless they could make themselves masters of all the cities in the Peloponnesus. In this state of mind, they undertook to wage war and did not cease, albeit they were involved in many misadventures and dangers, before they had reduced them all to subjection, except the city of the Argives. But when at length they held the greatest territory and the strongest power in Hellas and a reputation appropriate to men who had achieved such mighty things, they continued no less to pride themselves upon the fact that they could boast of a record unique and glorious:
255. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν μετὰ πάντων συστρατευσαμένων ἔπραξαν· ἐπειδὴ δὲ πρὸς Ἀργείους καὶ Μεσσηνίους τὴν χώραν διείλοντο καὶ καθʼ αὑτοὺς ἐν Σπάρτῃ κατῴκησαν, ἐν τούτοις τοῖς καιροῖς τοσοῦτον φρονῆσαι φῂς αὐτούς, ὥστε ὄντας οὐ πλείους τότε δισχιλίων οὐχ ἡγήσασθαι σφᾶς αὐτοὺς ἀξίους εἶναι ζῆν, εἰ μὴ δεσπόται πασῶν τῶν ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ πόλεων γενέσθαι δυνηθεῖεν, ταῦτα δὲ διανοηθέντας καὶ πολεμεῖν ἐπιχειρήσαντας οὐκ ἀπειπεῖν, ἐν πολλοῖς κακοῖς καὶ κινδύνοις γιγνομένους, πρὶν ἁπάσας ταύτας ὑφʼ αὑτοῖς ἐποιήσαντο πλὴν τῆς Ἀργείων πόλεως, ἔχοντας δʼ ἤδη καὶ χώραν πλείστην καὶ δύναμιν μεγίστην καὶ δόξαν τοσαύτην ὅσην προσήκει τοὺς τηλικαῦτα διαπεπραγμένους οὐχ ἧττον διακεῖσθαι φιλοτίμως, ὅτι λόγος ὑπῆρχεν αὐτοῖς ἴδιος καὶ καλὸς μόνοις τῶν Ἑλλήνων·
257. for they, alone of the Hellenes, could say that, albeit so few in number, they had never followed the lead or done the bidding of any one of the populous states, but had throughout been free and independent; and that they themselves in the war against the barbarians had held the place of leadership among all the Hellenes and had attained this honor, not without good reason, but because they had fought more battles than any other people in those times and had never been defeated in any one of them, when a king led them forth to battle, but had been victorious in all.
257. ἐξεῖναι γὰρ εἰπεῖν αὐτοῖς ὅτι σφεῖς μὲν ὄντες οὕτως ὀλίγοι τὸν ἀριθμὸν οὐδεμιᾷ πώποτε τῶν μυριάνδρων πόλεων ἠκολούθησαν οὐδʼ ἐποίησαν τὸ προσταττόμενον, ἀλλʼ αὐτόνομοι διετέλεσαν ὄντες, αὐτοὶ δʼ ἐν τῶ πολέμῳ τῷ πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους πάντων τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἡγεμόνες κατέστησαν, καὶ τῆς τιμῆς ταύτης ἔτυχον οὐκ ἀλόγως, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ μάχας ποιησάμενοι πλείστας ἀνθρώπων κατʼ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον μηδεμίαν ἡττηθῆναι τούτων ἡγουμένου βασιλέως, ἀλλὰ νενικηκέναι πάσας, οὗ τεκμήριον οὐδεὶς ἂν δύναιτο μεῖζον εἰπεῖν ἀνδρίας καὶ καρτερίας καὶ τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὁμονοίας, πλὴν ἢ τὸ ῥηθήσεσθαι μέλλον·
258. And no one could urge a stronger proof than this of their valor and their hardihood and of their concord amongst themselves, except that which I shall now mention: for of all the other Hellenic states, many as they are, no man could cite or find a single one which has not been involved in the misadventures which are wont to happen to states, whereas in the city of the Spartans no one can show an instance of civil faction or slaughter or unlawful exile, nor of seizure of property or outrage to women and children, nor even of revolution or abolition of debts or redistribution of lands, nor of any other of the irreparable ills.
258. τοσούτων γὰρ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν πόλεων τῶν Ἑλληνίδων οὐσῶν, τῶν μὲν ἄλλων οὐδεμίαν οὐδένʼ εἰπεῖν οὐδʼ εὑρεῖν, ἥτις οὐ περιπέπτωκε ταῖς συμφοραῖς ταῖς εἰθισμέναις γίγνεσθαι ταῖς πόλεσιν, ἐν δὲ τῇ Σπαρτιατῶν οὐδεὶς ἂν ἐπιδείξειεν οὔτε στάσιν οὔτε σφαγὰς οὔτε φυγὰς ἀνόμους γεγενημένας, οὐδʼ ἁρπαγὰς χρημάτων οὐδʼ αἰσχύνας γυναικῶν καὶ παίδων, ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ πολιτείας μεταβολὴν οὐδὲ χρεῶν ἀποκοπὰς οὐδὲ γῆς ἀναδασμὸν οὐδʼ ἄλλʼ οὐδὲν τῶν ἀνηκέστων κακῶν.
259. And as the Spartans review these facts, they cannot fail to remember you also, who have collected them and discoursed upon them so ably, and to be most grateful to you.
259. περὶ ὧν διεξιόντας οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως οὐ καὶ σοῦ, τοῦ τʼ ἀθροίσαντος καὶ διαλεχθέντος οὕτω καλῶς περὶ αὐτῶν, μεμνήσεσθαι καὶ πολλὴν χάριν ἕξειν.
260. “But I do not now have the same feeling about you as I had formerly. For in time past I admired your natural endowments and the manner in which you ordered your life and your devotion to work and above all the truth of your teaching, but now I envy and congratulate you because of your good fortune. For it seems to me that during your lifetime you will gain a reputation, not greater than you deserve—for that would be difficult—but one more widely extended and more heartily acknowledged than that which you now possess, and that after you have ceased to live you will partake of immortality, not the immortality which the gods enjoy, but that which plants in future generations a remembrance of those who have distinguished themselves in any noble endeavor.
260. οὐ τὴν αὐτὴν δὲ γνώμην ἔχω περὶ σοῦ νῦν καὶ πρότερον. ἐν μὲν γὰρ τοῖς παρελθοῦσι χρόνοις ἐθαύμαζόν σου τήν τε φύσιν καὶ τὴν τοῦ βίου τάξιν καὶ τὴν φιλοπονίαν καὶ μάλιστα τὴν ἀλήθειαν τῆς φιλοσοφίας, νῦν δὲ ζηλῶ σε καὶ μακαρίζω τῆς εὐδαιμονίας· δοκεῖς γάρ μοι ζῶν μὲν λήψεσθαι δόξαν οὐ μείζω μὲν ἧς ἄξιος εἶ, χαλεπὸν γάρ, παρὰ πλείοσι δὲ καὶ μᾶλλον ὁμολογουμένην τῆς νῦν ὑπαρχούσης, τελευτήσας δὲ τὸν βίον μεθέξειν ἀθανασίας, οὐ τῆς τοῖς θεοῖς παρούσης, ἀλλὰ τῆς τοῖς ἐπιγιγνομένοις περὶ τῶν διενεγκόντων ἐπί τινι τῶν καλῶν ἔργων μνήμην ἐμποιούσης.
261. And you will deserve this reward; for you have extolled both these cities well and fittingly—Athens, according to the acclaim of the majority, which no man of note has ever disdained, while all men in their craving to obtain it are ready to submit themselves to any hazard whatsoever; but Sparta, according to the reasoning of those who endeavor to aim at the truth, whose good opinion some would choose in preference to that of all the rest of the world, even were mankind to number twice as many as now.
261. καὶ δικαίως τεύξει τούτων· ἐπῄνεκας γὰρ τὰς πόλεις ἀμφοτέρας καλῶς καὶ προσηκόντως, τὴν μὲν κατὰ τὴν δόξαν τὴν τῶν πολλῶν, ἧς οὐδεὶς τῶν ὀνομαστῶν ἀνδρῶν καταπεφρόνηκεν, ἀλλʼ ἐπιθυμοῦντες τυχεῖν αὐτῆς οὐκ ἔστιν ὅντινα κίνδυνον οὐχ ὑπομένουσι, τὴν δὲ κατὰ τὸν λογισμὸν τῶν πειρωμένων στοχάζεσθαι τῆς ἀληθείας, παρʼ οἷς εὐδοκιμεῖν ἄν τινες ἕλοιντο μᾶλλον ἢ παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις διπλασίοις γενομένοις ἢ νῦν εἰσιν.
262. “I am insatiable in my desire to speak on the present occasion and I still have many things which I might say concerning you and these two cities and your discourse, but I shall forgo these subjects and declare myself only upon the question about which, as you say, you called me in to advise you. I counsel you, then, not to burn or to suppress your discourse, but—if there be any need of so doing—to revise and supplement it and then give to those who desire it the benefit of all the time and pains which you have spent upon its composition, if indeed you wish to gratify the worthiest among the Hellenes—those who are in truth devoted to culture and do not merely pretend to it—and to annoy those who secretly admire your writings above all others but malign your discourses before the crowds at the national festivals, in which those who sleep outnumber those who listen; for these speakers hope that if only they can hoodwink such audiences their own compositions will rival yours in popular favour, little realizing that their work is farther below the level of yours than the poets who have essayed to compose in the manner of Homer fall short of his reputation.”
262. ἀπλήστως δὲ διακείμενος ἐν τῷ παρόντι πρὸς τὸ λέγειν, καὶ πόλλʼ ἂν εἰπεῖν ἔχων ἔτι καὶ περὶ σοῦ καὶ περὶ τοῖν πολέοιν καὶ περὶ τοῦ λόγου, ταῦτα μὲν ἐάσω, περὶ ὧν δὲ παρακληθῆναί με σὺ φῄς, περὶ τούτων ἀποφανοῦμαι. συμβουλεύω γάρ σοι μήτε κατακάειν τὸν λόγον μήτʼ ἀφανίζειν, ἀλλʼ εἴ τινος ἐνδεής ἐστι, διορθώσαντα καὶ προσγράψαντα πάσας τὰς διατριβὰς τὰς περὶ αὐτὸν γεγενημένας διδόναι τοῖς βουλομένοις λαμβάνειν, εἴπερ βούλει χαρίσασθαι μὲν τοῖς ἐπιεικεστάτοις τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ τοῖς ὡς ἀληθῶς φιλοσοφοῦσιν ἀλλὰ μὴ προσποιουμένοις, λυπῆσαι δὲ τοὺς θαυμάζοντας μὲν τὰ σὰ μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων, λοιδορουμένους δὲ τοῖς λόγοις τοῖς σοῖς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις τοῖς πανηγυρικοῖς, ἐν οἷς πλείους εἰσὶν οἱ καθεύδοντες τῶν ἀκροωμένων, καὶ προσδοκῶντας, ἢν παρακρούσωνται τοὺς τοιούτους, ἐναμίλλους τοὺς αὑτῶν γενήσεσθαι τοῖς ὑπὸ σοῦ γεγραμμένοις, κακῶς εἰδότας ὅτι πλέον ἀπολελειμμένοι τῶν σῶν εἰσιν ἢ τῆς Ὁμήρου δόξης οἱ περὶ τὴν αὐτὴν ἐκείνῳ ποίησιν γεγονότες.”
264. When he had said these things and had asked those present to express their opinion on the question about which they had been called in, they did not merely accord him the applause with which they were wont to greet a clever speech but signified by tumultuous shouts that he had spoken excellently; they crowded around him, praised him, envied him, congratulated him, and found nothing to add to what he had said or to subtract therefrom, but showed that they were of his opinion and advised me to do the very thing which he had urged.
264. ταῦτʼ εἰπόντος αὐτοῦ καὶ τοὺς παρόντας ἀξιώσαντος ἀποφήνασθαι περὶ ὧν παρεκλήθησαν, οὐκ ἐθορύβησαν, ὃ ποιεῖν εἰώθασιν ἐπὶ τοῖς χαριέντως διειλεγμένοις, ἀλλʼ ἀνεβόησαν ὡς ὑπερβαλλόντως εἰρηκότος, καὶ περιστάντες αὐτὸν ἐπῄνουν, ἐζήλουν, ἐμακάριζον, καὶ προσθεῖναι μὲν οὐδὲν εἶχον τοῖς εἰρημένοις οὐδʼ ἀφελεῖν, συναπεφαίνοντο δὲ καὶ συνεβούλευόν μοι ποιεῖν ἅπερ ἐκεῖνος παρῄνεσεν.
265. Nor did I, for my part, stand silently by; on the contrary, I praised both his native ability and his training, although beyond that I uttered not a word about the sentiments which he had expressed, as to how his conjecture had hit upon my purpose or missed the mark, but let him remain of the same opinion which he had formed for himself.
265. οὐ μὴν οὐδʼ ἐγὼ παρεστὼς ἐσιώπων, ἀλλʼ ἐπῄνεσα τήν τε φύσιν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν, περὶ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων οὐδὲν ἐφθεγξάμην ὧν εἶπεν, οὔθʼ ὡς ἔτυχε ταῖς ὑπονοίαις τῆς ἐμῆς διανοίας οὔθʼ ὡς διήμαρτεν, ἀλλʼ εἴων αὐτὸν οὕτως ἔχειν ὥσπερ αὐτὸς αὑτὸν διέθηκεν.
266. Now as to the subject which I undertook to discuss, I think that I have said enough; for to review in detail the points which have been made not in keeping with discourses such as this. But I do wish to relate my personal experiences in relation to its composition.
266. περὶ μὲν οὖν ὧν ὑπεθέμην ἱκανῶς εἰρῆσθαι νομίζω· τὸ γὰρ ἀναμιμνήσκειν καθʼ ἕκαστον τῶν εἰρημένων οὐ πρέπει τοῖς λόγοις τοῖς τοιούτοις· βούλομαι δὲ διαλεχθῆναι περὶ τῶν ἰδίᾳ μοι περὶ τὸν λόγον συμβεβηκότων. ἐγὼ γὰρ ἐνεστησάμην μὲν αὐτὸν ἔτη γεγονὼς ὅσα περ ἐν ἀρχῇ προεῖπον·
267. I entered upon it at the age which I have already stated at the beginning. But when I had written half of it, I was attacked by a malady which it is not decorous to name, but which is powerful enough to carry off in the course of three or four days not only older people but many in the prime of life. I battled against this disease without respite for three years, and I passed every day of that time with such devotion to my work that those who knew of my industry as well as those who learned of it from them admired me more because of this fortitude than because of the things for which I had formerly been praised.
267. ἤδη δὲ τῶν ἡμισέων γεγραμμένων ἐπιγενομένου μοι νοσήματος ῥηθῆναι μὲν οὐκ εὐπρεποῦς, δυναμένου δʼ ἀναιρεῖν οὐ μόνον τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους ἐν τρισὶν ἢ τέτταρσιν ἡμέραις ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἀκμαζόντων πολλούς, τούτῳ διατελῶ τρίʼ ἔτη μαχόμενος, οὕτω φιλοπόνως ἑκάστην τὴν ἡμέραν διάγων, ὥστε τοὺς εἰδότας καὶ τοὺς παρὰ τούτων πυνθανομένους μᾶλλόν με θαυμάζειν διὰ τὴν καρτερίαν ταύτην ἢ διʼ ἃ πρότερον ἐπῃνούμην. ἤδη δʼ ἀπειρηκότος καὶ διὰ τὴν νόσον καὶ διὰ τὸ γῆρας, τῶν ἐπισκοπούντων τινές με καὶ πολλάκις ἀνεγνωκότων τὸ μέρος τοῦ λόγου τὸ γεγραμμένον, ἐδέοντό μου καὶ συνεβούλευον μὴ καταλιπεῖν αὐτὸν ἡμιτελῆ μηδʼ ἀδιέργαστον, ἀλλὰ πονῆσαι μικρὸν χρόνον καὶ προσέχειν τοῖς λοιποῖς τὸν νοῦν.
269. When, however, I had at length given up my work both because of my illness and of my age, certain of those who were in the habit of paying me visits, and who had read again and again the portion of my discourse which I had written, begged and urged me not to leave it half-finished or incomplete, but to work upon it for a short time and to give my thoughts to what remained to be done. They did speak as men do who perfunctorily acquit themselves of a duty, but praised extravagantly what I had written, saying about it such things that if any people had heard them who were not my personal friends and kindly disposed towards me, they could not possibly have failed to suppose that my visitors were trying to make a fool of me and that I had lost my wits and was altogether a simpleton if I allowed myself to be persuaded of what they said.
269. οὐχ ὁμοίως δὲ διελέγοντο περὶ τούτων τοῖς ἀφοσιουμένοις, ἀλλʼ ὑπερεπαινοῦντες μὲν τὰ γεγραμμένα, τοιαῦτα δὲ λέγοντες, ὧν εἴ τινες ἤκουον μήτε συνήθεις ἡμῖν ὄντες μήτʼ εὔνοιαν μηδεμίαν ἔχοντες, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως οὐκ ἂν ὑπέλαβον τοὺς μὲν φενακίζειν, ἐμὲ δὲ διεφθάρθαι καὶ παντάπασιν εἶναι μωρόν, εἰ πείσομαι τοῖς λεγομένοις.
270. But, although I had this feeling about the things which they made bold to state, I did allow myself to be persuaded (for why make a long story of it?) to occupy myself with the completion of the discourse, at a time when I lacked but three years of having lived a century and when I was in a state of infirmity such that anyone else similarly afflicted, so far from undertaking to write a discourse of his own, would not even be willing to listen to one worked out and submitted by another.
270. οὕτω δʼ ἔχων ἐφʼ οἷς εἰπεῖν ἐτόλμησαν ἐπείσθην ʽτί γὰρ δεῖ μακρολογεῖν;ʼ γενέσθαι πρὸς τῇ τῶν λοιπῶν πραγματείᾳ γεγονὼς μὲν ἔτη τρία μόνον ἀπολείποντα τῶν ἑκατόν, οὕτω δὲ διακείμενος ὡς ἕτερος ἔχων οὐχ ὅπως γράφειν ἂν λόγον ἐπεχείρησεν, ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ἄλλου δεικνύοντος καὶ πονήσαντος ἠθέλησεν ἀκροατὴς γενέσθαι.
271. Why, then, have I gone into these matters? Not because I think that I should ask indulgence for the things which I have discussed—for I do not feel that I have spoken of them in a manner to require this—but because I desire both to relate my personal experiences and to commend those among my hearers who not only applaud this speech but prefer, as more weighty and more worthy of serious study, discourses which are composed for instruction and, at the same time, with finished art to others which are written for display or for the law-courts, and who prefer for the same reason discourses which aim at the truth to those which seek to lead astray the opinions of their auditors, and discourses which rebuke our faults and admonish us to those which are spoken for our pleasure and gratification.
271. τίνος οὖν ἕνεκα ταῦτα διῆλθον; οὐ συγγνώμης τυχεῖν ἀξιῶν ὑπὲρ τῶν εἰρημένων, οὐ γὰρ οὕτως οἴομαι διειλέχθαι περὶ αὐτῶν, ἀλλὰ δηλῶσαι βουλόμενος τά τε περὶ ἐμὲ γεγενημένα, καὶ τῶν ἀκροατῶν ἐπαινέσαι μὲν τοὺς τόν τε λόγον ἀποδεχομένους τοῦτον καὶ τῶν ἄλλων σπουδαιοτέρους καὶ φιλοσοφωτέρους εἶναι νομίζοντας τούς τε διδασκαλικοὺς καὶ τεχνικοὺς τῶν πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις καὶ τοὺς ἀγῶνας γεγραμμένων, καὶ τοὺς τῆς ἀληθείας στοχαζομένους τῶν τὰς δόξας τῶν ἀκροωμένων παρακρούεσθαι ζητούντων, καὶ τοὺς ἐπιπλήττοντας τοῖς ἁμαρτανομένοις καὶ νουθετοῦντας τῶν πρὸς ἡδονὴν καὶ χάριν λεγομένων, συμβουλεῦσαι δὲ τοῖς τἀναντία τούτων γιγνώσκουσι πρῶτον μὲν μὴ πιστεύειν ταῖς αὑτῶν γνώμαις, μηδὲ νομίζειν ἀληθεῖς εἶναι τὰς κρίσεις τὰς ὑπὸ τῶν ῥᾳθυμούντων γιγνομένας, ἔπειτα μὴ προπετῶς ἀποφαίνεσθαι περὶ ὧν οὐκ ἴσασιν, ἀλλὰ περιμένειν ἕως ἂν ὁμονοῆσαι δυνηθῶσι τοῖς τῶν ἐπιδεικνυμένων πολλὴν ἐμπειρίαν ἔχουσιν·
272. I desire, on the other hand, to warn those of my hearers who are of a mind contrary to these, in the first place, not to trust in their own opinions nor to regard as true the judgements which are pronounced by the lazy-minded and, in the second place, not to publish hastily their views on things which they do not understand, but to wait until they can find themselves in accord with men who have much experience of matters submitted to them for judgement; for if they will so govern their thoughts, no one can fail to approve their discretion.
272. τῶν γὰρ οὕτω διοικούντων τὰς ἑαυτῶν διανοίας οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις ἂν τοὺς τοιούτους ἀνοήτους εἶναι νομίσειεν.