with all men--The impossibility of this in some cases is hinted at, to keep up the hearts of those who, having done their best unsuccessfully to live in peace, might be tempted to think the failure was necessarily owing to themselves. But how emphatically expressed is the injunction to let nothing on our part prevent it! Would that Christians were guiltless in this respect!
19-21. avenge not, &c.--(See on [Ro 12:14]).
but rather give place unto wrath--This is usually taken to mean, "but give room or space for wrath to spend itself." But as the context shows that the injunction is to leave vengeance to God, "wrath" here seems to mean, not the offense, which we are tempted to avenge, but the avenging wrath of God (see [2Ch 24:18]), which we are enjoined to await, or give room for. (So the best interpreters).
Chapter 13
Ro 13:1-14. Same Subject Continued--Political and Social Relations--Motives
1-2. Let every soul--every man of you
be subject unto the higher powers--or, "submit himself to the authorities that are above him."
For there is no power--"no authority"
but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God--"have been ordained of God."
3-4. For rulers are not a terror to good works--"to the good work," as the true reading appears to be
but to the evil.
5. Wherefore ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath--for fear of the magistrate's vengeance.
but also for conscience' sake--from reverence for God's authority. It is of Magistracy in general, considered as a divine ordinance, that this is spoken: and the statement applies equally to all forms of government, from an unchecked despotism--such as flourished when this was written, under the Emperor Nero--to a pure democracy. The inalienable right of all subjects to endeavor to alter or improve the form of government under which they live is left untouched here. But since Christians were constantly charged with turning the world upside down, and since there certainly were elements enough in Christianity of moral and social revolution to give plausibility to the charge, and tempt noble spirits, crushed under misgovernment, to take redress into their own hands, it was of special importance that the pacific, submissive, loyal spirit of those Christians who resided at the great seat of political power, should furnish a visible refutation of this charge.
6-7. For, for this cause pay ye--rather, "ye pay"
tribute also--that is, "This is the reason why ye pay the contributions requisite for maintaining the civil government."
for they are God's ministers, attending continually upon this very thing--"to this very thing."
8. Owe no man anything, but to love one another--"Acquit yourselves of all obligations except love, which is a debt that must remain ever due" [Hodge].
for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law--for the law itself is but love in manifold action, regarded as matter of duty.
9. For this, &c.--better thus: "For the [commandments], Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not covet, and whatever other commandment [there may be], it is summed up," &c. (The clause, "Thou shalt not bear false witness," is wanting in all the most ancient manuscripts). The apostle refers here only to the second table of the law, as love to our neighbor is what he is treating of.
10. Love worketh no ill to his--or, "one's"
neighbour; therefore, &c.--As love, from its very nature, studies and delights to please its objects, its very existence is an effectual security against our wilfully injuring him. Next follow some general motives to the faithful discharge of all these duties.
11. And that--rather, "And this [do]"
knowing the time, that now it is high time--literally, "the hour has already come."
to awake out of sleep--of stupid, fatal indifference to eternal things.
for now is our salvation--rather, "the salvation," or simply "salvation."
nearer than when we--first
believed--This is in the line of all our Lord's teaching, which represents the decisive day of Christ's second appearing as at hand, to keep believers ever in the attitude of wakeful expectancy, but without reference to the chronological nearness or distance of that event.
12. The night--of evil
is far spent, the day--of consummated triumph over it
is at hand: let us therefore cast off--as a dress
the works of darkness--all works holding of the kingdom and period of darkness, with which, as followers of the risen Saviour, our connection has been dissolved.
and let us put on the armour of light--described at length in [Ep 6:11-18].
13. Let us walk honestly--"becomingly," "seemingly"
as in the day--"Men choose the night for their revels, but our night is past, for we are all the children of the light and of the day ([1Th 5:5]): let us therefore only do what is fit to be exposed to the light of such a day."
not in rioting and drunkenness--varied forms of intemperance; denoting revels in general, usually ending in intoxication.
not in chambering and wantonness--varied forms of impurity; the one pointing to definite acts, the other more general.
not in strife and envying--varied forms of that venomous feeling between man and man which reverses the law of love.
14. But--to sum up all in one word.
put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ--in such wise that Christ only may be seen in you (see [2Co 3:3]; [Ga 3:27]; [Ep 4:24]).
and make no provision--"take no forethought."
for the flesh, to fulfil the lust thereof--"Direct none of your attention to the cravings of your corrupt nature, how you may provide for their gratification."
Note, (1) How gloriously adapted is Christianity for human society in all conditions! As it makes war directly against no specific forms of government, so it directly recommends none. While its holy and benign principles secure the ultimate abolition of all iniquitous government, the reverence which it teaches for magistracy, under whatever form, as a divine institution, secures the loyalty and peaceableness of its disciples, amid all the turbulence and distractions of civil society, and makes it the highest interest of all states to welcome it within their pale, as in this as well as every other sense--"the salt of the earth, the light of the world" ([Ro 13:1-5). (2]) Christianity is the grand specific for the purification and elevation of all the social relations; inspiring a readiness to discharge all obligations, and most of all, implanting in its disciples that love which secures all men against injury from them, inasmuch as it is the fulfilling of the law ([Ro 13:6-10). (3]) The rapid march of the kingdom of God, the advanced stage of it at which we have arrived, and the ever-nearing approach of the perfect day--nearer to every believer the longer he lives--should quicken all the children of light to redeem the time, and, seeing that they look for such things, to be diligent, that they may be found of Him in peace, without spot and blameless ([2Pe 3:14]). () In virtue of "the expulsive power of a new and more powerful affection," the great secret of persevering holiness in all manner of conversation will be found to be "Christ IN US, the hope of glory" ([Col 1:27]), and Christ ON US, as the character in which alone we shall be able to shine before men ([2Co 3:8]) ([Ro 13:14]).
Chapter 14
Ro 14:1-23. Same Subject Continued--Christian Forbearance
The subject here, and on to [Ro 15:13], is the consideration due from stronger Christians to their weaker brethren; which is but the great law of love (treated of in the thirteenth chapter) in one particular form.