---
title: "History of Rome, Books XXI–XXX · Ab urbe condita XXI–XXX"
author: "Livy"
translator: "Benjamin Oliver Foster and Frank Gardner Moore"
languages: [la, en]
shelf: "Classical Latin"
section: 31 of 50
url: https://scriptura.si/works/livy-history-of-rome-2/31/
cite: "Livy, tr. Benjamin Oliver Foster and Frank Gardner Moore, History of Rome, Books XXI–XXX · Ab urbe condita XXI–XXX, section 31. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/livy-history-of-rome-2/31/"
---

# History of Rome, Books XXI–XXX · Ab urbe condita XXI–XXX

*Livy, tr. Benjamin Oliver Foster and Frank Gardner Moore*

The war with Hannibal: the Alps, Trasimene and Cannae, the long recovery of Rome, Scipio in Spain and Africa, and Zama.

> Latin: Livy, Ab urbe condita XXI–XXX, ed. Charles Flamstead Walters, Robert Seymour Conway and Stephen Keymer Johnson (Oxford Classical Texts), from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-latinLit, phi0914.phi001.perseus-lat3, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Benjamin Oliver Foster and Frank Gardner Moore, Livy (Loeb Classical Library), from the Perseus Digital Library (phi0914.phi001.perseus-eng1). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (books, chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 31. Book XXVI · chapters 41–51

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/livy-history-of-rome-2/31/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/livy-history-of-rome-2/31/#p-N

[¶0] 41.10. " Ancient examples I pass over, Porsenna, the Gauls, the Samnites. shall begin with the Punic Wars.

> Latin: 41.10. a Punicis bellis incipiam. quot classes, quot duces, quot exercitus priore bello amissi sunt?

[¶1] 41.11. many fleets, how many generals, how many armies were lost in the former war! now in the present war what shall I say has happened? every disaster I was either present myself, or if absent, I above all others felt them.

> Latin: 41.11. iam quid hoc bello memorem? omnibus aut ipse adfui cladibus aut quibus afui, maxime unus omnium eas sensi. Trebia Trasumennus Cannae quid aliud sunt quam monumenta occisorum exercituum consulumque Romanorum?

[¶2] 41.12. Trebia, Trasumennus, Cannae, what are they but memorials of Roman armies and consuls fallen? the revolt of Italy, of the greater part of Sicily, of Sardinia; add that extreme of alarm and panic, a Carthaginian camp pitched between the Anio and the walls of Rome, and the sight of a victorious Hannibal almost at the gates. this general crash the one thing left standing, intact and immovable, was the courage of the Roman people.

> Latin: 41.12. adde defectionem Italiae, Siciliae maioris partis, Sardiniae; adde ultimum terrorem ac pauorem, castra Punica inter Anienem ac moenia Romana posita et uisum prope in portis uictorem Hannibalem. in hac ruina rerum stetit una integra atque immobilis uirtus populi Romani;

[¶3] 41.13. was this that raised and set up all the scattered debris. Hasdrubal after the rout at Cannae was on his way to the Alps and Italy —and if he had joined his brother even the name of the Roman people would be no more —you were the very first, soldiers, to stand in his path under the command and auspices of my father.

> Latin: 41.13. haec omnia strata humi erexit ac sustulit. uos omnium primi, milites, post Cannensem cladem uadenti Hasdrubali ad Alpes Italiamque, qui si se cum fratre coniunxisset nullum iam nomen esset populi Romani, ductu auspicioque patris mei obstitistis; et hae secundae res illas aduersas sustinuerunt.

[¶4] 41.14. victory here has upheld defeats there. by the favour of the gods everything in Italy and Sicily is flourishing and successful, more cheering and better from day to day. Sicily Syracuse and Agrigentum have been captured, the enemy driven out of the entire island, and the recovered province is under the rule of the Roman people.

> Latin: 41.14. nunc benignitate deum omnia secunda prospera in dies laetiora ac meliora in Italia Siciliaque geruntur. in Sicilia Syracusae, Agrigentum captum, pulsi tota insula hostes, receptaque prouincia in dicionem populi Romani est: in Italia Arpi recepti, Capua capta.

[¶5] 41.16. Italy Arpi has been recovered, Capua taken. entire road from the city of Rome has been traversed in nervous flight by Hannibal, who, driven into that remotest region, the Bruttian land, now prays the gods for nothing greater than that he may be allowed to retire in safety and leave the enemy's country.

> Latin: 41.16. iter omne ab urbe Roma trepida fuga emensus Hannibal, in extremum angulum agri Bruttii compulsus nihil iam maius precatur deos quam ut incolumi cedere atque abire ex hostium terra liceat.

[¶6] 41.17. therefore is less consistent, soldiers, than that, while disasters were being piled one upon another and the gods themselves, one might almost say, were on Hannibal's side, you here under my fathers —for let them be coupled in that honourable name also —upheld the wavering fortune of the Roman people, but that at present, when in Italy everything is now favourable and encouraging, you, the same men, should be faint —hearted?

> Latin: 41.17. quid igitur minus conueniat, milites, quam cum aliae super alias clades cumularentur ac di prope ipsi cum Hannibale starent, uos hic cum parentibus meis— aequentur enim etiam honore nominis—sustinuisse labantem fortunam populi Romani, nunc eosdem quia illic omnia secunda laetaque sunt animis deficere?

[¶7] 41.18. occurrences also I could wish had been as free from sorrow for me as... “... Now the immortal gods, who are protectors of the Roman empire, who inspired all the centuries of the people to order that the command be bestowed upon me, by auguries, auspices and even visions in the night are likewise forecasting only joy and success.”

> Latin: 41.18. nuper quoque quae acciderunt, utinam tam sine meo luctu quam††. nunc di immortales imperii Romani praesides qui centuriis omnibus ut mihi imperium iuberent dari fuere auctores, iidem auguriis auspiciisque et per nocturnos etiam uisus omnia laeta ac prospera portendunt.

[¶8] 41.19. “own mind as well, heretofore my greatest soothsayer, foresees that Spain is ours, that soon all the Carthaginians, banished from here, will cover seas and lands with their disgraceful flight.”

> Latin: 41.19. animus quoque meus, maximus mihi ad hoc tempus uates, praesagit nostram Hispaniam esse, breui extorre hinc omne Punicum nomen maria terrasque foeda fuga impleturum.

[¶9] 41.20. “the mind of itself divines undeluded reasoning also suggests. by them their allies through embassies are begging for our help. generals, unable to agree, so that they have almost proved disloyal to each other, have dispersed their army in three parts in widely scattered regions. same fortune which lately crushed us is assailing them.”

> Latin: 41.20. quod mens sua sponte diuinat, idem subicit ratio haud fallax. uexati ab iis socii nostram fidem per legatos implorant. tres duces discordantes prope ut defecerint alii ab aliis, trifariam exercitum in diuersissimas regiones distraxere.

[¶10] 41.21. “they are being deserted by their allies, as formerly were we by the Celtiberians, and also they have separated their armies, which was the cause of destruction for my father and uncle. will internal strife permit them to unite, nor will they be able singly to resist us.”

> Latin: 41.21. eadem in illos ingruit fortuna quae nuper nos adflixit; nam et deseruntur ab sociis, ut prius ab Celtiberis nos, et diduxere exercitus quae patri patruoque meo causa exitii fuit;

[¶11] 41.22. “do you, soldiers, look with favour upon the name of the Scipios, upon the scion of your generals, growing again, as it were, from stems that have been cut down.”

> Latin: 41.22. nec discordia intestina coire eos in unum sinet neque singuli nobis resistere poterunt. uos modo, milites, fauete nomini Scipionum, suboli imperatorum uestrorum uelut accisis recrescenti stirpibus.

[¶12] 41.23. “now, veterans, lead a new army and a new commander across the Ebro, lead them over into lands often traversed by you with many deeds of bravery.”

> Latin: 41.23. agite, ueteres milites, nouum exercitum nouumque ducem traducite Hiberum, traducite in terras cum multis fortibus factis saepe a uobis peragratas.

[¶13] 41.24. “as now you note in me a resemblance to my father and uncle in face and countenance and recognize the lines of the figure, so I will soon take pains to reproduce for you an image of their minds, of their loyalty and courage,” “so that each man shall say that there has come back to life, or has been born again, his general Scipio.”

> Latin: 41.24. breui faciam ut, quemadmodum nunc noscitatis in me patris patruique similitudinem oris uoltusque et lineamenta corporis, ita ingenii fidei uirtutisque effigiem uobis reddam ut reuixisse aut renatum sibi quisque Scipionem imperatorem dicat.' hac oratione accensis militum animis relicto ad praesidium regionis eius M. Silano cum tribus milibus peditum et trecentis equitibus ceteras omnes copias—erant autem uiginti quinque milia peditum, duo milia quingenti equites — Hiberum traiecit.

[¶14] 42.2. fired the spirits of the soldiers by this speech, and leaving for the defence of the region Marcus Silanus with three thousand infantry and three hundred horsemen, all the rest of the forces — and they were twenty —five thousand infantry and two thousand five hundred cavalry —he led across the Ebro., although some tried to persuade him that, since the Carthaginian armies had withdrawn into three regions so widely scattered, he should attack the nearest of them, he thought there was danger that by doing so he might cause them all to concentrate and one army might not be a match for so many armies. he decided meanwhile to lay siege to New Carthage, a city both itself rich in its own resources and filled with the enemy's warlike equipment of every kind. were his arms, there his money, there hostages from all Spain.

> Latin: 42.2. ibi quibusdam suadentibus ut quoniam in tres tam diuersas regiones discessissent Punici exercitus, proximum adgrederetur, periculum esse ratus ne eo facto in unum omnes contraheret nec par esset unus tot exercitibus, Carthaginem Nouam interim oppugnare statuit urbem cum ipsam opulentam suis opibus tum hostium omni bellico apparatu plenam—ibi arma, ibi pecunia, ibi totius Hispaniae obsides erant—

[¶15] 42.4. the city was not only situated favourably for the passage to Africa, but also on a harbour ample enough for the greatest fleet, and perhaps the only port on the coast of Spain where it faces our sea. a man except Gaius Laelius knew whither they were going.

> Latin: 42.4. sitam praeterea cum opportune ad traiciendum in Africam tum super portum satis amplum quantaeuis classi et nescio an unum in Hispaniae ora qua nostro adiacet mari. nemo omnium quo iretur sciebat praeter C. Laelium.

[¶16] 42.5. was sent with the fleet round the headlands, under previous orders so to regulate the speed of his ships that Scipio might display his army on the landward side at the same time that the fleet was entering the harbour.

> Latin: 42.5. is classe circummissus ita moderari cursum nauium iussus erat ut eodem tempore Scipio ab terra exercitum ostenderet et classis portum intraret.

[¶17] 42.6. the seventh day from the Ebro they reached (New) Carthage by sea and land at the same time. was pitched opposite the city where it faces the north. the rear of the camp —for the front was protected by nature —an earthwork was thrown up.

> Latin: 42.6. septimo die ab Hibero Carthaginem uentum est simul terra marique. castra ab regione urbis qua in septentrionem uersa est posita; his ab tergo—nam frons natura tuta erat—uallum obiectum.

[¶18] 42.7. the situation of (New) Carthage is as follows: there is an arm of the sea about half —way down the coast of Spain, a bay that mainly faces the southwest wind and makes inland about two miles and a half, with a breadth of little more than a mile and one —fifth.

> Latin: 42.7. etenim sita Carthago sic est. sinus est maris media fere Hispaniae ora, maxime Africo uento oppositus, <ad duo milia> et quingentos passus introrsus retractus, paululo plus passuum <mille et ducentos> in latitudinem patens.

[¶19] 42.8. the mouth of this bay a small island facing the harbour on the seaward side makes it safe from all winds except the southwest. the innermost part of the bay a peninsula runs out, the very hill on which the city was built, skirted by sea on the east and the south. the west a lagoon hems the city in, extending somewhat to the north also; it is of varying depth according as the sea is coming in or going out.

> Latin: 42.8. huius in ostio sinus parua insula obiecta ab alto portum ab omnibus uentis praeterquam Africo tutum facit. ab intimo sinu paeneinsula excurrit, tumulus is ipse in quo condita urbs est, ab ortu solis et a meridie cincta mari: ab occasu stagnum claudit paulum etiam ad septentrionem fusum, incertae altitudinis utcumque exaestuat aut deficit mare.

[¶20] 42.9. the mainland a ridge about two hundred and fifty paces wide connects the city. fortification on this side would have involved so little labour, the Roman commander did not throw up an earthwork, whether as proudly displaying his confidence to the enemy, or that, as he repeatedly approached the walls of the city, retirement might be open to him. completed such other works of fortification as were necessary, he drew up the ships also in the harbour, as though to display a blockade from the sea as well. making the round of the fleet he reminded the commanders of the vessels to keep a close watch at night, saying that a blockaded enemy at first makes every attempt wherever possible. then returned to the camp to explain to the soldiers the reason for his plan, in having elected to begin the campaign with the siege of a city, and in order that by encouraging them he might inspire the hope of its capture, called an assembly, and spoke as follows: “any man believes that you have been brought here to besiege a single city, he has justly reckoned your labour, soldiers, rather than the profit.”

> Latin: 42.9. continenti urbem iugum ducentos fere et quinquaginta passus patens coniungit. unde cum tam parui operis munitio esset, non obiecit uallum imperator Romanus, seu fiduciam hosti superbe ostentans siue ut subeunti saepe ad moenia urbis recursus pateret. cetera quae munienda erant cum perfecisset, naues etiam in portu uelut maritimam quoque ostentans obsidionem instruxit; circumuectusque classem cum monuisset praefectos nauium ut uigilias nocturnas intenti seruarent, omnia ubique primo obsessum hostem conari, regressus in castra ut consilii sui rationem quod ab urbe potissimum oppugnanda bellum orsus esset militibus ostenderet et spem potiundae cohortando faceret, contione aduocata ita disseruit: 'ad urbem unam oppugnandam si quis uos adductos credit, is magis operis uestri quam emolumenti rationem exactam, milites, habet;

[¶21] 43.3. “it is true that you are to attack the walls of a single city, but in that single city you will have taken the whole of Spain.”

> Latin: 43.3. oppugnabitis enim uere moenia unius urbis, sed in una urbe uniuersam ceperitis Hispaniam.

[¶22] 43.4. “are the hostages of all the important kings and peoples; and once they are in your power, they will immediately surrender all that is now subject to the Carthaginians.”

> Latin: 43.4. hic sunt obsides omnium nobilium regum populorumque, qui simul in potestate uestra erunt, extemplo omnia quae nunc sub Carthaginiensibus sunt in dicionem tradent;

[¶23] 43.5. “is all the money of the enemy, without which, inasmuch as they maintain mercenary armies, they are incapable of waging war, while it will be of the greatest service to us in winning the support of the barbarians.”

> Latin: 43.5. hic pecunia omnis hostium, sine qua neque illi gerere bellum possunt, quippe qui mercennarios exercitus alant, et quae nobis maximo usui ad conciliandos animos barbarorum erit;

[¶24] 43.6. “are their artillery, their arms, all their war material, which will equip you and at the same time will strip the enemy.”

> Latin: 43.6. hic tormenta arma omnis apparatus belli est, qui simul et uos instruet et hostes nudabit.

[¶25] 43.7. “we shall gain possession of a city very beautiful and very rich, likewise most convenient in its remarkable harbour, from which by land and sea everything which the needs of war demand may be supplied. shall not only have these great advantages ourselves, but shall deprive the enemy of things much more important.”

> Latin: 43.7. potiemur praeterea cum pulcherrima opulentissimaque urbe tum opportunissima portu egregio unde terra marique quae belli usus poscunt suppeditentur; quae cum magna ipsi habebimus tum dempserimus hostibus multo maiora.

[¶26] 43.8. “is their citadel, this is their granary, their treasury, their arsenal, this their storehouse for everything. this port lies the direct course from Africa; this is the one roadstead between the Pyrenees and Gades; from this Africa menaces the whole of Spain....”.

> Latin: 43.8. haec illis arx, hoc horreum aerarium armamentarium, hoc omnium rerum receptaculum est; huc rectus ex Africa cursus est; haec una inter Pyrenaeum et Gades statio; hinc omni Hispaniae imminet Africa.†† ††armauerat.

[¶27] 44.1. .. had provided them with arms. he saw the preparations for a siege by land and sea, he also disposed his troops as follows:

> Latin: 44.1. cum terra marique instrui oppugnationem uideret et ipse copias ita disponit.

[¶28] 44.2. two thousand of the townsmen he stationed against the enemy on that side on which lay the Roman camp; the citadel he garrisoned with five hundred soldiers; five hundred he posted on the hill in the city towards the east; the rest of the multitude he ordered to be on the alert in every direction and to confront the enemy wherever shouting or an emergency should call them.

> Latin: 44.2. oppidanorum duo milia ab ea parte qua castra Romana erant opponit: quingentis militibus arcem insidit, quingentos tumulo urbis in orientem uerso imponit: multitudinem aliam quo clamor, quo subita uocasset res intentam ad omnia occurrere iubet.

[¶29] 44.3. opening the gate he sent out the men he had drawn up on a street leading towards the camp of the enemy. Romans, instructed by the general himself, drew back for a short time, that they might be nearer the reinforcements to be sent in the midst of the engagement. at first the battle —lines stood fairly matched; then reinforcements sent again and again from the camp not only put the enemy to flight, but so pressed upon them in their disorder that, if Scipio had not sounded the recall, they would, it seemed, have mingled with the fugitives, and burst into the city.

> Latin: 44.3. patefacta deinde porta eos quos in uia ferente ad castra hostium instruxerat emittit. Romani duce ipso praecipiente parumper cessere, ut propiores subsidiis in certamine ipso summittendis essent. et primo haud impares stetere acies; subsidia deinde identidem summissa e castris non auerterunt solum in fugam hostes, sed adeo effusis institerunt ut nisi receptui cecinisset permixti fugientibus inrupturi fuisse in urbem uiderentur. trepidatio uero non in proelio maior quam tota urbe fuit;

[¶30] 44.5. the alarm in the battle was no greater than that throughout the city. positions were deserted in panic and flight, and the walls were abandoned, when the men had leaped down, each taking the shortest way.

> Latin: 44.5. multae stationes pauore atque fuga desertae sunt relictique muri cum qua cuique erat proximum desiluissent.

[¶31] 44.6. this was noticed by Scipio, who had climbed the hill which they call Mercury's Hill, namely, that at many points the walls were stripped of defenders, he gave orders to call all the men out of camp, to advance to the attack upon the city and to bring ladders.

> Latin: 44.6. quod ubi egressus Scipio in tumulum quem Mercuri uocant animaduertit multis partibus nudata defensoribus moenia esse, omnes e castris excitos ire ad oppugnandam urbem et ferre scalas iubet.

[¶32] 44.7. himself, while three strong young men held their shields in front of him —for a great number of missiles of every kind were flying from the walls —came up to the city, gave encouragement and pertinent orders, and, what was of most importance in firing the soldiers' spirits, he was there as witness and spectator of every man's courage or cowardice.

> Latin: 44.7. ipse trium prae se iuuenum ualidorum scutis oppositis—ingens enim iam uis omnis generis telorum e muris uolabat—ad urbem succedit; hortatur imperat quae in rem sunt, quodque plurimum ad accendendos militum animos intererat, testis spectatorque uirtutis atque ignauiae cuiusque adest.

[¶33] 44.9. so men dashed on in the face of wounds and missiles, and neither walls nor armed men standing on them could restrain them from vying with each other in the attempt to climb.

> Latin: 44.9. itaque in uolnera ac tela ruunt; neque illos muri neque superstantes armati arcere queunt quin certatim adscendant.

[¶34] 44.10. at the same time from the ships an attack began upon that part of the city which is washed by the sea.

> Latin: 44.10. et ab nauibus eodem tempore ea quae mari adluitur pars urbis oppugnari coepta est. ceterum tumultus inde maior quam uis adhiberi poterat.

[¶35] 44.11. from that side they were able to create an uproar rather than to launch an attack. making fast, in hastily landing ladders and men, in their impatience to get ashore, each the shortest way, they hindered one another by their very haste and rivalry.

> Latin: 44.11. dum applicant, dum raptim exponunt scalas militesque dum qua cuique proximum est in terram euadere properant, ipsa festinatione et certamine alii alios impediunt. inter haec repleuerat iam Poenus armatis muros, et uis magna ex ingenti copia congesta telorum suppeditabat;

[¶36] 45.2. the Carthaginian had now fully manned the walls with armed men, and he had a great number of missiles ready at hand out of his immense reserves. neither men nor missiles nor anything else defended the walls so much as the walls were their own defence. few ladders could reach to their height, and the higher these were the weaker.

> Latin: 45.2. sed neque uiri nec tela nec quicquam aliud aeque quam moenia ipsa sese defendebant. rarae enim scalae altitudini aequari poterant, et quo quaeque altiores, eo infirmiores erant.

[¶37] 45.3. so since the highest man could not climb over, but nevertheless others kept coming up, the ladders were breaking by the mere weight. men, although the ladders stood, owing to the dizziness produced by the height fell to the ground.

> Latin: 45.3. itaque cum summus quisque euadere non posset, subirent tamen alii, onere ipso frangebantur. quidam stantibus scalis cum altitudo caliginem oculis offudisset, ad terram delati sunt.

[¶38] 45.4. while everywhere men and ladders were dropping, and the enemies' boldness and zest were increasing just because of their success, the signal for the recall was given.

> Latin: 45.4. et cum passim homines scalaeque ruerent et ipso successu audacia atque alacritas hostium cresceret, signum receptui datum est;

[¶39] 45.5. gave the besieged not only the hope of present respite from such conflict and effort, but also confidence for the future that the city could not be taken by ladders and encirclement; that siege —works were difficult and would also give time for their generals to bring aid. had the first uproar been stilled when Scipio orders the ladders to be taken from men now weary and wounded, by others who were fresh and uninjured, and that an attack in greater force should be made upon the city.

> Latin: 45.5. quod spem non praesentis modo ab tanto certamine ac labore quietis obsessis, sed etiam in posterum dedit scalis et corona capi urbem non posse: opera et difficilia esse et tempus datura ad ferendam opem imperatoribus suis.

[¶40] 45.6. for himself, having been informed by fishermen of Tarraco who had crossed the lagoon everywhere, now in light vessels, now, when these would go aground, through shallow water, that an easy crossing on foot up to the wall was possible, Scipio, when word was brought to him that the tide was ebbing, led five hundred armed men with him to the place.

> Latin: 45.6. uix prior tumultus conticuerat cum Scipio ab defessis iam uolneratisque recentes integrosque alios accipere scalas iubet et ui maiore adgredi urbem. ipse ut ei nuntiatum est aestum decedere, quod per piscatores Tarraconenses, nunc leuibus cumbis, nunc ubi eae siderent uadis peruagatos stagnum, compertum habebat facilem pedibus ad murum transitum dari, eo secum armatos quingentos duxit.

[¶41] 45.8. was about the middle of the day, and in addition to the draining away of the water of itself as the tide ebbed seaward, a fierce north wind also had sprung up and was carrying the receding lagoon in the same direction as the tide, and had so laid bare the shoals that in one place the water was up to the navel only, in another scarcely reached beyond the knees.

> Latin: 45.8. medium ferme diei erat, et ad id, quod sua sponte cedente in mare aestu trahebatur aqua, acer etiam septentrio ortus inclinatum stagnum eodem quo aestus ferebat et adeo nudauerat uada ut alibi umbilico tenus aqua esset, alibi genua uix superaret.

[¶42] 45.9. he had ascertained by painstaking and calculation, Scipio represented as a miracle and an act of the gods, who for the passage of the Romans were diverting the sea, he said, and draining lakes and opening up ways never before trodden by man's foot. he bade them to follow Neptune as their guide on the march, and to make their way straight across the lagoon to the walls.

> Latin: 45.9. hoc cura ac ratione compertum in prodigium ac deos uertens Scipio qui ad transitum Romanis mare uerterent et stagna auferrent uiasque ante nunquam initas humano uestigio aperirent, Neptunum iubebat ducem itineris sequi ac medio stagno euadere ad moenia. ab terra ingens labor succedentibus erat; nec altitudine tantum moenium impediebantur, sed quod †euntes† ad ancipites utrimque ictus subiectos habebant Romanos, ut latera infestiora subeuntibus quam aduersa corpora essent.

[¶43] 46.2. the landward side it was a very serious task for men approaching the walls; and they were hindered not only by the height of these, but also because the defenders had the attacking Romans doubly exposed to wounds on the right and on the left, so that as they approached their sides were in greater danger than the front of their bodies. on the other side of the city the five hundred found both an easy passage across the lagoon and then an easy climb to the top of the wall.

> Latin: 46.2. at parte †in alia quingentis et per stagnum facilis transitus et in murum adscensus inde fuit; nam neque opere emunitus erat ut ubi ipsius loci ac stagni praesidio satis creditum foret, nec ulla armatorum statio aut custodia opposita intentis omnibus ad opem eo ferendam unde periculum ostendebatur.

[¶44] 46.3. it had not been built up to the full height, since they had sufficient confidence in the protection offered by the position itself and by the lagoon, and there was no post of armed men nor a guard to confront them, since all were intent upon bringing aid to any quarter from which danger was indicated. entered the city without a struggle, they then proceeded with all possible speed to the gate round which the whole battle had been brought on. that fighting so intent were not only the minds, but also the eyes and ears of all the fighters and spectators and of those who were encouraging the fighters, that no one was aware that the city had been captured in their rear until missiles fell upon their backs and they had the enemy on both front and rear.

> Latin: 46.3. ubi urbem sine certamine intrauere, pergunt inde quanto maximo cursu poterant ad eam portam circa quam omne contractum certamen erat; in quod adeo intenti omnium non animi solum fuere sed etiam oculi auresque pugnantium spectantiumque et adhortantium pugnantes ut nemo ante ab tergo senserit captam urbem quam tela in auersos inciderunt et utrimque ancipitem hostem habebant.

[¶45] 46.6. as the defenders were panic —stricken, the walls were captured and men began to batter down the gate at the same time from within and from without. presently, when the gates had been chopped to pieces and dragged off, so as not to block the passage, the armed men charged.

> Latin: 46.6. tunc turbatis defensoribus metu et moenia capta et porta intus forisque pariter refringi coepta; et mox caedendo confectis ac distractis ne iter impediretur foribus armati impetum fecerunt.

[¶46] 46.7. great multitude climbed over the wall also, but they scattered in all directions to slay the townspeople. regular formation which had entered the gate made its way with its officers and its ranks through the centre of the city even into the market —place.

> Latin: 46.7. magna multitudo et muros transcendebat; sed hi passim ad caedem oppidanorum uersi; illa quae portam ingressa erat iusta acies cum ducibus, cum ordinibus media urbe usque in forum processit.

[¶47] 46.8. that point Scipio saw the enemy fleeing down two streets, one party towards the hill facing the east and held by a garrison of five hundred soldiers, the rest into the citadel, into which Mago also with nearly all the armed men who had been beaten back from the walls had fled for refuge. he sent part of his forces to storm the hill, and himself led a part to the citadel.

> Latin: 46.8. inde cum duobus itineribus fugientes uideret hostes, alios ad tumulum in orientem uersum qui tenebatur quingentorum militum praesidio, alios in arcem in quam et ipse Mago cum omnibus fere armatis qui muris pulsi fuerant refugerat, partem copiarum ad tumulum expugnandum mittit, partem ipse ad arcem ducit.

[¶48] 46.9. hill was taken at the first assault, and Mago, who attempted to defend the citadel, seeing the whole city filled with the enemy and that there was no hope, surrendered himself and the citadel with its garrison.

> Latin: 46.9. et tumulus primo impetu est captus, et Mago arcem conatus defendere, cum omnia hostium plena uideret neque spem ullam esse, se arcemque et praesidium dedidit.

[¶49] 46.10. the surrender of the citadel there was slaughter everywhere throughout the city, and they did not spare any adult who met them. the signal was given and an end was made of slaughter. victors turned to the spoils, which were immense and of every kind.

> Latin: 46.10. quoad dedita arx est, caedes tota urbe passim factae nec ulli puberum qui obuius fuit parcebatur: tum signo dato caedibus finis factus, ad praedam uictores uersi, quae ingens omnis generis fuit. liberorum capitum uirile secus ad decem milia capta; inde qui ciues Nouae Carthaginis erant dimisit urbemque et sua omnia quae reliqua eis bellum fecerat restituit.

[¶50] 47.2. male free men about ten thousand were captured. that number Scipio released those who were citizens of New Carthage and restored to them their city and also all the property which the war had spared to them. artisans numbered about two thousand men. he announced would be public slaves of the Roman people, with the not distant hope of freedom if they should actively exert themselves in providing the equipment for war.

> Latin: 47.2. opifices ad duo milia hominum erant; eos publicos fore populi Romani edixit, cum spe propinqua libertatis si ad ministeria belli enixe operam nauassent.

[¶51] 47.3. rest of the multitude, made up of young non —citizens and strong slaves, he turned over to the fleet to recruit the oarsmen; and he had enlarged the fleet by eight captured ships.

> Latin: 47.3. ceteram multitudinem incolarum iuuenum ac ualidorum seruorum in classem ad supplementum remigum dedit; et auxerat nauibus octo captiuis classem.

[¶52] 47.4. from this multitude were the Spanish hostages, who were cared for just as if they were the children of allies.

> Latin: 47.4. extra hanc multitudinem Hispanorum obsides erant, quorum perinde ac si sociorum liberi essent cura habita.

[¶53] 47.5. also was a vast amount of war material: a hundred and twenty catapults of the largest model, two hundred and eighty —one of the smaller; twenty —three larger ballistae, fifty —two smaller; larger and smaller scorpions and arms and missile weapons, a vast number; seventy —four military standards.

> Latin: 47.5. captus et apparatus ingens belli; catapultae maximae formae centum uiginti, minores ducentae octoginta una; ballistae maiores uiginti tres, minores quinquaginta duae; scorpionum maiorum minorumque et armorum telorumque ingens numerus; signa militaria septuaginta quattuor.

[¶54] 47.7. gold also and silver a large quantity was brought to the general. were two hundred and seventy —six gold paterae, nearly all of them weighing a pound; of silver, the unwrought and coined, there were eighteen thousand three hundred pounds, of silver vessels a large number.

> Latin: 47.7. et auri argenti relata ad imperatorem magna uis: paterae aureae fuerunt ducentae septuaginta sex, librales ferme omnes pondo; argenti infecti signatique decem et octo milia et trecenta pondo, uasorum argenteorum magnus numerus;

[¶55] 47.8. of these, after weighing and counting, were delivered to Gaius Flaminius, the quaestor. wheat there were four hundred thousand pecks; of barley two hundred and seventy thousand.

> Latin: 47.8. haec omnia C. Flaminio quaestori appensa adnumerataque sunt; tritici quadringenta milia modium, hordei ducenta septuaginta.

[¶56] 47.9. -three merchantmen were attacked and captured in the harbour, some with their cargoes, grain, arms, also bronze and iron and linen and Spanish broom and ship timber also for the building of a fleet, so that in the midst of these great resources for the war that were captured (New) Carthage itself was the smallest part of it all. that day Scipio, after ordering Gaius Laelius with the marines to guard the city, himself led the legions back into camp. as the soldiers were exhausted by all the warlike operations combined in a single day —since they had fought in line of battle, and in taking the city had been involved in such exertion and danger, and after the capture had contended, on unfavourable ground at that, with those who had sought refuge in the citadel —he ordered them to rest.

> Latin: 47.9. naues onerariae sexaginta tres in portu expugnatae captaeque, quaedam cum suis oneribus, frumento, armis, aere praeterea ferroque et linteis et sparto et nauali alia materia ad classem aedificandam, ut minimum omnium inter tantas opes belli captas Carthago ipsa fuerit. eo die Scipio C. Laelio cum sociis naualibus urbem custodire iusso ipse in castra legiones reduxit fessosque milites omnibus uno die belli operibus, quippe qui et acie dimicassent et capienda urbe tantum laboris periculique adissent et capta cum iis qui in arcem confugerant iniquo etiam loco pugnassent, curare corpora iussit.

[¶57] 48.3. the following day he called together the soldiers and marines, and first praised and thanked the immortal gods, who had made him master in a single day, not only of the richest of all the cities in Spain, but had previously accumulated there all the resources of Africa and Spain, so that nothing was left to the enemy, while for himself and his men there was abundance of everything.

> Latin: 48.3. postero die militibus naualibusque sociis conuocatis primum dis immortalibus laudes gratesque egit, qui se non urbis solum opulentissimae omnium in Hispania uno die compotem fecissent, sed ante eo congessissent omnis Africae atque Hispaniae opes, ut neque hostibus quicquam relinqueretur et sibi ac suis omnia superessent.

[¶58] 48.4. went on to praise warmly the courage of the soldiers because neither a sally of the enemy, nor the height of walls, nor the unsounded waters of the lagoon, nor the fortress on a lofty hill, nor the very strongly fortified citadel had deterred them from climbing over or bursting through every obstacle.

> Latin: 48.4. militum deinde uirtutem conlaudauit quod eos non eruptio hostium, non altitudo moenium, non inexplorata stagni uada, non castellum in alto tumulo situm, non munitissima arx deterruisset quo minus transcenderent omnia perrumperentque.

[¶59] 48.5. , although he owed everything to everybody, the special distinction of a mural crown belonged to the man who had been the first to climb the wall; let him who thought himself deserving of that gift declare himself.

> Latin: 48.5. itaque quamquam omnibus omnia deberet, praecipuum muralis coronae decus eius esse qui primus murum adscendisset; profiteretur qui se dignum eo duceret dono.

[¶60] 48.6. came forward as claimants, Quintus Trebellius, a centurion of the fourth legion, and Sextus Digitius, a marine. these men themselves were not so much hotly competing with one another, as already fanning the partisanship of the men of their respective arms of the service.

> Latin: 48.6. duo professi sunt, Q. Trebellius, centurio legionis quartae, et Sex. Digitius, socius naualis. nec ipsi tam inter se acriter contendebant quam studia excitauerant uterque sui corporis hominum.

[¶61] 48.7. marines were supported by Gaius Laelius, admiral of the fleet, the legionaries by Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus.

> Latin: 48.7. sociis C. Laelius, praefectus classis, legionariis M. Sempronius Tuditanus aderat.

[¶62] 48.8. the strife was verging on mutiny, Scipio announced that he would name three arbiters to hear the claims, and after taking testimony, to decide which of the two had been the first to climb over the wall into the town.

> Latin: 48.8. ea contentio cum prope seditionem ueniret, Scipio tres recuperatores cum se daturum pronuntiasset qui cognita causa testibusque auditis iudicarent uter prior in oppidum transcendisset, C.

[¶63] 48.9. in addition to Gaius Laelius and Marcus Sempronius, who represented this faction and that, he named Publius Cornelius Caudinus, a neutral, and ordered the three arbiters to sit down and hear the case.

> Latin: 48.9. Laelio et M. Sempronio, aduocatis partis utriusque, P. Cornelium Caudinum de medio adiecit eosque tres recuperatores considere et causam cognoscere iussit.

[¶64] 48.10. was argued with all the more heat because the persons withdrawn, men of such high character, were restraining party feelings rather than representing their factions. Gaius Laelius left the council, went up to Scipio on his tribune, and informed him that the matter was being debated without limit or self —restraint, and that the soldiers were on the point of laying hands on each other.

> Latin: 48.10. cum res eo maiore ageretur certamine quod amoti tantae dignitatis non tam aduocati quam moderatores studiorum fuerant, C. Laelius relicto consilio ad tribunal ad Scipionem accedit, eumque docet rem sine modo ac modestia agi ac prope esse ut manus inter se conferant:

[¶65] 48.11. he said that, even if there should be no violence, they were nevertheless setting an abominable precedent in seeking by deception and perjury to win a reward for courage.

> Latin: 48.11. ceterum, etiamsi uis absit, nihilo minus detestabili exemplo rem agi, quippe ubi fraude ac periurio decus petatur uirtutis.

[¶66] 48.12. one side the legionaries were standing, he said, on the other the marines, ready to swear by all the gods rather what they wished to have true than what they knew to be true, and ready to involve not only themselves and their own persons in the perjury, but also the military standards and eagles and the sanctity of the oath of allegiance; that he was making this report to him on the advice of Publius Cornelius and Marcus Sempronius.

> Latin: 48.12. stare hinc legionarios milites, hinc classicos, per omnes deos paratos iurare magis quae uelint quam quae sciant uera esse et obstringere periurio non se solum suumque caput sed signa militaria et aquilas sacramentique religionem.

[¶67] 48.13. Scipio warmly praised Laelius, summoned the soldiers to an assembly and declared that he was reliably informed that Quintus Trebellius and Sextus Digitius had climbed to the top of the wall at the same moment, and that for their courage he bestowed mural crowns upon them both.

> Latin: 48.13. haec ad eum de sententia P. Corneli et M. Semproni deferre. Scipio conlaudato Laelio ad contionem aduocauit pronuntiauitque se satis compertum habere Q. Trebellium et Sex. Digitium pariter in murum escendisse, seque eos ambos uirtutis causa coronis muralibus donare.

[¶68] 48.14. he rewarded the rest, each according to his desert and his courage. all the others he placed Gaius Laelius, admiral of the fleet, on a level with himself in every kind of commendation, and also presented him with a golden wreath and thirty oxen. he ordered the hostages of the states of Spain to be summoned. great was their number I dislike to state, since in one source I find that they were about three hundred, in another three thousand seven hundred and twenty —four. is no less disagreement on other matters also between the authorities. writes that the Carthaginian garrison consisted of ten thousand men, another of seven thousand, another of not more than two thousand. for the captives, in one writer find ten thousand persons, in another above twenty —five thousand.

> Latin: 48.14. tum reliquos prout cuiusque meritum uirtusque erat donauit; ante omnes C. Laelium praefectum classis et omni genere laudis sibimet ipsi aequauit et corona aurea ac triginta bubus donauit. tum obsides ciuitatium Hispaniae uocari iussit; quorum quantus numerus fuerit piget scribere, quippe ubi alibi trecentos ferme, alibi tria milia septingentos uiginti quattuor fuisse inueniam.—aeque et alia inter auctores discrepant. praesidium Punicum alius decem, alius septem, alius haud plus quam duum milium fuisse scribit. capta alibi decem milia capitum, alibi supra quinque et uiginti inuenias.

[¶69] 49.3. should set down about sixty larger and smaller scorpions as captured, if I were to follow a Greek authority, Silenus, if Valerius Antias, then six thousand of the larger scorpions, thirteen thousand of the smaller; so lacking is any limit to his mendacity.

> Latin: 49.3. scorpiones maiores minoresque ad sexaginta captos scripserim, si auctorem Graecum sequar Silenum; si Ualerium Antiatem, maiorum scorpionum sex milia, minorum tredecim milia; adeo nullus mentiendi modus est.

[¶70] 49.4. as to the generals there is no agreement. say that Laelius commanded the fleet, there are some who say it was Marcus Iunius Silanus.

> Latin: 49.4. ne de ducibus quidem conuenit. plerique Laelium praefuisse classi, sunt qui M. Iunium Silanum dicant;

[¶71] 49.5. Valerius Antias relates that Arines was in command of the Carthaginian garrison and surrendered to the Romans, other writers that it was Mago.

> Latin: 49.5. Arinen praefuisse Punico praesidio deditumque Romanis Antias Ualerius, Magonem alii scriptores tradunt.

[¶72] 49.6. is no agreement as to the number of ships captured, none as to the weight of gold and silver and of money brought in. one must agree with some authorities, moderate figures are the most probable. resume, calling the hostages, Scipio first bade them all to be of good cheer;

> Latin: 49.6. non de numero nauium captarum, non de pondere auri atque argenti et redacta pecunia conuenit; si aliquis adsentiri necesse est, media simillima ueri sunt.— ceterum, uocatis obsidibus primum uniuersos bonum animum habere iussit:

[¶73] 49.8. for they had come into the power of the Roman people, which prefers to bind men by favour rather than by fear, and to keep foreign nations linked by loyalty and alliance, rather than reduced to a harsh slavery.

> Latin: 49.8. uenisse enim eos in populi Romani potestatem, qui beneficio quam metu obligare homines malit exterasque gentes fide ac societate iunctas habere quam tristi subiectas seruitio.

[¶74] 49.9. on learning the names of the states, he made a list of the captives, showing how many belonged to each people, and sent messengers to their homes, bidding that each man come to recover his own children.

> Latin: 49.9. deinde acceptis nominibus ciuitatium recensuit captiuos quot cuiusque populi essent, et nuntios domum misit ut ad suos quisque recipiendos ueniret.

[¶75] 49.10. ambassadors of any states happened to be there, he restored their hostages to them directly. task of kindly protecting the rest he assigned to Gaius Flaminius, the quaestor.

> Latin: 49.10. si quarum forte ciuitatium legati aderant, eis praesentibus suos restituit: ceterorum curam benigne tuendorum C. Flaminio quaestori attribuit.

[¶76] 49.11. out of the midst of the crowd of hostages came an elderly woman, the wife of Mandonius, who was the brother of Indibilis, prince of the Ilergetes, and weeping she fell at the feet of the general and began to implore him to charge the guards more strictly with the care and comfort of the women.

> Latin: 49.11. inter haec e media turba obsidum mulier magno natu, Mandonii uxor, qui frater Indibilis Ilergetum reguli erat, flens ad pedes imperatoris procubuit obtestarique coepit ut curam cultumque feminarum impensius custodibus commendaret.

[¶77] 49.12. Scipio said that they would surely lack nothing, the woman then replied: “do not greatly care,” she said, “for such things; for in our condition what is not sufficient? is another concern which impels me as I look at these maidens; for as for myself, I am beyond the danger of violence done to woman.”

> Latin: 49.12. cum Scipio nihil defuturum iis profecto diceret, tum rursus mulier 'haud magni ista facimus' inquit; 'quid enim huic fortunae non satis est? alia me cura aetatem harum intuentem—nam ipsa iam extra periculum iniuriae muliebris sum—stimulat.

[¶78] 49.13. in the bloom of youth and beauty the daughters of Indibilis were standing about her, and others of no less rank, all of whom paid her the honour due a parent.

> Latin: 49.13. '—et aetate et forma florentes circa eam Indibilis filiae erant aliaeque nobilitate pari, quae omnes eam pro parente colebant.

[¶79] 49.14. Scipio said: “to my own training and that of the Roman people I would see to it that nothing which is anywhere sacred should suffer violence among us.”

> Latin: 49.14. —tum Scipio 'meae populique Romani disciplinae causa facerem' inquit, 'ne quid quod sanctum usquam esset apud nos uiolaretur:

[¶80] 49.15. “as it is, I am moved to an even stricter care in that respect by the courage and dignity of you women also, who even in misfortune have not forgotten what is seemly for a matron.”

> Latin: 49.15. nunc ut id curem impensius, uestra quoque uirtus dignitasque facit quae ne in malis quidem oblitae decoris matronalis estis.'

[¶81] 49.16. then handed them over to a man of proved uprightness, and ordered him to protect them with no less respect and modesty than the wives and mothers of guest —friends.

> Latin: 49.16. spectatae deinde integritatis uiro tradidit eas tuerique haud secus uerecunde ac modeste quam hospitum coniuges ac matres iussit. captiua deinde a militibus adducitur ad eum adulta uirgo, adeo eximia forma ut quacumque incedebat conuerteret omnium oculos.

[¶82] 50.2. there was brought to him as a captive by the soldiers a grown maiden of a beauty so extraordinary that, wherever she went, she drew the eyes of everyone. Scipio, upon enquiring about her native city and her parents, learned among other things that she had been betrothed to a leading man of the Celtiberians.

> Latin: 50.2. Scipio percontatus patriam parentesque, inter cetera accepit desponsam eam principi Celtiberorum; adulescenti Allucio nomen erat.

[¶83] 50.3. young man's name was Allucius. he at once summoned parents and fiance from home, and as soon as he had arrived, Scipio, having heard meantime that he was desperately in love with his betrothed, addressed him in more studied language than he had used towards the parents.

> Latin: 50.3. extemplo igitur parentibus sponsoque ab domo accitis cum interim audiret deperire eum sponsae amore, ubi primum uenit, accuratiore eum sermone quam parentes adloquitur.

[¶84] 50.4. “a young man,” he said, “speak to you as a young man — lessen embarrassment between us in this conversation. was to me that your betrothed was brought as a captive by our soldiers, and I learned of your love for her —d her beauty made that easy to believe.” “, since in my own case, if it were only permitted me to enjoy the pleasures of youth, especially in a proper and legitimate love, and had not the state preoccupied my attention, I should wish to be pardoned for an ardent love of a bride, I favour what is in my power — your love.”

> Latin: 50.4. 'iuuenis' inquit 'iuuenem appello, quo minor sit inter nos huius sermonis uerecundia. ego cum sponsa tua capta a militibus nostris ad me ducta esset audiremque tibi eam cordi esse, et forma faceret fidem, quia ipse, si frui liceret ludo aetatis, praesertim in recto et legitimo amore, et non res publica animum nostrum occupasset, ueniam mihi dari sponsam impensius amanti uellem, tuo cuius possum amori faueo.

[¶85] 50.6. “betrothed has been in my camp with the same regard for modesty as in the house of your parents —in —law, her own parents.”

> Latin: 50.6. fuit sponsa tua apud me eadem qua apud soceros tuos parentesque suos uerecundia; seruata tibi est, ut inuiolatum et dignum me teque dari tibi donum posset.

[¶86] 50.7. “has been kept for you, so that she could be given you as a gift, unharmed and worthy of you and of me. is the only price that I stipulate in return for that gift: be a friend to the Roman people, and if you believe me to be a good man, such as these tribes formerly came to know in my father and uncle, be assured that in the ” “Roman state there are many like us, and that no people in the world can be named to —day which you would be less desirous of having as an enemy to you and yours, or more desirous of having as a friend.”

> Latin: 50.7. hanc mercedem unam pro eo munere paciscor: amicus populo Romano sis et, si me uirum bonum credis esse quales patrem patruumque meum iam ante hae gentes norant, scias multos nostri similes in ciuitate Romana esse, nec ullum in terris hodie populum dici posse quem minus tibi hostem tuisque esse uelis aut amicum malis.'

[¶87] 50.9. young man, overcome by embarrassment and at the same time by joy, holding Scipio's right hand, called upon all the gods to compensate him on his own behalf, since he was far from having sufficient means to do so in accordance with his own feeling and with what the general had done for him.

> Latin: 50.9. cum adulescens, simul pudore et gaudio perfusus, dextram Scipionis tenens deos omnes inuocaret ad gratiam illi pro se referendam, quoniam sibi nequaquam satis facultatis pro suo animo atque illius erga se merito esset, parentes inde cognatique uirginis appellati;

[¶88] 50.10. the parents and blood —relations of the maiden were summoned. began to entreat Scipio, because the maiden, for whose ransom they had brought, as they said, a considerable weight of gold, was being restored to them without price, to accept that gift from them, assuring him that they would feel no less gratitude for his acceptance than for the restoration of the maiden unharmed.

> Latin: 50.10. qui, quoniam gratis sibi redderetur uirgo ad quam redimendam satis magnum attulissent auri pondus, orare Scipionem ut id ab se donum acciperet coeperunt, haud minorem eius rei apud se gratiam futuram esse adfirmantes quam redditae inuiolatae foret uirginis.

[¶89] 50.12. Scipio, since they so earnestly besought, promised that he would accept it, ordered the gift to be laid before his feet, and calling Allucius to him, said: “addition to the dowry which you are about to receive from your father —in —law, this will be added by me as a nuptial gift to you.” he ordered him to take up the gold and keep it.

> Latin: 50.12. Scipio quando tanto opere peterent accepturum se pollicitus, poni ante pedes iussit uocatoque ad se Allucio 'super dotem' inquit, 'quam accepturus a socero es, haec tibi a me dotalia dona accedent'; aurumque tollere ac sibi habere iussit.

[¶90] 50.13. in this gift and courteous treatment he was sent away to his home, and he filled his countrymen with the well —earned praises of Scipio, saying that there had come a most godlike youth, conquering everything by arms and especially by generosity and favours.

> Latin: 50.13. his laetus donis honoribusque dimissus domum, impleuit populares laudibus meritis Scipionis: uenisse dis simillimum iuuenem, uincentem omnia cum armis, tum benignitate ac beneficiis.

[¶91] 50.14. so, after conducting a levy among his clients, he returned within a few days to Scipio with fourteen hundred picked horsemen. Scipio kept Laelius by him until with his advice he should dispose of captives and hostages and the booty. when everything had been properly arranged, he furnished him with a quinquereme, put on shipboard the captives with Mago and about fifteen senators who had been captured with him, and sent Laelius to Rome to report the victory.

> Latin: 50.14. itaque dilectu clientium habito cum delectis mille et quadringentis equitibus intra paucos dies ad Scipionem reuertit. Scipio retentum secum Laelium, dum captiuos obsidesque et praedam ex consilio eius disponeret, satis omnibus rebus compositis, data quinquereme <et> captiuis †cum Magone et quindecim fere senatoribus qui simul cum eo capti erant in naues sex impositis nuntium uictoriae Romam mittit.

[¶92] 51.3. himself spent the few days during which he had decided to remain at (New) Carthage in drilling his naval and land forces.

> Latin: 51.3. ipse paucos dies quibus morari Carthagine statuerat exercendis naualibus pedestribusque copiis absumpsit.

[¶93] 51.4. the first day the legions would run under arms for four miles; on the second they were ordered to take care of their arms and clean them in front of their tents; on the third day with wooden foils they encountered each other after the manner of a regular battle and hurled missile weapons provided with a button at the end; on the fourth day they were given a rest; on the fifth they again ran quickly under arms.

> Latin: 51.4. primo die legiones in armis quattuor milium spatio decurrerunt; secundo die arma curare et tergere ante tentoria iussi; tertio die rudibus inter se in modum iustae pugnae concurrerunt praepilatisque missilibus iaculati sunt; quarto die quies data; quinto iterum in armis decursum est.

[¶94] 51.5. disposition of work and rest they maintained so long as they remained at (New) Carthage.

> Latin: 51.5. hunc ordinem laboris quietisque quoad Carthagine morati sunt seruarunt.

[¶95] 51.6. oarsmen and marines, when the sea was calm, would sail out into open water and test the mobility of their ships in sham naval battles.

> Latin: 51.6. remigium classicique milites tranquillo in altum euecti, agilitatem nauium simulacris naualis pugnae experiebantur.

[¶96] 51.7. training outside the city by land and sea steeled both bodies and minds for war. city itself rang with preparations for war, since artisans of all kinds were shut up in public workshops.

> Latin: 51.7. haec extra urbem terra marique corpora simul animosque ad bellum acuebant; urbs ipsa strepebat apparatu belli fabris omnium generum in publicam officinam inclusis.

[¶97] 51.8. general inspected everything with the same care; now he was on the fleet and the docks, now he was with the legions as they ran; now he was giving his time to viewing the work that was done from day to day in shops and arsenal and on the docks, with the utmost rivalry, by the great multitude of artisans.

> Latin: 51.8. dux cuncta pari cura obibat: nunc in classe ac nauali erat, nunc cum legionibus decurrebat: nunc operibus adspiciendis tempus dabat, quaeque in officinis quaeque in armamentario ac naualibus fabrorum multitudo plurima in singulos dies certamine ingenti faciebat.

[¶98] 51.9. made such a beginning, and having repaired battered parts of the wall, and leaving forces posted to defend the city, he set out for Tarraco, being approached by many embassies in the course of his march. of these he answered and dismissed without stopping, some he postponed till he reached Tarraco, at which he had announced an assembly for all the allies new and old.

> Latin: 51.9. his ita incohatis refectisque quae quassata erant muri dispositisque praesidiis ad custodiam urbis, Tarraconem est profectus, a multis legationibus protinus in uia aditus, quas partim dato responso ex itinere dimisit, partim distulit Tarraconem, quo omnibus nouis ueteribusque sociis edixerat conuentum.

[¶99] 51.11. nearly all the peoples dwelling on this side of the Ebro came together, and many also from the farther province. Carthaginian commanders at first purposely suppressed the news of the capture of (New) Carthage.

> Latin: 51.11. et cuncti fere qui cis Hiberum incolunt populi, multi etiam ulterioris prouinciae conuenerunt. Carthaginiensium duces primo ex industria famam captae Carthaginis compresserunt: deinde, ut clarior res erat quam ut tegi ac dissimulari posset, eleuabant uerbis:

[¶100] 51.12. , when the matter was too well known to be concealed or masked, their language would minimize it, saying that by a sudden arrival and almost by stealth on a single day a single city of Spain had been seized; and carried away by success on so small a scale, an arrogant youth in an excess of joy had given it the appearance of a great victory;

> Latin: 51.12. necopinato aduentu ac prope furto unius diei urbem unam Hispaniae interceptam, cuius rei tam paruae praemio elatum insolentem iuuenem immodico gaudio speciem magnae uictoriae imposuisse:

[¶101] 51.13. but when he heard that three generals, three victorious armies of the enemy were approaching, there would at once come to him the memory of the losses in his family.

> Latin: 51.13. at ubi adpropinquare tres duces, tres uictores hostium exercitus audisset, occursuram ei extemplo domesticorum funerum memoriam.

[¶102] 51.14. were their remarks in public, but in themselves they were by no means unaware what a mass of resources for every purpose had gone with the loss of (New) Carthage.

> Latin: 51.14. haec in uolgus iactabant, haudquaquam ipsi ignari quantum sibi ad omnia uirium Carthagine amissa decessisset.