a giant--a mighty warrior.
15. sewed--denoting the tight fit of the mourning garment; it was a sack with armholes closely sewed to the body.
horn--image from horned cattle, which when excited tear the earth with their horns. The horn was the emblem of power ([1Ki 22:11]). Here, it is
in the dust--which as applied to Job denotes his humiliation from former greatness. To throw one's self in the dust was a sign of mourning; this idea is here joined with that of excited despair, depicted by the fury of a horned beast. The Druses of Lebanon still wear horns as an ornament.
16. foul--rather, "is red," that is, flushed and heated [Umbreit and Noyes].
shadow of death--that is, darkening through many tears ([La 5:17]). Job here refers to Zophar's implied charge ([Job 11:14]). Nearly the same words occur as to Jesus Christ ([Is 53:9]). So [Job 16:10] above answers to the description of Jesus Christ ([Psa 22:13]; [Is 50:6], and [Job 16:4] to [Psa 22:7]). He alone realized what Job aspired after, namely, outward righteousness of acts and inward purity of devotion. Jesus Christ as the representative man is typified in some degree in every servant of God in the Old Testament.
18. my blood--that is, my undeserved suffering. He compares himself to one murdered, whose blood the earth refuses to drink up until he is avenged ([Ge 4:10], ; [Eze 24:1], ; [Is 26:21]). The Arabs say that the dew of heaven will not descend on a spot watered with innocent blood (compare [2Sa 1:21]).
no place--no resting-place. "May my cry never stop!" May it go abroad! "Earth" in this verse in antithesis to "heaven" ([Job 16:19]). May my innocence be as well-known to man as it is even now to God!
19. Also now--Even now, when I am so greatly misunderstood on earth, God in heaven is sensible of my innocence.
record--Hebrew, "in the high places"; Hebrew, "my witness." Amidst all his impatience, Job still trusts in God.
20. Hebrew, "are my scorners"; more forcibly, "my mockers--my friends!" A heart-cutting paradox [Umbreit]. God alone remains to whom he can look for attestation of his innocence; plaintively with tearful eye, he supplicates for this.
21. one--rather, "He" (God). "Oh, that He would plead for a man (namely, me) against God." Job quaintly says, "God must support me against God; for He makes me to suffer, and He alone knows me to be innocent" [Umbreit]. So God helped Jacob in wrestling against Himself (compare [Job 23:6]; [Ge 32:25]). God in Jesus Christ does plead with God for man ([Ro 8:26], ).
as a man--literally, "the Son of man." A prefiguring of the advocacy of Jesus Christ--a boon longed for by Job ([Job 9:33]), though the spiritual pregnancy of his own words, designed for all ages, was but little understood by him ([Psa 80:17]).
for his neighbour--Hebrew, "friend." Job himself ([Job 42:8]) pleaded as intercessor for his "friends," though "his scorners" ([Job 16:20]); so Jesus Christ the Son of man ([Lu 23:34]); "for friends" ([Joh 15:13-15]).
22. few--literally, "years of number," that is, few, opposed to numberless ([Ge 34:30]).
Chapter 17
Job 17:1-16. Job's Answer Continued
1. breath ... corrupt--result of elephantiasis. But Umbreit, "my strength (spirit) is spent."
extinct--Life is compared to an expiring light. "The light of my day is extinguished."
graves--plural, to heighten the force.
2. Umbreit, more emphatically, "had I only not to endure mockery, in the midst of their contentions I (mine eye) would remain quiet."
eye continue--Hebrew, "tarry all night"; a figure taken from sleep at night, to express undisturbed rest; opposed to ([Job 16:20]), when the eye of Job is represented as pouring out tears to God without rest.
3. Lay down now--namely, a pledge or security; that is, be my surety; do Thou attest my innocence, since my friends only mock me ([Job 17:2]). Both litigating parties had to lay down a sum as security before the trial.
put me in a surety--Provide a surety for me (in the trial) with Thee. A presage of the "surety" ([He 7:22]), or "one Mediator between God and man" (see on [Job 16:21]).
strike hands--"who else (save God Himself) could strike hands with me?" that is, be my security ([Psa 119:122]). The Hebrew strikes the hand of him for whom he goes security ([Pr 6:1]).
4. their heart--The intellect of his friends.
shalt ... exalt--Rather imperative, "exalt them not"; allow them not to conquer [Umbreit], ([Is 6:9], ).
5. The Hebrew for "flattery" is "smoothness"; then it came to mean a prey divided by lot, because a smooth stone was used in casting the lots ([De 18:8]), "a portion" ([Ge 14:24]). Therefore translate, "He that delivers up his friend as a prey (which the conduct of my friends implies that they would do), even the eyes," &c. [Noyes] ([Job 11:20]). Job says this as to the sinner's children, retorting upon their reproach as to the cutting off of his ([Job 5:4]; ). This accords with the Old Testament dispensation of legal retribution ([Ex 20:5]).
6. He--God. The poet reverentially suppresses the name of God when speaking of calamities inflicted.
by-word--([De 28:37]; [Psa 69:11]). My awful punishment makes my name execrated everywhere, as if I must have been superlatively bad to have earned it.
aforetime ... tabret--as David was honored ([1Sa 18:6]). Rather from a different Hebrew root, "I am treated to my face as an object of disgust," literally, "an object to be spit upon in the face" ([Nu 12:14]). So Raca means ([Mt 5:22]) [Umbreit].
7. ([Psa 6:7]; ; [De 34:7]).
members--literally, "figures"; all the individual members being peculiar forms of the body; opposed to "shadow," which looks like a figure without solidity.
8. astonied--at my unmerited sufferings.
against the hypocrite--The upright shall feel their sense of justice wounded ("will be indignant") because of the prosperity of the wicked. By "hypocrite" or "ungodly," he perhaps glances at his false friends.
9. The strength of religious principle is heightened by misfortune. The pious shall take fresh courage to persevere from the example of suffering Job. The image is from a warrior acquiring new courage in action ([Is 40:30], ; [Php 1:14]).
10. return--If you have anything to advance really wise, though I doubt it, recommence your speech. For as yet I cannot find one wise man among you all.
11. Only do not vainly speak of the restoration of health to me; for "my days are past."
broken off--as the threads of the web cut off from the loom ([Is 38:12]).
thoughts--literally, "possessions," that is, all the feelings and fair hopes which my heart once nourished. These belong to the heart, as "purposes" to the understanding; the two together here describe the entire inner man.
12. They--namely, "my friends."
change the night into day--that is, would try to persuade me of the change of my misery into joy, which is impossible [Umbreit] ([Job 11:17]); (but) the light of prosperity (could it be enjoyed) would be short because of the darkness of adversity. Or better for "short," the Hebrew "near"; "and the light of new prosperity should be near in the face of (before) the darkness of death"; that is, they would persuade me that light is near, even though darkness approaches.
13. Rather, "if I wait for this grave (Sheol, or the unseen world) as my house, and make my bed in the darkness ([Job 17:14]), and say to corruption," rather, "to the pit" or "grave," &c. ([Job 17:15]). Where then is my hope? [Umbreit]. The apodosis is at [Job 17:15].
14. Thou art my father, &c.--expressing most intimate connection ([Pr 7:4]). His diseased state made him closely akin to the grave and worm.
15. Who shall see it fulfilled? namely, the "hope" ([Job 11:18]) which they held out to him of restoration.