---
title: "To Philip · Φίλιππος"
author: "Isocrates"
translator: "George Norlin"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
section: 1 of 3
url: https://scriptura.si/works/isocrates-to-philip/1/
cite: "Isocrates, tr. George Norlin, To Philip · Φίλιππος, section 1. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/isocrates-to-philip/1/"
---

# To Philip · Φίλιππος

*Isocrates, tr. George Norlin*

Philip of Macedon should reconcile the Greeks and lead them against Persia.

> Greek: ed. George Norlin, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0010.tlg020, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: George Norlin, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0010.tlg020.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 1. Sections 1–53

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/isocrates-to-philip/1/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/isocrates-to-philip/1/#p-N

[¶0] 1. Do not be surprised, Philip, that I am going to begin, not with the discourse which is to be addressed to you and which is presently to be brought to your attention, but with that which I have written about Amphipolis. For I desire to say a few words, by way of preface, about this question, in order that I may make it clear to you as well as to the rest of the world that it was not in a moment of folly that I undertook to write my address to you, nor because I am under any misapprehension as to the infirmity which now besets me, but that I was led advisedly and deliberately to this resolution.

> Greek: 1. μὴ θαυμάσῃς, ὦ Φίλιππε, διότι τοῦ λόγου ποιήσομαι τὴν ἀρχὴν οὐ τοῦ πρὸς σὲ ῥηθησομένου καὶ νῦν δειχθήσεσθαι μέλλοντος, ἀλλὰ τοῦ περὶ Ἀμφιπόλεως γραφέντος. περὶ οὗ μικρὰ βούλομαι προειπεῖν, ἵνα δηλώσω καὶ σοὶ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὡς οὐ διʼ ἄνοιαν οὐδὲ διαψευσθεὶς τῆς ἀρρωστίας τῆς νῦν μοι παρούσης ἐπεθέμην γράφειν τὸν πρὸς σὲ λόγον, ἀλλʼ εἰκότως καὶ κατὰ μικρὸν ὑπαχθείς.

[¶1] 2. For when I saw that the war in which you and our city had become involved over Amphipolis was proving the source of many evils, I endeavored to express opinions regarding this city and territory which, so far from being the same as those entertained by your friends, or by the orators among us, were as far as possible removed from their point of view.

> Greek: 2. ὁρῶν γὰρ τὸν πόλεμον τὸν ἐνστάντα σοὶ καὶ τῇ πόλει περὶ Ἀμφιπόλεως πολλῶν κακῶν αἴτιον γιγνόμενον, ἐπεχείρησα λέγειν περί τε τῆς πόλεως ταύτης καὶ τῆς χώρας οὐδὲν τῶν αὐτῶν οὔτε τοῖς ὑπὸ τῶν σῶν ἑταίρων λεγομένοις οὔτε τοῖς ὑπὸ τῶν ῥητόρων τῶν παρʼ ἡμῖν, ἀλλʼ ὡς οἷόν τε πλεῖστον ἀφεστῶτα τῆς τούτων διανοίας.

[¶2] 3. For they were spurring you on to the war by seconding your covetousness, while I, on the contrary, expressed no opinion whatever on the points in controversy, but occupied myself with a plea which I conceived to be more than all others conducive to peace, maintaining that both you and the Athenians were mistaken about the real state of affairs and that you were fighting in support of our interests, and our city in support of your power; for it was to your advantage, I urged, that we should possess the territory of Amphipolis, while it was in no possible way to our advantage to acquire it.

> Greek: 3. οὗτοι μὲν γὰρ παρώξυνον ἐπὶ τὸν πόλεμον, συναγορεύοντες ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις ὑμῶν· ἐγὼ δὲ περὶ μὲν τῶν ἀμφισβητουμένων οὐδὲν ἀπεφαινόμην, ὃν δʼ ὑπελάμβανον τῶν λόγων εἰρηνικώτατον εἶναι, περὶ τοῦτον διέτριβον, λέγων ὡς ἀμφότεροι διαμαρτάνετε τῶν πραγμάτων, καὶ σὺ μὲν πολεμεῖς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἡμῖν συμφερόντων, ἡ δὲ πόλις ὑπὲρ τῆς σῆς δυναστείας· λυσιτελεῖν γὰρ σοὶ μὲν ἡμᾶς ἔχειν τὴν χώραν ταύτην, τῇ δὲ πόλει μηδʼ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρόπου λαβεῖν αὐτήν.

[¶3] 4. Yes, and I so impressed my hearers by my statement of the case that not one of them thought of applauding my oratory or the finish and the purity of my style, as some are wont to do, but instead they marvelled at the truth of my arguments, and were convinced that only on certain conditions could you and the Athenians be made to cease from your contentious rivalry. In the first place, you, for your part, will have to be persuaded that the friendship of our city would be worth more to you than the revenues which you derive from Amphipolis, while Athens will have to learn, if she can, the lesson that she should avoid planting the kind of colonies which have been the ruin, four or five times over, of those domiciled in them, and should seek out for colonization the regions which are far distant from peoples which have a capacity for dominion and near those which have been habituated to subjection—such a region as, for example, that in which the Lacedaemonians established the colony of Cyrene.

> Greek: 4. καὶ περὶ τούτων οὕτως ἐδόκουν διεξιέναι τοῖς ἀκούουσιν, ὥστε μηδένα τὸν λόγον αὐτῶν μηδὲ τὴν λέξιν ἐπαινεῖν ὡς ἀκριβῶς καὶ καθαρῶς ἔχουσαν, ὅπερ εἰώθασί τινες ποιεῖν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἀλήθειαν τῶν πραγμάτων θαυμάζειν, καὶ νομίζειν οὐδαμῶς ἂν ἄλλως παύσασθαι τῆς φιλονικίας ὑμᾶς, πλὴν εἰ σὺ μὲν πεισθείης πλείονος ἀξίαν ἔσεσθαί σοι τὴν τῆς πόλεως φιλίαν ἢ τὰς προσόδους τὰς ἐξ Ἀμφιπόλεως γιγνομένας, ἡ δὲ πόλις δυνηθείη καταμαθεῖν ὡς χρὴ τὰς μὲν τοιαύτας φεύγειν ἀποικίας, αἵ τινες τετράκις ἢ πεντάκις ἀπολωλέκασι τοὺς ἐμπολιτευθέντας, ζητεῖν δʼ ἐκείνους τοὺς τόπους τοὺς πόρρω μὲν κειμένους τῶν ἄρχειν δυναμένων, ἐγγὺς δὲ τῶν δουλεύειν εἰθισμένων, εἰς οἷόν περ Λακεδαιμόνιοι Κυρηναίους ἀπῴκισαν·

[¶4] 6. In the next place, you will have to realize that by formally surrendering this territory to us you would in fact still hold it in your power, and would, besides, gain our good will, for you would then have as many hostages of ours to guarantee our friendship as we should send out settlers into the region of your influence; while someone will have to make our own people see that, if we got possession of Amphipolis, we should be compelled to maintain the same friendly attitude toward your policy, because of our colonists there, as we did for the elder Amadocus because of our landholders in the Chersonese.

> Greek: 6. πρὸς δὲ τούτοις, εἰ σὺ μὲν γνοίης ὅτι λόγῳ παραδοὺς τὴν χώραν ἡμῖν ταύτην αὐτὸς ἔργῳ κρατήσεις αὐτῆς, καὶ προσέτι τὴν εὔνοιαν τὴν ἡμετέραν κτήσει (τοσούτους γὰρ ὁμήρους λήψει παρʼ ἡμῶν τῆς φιλίας, ὅσους περ ἂν ἐποίκους εἰς τὴν σὴν δυναστείαν ἀποστείλωμεν), τὸ δὲ πλῆθος ἡμῶν εἴ τις διδάξειεν, ὡς ἂν λάβωμεν Ἀμφίπολιν, ἀναγκασθησόμεθα τὴν αὐτὴν εὔνοιαν ἔχειν τοῖς σοῖς πράγμασι διὰ τοὺς ἐνταῦθα κατοικοῦντας οἵαν περ εἴχομεν Ἀμαδόκῳ τῷ παλαιῷ διὰ τοὺς ἐν Χερρονήσῳ γεωργοῦντας.

[¶5] 7. As I continued to say many things of this tenor, those who heard me were inspired with the hope that when my discourse should be published you and the Athenians would bring the war to an end, and, having conquered your pride, would adopt some policy for your mutual good. Whether indeed they were foolish or sensible in taking this view is a question for which they, and not I, may fairly be held to account; but in any case, while I was still occupied with this endeavor, you and Athens anticipated me by making peace before I had completed my discourse; and you were wise in doing so, for to conclude the peace, no matter how, was better than to continue to be oppressed by the evils engendered by the war.

> Greek: 7. τοιούτων δὲ πολλῶν λεγομένων ἤλπισαν ὅσοι περ ἤκουσαν, διαδοθέντος τοῦ λόγου διαλύσεσθαι τὸν πόλεμον ὑμᾶς καὶ γνωσιμαχήσαντας βουλεύσεσθαί τι κοινὸν ἀγαθὸν περὶ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν. εἰ μὲν οὖν ἀφρόνως ἢ καὶ νουνεχόντως ταῦτʼ ἐδόξαζον, δικαίως ἂν ἐκεῖνοι τὴν αἰτίαν ἔχοιεν· ὄντος δʼ οὖν ἐμοῦ περὶ τὴν πραγματείαν ταύτην ἔφθητε ποιησάμενοι τὴν εἰρήνην, πρὶν ἐξεργασθῆναι τὸν λόγον, σωφρονοῦντες· ὅπως γὰρ οὖν πεπρᾶχθαι κρεῖττον ἦν αὐτὴν ἢ συνέχεσθαι τοῖς κακοῖς τοῖς διὰ τὸν πόλεμον γιγνομένοις.

[¶6] 8. But although I was in joyful accord with the resolutions which were adopted regarding the peace, and was convinced that they would be beneficial, not only to us, but also to you and all the other Hellenes, I could not divorce my thought from the possibilities connected with this step, but found myself in a state of mind where I began at once to consider how the results which had been achieved might be made permanent for us, and how our city could be prevented from setting her heart upon further wars, after a short interval of peace.

> Greek: 8. συνησθεὶς δὲ τοῖς περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης ψηφισθεῖσι, καὶ νομίσας οὐ μόνον ἡμῖν ἀλλὰ καὶ σοὶ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις Ἕλλησιν ἅπασι συνοίσειν, ἀποστῆσαι μὲν τὴν ἐμαυτοῦ διάνοιαν τῶν ἐχομένων οὐχ οἷός τʼ ἦν, ἀλλʼ οὕτω διεκείμην ὥστʼ εὐθὺς σκοπεῖσθαι πῶς ἂν τὰ πεπραγμένα παραμείνειεν ἡμῖν καὶ μὴ χρόνον ὀλίγον ἡ πόλις ἡμῶν διαλιποῦσα πάλιν ἑτέρων πολέμων ἐπιθυμήσειε·

[¶7] 9. As I kept going over these questions in my own thoughts, I found that on no other condition could Athens remain at peace, unless the greatest states of Hellas should resolve to put an end to their mutual quarrels and carry the war beyond our borders into Asia, and should determine to wrest from the barbarians the advantages which they now think it proper to get for themselves at the expense of the Hellenes. This was, in fact, the course which I had already advocated in the Panegyric discourse.

> Greek: 9. διεξιὼν δὲ περὶ τούτων πρὸς ἐμαυτὸν εὕρισκον οὐδαμῶς ἂν ἄλλως αὐτὴν ἡσυχίαν ἄγουσαν, πλὴν εἰ δόξειε ταῖς πόλεσι ταῖς μεγίσταις διαλυσαμέναις τὰ πρὸς σφᾶς αὐτὰς εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν τὸν πόλεμον ἐξενεγκεῖν, καὶ τὰς πλεονεξίας, ἃς νῦν παρὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀξιοῦσιν αὑταῖς γίγνεσθαι, ταύτας εἰ παρὰ τῶν βαρβάρων ποιήσασθαι βουληθεῖεν· ἅπερ ἐν τῷ πανηγυρικῷ λόγῳ τυγχάνω συμβεβουλευκώς.

[¶8] 10. Having pondered on these matters and come to the conclusion that there could never be found a subject nobler than this, of more general appeal, or of greater profit to us all, I was moved to write upon it a second time. Yet I did not fail to appreciate my own deficiencies; I knew that this theme called for a man, not of my years, but in the full bloom of his vigor and with natural endowments far above those of other men; and I realized also that it is difficult to deliver two discourses with tolerable success upon the same subject, especially when the one which was first published was so written that even my detractors imitate and admire it more than do those who praise it to excess.

> Greek: 10. ταῦτα δὲ διανοηθείς, καὶ νομίσας οὐδέποτʼ ἂν εὑρεθῆναι καλλίω ταύτης ὑπόθεσιν οὐδὲ κοινοτέραν οὐδὲ μᾶλλον ἅπασιν ἡμῖν συμφέρουσαν, ἐπήρθην πάλιν γράψαι περὶ αὐτῆς, οὐκ ἀγνοῶν οὐδὲν τῶν περὶ ἐμαυτόν, ἀλλʼ εἰδὼς μὲν τὸν λόγον τοῦτον οὐ τῆς ἡλικίας τῆς ἐμῆς δεόμενον, ἀλλʼ ἀνδρὸς ἀνθοῦσαν τὴν ἀκμὴν ἔχοντος καὶ τὴν φύσιν πολὺ τῶν ἄλλων διαφέροντος, ὁρῶν δʼ ὅτι χαλεπόν ἐστι περὶ τὴν αὐτὴν ὑπόθεσιν δύο λόγους ἀνεκτῶς εἰπεῖν, ἄλλως τε κἂν ὁ πρότερον ἐκδοθεὶς οὕτως ᾖ γεγραμμένος, ὥστε καὶ τοὺς βασκαίνοντας ἡμᾶς μιμεῖσθαι καὶ θαυμάζειν αὐτὸν μᾶλλον τῶν καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν ἐπαινούντων.

[¶9] 12. Nevertheless, disregarding all these difficulties, I have become so ambitious in my old age that I have determined by addressing my discourse to you at the same time to set an example to my disciples and make it evident to them that to burden our national assemblies with oratory and to address all the people who there throng together is, in reality, to address no one at all; that such speeches are quite as ineffectual as the legal codes and constitutions drawn up by the sophists; and, finally, that those who desire, not to chatter empty nonsense, but to further some practical purpose, and those who think they have hit upon some plan for the common good, must leave it to others to harangue at the public festivals, but must themselves win over someone to champion their cause from among men who are capable not only of speech but of action and who occupy a high position in the world—if, that is to say, they are to command any attention.

> Greek: 12. ἀλλʼ ὅμως ἐγὼ ταύτας τὰς δυσχερείας ὑπεριδὼν οὕτως ἐπὶ γήρως γέγονα φιλότιμος, ὥστʼ ἠβουλήθην ἅμα τοῖς πρὸς σὲ λεγομένοις καὶ τοῖς μετʼ ἐμοῦ διατρίψασιν ὑποδεῖξαι καὶ ποιῆσαι φανερόν, ὅτι τὸ μὲν ταῖς πανηγύρεσιν ἐνοχλεῖν καὶ πρὸς ἅπαντας λέγειν τοὺς συντρέχοντας ἐν αὐταῖς πρὸς οὐδένα λέγειν ἐστίν, ἀλλʼ ὁμοίως οἱ τοιοῦτοι τῶν λόγων ἄκυροι τυγχάνουσιν ὄντες τοῖς νόμοις καὶ ταῖς πολιτείαις ταῖς ὑπὸ τῶν σοφιστῶν γεγραμμέναις, δεῖ δὲ τοὺς βουλομένους μὴ μάτην φλυαρεῖν ἀλλὰ προὔργου τι ποιεῖν καὶ τοὺς οἰομένους ἀγαθόν τι κοινὸν εὑρηκέναι τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους ἐᾶν πανηγυρίζειν, αὐτοὺς δʼ ὧν εἰσηγοῦνται ποιήσασθαί τινα προστάτην τῶν καὶ λέγειν καὶ πράττειν δυναμένων καὶ δόξαν μεγάλην ἐχόντων, εἴπερ μέλλουσί τινες προσέξειν αὐτοῖς τὸν νοῦν.

[¶10] 14. It was with this mind that I chose to address to you what I have to say—not that I singled you out to curry your favor, although in truth I would give much to speak acceptably to you. It was not, however, with this in view that I came to my decision, but rather because I saw that all the other men of high repute were living under the control of politics and laws, with no power to do anything save what was prescribed, and that, furthermore, they were sadly unequal to the enterprise which I shall propose;

> Greek: 14. ἅ περ ἐγὼ γνοὺς διαλεχθῆναι σοὶ προειλόμην,οὐ πρὸς χάριν ἐκλεξάμενος, — καίτοι πρὸ πολλοῦ ποιησαίμην ἄν σοι κεχαρισμένως εἰπεῖν, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐπὶ τούτῳ τὴν διάνοιαν ἔσχον. ἀλλὰ τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους ἑώρων τοὺς ἐνδόξους τῶν ἀνδρῶν ὑπὸ πόλεσι καὶ νόμοις οἰκοῦντας, καὶ οὐδὲν ἐξὸν αὐτοῖς ἄλλο πράττειν πλὴν τὸ προσταττόμενον, ἔτι δὲ πολὺ καταδεεστέρους ὄντας τῶν πραγμάτων τῶν ῥηθησομένων, σοὶ δὲ μόνῳ πολλὴν ἐξουσίαν ὑπὸ τῆς τύχης δεδομένην καὶ πρέσβεις πέμπειν πρὸς οὕς τινας ἂν βουληθῇς, καὶ δέχεσθαι παρʼ ὧν ἄν σοι δοκῇ, καὶ λέγειν ὅ τι ἂν ἡγῇ συμφέρειν, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις καὶ πλοῦτον καὶ δύναμιν κεκτημένον ὅσην οὐδεὶς τῶν Ἑλλήνων, ἃ μόνα τῶν ὄντων καὶ πείθειν καὶ βιάζεσθαι πέφυκεν·

[¶11] 15. while you and you alone had been granted by fortune free scope both to send ambassadors to whom ever you desire and to receive them from whom ever you please, and to say whatever you think expedient; and that, besides, you, beyond any of the Hellenes, were possessed of both wealth and power, which are the only things in the world that are adapted at once to persuade and to compel; and these aids, I think, even the cause which I shall propose to you will need to have on its side. For I am going to advise you to champion the cause of concord among the Hellenes and of a campaign against the barbarian; and as persuasion will be helpful in dealing with the Hellenes, so compulsion will be useful in dealing with the barbarians. This, then, is the general scope of my discourse.

> Greek: 15. ὧν οἶμαι καὶ τὰ ῥηθησόμενα προσδεήσεσθαι. μέλλω γάρ σοι συμβουλεύειν προστῆναι τῆς τε τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὁμονοίας καὶ τῆς ἐπὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους στρατείας· ἔστι δὲ τὸ μὲν πείθειν πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας συμφέρον, τὸ δὲ βιάζεσθαι πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους χρήσιμον. ἡ μὲν οὖν περιβολὴ παντὸς τοῦ λόγου τοιαύτη τίς ἐστιν.

[¶12] 17. But I must not shrink from telling you plainly of the discouragements I met with from some of my associates; for I think the tale will be somewhat to my purpose. When I disclosed to them my intention of sending you an address whose aim was, not to make a display, nor to extol the wars which you have carried on—for others will do this—but to attempt to urge you to a course of action which is more in keeping with your nature, and more noble and more profitable than any which you have hitherto elected to follow, they were so dismayed, fearing that because of my old age I had parted with my wits, that they ventured to take me to task—a thing which up to that time they had not been wont to do—insisting that I was applying myself to an absurd and exceedingly senseless undertaking. “Think of it!” they said. “You are about to send an address which is intended to offer advice to Philip, a man who, even if in the past he regarded himself as second to anyone in prudence, cannot now fail, because of the magnitude of his fortunes, to think that he is better able than all others to advise himself!

> Greek: 17. οὐκ ὀκνήσω δὲ πρὸς σὲ κατειπεῖν ἐφʼ οἷς ἐλύπησάν τινές με τῶν πλησιασάντων· οἶμαι γὰρ ἔσεσθαί τι προὔργου. δηλώσαντος γάρ μου πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὅτι μέλλω σοι λόγον πέμπειν οὐκ ἐπίδειξιν ποιησόμενον οὐδʼ ἐγκωμιασόμενον τοὺς πολέμους τοὺς διὰ σοῦ γεγενημένους (ἕτεροι γὰρ τοῦτο ποιήσουσιν), ἀλλὰ πειρασόμενόν σε προτρέπειν ἐπὶ πράξεις οἰκειοτέρας καὶ καλλίους καὶ μᾶλλον συμφερούσας ὧν νῦν τυγχάνεις προῃρημένος, οὕτως ἐξεπλάγησαν μὴ διὰ τὸ γῆρας ἐξεστηκὼς ὦ τοῦ φρονεῖν, ὥστʼ ἐτόλμησαν ἐπιπλῆξαί μοι, πρότερον οὐκ εἰωθότες τοῦτο ποιεῖν, λέγοντες ὡς ἀτόποις καὶ λίαν ἀνοήτοις ἐπιχειρῶ πράγμασιν, “ὅς τις Φιλίππῳ συμβουλεύσοντα λόγον μέλλεις πέμπειν, ὃς εἰ καὶ πρότερον ἐνόμιζεν αὑτὸν εἶναί τινος πρὸς τὸ φρονεῖν καταδεέστερον, νῦν διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τῶν συμβεβηκότων οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως οὐκ οἴεται βέλτιον δύνασθαι βουλεύεσθαι τῶν ἄλλων.

[¶13] 19. More than that, he has about him the ablest men in Macedonia, who, however inexperienced they may be in other matters, are likely to know better than you do what is expedient for him. Furthermore, you will find that there are many Hellenes living in his country, who are not unknown to fame or lacking in intelligence, but men by sharing whose counsel he has not diminished his kingdom but has, on the contrary, accomplished deeds which match his dreams.

> Greek: 19. ἔπειτα καὶ Μακεδόνων ἔχει περὶ αὑτὸν τοὺς σπουδαιοτάτους, οὓς εἰκός, εἰ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀπείρως ἔχουσι, τό γε συμφέρον ἐκείνῳ μᾶλλον ἢ σὲ γιγνώσκειν. ἔτι δὲ καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων πολλοὺς ἂν ἴδοις ἐκεῖ κατοικοῦντας, οὐκ ἀδόξους ἄνδρας οὐδʼ ἀνοήτους, ἀλλʼ οἷς ἐκεῖνος ἀνακοινούμενος οὐκ ἐλάττω τὴν βασιλείαν πεποίηκεν ἀλλʼ εὐχῆς ἄξια διαπέπρακται.

[¶14] 20. For what is lacking to complete his success? Has he not converted the Thessalians, whose power formerly extended over Macedonia, into an attitude so friendly to him that every Thessalian has more confidence in him than in his own fellow countrymen? And as to the cities which are in that region, has he not drawn some of them by his benefactions into an alliance with him; and others, which sorely tried him, has he not razed to the ground?

> Greek: 20. τί γὰρ ἐλλέλοιπεν; οὐ Θετταλοὺς μὲν τοὺς πρότερον ἐνάρχοντας Μακεδονίας οὕτως οἰκείως πρὸς αὑτὸν διακεῖσθαι πεποίηκεν, ὥσθʼ ἑκάστους αὐτῶν μᾶλλον ἐκείνῳ πιστεύειν ἢ τοῖς συμπολιτευομένοις; τῶν δὲ πόλεων τῶν περὶ τὸν τόπον ἐκεῖνον τὰς μὲν ταῖς εὐεργεσίαις πρὸς τὴν αὑτοῦ συμμαχίαν προσῆκται, τὰς δὲ σφόδρα λυπούσας αὐτὸν ἀναστάτους πεποίηκεν;

[¶15] 21. Has he not overthrown the Magnesians and the Perrhaebians and the Paeonians, and taken them all under his yoke? Has he not made himself lord and ruler of most of the Illyrians—all save those who dwell along the Adriatic? Has he not set over all Thrace such masters as he pleased? Do you not, then, think that the man who has achieved such great things will pronounce the sender of this pamphlet a great simpleton, and will consider that he was utterly deluded both as to the power of his words and his own insight?”

> Greek: 21. Μάγνητας δὲ καὶ Περραιβοὺς καὶ Παίονας κατέστραπται, καὶ πάντας ὑπηκόους αὐτοὺς εἴληφεν; τοῦ δʼ Ἰλλυριῶν πλήθους πλὴν τῶν παρὰ τὸν Ἀδρίαν οἰκούντων ἐγκρατὴς καὶ κύριος γέγονεν; ἁπάσης δὲ τῆς Θρᾴκης οὓς ἠβουλήθη δεσπότας κατέστησεν; τὸν δὴ τοιαῦτα καὶ τηλικαῦτα διαπεπραγμένον οὐκ οἴει πολλὴν μωρίαν καταγνώσεσθαι τοῦ πέμψαντος τὸ βιβλίον, καὶ πολὺ διεψεῦσθαι νομιεῖν τῆς τε τῶν λόγων δυνάμεως καὶ τῆς αὑτοῦ διανοίας;”

[¶16] 22. Now, how on hearing these words I was at first dumbfounded, and how later, after I had recovered myself, I replied to each of their objections, I will forbear to relate, lest I should appear in the eyes of some to be too well satisfied with the clever manner in which I met their attack. But, at any rate, after I had first rebuked with moderation, as I persuaded myself, those who had made bold to criticize me, I finally assured them that I would show the speech to no one else in the city but them, and that I would do nothing regarding it other than what they should approve.

> Greek: 22. ταῦτʼ ἀκούσας ὡς μὲν τὸ πρῶτον ἐξεπλάγην, καὶ πάλιν ὡς ἀναλαβὼν ἐμαυτὸν ἀντεῖπον πρὸς ἕκαστον τῶν ῥηθέντων, παραλείψω, μὴ καὶ δόξω τισὶ λίαν ἀγαπᾶν, εἰ χαριέντως αὐτοὺς ἠμυνάμην· λυπήσας δʼ οὖν μετρίως (ὡς ἐμαυτὸν ἔπειθον) τοὺς ἐπιπλῆξαί μοι τολμήσαντας, τελευτῶν ὑπεσχόμην μόνοις αὐτοῖς τὸν λόγον τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει δείξειν, καὶ ποιήσειν οὐδὲν ἄλλο περὶ αὐτοῦ πλὴν ὅ τι ἂν ἐκείνοις δόξῃ.

[¶17] 23. On hearing this they went their way, I know not in what state of mind. I only know that when, not many days later, the speech was completed and presented to them, they so completely reversed their attitude that they were ashamed of their former presumption and repented of all they had said, acknowledging that they had never been so mistaken about anything in all their lives. They were, in fact, more insistent than I that this speech should be sent to you, and prophesied that not only would you and Athens be grateful to me for what I had said but all Hellas as well.

> Greek: 23. τούτων ἀκούσαντες ἀπῆλθον, οὐκ οἶδʼ ὅπως τὴν διάνοιαν ἔχοντες. πλὴν οὐ πολλαῖς ἡμέραις ὕστερον ἐπιτελεσθέντος τοῦ λόγου καὶ δειχθέντος αὐτοῖς τοσοῦτον μετέπεσον, ὥστʼ ᾐσχύνοντο μὲν ἐφʼ οἷς ἐθρασύναντο, μετέμελε δʼ αὐτοῖς ἁπάντων τῶν εἰρημένων, ὡμολόγουν δὲ μηδενὸς πώποτε τοσοῦτον πράγματος διαμαρτεῖν, ἔσπευδον δὲ μᾶλλον ἢ ʼγὼ πεμφθῆναί σοι τὸν λόγον τοῦτον, ἔλεγον δʼ ὡς ἐλπίζουσιν οὐ μόνον σὲ καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἕξειν μοι χάριν ὑπὲρ τῶν εἰρημένων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἅπαντας.

[¶18] 24. My purpose in recounting all this is that if, in what I say at the beginning, anything strikes you as incredible, or impracticable, or unsuitable for you to carry out, you may not be prejudiced and turn away from the rest of my discourse, and that you may not repeat the experience of my friends, but may wait with an open mind until you hear to the end all that I have to say. For I think that I shall propose something which is in line with both your duty and your advantage.

> Greek: 24. τούτου δʼ ἕνεκά σοι ταῦτα διῆλθον, ἵνʼ ἄν τί σοι φανῇ τῶν ἐν ἀρχῇ λεγομένων ἢ μὴ πιστὸν ἢ μὴ δυνατὸν ἢ μὴ πρέπον σοι πράττειν, μὴ δυσχεράνας ἀποστῇς τῶν λοιπῶν, μηδὲ πάθῃς ταὐτὸ τοῖς ἐπιτηδείοις τοῖς ἐμοῖς, ἀλλʼ ἐπιμείνῃς ἡσυχάζουσαν ἔχων τὴν διάνοιαν, ἕως ἂν διὰ τέλους ἀκούσῃς ἁπάντων τῶν λεγομένων. οἶμαι γὰρ ἐρεῖν τι τῶν δεόντων καὶ τῶν σοὶ συμφερόντων.

[¶19] 25. And yet I do not fail to realize what a great difference there is in persuasiveness between discourses which are spoken and those which are to be read, and that all men have assumed that the former are delivered on subjects which are important and urgent, while the latter are composed for display and personal gain.

> Greek: 25. καίτοι μʼ οὐ λέληθεν ὅσον διαφέρουσι τῶν λόγων εἰς τὸ πείθειν οἱ λεγόμενοι τῶν ἀναγιγνωσκομένων, οὐδʼ ὅτι πάντες ὑπειλήφασι τοὺς μὲν περὶ σπουδαίων πραγμάτων καὶ κατεπειγόντων ῥητορεύεσθαι, τοὺς δὲ πρὸς ἐπίδειξιν καὶ πρὸς ἐργολαβίαν γεγράφθαι.

[¶20] 26. And this is a natural conclusion; for when a discourse is robbed of the prestige of the speaker, the tones of his voice, the variations which are made in the delivery, and, besides, of the advantages of timeliness and keen interest in the subject matter; when it has not a single accessory to support its contentions and enforce its plea, but is deserted and stripped of all the aids which I have mentioned; and when someone reads it aloud without persuasiveness and without putting any personal feeling into it, but as though he were repeating a table of figures,— in these circumstances it is natural, I think, that it should make an indifferent impression upon its hearers.

> Greek: 26. καὶ ταῦτʼ οὐκ ἀλόγως ἐγνώκασιν· ἐπειδὰν γὰρ ὁ λόγος ἀποστερηθῇ τῆς τε δόξης τῆς τοῦ λέγοντος καὶ τῆς φωνῆς καὶ τῶν μεταβολῶν τῶν ἐν ταῖς ῥητορείαις γιγνομένων, ἔτι δὲ τῶν καιρῶν καὶ τῆς σπουδῆς τῆς περὶ τὴν πρᾶξιν, καὶ μηδὲν ᾖ τὸ συναγωνιζόμενον καὶ συμπεῖθον, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν προειρημένων ἁπάντων ἔρημος γένηται καὶ γυμνός, ἀναγιγνώσκῃ δέ τις αὐτὸν ἀπιθάνως καὶ μηδὲν ἦθος ἐνσημαινόμενος ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ ἀπαριθμῶν, εἰκότως, οἶμαι, φαῦλος εἶναι δοκεῖ τοῖς ἀκούουσιν, ἅπερ καὶ τὸν νῦν ἐπιδεικνύμενον μάλιστʼ ἂν βλάψειε καὶ φαυλότερον·

[¶21] 27. And these are the very circumstances which may detract most seriously also from the discourse which is now presented to you and cause it to impress you as a very indifferent performance; the more so since I have not adorned it with the rhythmic flow and manifold graces of style which I myself employed when I was younger and taught by example to others as a means by which they might make their oratory more pleasing and at the same time more convincing.

> Greek: 27. φαίνεσθαι ποιήσειεν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ταῖς περὶ τὴν λέξιν εὐρυθμίαις καὶ ποικιλίαις κεκοσμήκαμεν αὐτόν, αἷς αὐτός τε νεώτερος ὢν ἐχρώμην, καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὑπέδειξα διʼ ὧν τοὺς λόγους ἡδίους ἂν ἅμα καὶ πιστοτέρους ποιοῖεν.

[¶22] 28. For I have now no longer any capacity for these things because of my years; it is enough for me if I can only set before you in a simple manner the actual facts. And I think it becomes you also to ignore all else and give your attention to the facts alone. But you will be in the best position to discover with accuracy whether there is any truth in what I say if you put aside the prejudices which are held against the sophists and against speeches which are composed to be read, and take them up one by one in your thought and scrutinize them, not making it a casual task, nor one to be attacked in a spirit of indifference, but with the close reasoning and love of knowledge which it is common report that you also share. For if you will conduct your inquiry with these aids instead of relying upon the opinion of the masses, you will form a sounder judgement about such discourses.

> Greek: 28. ὧν οὐδὲν ἔτι δύναμαι διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν, ἀλλʼ ἀπόχρη μοι τοσοῦτον, ἢν αὐτὰς τὰς πράξεις ἁπλῶς δυνηθῶ διελθεῖν. ἡγοῦμαι δὲ καὶ σοὶ προσήκειν ἁπάντων τῶν ἄλλων ἀμελήσαντι ταύταις μόναις προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν. οὕτω δʼ ἂν ἀκριβέστατα καὶ κάλλιστα θεωρήσειας εἴ τι τυγχάνομεν λέγοντες, ἢν τὰς μὲν δυσχερείας τὰς περὶ τοὺς σοφιστὰς καὶ τοὺς ἀναγιγνωσκομένους τῶν λόγων ἀφέλῃς, ἀναλαμβάνων δʼ ἕκαστον αὐτῶν εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν ἐξετάζῃς, μὴ πάρεργον ποιούμενος μηδὲ μετὰ ῥᾳθυμίας, ἀλλὰ μετὰ λογισμοῦ καὶ φιλοσοφίας, ἧς καὶ σὲ μετεσχηκέναι φασίν. μετὰ γὰρ τούτων σκοπούμενος μᾶλλον ἢ μετὰ τῆς τῶν πολλῶν δόξης ἄμεινον ἂν βουλεύσαιο περὶ αὐτῶν.

[¶23] 30. This, then, completes what I wanted to say by way of introduction. I shall now proceed with the subject in hand. I affirm that, without neglecting any of your own interests, you ought to make an effort to reconcile Argos and Lacedaemon and Thebes and Athens; for if you can bring these cities together, you will not find it hard to unite the others as well;

> Greek: 30. ἃ μὲν οὖν ἐβουλόμην σοι προειρῆσθαι, ταῦτʼ ἐστίν. περὶ δʼ αὐτῶν τῶν πραγμάτων ἤδη ποιήσομαι τοὺς λόγους. φημὶ γὰρ χρῆναί σε τῶν μὲν ἰδίων μηδενὸς ἀμελῆσαι, πειραθῆναι δὲ διαλλάξαι τήν τε πόλιν τὴν Ἀργείων καὶ τὴν Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ τὴν Θηβαίων καὶ τὴν ἡμετέραν. ἢν γὰρ ταύτας συστῆσαι δυνηθῇς, οὐ χαλεπῶς καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ὁμονοεῖν ποιήσεις·

[¶24] 31. for all the rest are under the protection of the aforesaid cities, and fly for refuge, when they are alarmed, to one or other of these powers, and they all draw upon them for succor. So that if you can persuade four cities only to take a sane view of things, you will deliver the others also from many evils.

> Greek: 31. ἅπασαι γάρ εἰσιν ὑπὸ ταῖς εἰρημέναις, καὶ καταφεύγουσιν, ὅταν φοβηθῶσιν, ἐφʼ ἣν ἂν τύχωσι τούτων, καὶ τὰς βοηθείας ἐντεῦθεν λαμβάνουσιν. ὥστʼ ἐὰν τέτταρας μόνον πόλεις εὖ φρονεῖν πείσῃς, καὶ τὰς ἄλλας πολλῶν κακῶν ἀπαλλάξεις.

[¶25] 32. Now you will realize that it is not becoming in you to disregard any of these cities if you will review their conduct in relation to your ancestors; for you will find that each one of them is to be credited with great friendship and important services to your house: Argos is the land of your fathers, and is entitled to as much consideration at your hands as are your own ancestors; the Thebans honor the founder of your race, both by processionals and by sacrifices, beyond all the other gods;

> Greek: 32. γνοίης δʼ ἂν ὡς οὐδεμιᾶς σοι προσήκει τούτων ὀλιγωρεῖν, ἢν ἀνενέγκῃς αὐτῶν τὰς πράξεις ἐπὶ τοὺς σοὺς προγόνους· εὑρήσεις γὰρ ἑκάστῃ πολλὴν φιλίαν πρὸς ὑμᾶς καὶ μεγάλας εὐεργεσίας ὑπαρχούσας. Ἄργος μὲν γάρ ἐστί σοι πατρίς, ἧς δίκαιον τοσαύτην σε ποιεῖσθαι πρόνοιαν ὅσην περ τῶν γονέων τῶν σαυτοῦ· Θηβαῖοι δὲ τὸν ἀρχηγὸν τοῦ γένους ὑμῶν τιμῶσι καὶ ταῖς προσόδοις καὶ ταῖς θυσίαις μᾶλλον ἢ τοὺς θεοὺς τοὺς ἄλλους·

[¶26] 33. the Lacedaemonians have conferred upon his descendants the kingship and the power of command for all time; and as for our city, we are informed by those whom we credit in matters of ancient history that she aided Heracles to win his immortality (in what way you can easily learn at another time; it would be unseasonable for me to relate it now), and that she aided his children to preserve their lives.

> Greek: 33. Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ τοῖς ἀπʼ ἐκείνου γεγονόσι καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ τὴν ἡγεμονίαν εἰς ἅπαντα τὸν χρόνον δεδώκασι· τὴν δὲ πόλιν τὴν ἡμετέραν φασίν, οἷς περὶ τῶν παλαιῶν πιστεύομεν, Ἡρακλεῖ μὲν συναιτίαν γενέσθαι τῆς ἀθανασίας (ὃν δὲ τρόπον, σοὶ μὲν αὖθις πυθέσθαι ῥᾴδιον, ἐμοὶ δὲ νῦν εἰπεῖν οὐ καιρός), τοῖς δὲ παισὶ τοῖς ἐκείνου τῆς σωτηρίας.

[¶27] 34. Yes, Athens single-handed sustained the greatest dangers against the power of Eurystheus, put an end to his insolence, and freed Heracles’ sons from the fears by which they were continually beset. Because of these services we deserve the gratitude, not only of those who then were preserved from destruction, but also of those who are now living; for to us it is due both that they are alive and that they enjoy the blessings which are now theirs, since they never could have seen the light of day at all had not the sons of Heracles been preserved from death.

> Greek: 34. μόνη γὰρ ὑποστᾶσα τοὺς μεγίστους κινδύνους πρὸς τὴν Εὐρυσθέως δύναμιν ἐκεῖνόν τε τῆς ὕβρεως ἔπαυσε, καὶ τοὺς παῖδας τῶν φόβων τῶν ἀεὶ παραγιγνομένων αὐτοῖς ἀπήλλαξεν. ὑπὲρ ὧν οὐ μόνον τοὺς τότε σωθέντας δίκαιον ἦν ἡμῖν χάριν ἔχειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς νῦν ὄντας· διὰ γὰρ ἡμᾶς καὶ ζῶσι καὶ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἀγαθῶν ἀπολαύουσι· μὴ γὰρ σωθέντων ἐκείνων οὐδὲ γενέσθαι τὸ παράπαν ὑπῆρχεν αὐτοῖς.

[¶28] 35. Therefore, seeing that these cities have each and all shown such a spirit, no quarrel should ever have arisen between you and any one of them. But unfortunately we are all prone by nature to do wrong more often than right; and so it is fair to charge the mistakes of the past to our common weakness. Yet for the future you must be on your guard to prevent a like occurrence, and must consider what service you can render them which will make it manifest that you have acted in a manner worthy both of yourself and of what these cities have done.

> Greek: 35. τοιούτων οὖν ἁπασῶν τῶν πόλεων γεγενημένων ἔδει μὲν μηδέποτέ σοι μηδὲ πρὸς μίαν αὐτῶν γενέσθαι διαφοράν· ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἅπαντες πλείω πεφύκαμεν ἐξαμαρτάνειν ἢ κατορθοῦν. ὥστε τὰ μὲν πρότερον γεγενημένα κοινὰ θεῖναι δίκαιόν ἐστιν· εἰς δὲ τὸν ἐπίλοιπον χρόνον φυλακτέον ὅπως μηδὲν συμβήσεταί σοι τοιοῦτον, καὶ σκεπτέον τί ἂν ἀγαθὸν αὐτὰς ἐργασάμενος φανείης ἄξια καὶ σαυτοῦ καὶ τῶν ἐκείναις πεπραγμένων πεποιηκώς.

[¶29] 36. And the opportunity now serves you; for you would only be repaying the debt of gratitude which you owed them, but, because so much time has elapsed, they will credit you with being first in friendly offices. And it is a good thing to have the appearance of conferring benefits upon the greatest states of Hellas and at the same time to profit yourself no less than them.

> Greek: 36. ἔχεις δὲ καιρόν· ἀποδιδόντα γάρ σε χάριν ὧν ὤφειλες ὑπολήψονται διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τοῦ χρόνου τοῦ μεταξὺ προϋπάρχειν τῶν εὐεργεσιῶν. καλὸν δʼ ἐστὶ δοκεῖν μὲν τὰς μεγίστας τῶν πόλεων εὖ ποιεῖν μηδὲν δʼ ἧττον ἑαυτὸν ἢ ʼκείνας ὠφελεῖν. χωρὶς δὲ τούτων, εἰ πρός τινας αὐτῶν ἀηδές τί σοι συμβέβηκεν, ἅπαντα ταῦτα διαλύσεις·

[¶30] 37. But apart from this, if anything unpleasant has arisen between you and any of them, you will wipe it out completely; for friendly acts in the present crisis will make you forget the wrongs which you have done each other in the past. Yes, and this also is beyond question, that all men hold in fondest memory those benefits which they receive in times of trouble.

> Greek: 37. αἱ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς παροῦσι καιροῖς εὐεργεσίαι λήθην ἐμποιήσουσι τῶν πρότερον ὑμῖν εἰς ἀλλήλους πεπλημμελημένων. ἀλλὰ μὴν κἀκεῖνο φανερόν, ὅτι πάντες ἄνθρωποι τούτων πλείστην μνείαν ἔχουσιν, ὧν ἂν ἐν ταῖς συμφοραῖς εὖ πάθωσιν.

[¶31] 38. And you see how utterly wretched these states have become because of their warfare, and how like they are to men engaged in a personal encounter; for no one can reconcile the parties to a quarrel while their wrath is rising; but after they have punished each other badly, they need no mediator, but separate of their own accord. And that is just what I think these states also will do unless you first take them in hand.

> Greek: 38. ὁρᾷς δʼ ὡς τεταλαιπώρηνται διὰ τὸν πόλεμον, καὶ ὡς παραπλησίως ἔχουσι τοῖς ἰδίᾳ μαχομένοις. καὶ γὰρ ἐκείνους αὐξομένης μὲν τῆς ὀργῆς οὐδεὶς ἂν διαλλάξειεν· ἐπὴν δὲ κακῶς ἀλλήλους διαθῶσιν, οὐδενὸς διαλύοντος αὐτοὶ διέστησαν. ὅπερ οἶμαι καὶ ταύτας ποιήσειν, ἢν μὴ σὺ πρότερον αὐτῶν ἐπιμεληθῇς.

[¶32] 39. Now perhaps someone will venture to object to what I have proposed, saying that I am trying to persuade you to set yourself to an impossible task, since the Argives could never be friendly to the Lacedaemonians, nor the Lacedaemonians to the Thebans, and since, in general, those who have been accustomed throughout their whole existence to press their own selfish interests can never share and share alike with each other.

> Greek: 39. τάχʼ οὖν ἄν τις ἐνστῆναι τοῖς εἰρημένοις τολμήσειε, λέγων ὡς ἐπιχειρῶ σε πείθειν ἀδυνάτοις ἐπιτίθεσθαι πράγμασιν· οὔτε γὰρ Ἀργείους φίλους ἄν ποτε γενέσθαι Λακεδαιμονίοις οὔτε Λακεδαιμονίους Θηβαίοις, οὔθʼ ὅλως τοὺς εἰθισμένους ἅπαντα τὸν χρόνον πλεονεκτεῖν οὐδέποτʼ ἂν ἰσομοιρῆσαι πρὸς ἀλλήλους.

[¶33] 40. Well, I myself do not believe that at the time when our city was the first power in Hellas, or again when Lacedaemon occupied that position, any such result could have been accomplished, since the one or the other of these two cities could easily have blocked the attempt; but as things are now, I am not of the same mind regarding them. For I know that they have all been brought down to the same level by their misfortunes, and so I think that they would much prefer the mutual advantages which would come from a unity of purpose to the selfish gains which accrued from their policy in those days.

> Greek: 40. ἐγὼ δʼ, ὅτε μὲν ἡ πόλις ἡμῶν ἐν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐδυνάστευε καὶ πάλιν ἡ Λακεδαιμονίων, οὐδὲν ἂν ἡγοῦμαι περανθῆναι τούτων· ῥᾳδίως γὰρ ἂν ἑκατέραν ἐμποδὼν γενέσθαι τοῖς πραττομένοις· νῦν δʼ οὐχ ὁμοίως ἔγνωκα περὶ αὐτῶν. οἶδα γὰρ ἁπάσας ὡμαλισμένας ὑπὸ τῶν συμφορῶν, ὥσθʼ ἡγοῦμαι πολὺ μᾶλλον αὐτὰς αἱρήσεσθαι τὰς ἐκ τῆς ὁμονοίας ὠφελείας ἢ τὰς ἐκ τῶν τότε πραττομένων πλεονεξίας.

[¶34] 41. Furthermore, while I grant that no one else in the world could reconcile these cities, yet nothing of the sort is difficult for you; for I see that you have carried through to a successful end many undertakings which the rest of the world looked upon as hopeless and unthinkable, and therefore it would be nothing strange if you should be able single-handed to affect this union. In fact, men of high purposes and exceptional gifts ought not to undertake enterprises which any of the common run might carry out with success, but rather those which no one would attempt save men with endowments and power such as you possess.

> Greek: 41. ἔπειτα τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ὁμολογῶ μηδένʼ ἂν δυνηθῆναι διαλλάξαι τὰς πόλεις ταύτας, σοὶ δʼ οὐδὲν τῶν τοιούτων ἐστὶ χαλεπόν. ὁρῶ γάρ σε τῶν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀνελπίστων δοκούντων εἶναι καὶ παραδόξων πολλὰ διαπεπραγμένον, ὥστʼ οὐδὲν ἄτοπον εἰ καὶ ταῦτα μόνος συστῆσαι δυνηθείης. χρὴ δὲ τοὺς μέγα φρονοῦντας καὶ τοὺς διαφέροντας μὴ τοῖς τοιούτοις ἐπιχειρεῖν ἃ καὶ τῶν τυχόντων ἄν τις καταπράξειεν, ἀλλʼ ἐκείνοις οἷς μηδεὶς ἂν ἄλλος ἐπιχειρήσειε πλὴν τῶν ὁμοίαν σοὶ καὶ τὴν φύσιν καὶ τὴν δύναμιν ἐχόντων.

[¶35] 42. But I marvel that those who think that none of these proposals could possibly be carried out are not aware, either by their own knowledge or by tradition, that there have been many terrible wars after which the participants have come to an understanding and rendered great services to one another. For what could exceed the enmity which the Hellenes felt toward Xerxes? Yet everyone knows that we and the Lacedaemonians came to prize his friendship more than that of those who helped us to establish our respective empires.

> Greek: 42. θαυμάζω δὲ τῶν ἡγουμένων ἀδύνατον εἶναι πραχθῆναί τι τούτων, εἰ μήτʼ αὐτοὶ τυγχάνουσιν εἰδότες μήθʼ ἑτέρων ἀκηκόασιν ὅτι πολλοὶ δὴ πόλεμοι καὶ δεινοὶ γεγόνασιν, οὓς οἱ διαλυσάμενοι μεγάλων ἀγαθῶν ἀλλήλοις αἴτιοι κατέστησαν. τίς γὰρ ἂν ὑπερβολὴ γένοιτο τῆς ἔχθρας τῆς πρὸς Ξέρξην τοῖς Ἕλλησι γενομένης; οὗ τὴν φιλίαν ἅπαντες ἴσασιν ἡμᾶς τε καὶ Λακεδαιμονίους μᾶλλον ἀγαπήσαντας ἢ τῶν συγκατασκευασάντων ἑκατέροις ἡμῶν τὴν ἀρχήν.

[¶36] 43. But why speak of ancient history, or of our dealings with the barbarians? If one should scan and review the misfortunes of the Hellenes in general, these will appear as nothing in comparison with those which we Athenians have experienced through the Thebans and the Lacedaemonians. Nevertheless, when the Lacedaemonians took the field against the Thebans and were minded to humiliate Boeotia and break up the league of her cities, we sent a relief expedition and thwarted the desires of the Lacedaemonians.

> Greek: 43. καὶ τί δεῖ λέγειν τὰ παλαιὰ καὶ τὰ πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους; ἀλλʼ εἴ τις ἀθρήσειε καὶ σκέψαιτο τὰς τῶν Ἑλλήνων συμφοράς, οὐδὲν ἂν μέρος οὖσαι φανεῖεν τῶν διὰ Θηβαίους καὶ Λακεδαιμονίους ἡμῖν γεγενημένων. ἀλλʼ οὐδὲν ἧττον Λακεδαιμονίων τε στρατευσάντων ἐπὶ Θηβαίους, καὶ βουλομένων λυμήνασθαι τὴν Βοιωτίαν καὶ διοικίσαι τὰς πόλεις, βοηθήσαντες ἡμεῖς ἐμποδὼν ἐγενόμεθα ταῖς ἐκείνων ἐπιθυμίαις·

[¶37] 44. And again, when fortune shifted her favor and the Thebans and the Peloponnesians were one and all trying to devastate Lacedaemon, we alone among the Hellenes formed an alliance with the Lacedaemonians and helped to save them from destruction.

> Greek: 44. καὶ πάλιν μεταπεσούσης τῆς τύχης, καὶ Θηβαίων καὶ Πελοποννησίων ἁπάντων ἐπιχειρησάντων ἀνάστατον ποιῆσαι τὴν Σπάρτην, ἡμεῖς καὶ πρὸς ἐκείνους μόνοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων ποιησάμενοι συμμαχίαν συναίτιοι τῆς σωτηρίας αὐτοῖς κατέστημεν.

[¶38] 45. So then, seeing that such great reversals are wont to occur, and that our states care nothing about their former enmities or about their oaths or about anything else save what they conceive to be expedient for themselves, and that expediency is the sole object to which they give their affections and devote all their zeal, no man, unless obsessed by utter folly, could fail to believe that now also they will show the same disposition, especially if you take the lead in their reconciliation, while selfish interests urge and present ills constrain them to this course. I, for my part, believe that, with these influences fighting on your side, everything will turn out as it should.

> Greek: 45. πολλῆς οὖν ἀνοίας ἂν εἴη μεστός, εἴ τις ὁρῶν τηλικαύτας μεταβολὰς γιγνομένας, καὶ τὰς πόλεις μήτʼ ἔχθρας μήθʼ ὅρκων μήτʼ ἄλλου μηδενὸς φροντιζούσας, πλὴν ὅ τι ἂν ὑπολάβωσιν ὠφέλιμον αὑταῖς εἶναι, τοῦτο δὲ στεργούσας μόνον καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν σπουδὴν περὶ τούτου ποιουμένας, μὴ καὶ νῦν νομίζοι τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην ἕξειν αὐτάς, ἄλλως τε καὶ σοῦ μὲν ἐπιστατοῦντος ταῖς διαλλαγαῖς, τοῦ δὲ συμφέροντος πείθοντος, τῶν δὲ παρόντων κακῶν ἀναγκαζόντων. ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ οἶμαι τούτων σοι συναγωνιζομένων ἅπαντα γενήσεσθαι κατὰ τρόπον.

[¶39] 46. But I think that you can get most light on the question whether these cities are inclined toward peace with each other or toward war, if I review, not merely in general terms nor yet with excessive detail, the principal facts in their present situation. And first of all, let us consider the condition of the Lacedaemonians.

> Greek: 46. ἡγοῦμαι δʼ οὕτως ἄν σε μάλιστα καταμαθεῖν εἴτʼ εἰρηνικῶς εἴτε πολεμικῶς αἱ πόλεις αὗται πρὸς ἀλλήλας ἔχουσιν, εἰ διεξέλθοιμεν μήτε παντάπασιν ἁπλῶς μήτε λίαν ἀκριβῶς τὰ μέγιστα τῶν παρόντων αὐταῖς. καὶ πρῶτον μὲν σκεψώμεθα τὰ Λακεδαιμονίων.

[¶40] 47. The Lacedaemonians were the leaders of the Hellenes, not long ago, on both land and sea, and yet they suffered so great a reversal of fortune when they met defeat at Leuctra that they were deprived of their power over the Hellenes, and lost such of their warriors as chose to die rather than survive defeat at the hands of those over whom they had once been masters.

> Greek: 47. οὗτοι γὰρ ἄρχοντες τῶν Ἑλλήνων (οὐ πολὺς χρόνος ἐξ οὗ) καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν, εἰς τοσαύτην μεταβολὴν ἦλθον, ἐπειδὴ τὴν μάχην ἡττήθησαν τὴν ἐν Λεύκτροις, ὥστε ἀπεστερήθησαν μὲν τῆς ἐν τοῖς Ἕλλησι δυναστείας, τοιούτους δʼ ἄνδρας ἀπώλεσαν σφῶν αὐτῶν, οἳ προῃροῦντο τεθνάναι μᾶλλον ἢ ζῆν ἡττηθέντες ὧν πρότερον ἐδέσποζον.

[¶41] 48. Furthermore, they were obliged to look on while all the Peloponnesians, who formerly had followed the lead of Lacedaemon against the rest of the world, united with the Thebans and invaded their territory; and against these the Lacedaemonians were compelled to risk battle, not in the country to save the crops, but in the heart of the city, before the very seat of their government, to save their wives and children—a crisis in which defeat meant instant destruction, and victory has none the more delivered them from their ills; nay, they are now warred upon by their neighbors; they are distrusted by all the Peloponnesians; they are hated by most of the Hellenes; they are harried and plundered day and night by their own serfs; and not a day passes that they do not have to take the field or fight against some force or other, or march to the rescue of their perishing comrades.

> Greek: 48. πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἐπεῖδον Πελοποννησίους ἅπαντας τοὺς πρότερον μεθʼ αὑτῶν ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀκολουθοῦντας, τούτους μετὰ Θηβαίων εἰς τὴν αὑτῶν εἰσβαλόντας, πρὸς οὓς ἠναγκάσθησαν διακινδυνεύειν οὐκ ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ περὶ τῶν καρπῶν, ἀλλʼ ἐν μέσῃ τῇ πόλει πρὸς αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἀρχείοις περὶ παίδων καὶ γυναικῶν, τοιοῦτον κίνδυνον ὃν μὴ κατορθώσαντες μὲν εὐθὺς ἀπώλλυντο, νικήσαντες δʼ οὐδὲν μᾶλλον ἀπηλλαγμένοι τῶν κακῶν εἰσιν, ἀλλὰ πολεμοῦνται μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν τὴν χώραν αὐτῶν περιοικούντων, ἀπιστοῦνται δʼ ὑφʼ ἁπάντων Πελοποννησίων, μισοῦνται δʼ ὑπὸ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν Ἑλλήνων, ἄγονται δὲ καὶ φέρονται καὶ τῆς νυκτὸς καὶ τῆς ἡμέρας ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκετῶν τῶν σφετέρων αὐτῶν, οὐδένα δὲ χρόνον διαλείπουσιν ἢ στρατεύοντες ἐπί τινας ἢ μαχόμενοι πρός τινας ἢ βοηθοῦντες τοῖς ἀπολλυμένοις αὑτῶν.

[¶42] 50. But the worst of their afflictions is that they live in continual fear that the Thebans may patch up their quarrel with the Phocians and, returning again, ring them about with still greater calamities than have befallen them in the past. How, then, can we refuse to believe that people so hard pressed would gladly see at the head of a movement for peace a man who commands confidence and has the power to put an end to the wars in which they are involved?

> Greek: 50. τὸ δὲ μέγιστον τῶν κακῶν· δεδιότες γὰρ διατελοῦσι μὴ Θηβαῖοι διαλυσάμενοι τὰ πρὸς Φωκέας πάλιν ἐπανελθόντες μείζοσιν αὐτοὺς συμφοραῖς περιβάλωσι τῶν πρότερον γεγενημένων. καίτοι πῶς οὐ χρὴ νομίζειν τοὺς οὕτω διακειμένους ἀσμένους ἂν ἰδεῖν ἐπιστατοῦντα τῆς εἰρήνης ἀξιόχρεων ἄνδρα καὶ δυνάμενον διαλῦσαι τοὺς ἐνεστῶτας πολέμους αὐτοῖς;

[¶43] 51. Now as to the Argives, you will see that in some respects they are no better off than the Lacedaemonians, while in others their condition is worse; for they have been in a state of war with their neighbors from the day they founded their city, just as have the Lacedaemonians; but there is this difference, that the neighbors of the Lacedaemonians are weaker than they, while those of the Argives are stronger—a condition which all would admit to be the greatest of misfortunes. And so unsuccessful are they in their warfare that hardly a year passes that they are not compelled to witness their own territory being ravaged and laid waste.

> Greek: 51. Ἀργείους τοίνυν ἴδοις ἂν τὰ μὲν παραπλησίως τοῖς εἰρημένοις πράττοντας, τὰ δὲ χεῖρον τούτων ἔχοντας· πολεμοῦσι μὲν γὰρ ἐξ οὗ περ τὴν πόλιν οἰκοῦσι πρὸς τοὺς ὁμόρους, ὥσπερ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, τοσοῦτον δὲ διαφέρουσιν ὅσον ἐκεῖνοι μὲν πρὸς ἥττους αὑτῶν, οὗτοι δὲ πρὸς κρείττους· ὃ πάντες ἂν ὁμολογήσειαν μέγιστον εἶναι τῶν κακῶν. οὕτω δὲ τὰ περὶ τὸν πόλεμον ἀτυχοῦσιν, ὥστʼ ὀλίγου δεῖν καθʼ ἕκαστον τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν τεμνομένην καὶ πορθουμένην τὴν αὑτῶν χώραν περιορῶσιν.

[¶44] 52. But what is most deplorable of all is that, during the intervals when their enemies cease from harrying them, they themselves put to death the most eminent and wealthy of their citizens; and they have more pleasure in doing this than any other people have in slaying their foes. The cause of their living in such disorder is none other than the state of war; and if you can put a stop to this, you will not only deliver them from these evils but you will cause them to adopt a better policy with respect to their other interests as well.

> Greek: 52. ὃ δὲ πάντων δεινότατον· ὅταν γὰρ οἱ πολέμιοι διαλίπωσι κακῶς αὐτοὺς ποιοῦντες, αὐτοὶ τοὺς ἐνδοξοτάτους καὶ πλουσιωτάτους τῶν πολιτῶν ἀπολλύουσι, καὶ ταῦτα δρῶντες οὕτω χαίρουσιν ὡς οὐδένες ἄλλοι τοὺς πολεμίους ἀποκτείνοντες. αἴτιον δʼ ἐστὶ τοῦ ταραχωδῶς αὐτοὺς ζῆν οὕτως οὐδὲν ἄλλο πλὴν ὁ πόλεμος· ὃν ἢν διαλύσῃς, οὐ μόνον αὐτοὺς τούτων ἀπαλλάξεις, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἄμεινον βουλεύεσθαι ποιήσεις.

[¶45] 53. And as for the condition of the Thebans, surely you have not failed to note that also. They won a splendid victory and covered themselves with glory, but because they did not make good use of their success they are now in no better case than those who have suffered defeat and failure. For no sooner had they triumphed over their foes than, neglecting everything else, they began to annoy the cities of the Peloponnese; they made bold to reduce Thessaly to subjection; they threatened their neighbors, the Megarians; they robbed our city of a portion of its territory; they ravaged Euboea; they sent men-of-war to Byzantium, as if they purposed to rule both land and sea;

> Greek: 53. ἀλλὰ μὴν τὰ περὶ Θηβαίους οὐδὲ σὲ λέληθεν. καλλίστην γὰρ μάχην νικήσαντες, καὶ δόξαν ἐξ αὐτῆς μεγίστην λαβόντες, διὰ τὸ μὴ καλῶς χρῆσθαι ταῖς εὐτυχίαις οὐδὲν βέλτιον πράττουσι τῶν ἡττηθέντων καὶ δυστυχησάντων. οὐ γὰρ ἔφθασαν τῶν ἐχθρῶν κρατήσαντες, καὶ πάντων ἠνώχλουν μὲν ταῖς πόλεσι ταῖς ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ, Θετταλίαν δʼ ἐτόλμων καταδουλοῦσθαι, Μεγαρεῦσι δʼ ὁμόροις οὖσιν ἠπείλουν, τὴν δʼ ἡμετέραν πόλιν μέρος τι τῆς χώρας ἀπεστέρουν, Εὔβοιαν δʼ ἐπόρθουν, εἰς Βυζάντιον δὲ τριήρεις ἐξέπεμπον ὡς καὶ γῆς καὶ θαλάττης ἄρξοντες.