bridegroom--ordinarily exempted from public duties ([De 24:5]; compare [1Co 7:5], ).
closet--or, nuptial bed, from a Hebrew root "to cover," referring to the canopy over it.
17. between the porch and ... altar--the porch of Solomon's temple on the east ([1Ki 6:3]); the altar of burnt offerings in the court of the priests, before the porch ([2Ch 8:12]; compare [Eze 8:16]; [Mt 23:35]). The suppliants thus were to stand with their backs to the altar on which they had nothing to offer, their faces towards the place of the Shekinah presence.
heathen should rule over them--This shows that not locusts, but human foes, are intended. The Margin translation, "use a byword against them," is not supported by the Hebrew.
wherefore should they say ... Where is their God?--that is, do not for thine own honor's sake, let the heathen sneer at the God of Israel, as unable to save His people ([Psa 79:10]; ).
18. Then--when God sees His people penitent.
be jealous for his land--as a husband jealous of any dishonor done to the wife whom he loves, as if done to himself. The Hebrew comes from an Arabic root, "to be flushed in face" through indignation.
19. corn ... wine ... oil--rather, as Hebrew, "the corn ... the wine ... the oil," namely, which the locusts have destroyed [Henderson]. Maurer not so well explains, "the corn, &c., necessary for your sustenance." "The Lord will answer," namely, the prayers of His people, priests, and prophets. Compare in the case of Sennacherib, [2Ki 19:20], .
20. the northern army--The Hebrew expresses that the north in relation to Palestine is not merely the quarter whence the invader comes, but is his native land, "the Northlander"; namely, the Assyrian or Babylonian (compare [Jr 1:14], ; [Zep 2:13]). The locust's native country is not the north, but the south, the deserts of Arabia, Egypt, and Libya. Assyria and Babylon are the type and forerunner of all Israel's foes (Rome, and the final Antichrist), from whom God will at last deliver His people, as He did from Sennacherib ([2Ki 19:35]).
face ... hinder part--more applicable to a human army's van and rear, than to locusts. The northern invaders are to be dispersed in every other direction but that from which they had come: "a land barren and desolate," that is, Arabia-Deserta: "the eastern (or front) sea," that is, the Dead Sea: "the utmost (or hinder) sea," that is, the Mediterranean. In front and behind mean east and west; as, in marking the quarters of the world, they faced the east, which was therefore "in front"; the west was behind them; the south was on their right, and the north on their left.
stink--metaphor from locusts, which perish when blown by a storm into the sea or the desert, and emit from their putrefying bodies such a stench as often breeds a pestilence.
because he hath done great things--that is, because the invader hath haughtily magnified himself in his doings. Compare as to Sennacherib, [2Ki 19:11-13, 22], 28. This is quite inapplicable to the locusts, who merely seek food, not self-glorification, in invading a country.
21-23. In an ascending gradation, the land destroyed by the enemy, the beasts of the field, and the children of Zion, the land's inhabitants, are addressed, the former two by personification.
Lord will do great things--In contrast to the "great things" done by the haughty foe ([Joe 2:20]) to the hurt of Judah stand the "great things" to be done by Jehovah for her benefit (compare [Psa 126:2], ).
24. The effect of the seasonable rains shall be abundance of all articles of food.
25. locust ... cankerworm ... caterpiller ... palmer worm--the reverse order from [Joe 1:4], where (see on [Joe 1:4]) God will restore not only what has been lost by the full-grown consuming locust, but also what has been lost by the less destructive licking locust, and swarming locust, and gnawing locust.
26. never be ashamed--shall no longer endure the "reproach of the heathen ([Joe 2:17]), [Maurer]; or rather, "shall not bear the shame of disappointed hopes," as the husbandmen had heretofore ([Joe 1:11]). So spiritually, waiting on God, His people shall not have the shame of disappointment in their expectations from Him ([Ro 9:33]).
27. know that I am in the midst of Israel--As in the Old Testament dispensation God was present by the Shekinah, so in the New Testament first, for a brief time by the Word made flesh dwelling among us ([Joh 1:14]), and to the close of this dispensation by the Holy Spirit in the Church ([Mt 28:20]), and probably in a more perceptible manner with Israel when restored ([Eze 37:26-28]).
never be ashamed--not an unmeaning repetition from [Joe 2:26]. The twice-asserted truth enforces its unfailing certainty. As the "shame" in [Joe 2:26] refers to temporal blessings, so in this verse it refers to the spiritual blessings flowing from the presence of God with His people (compare [Jr 3:16], ; [Re 21:3]).
28. afterward--"in the last days" ([Is 2:2]) under Messiah after the invasion and deliverance of Israel from the northern army. Having heretofore stated the outward blessings, he now raises their minds to the expectation of extraordinary spiritual blessings, which constitute the true restoration of God's people ([Is 44:3]). Fulfilled in earnest ([Ac 2:17]) on Pentecost; among the Jews and the subsequent election of a people among the Gentiles; hereafter more fully at the restoration of Israel ([Is 54:13]; [Jr 31:9], ; [Eze 39:29]; [Zec 12:10]) and the consequent conversion of the whole world ([Is 2:2]; ; 66:18-23; [Mi 5:7]; [Ro 11:12], ). As the Jews have been the seedmen of the elect Church gathered out of Jews and Gentiles, the first Gospel preachers being Jews from Jerusalem, so they shall be the harvest men of the coming world-wide Church, to be set up at Messiah's appearing. That the promise is not restricted to the first Pentecost appears from Peter's own words: "The promise is (not only) unto you and to your children, (but also) to all that are afar off (both in space and in time), even as many as the Lord our God shall call" ([Ac 2:39]). So here "upon all flesh."
I will pour out--under the new covenant: not merely, let fall drops, as under the Old Testament ([Joh 7:39]).
my spirit--the Spirit "proceeding from the Father and the Son," and at the same time one with the Father and the Son (compare [Is 11:2]).
sons ... daughters ... old ... young--not merely on a privileged few ([Nu 11:29]) as the prophets of the Old Testament, but men of all ages and ranks. See [Ac 21:9]; [1Co 11:5], as to "daughters," that is, women, prophesying.
dreams ... visions--([Ac 9:10]; ). The "dreams" are attributed to the "old men," as more in accordance with their years; "visions" to the "young men," as adapted to their more lively minds. The three modes whereby God revealed His will under the Old Testament ([Nu 12:6]), "prophecy, dreams, and visions," are here made the symbol of the full manifestation of Himself to all His people, not only in miraculous gifts to some, but by His indwelling Spirit to all in the New Testament ([Joh 14:21], ; ). In [Ac 16:9]; , the term used is "vision," though in the night, not a dream. No other dream is mentioned in the New Testament save those given to Joseph in the very beginning of the New Testament, before the full Gospel had come; and to the wife of Pilate, a Gentile ([Mt 1:20]; 2:13; 27:19). "Prophesying" in the New Testament is applied to all speaking under the enlightenment of the Holy Spirit, and not merely to foretelling events. All true Christians are "priests" and "ministers" of our God ([Is 61:6]), and have the Spirit ([Eze 36:26], ). Besides this, probably, a special gift of prophecy and miracle-working is to be given at or before Messiah's coming again.
29. And also--"And even." The very slaves by becoming the Lord's servants are His freemen ([1Co 7:22]; [Ga 3:28]; [Col 3:11]; Phm 16). Therefore, in [Ac 2:18] it is quoted, "My servants" and "My handmaidens"; as it is only by becoming the Lord's servants they are spiritually free, and partake of the same spirit as the other members of the Church.
30-31. As Messiah's manifestation is full of joy to believers, so it has an aspect of wrath to unbelievers, which is represented here. Thus when the Jews received Him not in His coming of grace, He came in judgment on Jerusalem. Physical prodigies, massacres, and conflagrations preceded its destruction [Josephus, Wars of the Jews]. To these the language here may allude; but the figures chiefly symbolize political revolutions and changes in the ruling powers of the world, prognosticated by previous disasters ([Am 8:9]; [Mt 24:29]; [Lu 21:25-27]), and convulsions such as preceded the overthrow of the Jewish polity. Such shall probably occur in a more appalling degree before the final destruction of the ungodly world ("the great and terrible day of Jehovah," compare Mal 4:5), of which Jerusalem's overthrow is the type and earnest.
32. call on ... name of ... Lord--Hebrew, Jehovah. Applied to Jesus in [Ro 10:13] (compare [Ac 9:14]; [1Co 1:2]). Therefore, Jesus is Jehovah; and the phrase means, "Call on Messiah in His divine attributes."
shall be delivered--as the Christians were, just before Jerusalem's destruction, by retiring to Pella, warned by the Saviour ([Mt 24:16]); a type of the spiritual deliverance of all believers, and of the last deliverance of the elect "remnant" of Israel from the final assault of Antichrist. "In Zion and Jerusalem" the Saviour first appeared; and there again shall He appear as the Deliverer ([Zec 14:1-5]).
as the Lord hath said--Joel herein refers, not to the other prophets, but to his own words preceding.
call--metaphor from an invitation to a feast, which is an act of gratuitous kindness ([Lu 14:16]). So the remnant called and saved is according to the election of grace, not for man's merits, power, or efforts ([Ro 11:5]).
Chapter 3
Joe 3:1-21. God's Vengeance on Israel's Foes in the Valley of Jehoshaphat. His Blessing on the Church
1. bring again the captivity--that is, reverse it. The Jews restrict this to the return from Babylon. Christians refer it to the coming of Christ. But the prophet comprises the whole redemption, beginning from the return out of Babylon, then continued from the first advent of Christ down to the last day (His second advent), when God will restore His Church to perfect felicity [Calvin].
2. Parallel to [Zec 14:2], [3, 4], where the "Mount of Olives" answers to the "Valley of Jehoshaphat" here. The latter is called "the valley of blessing" (Berachah) ([2Ch 20:26]). It lies between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives and has the Kedron flowing through it. As Jehoshaphat overthrew the confederate foes of Judah, namely, Ammon, Moab, &c. ([Psa 83:6-8]), in this valley, so God was to overthrow the Tyrians, Zidonians, Philistines, Edom, and Egypt, with a similar utter overthrow ([Joe 3:4], ). This has been long ago fulfilled; but the ultimate event shadowed forth herein is still future, when God shall specially interpose to destroy Jerusalem's last foes, of whom Tyre, Zidon, Edom, Egypt, and Philistia are the types. As "Jehoshaphat" means "the judgment of Jehovah," the valley of Jehoshaphat may be used as a general term for the theater of God's final judgments on Israel's foes, with an allusion to the judgment inflicted on them by Jehoshaphat. The definite mention of the Mount of Olives in [Zec 14:4], and the fact that this was the scene of the ascension, makes it likely the same shall be the scene of Christ's coming again: compare "this same Jesus ... shall so come in like manner as ye have seen Him go into heaven" ([Ac 1:11]).
all nations--namely, which have maltreated Judah.
plead with them--([Is 66:16]; [Eze 38:22]).
my heritage Israel--([De 32:9]; [Jr 10:16]). Implying that the source of Judah's redemption is God's free love, wherewith He chose Israel as His peculiar heritage, and at the same time assuring them, when desponding because of trials, that He would plead their cause as His own, and as if He were injured in their person.
3. cast lots for my people--that is, divided among themselves My people as their captives by lot. Compare as to the distribution of captives by lot (Ob 11; [Na 3:10]).
given a boy for ... harlot--Instead of paying a harlot for her prostitution in money, they gave her a Jewish captive boy as a slave.
girl for wine--So valueless did they regard a Jewish girl that they would sell her for a draught of wine.
4. what have ye to do with me--Ye have no connection with Me (that is, with My people: God identifying Himself with Israel); I (that is, My people) have given you no cause of quarrel, why then do ye trouble Me (that is, My people)? (Compare the same phrase, [Jos 22:24]; [Jud 11:12]; [2Sa 16:10]; [Mt 8:29]).
Tyre ... Zidon ... Palestine--([Am 1:6], ).
if ye recompense me--If ye injure Me (My people), in revenge for fancied wrongs ([Eze 25:15-17]), I will requite you in your own coin swiftly and speedily.
5. my silver ... my gold--that is, the gold and silver of My people. The Philistines and Arabians had carried off all the treasures of King Jehoram's house ([2Ch 21:16], ). Compare also [1Ki 15:18]; [2Ki 12:18]; , for the spoiling of the treasures of the temple and the king's palace in Judah by Syria. It was customary among the heathen to hang up in the idol temples some of the spoils of war as presents to their gods.
6. Grecians--literally, "Javanites," that is, the Ionians, a Greek colony on the coast of Asia Minor who were the first Greeks known to the Jews. The Greeks themselves, however, in their original descent came from Javan ([Ge 10:2], ). Probably the germ of Greek civilization in part came through the Jewish slaves imported into Greece from Phoenicia by traffickers. [Eze 27:13] mentions Javan and Tyre as trading in the persons of men.