---
title: "History of Rome, Books XXXI–XL · Ab urbe condita XXXI–XL"
author: "Livy"
translator: "Evan T. Sage and Alfred C. Schlesinger"
languages: [la, en]
shelf: "Classical Latin"
section: 37 of 45
url: https://scriptura.si/works/livy-history-of-rome-3/37/
cite: "Livy, tr. Evan T. Sage and Alfred C. Schlesinger, History of Rome, Books XXXI–XL · Ab urbe condita XXXI–XL, section 37. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/livy-history-of-rome-3/37/"
---

# History of Rome, Books XXXI–XL · Ab urbe condita XXXI–XL

*Livy, tr. Evan T. Sage and Alfred C. Schlesinger*

Rome turns east: Philip V of Macedon beaten at Cynoscephalae, the freedom of the Greeks, Antiochus the Great, the Bacchanalia scandal and the death of Hannibal.

> Latin: Livy, Ab urbe condita XXXI–XL, ed. Wilhelm Weissenborn and Hermann Johannes Müller, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-latinLit, phi0914.phi001.perseus-lat5, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Evan T. Sage and Alfred C. Schlesinger, Livy (Loeb Classical Library), from the Perseus Digital Library (phi0914.phi001.perseus-eng1). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (books, chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 37. Book XXXIX · chapters 13–24

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/livy-history-of-rome-3/37/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/livy-history-of-rome-3/37/#p-N

[¶0] 13.13. Men were alleged to have been carried off by the gods who had been bound to a machine and borne away out of sight to hidden caves: they were those who had refused either to conspire or to join in the crimes or to suffer abuse.

> Latin: 13.13. raptos a diis homines dici, quos machinae inligatos ex conspectu in abditos specus abripiant; eos esse, qui aut coniurare aut sociari facinoribus aut stuprum pati noluerint.

[¶1] 13.14. Their number, she said, was very great, almost constituting a second state; among them were certain men and women of high rank. Within the last two years it had been ordained that no one beyond the age of twenty years should be initiated: boys of such age were sought for as admitted both vice and corruption.

> Latin: 13.14. multitudinem ingentem, alterum iam prope populum esse, in his nobiles quosdam viros feminasque. biennio proximo institutum esse, ne quis maior viginti annis initiaretur; captari aetates et erroris et stupri patientes.

[¶2] 14.1. Having finished her testimony, again falling at their feet, she repeated the same prayers that they should banish her.

> Latin: 14.1. peracto indicio advoluta rursus genibus preces easdem, ut se ablegaret, repetivit.

[¶3] 14.2. The consul asked his mother-in-law to vacate some part of the house into which Hispala might move. An apartment above the house was assigned to her, the stairs leading to the street being closed up and an approach to the house arranged.

> Latin: 14.2. consul rogat socrum, ut aliquam partem aedium vacuam faceret, quo Hispala inmigraret. cenaculum super aedes datum est scalis ferentibus in publicum obseratis, aditu in aedes verso.

[¶4] 14.3. All the household goods of Faecenia were at once moved and her slaves summoned, and Aebutius was directed to move to the house of a client of the consul. When both witnesses were thus available, Postumius laid the matter before the senate, everything being set forth in detail; first what had been reported, then what he had himself discovered.

> Latin: 14.3. res omnes Feceniae extemplo translatae et familia arcessita; et Aebutius migrare ad consulis clientem iussus. ita cum indices ambo in potestate essent, rem ad senatum Postumius defert, omnibus ordine expositis, quae delata primo, quae deinde ab se inquisita forent.

[¶5] 14.4. Great panic seized the Fathers, both on the public account, lest these conspiracies and gatherings by night might produce something of hidden treachery or danger, and privately, each for himself, lest anyone might be involved in the mischief. The senate, moreover, decreed that the consul should be thanked because he had investigated the affair both with great industry and without creating any confusion.

> Latin: 14.4. patres pavor ingens cepit, cum publico nomine, ne quid eae coniurationes coetusque nocturni fraudis occultae aut periculi inportarent, tum privatim suorum cuiusque vicem, ne quis adfinis ei noxiae esset.

[¶6] 14.5. Then the investigation of the Bacchanals and their nocturnal orgies they referred to the consuls, not as a part of their regular duties;

> Latin: 14.5. censuit autem senatus gratias consuli agendas, quod eam rem et cum singulari cura et sine ullo tumultu investigasset.

[¶7] 14.6. they directed the consuls to see to it that the witnesses Aebutius and Faecenia did not suffer harm and to attract other informers by rewards; the priests of these rites, whether men or women, should be sought out, not only at Rome but through all the villages and communities, that they might be at the disposal of the consuls;

> Latin: 14.6. quaestionem deinde de Bacchanalibus sacrisque nocturnis extra ordinem consulibus mandant; indicibus Aebutio ac Feceniae ne fraudi ea res sit curare et alios indices praemiis invitare iubent;

[¶8] 14.7. that it should be proclaimed in addition in the city of Rome and that edicts should be sent through all Italy, that no one who had been initiated in the Bacchic rites should presume to assemble or come together for the purpose of celebrating those rites or to perform any such ritual.

> Latin: 14.7. sacerdotes eorum sacrorum, seu viri seu feminae essent, non Romae modo, sed per omnia fora et conciliabula conquiri, ut in consulum potestate essent; edici praeterea in urbe Roma et per totam Italiam edicta mitti, ne quis, qui Bacchis initiatus esset, coisse aut convenisse sacrorum causa velit, neu quid talis rei divinae fecisse;

[¶9] 14.8. Before all, it was decreed that an inquiry should be conducted regarding those persons who had come together or conspired for the commission of any immorality or crime. Such was the decree of the senate.

> Latin: 14.8. ante omnia ut quaestio de iis habeatur, qui coierint coniuraverintve, quo stuprum flagitiumve inferretur.

[¶10] 14.9. The consuls ordered the curule aediles to search out all the priests of this cult and to keep them under surveillance, in free custody for the investigation; the plebeian aediles were to see to it that no celebration of the rites should be held in secret.

> Latin: 14.9. haec senatus decrevit. consules aedilibus curulibus imperarunt, ut sacerdotes eius sacri omnes conquirerent, comprehensosque libero conclavi ad quaestionem servarent; aediles plebis viderent, ne qua sacra in operto fierent.

[¶11] 14.10. The task was entrusted to the triumviri capitales of placing guards through the City, of seeing that no night meetings were held, and of making provision against fire; as assistants to the triumviri, the quinqueviri uls cis Tiberim were to stand guard each over the buildings of his own district.

> Latin: 14.10. triumviris capitalibus mandatum est, ut vigilias disponerent per urbem servarentque, ne qui nocturni coetus fierent, utque ab incendiis caveretur, adiutores triumviris quinqueviri uti cis Tiberim suae quisque regionis aedificiis praeessent.

[¶12] 15.1. When the magistrates had been dispatched to these posts, the consuls mounted the Rostra and called an informal meeting of the people, and, when the consul had finished the regular formula of prayer which magistrates are accustomed to pronounce before they address the people, he thus began:

> Latin: 15.1. ad haec officia dimissis magistratibus consules in rostra escenderunt, et contione advocata cum sollemne carmen precationis, quod praefari solent priusquam populum adloquantur magistratus, peregisset consul;

[¶13] 15.2. "Never for any assembly, citizens, has this formal prayer to the gods been not only so suitable but even so necessary, a prayer which reminds us that these are the gods whom our forefathers had appointed to be worshipped, to be venerated, to receive our prayers, not those gods who would drive our enthralled minds with vile and alien rites, as by the scourges of the Furies, to every crime and every lust.

> Latin: 15.2. ita coepit.”nulli umquam contioni, Quirites, tam non solum apta, sed etiam necessaria haec sollemnis deorum comprecatio fuit, quae vos admoneret hos esse deos, quos colere, venerari precarique maiores vestri instituissent, non illos, qui pravis et externis religionibus captas mentes velut furialibus stimulis ad omne scelus et ad omnem libidinem agerent.

[¶14] 15.4. For my part, I do not discover what I should refrain from telling or how far I should speak out. If you are left ignorant of anything, I fear that I shall leave room for carelessness; if I lay bare everything, that I shall scatter abroad an excess of terror.

> Latin: 15.4. equidem nec quid taceam nec quatenus proloquar, invenio. si aliquid ignorabitis, ne locum neglegentiae dem, si omnia nudavero, ne nimium terroris obtundam vobis, vereor.

[¶15] 15.5. Whatever I shall have said, be sure that my words are less than the dreadfulness and the gravity of the situation: to take sufficient precautions will be our task.

> Latin: 15.5. quidquid dixero, minus quam pro atrocitate et magnitudine rei dictum scitote esse; ut ad cavendum satis sit, dabitur opera a nobis.

[¶16] 15.6. As to the Bacchanalia, I am assured that you have learned that they have long been celebrated all over Italy and now even within the City in many places, and that you have learned this not only from rumour but also from their din and cries at night, which echo throughout the City, but I feel sure that you do not know what this thing is:

> Latin: 15.6. Bacchanalia tota iam pridem Italia et nunc per urbem etiam multis locis esse, non fama solum accepisse vos, sed crepitibus etiam ululatibusque nocturnis, qui personant tota urbe, certum habeo, ceterum, quae ea res sit, ignorare;

[¶17] 15.7. some believe that it is a form of worship of the gods, others that it is an allowable play and pastime, and, whatever it is, that it concerns only a few.

> Latin: 15.7. alios deorum aliquem cultum, alios concessum ludum et lasciviam credere esse et qualecumque sit, ad paucos pertinere.

[¶18] 15.8. As regards their number, if I shall say that there are many thousands of them, it cannot but be that you are terrified, unless I shall at once add to that who and of what sort they are.

> Latin: 15.8. quod ad multitudinem eorum adtinet, si dixero, multa milia hominum esse, ilico necesse cesse est exterreamini, nisi adiunxero, qui qualesque sint.

[¶19] 15.9. First, then, a great part of them are women, and they are the source of this mischief; then there are men very like the women, debauched and debauchers, fanatical, with senses dulled by wakefulness, wine, noise and shouts at night.

> Latin: 15.9. primum igitur mulierum magna pars est, et is fons mali huiusce fuit; deinde simillimi feminis mares, stuprati et constupratores, fanatici, vigiliis vino strepitibus clamoribusque nocturnis adtoniti.

[¶20] 15.10. The conspiracy thus far has no strength, but it has an immense source of strength in that they grow more numerous day by day.

> Latin: 15.10. nullas adhuc vires coniuratio, ceterum incrementum ingens virium habet, quod in dies plures fiunt.

[¶21] 15.11. Your ancestors did not wish that even you should assemble casually and without reason, except when the standard was displayed on the citadel and the army was assembled for an election, or the tribunes had announced a meeting of the plebeians, or some of the magistrates had called you to an informal gathering; and wherever there was a crowd collected they thought that there should also be a legal leader of the crowd. Of what sort do you think are, first, gatherings held by night, second, meetings of men and women in common? If you knew at what ages males were initiated, you would feel not only pity for them but also shame.

> Latin: 15.11. maiores vestri ne vos quidem, nisi cum aut vexillo in arce posito comitiorum causa exercitus eductus esset, aut plebi concilium tribuni edixissent, aut aliquis ex magistratibus ad contionem vocasset, forte temere coire voluerunt; et ubicumque multitudo esset, ibi et legitimum rectorem multitudinis censebant debere esse.

[¶22] 15.12. Do you think, citizens, that youths initiated by this oath should be made soldiers? That arms should be entrusted to men mustered from this foul shrine?

> Latin: 15.12. quales primum nocturnos coetus, deinde promiscuos mulierum ac virorum esse creditis?

[¶23] 15.13. Will men debased by their own debauchery and that of others fight to the death on behalf of the chastity of your wives and children? “Yet it would be less serious if their wrongdoing had merely made them effeminate —that was in great measure their personal dishonour —and if they had kept their hands from crime and their thoughts from evil designs: never has there been so much evil in the state nor affecting so many people in so many ways.”

> Latin: 15.13. si quibus aetatibus initientur mares sciatis, non misereat vos eorum solum, sed etiam pudeat. hoc sacramento initiatos iuvenes milites faciendos censetis, Quirites? iis ex obsceno sacrario eductis arma committenda? hi cooperti stupris suis alienisque pro pudicitia coniugum ac liberorum vestrorum ferro decernent?” “minus tamen esset, si flagitiis tantum effeminati forent—ipsorum id magna ex parte dedecus erat—, a facinoribus manus, mentem a fraudibus abstinuissent.

[¶24] 16.2. “Whatever villainy there has been in recent years due to lust, whatever to fraud, whatever to crime, I tell you, has arisen from this one cult.”

> Latin: 16.2. numquam tantum malum in re publica fuit nec ad plures nec ad plura pertinens. quidquid his annis libidine, quidquid fraude, quidquid scelere peccatum est, ex illo uno sacrario scitote ortum esse.

[¶25] 16.3. “Not yet have they revealed all the crimes to which they have conspired. Their impious compact still limits itself to private crimes, since as yet it does not have strength enough to crush the state. Daily the evil grows and creeps abroad. It is already too great to be purely a private matter: its objective is the control of the state.”

> Latin: 16.3. necdum omnia, in quae coniurarunt, edita facinora habent. adhuc privatis noxiis, quia nondum ad rem publicam obprimendam statis virium est, coniuratio sese inpia tenet. crescit et serpit quotidie malum. iam maius est, quam ut capere id privata fortuna possit, ad summam rem publicam spectat.

[¶26] 16.4. “Unless you are on guard betimes, citizens, as we hold this meeting in the day-time, summoned by a consul, in accordance with law, so there can be one held at night. Now, as single individuals, they stand in fear of you, gathered here all together in this assembly: presently, when you have scattered to your homes and farms, they will have come together and they will take measures for their own safety and at the same time for your destruction: then you, as isolated individuals, will have to fear them as a united body. Therefore each one of you should hope that all your friends have been endowed with sound minds.”

> Latin: 16.4. nisi praecavetis, Quirites, iam huic diurnae, legitime ab consule vocatae, par nocturna contio esse poterit. nunc illi vos, singuli universos contionantes timent; iam ubi vos dilapsi domos et in rura vestra eritis, illi coierint, consultabunt de sua salute simul ac vestra pernicie; tum singulis vobis universi timendi erunt.

[¶27] 16.5. “If lust, if madness has carried off anyone into that whirlpool, let each consider that such a person belongs, not to himself, but to those with whom he has conspired to every wickedness and wrong. I am not free of anxiety lest some even of you, citizens, may go astray through error.”

> Latin: 16.5. optare igitur unusquisque vestrum debet, ut bona mens suis omnibus fuerit. si quem libido, si furor in illum gurgitem abripuit, illorum eum, cum quibus in omne flagitium et facinus coniuravit, non suum iudicet esse.

[¶28] 16.6. “Nothing is more deceptive in appearance than a false religion. When the authority of the gods is put forward as a defence for crime, there steals upon the mind a fear lest in punishing human misdeeds we may violate something of divine law which became mixed up with them.”

> Latin: 16.6. ne quis etiam errore labatur vestrum quoque, non sum securus. nihil enim in speciem fallacius est quam prave religio.

[¶29] 16.7. “From this scruple innumerable edicts of the pontiff, decrees of the senate, and finally responses of the haruspices free you.” “How often, in the times of our fathers and our grandfathers, has the task been assigned to the magistrates of forbidding the introduction of foreign cults, of excluding dabblers in sacrifices and fortune-tellers from the Forum, the Circus, and the City, of searching out and burning books of prophecies, and of annulling every system of sacrifice except that performed in the Roman way.”

> Latin: 16.7. ubi deorum numen praetenditur sceleribus, subit animum timor, ne fraudibus humanis vindicandis divini iuris aliquid inmixtum violemus. hac vos religione innumerabilia decreta pontificum, senatus consulta, haruspicum denique responsa liberant. quotiens hoc patrum avorumque aetate negotium est magistratibus datum, uti sacra externa fieri vetarent, sacrificulos vatesque foro circo urbe prohiberent, vaticinios libros conquirerent comburerentque, omnem disciplinam sacrificandi praeterquam more Romano abolerent!

[¶30] 16.9. “For men wisest in all divine and human law used to judge that nothing was so potent in destroying religion as where sacrifices were performed, not by native, but by foreign, ritual.”

> Latin: 16.9. iudicabant enim prudentissimi viri omnis divini humanique iuris nihil aeque dissolvendae religionis esse, quam ubi non patrio, sed externo ritu sacrificaretur.

[¶31] 16.10. “I have thought that this warning should be given you, that no religious fear may disturb your minds when you see us suppressing the Bacchanalia and breaking up these nightly meetings.”

> Latin: 16.10. haec vobis praedicenda ratus sum, ne qua superstitio agitaret animos vestros, cum demolientes nos Bacchanalia discutientesque nefarios coetus cerneretis.

[¶32] 16.11. “All these things, if the gods are favourable and willing, we shall do; they, because they were indignant that their own divinity was being polluted by acts of crime and lust, have dragged these matters from darkness into the light, nor have they willed that they should be discovered in order that they might be unpunished, but that they might be coerced and suppressed.”

> Latin: 16.11. omnia diis propitiis volentibusque ea faciemus; qui quia suum numen sceleribus libidinibusque contaminari indigne ferebant, ex occultis ea tenebris in lucem extraxerunt, nec patefieri, ut inpunita essent, sed ut vindicarentur et obprimerentur, voluerunt.

[¶33] 16.12. “The senate has entrusted the investigation of this affair, by extraordinary assignment, to my colleague and myself. We shall zealously carry through what has to be done by ourselves; the responsibility of keeping watch through the City we have entrusted to the minor magistrates.”

> Latin: 16.12. senatus quaestionem extra ordinem de ea re mihi collegaeque meo mandavit. nos, quae ipsis nobis agenda sunt, inpigre exsequemur; vigiliarum nocturnarum curam per urbem minoribus magistratibus mandavimus;

[¶34] 16.13. “For you too it is proper, whatever duties are assigned you, in whatever place each one is posted, to obey zealously and to see to it that no danger or confusion may arise from the treachery of criminals.”

> Latin: 16.13. vos quoque aequum est, quae vestra munia sunt, quo quisque loco positus erit, quod imperabitur, inpigre praestare et dare operam, ne quid fraude noxiorum periculi aut tumultus oriatur.”

[¶35] 17.1. Then they ordered the decrees of the senate to be read and announced the reward to be paid the informer if anyone had brought any person before them or had reported the name of anyone who was absent.

> Latin: 17.1. recitari deinde senatus consulta iusserunt indicique praemium proposuerunt, si quis quem ad se deduxisset nomenve absentis detulisset;

[¶36] 17.2. If anyone was named and had escaped, for him they would designate a fixed day, and, if he did not respond when summoned on that day, he would be condemned in his absence.

> Latin: 17.2. qui nominatus profugisset, diem certam se finituros, ad quam nisi citatus respondisset, absens damnaretur; si quis eorum, qui tum extra terram Italiam essent, nominaretur, ei laxiorem diem daturos, si venire ad causam dicendam vellet.

[¶37] 17.3. If anyone was named of those who were at that time outside the land of Italy, they would fix a more elastic date if he wished to come to plead his cause. They next proclaimed that no one should venture to sell or buy anything for the purpose of flight; that no one should harbour, conceal, or in any wise aid the fugitives.

> Latin: 17.3. edixerunt deinde, ne quis quid fugae causa vendidisse neve emisse vellet; ne quis reciperet, celaret, ope ulla iuvaret fugientes.

[¶38] 17.4. When the meeting was dismissed there was great panic in the whole City, nor was this confined only to the walls or the boundaries of Rome; but gradually through all Italy, as letters were received from their friends concerning the decree of the senate, concerning the assembly and the edict of the consuls, the terror began to spread.

> Latin: 17.4. contione dimissa terror magnus urbe tota fuit; nec moenibus se tantum urbis aut finibus Romanis continuit, sed passim per totam Italiam litteris hospitum de senatus consulto et contione et edicto consulum acceptis trepidari coeptum est.

[¶39] 17.5. Many during the night after the day when the revelation was made in the meeting were caught trying to escape and brought back by the guards whom the triumviri had posted at the gates: the names of many were reported. Certain of these, men and women, committed suicide.

> Latin: 17.5. multi ea nocte, quae diem insecuta est, quo in contione res palam facta est, custodiis circa portas positis fugientes a triumviris comprehensi et reducti sunt; multorum delata nomina. quidam ex iis viri feminaeque mortem sibi consciverunt.

[¶40] 17.6. In the conspiracy, it was said, more than seven thousand men and women were involved. But the heads of the conspiracy, it was clear, were Marcus and Gaius Atinius of the Roman plebs, and the Faliscan Lucius Opicernius and the Campanian Minius Cerrinius: they were the source of all wickedness and wrongdoing, the story went, and they were the supreme priests and the founders of the cult.

> Latin: 17.6. coniurasse supra septem milia virorum ac mulierum dicebantur. capita autem coniurationis constabat esse M. et C. Atinios de plebe Romana et Faliscum L. Opiternium et Minium Cerrinium Campanum:

[¶41] 17.7. It was seen to that at the first opportunity they were arrested. They were brought before the consuls, confessed, and asked for no delay in standing trial.

> Latin: 17.7. ab his omnia facinora et flagitia orta, eos maximos sacerdotes conditoresque eius sacri esse. data opera, ut primo quoque tempore comprehenderentur. adducti ad consules fassique de se nullam moram indicio fecerunt.

[¶42] 18.1. But so numerous were the persons who had fled from the City that, since in many instances legal proceedings and causes were falling through, the praetors Titus Maenius and Marcus Licinius were compelled, through the intervention of the senate, to adjourn court for thirty days, until the investigations should be finished by the consuls.

> Latin: 18.1. ceterum tanta fuga ex urbe facta erat, ut, quia multis actiones et res peribant, cogerentur praetores T. Maenius et M. Licinius per senatum res in diem tricesimum differre, donec quaestiones a consulibus perficerentur.

[¶43] 18.2. The same depopulation, because at Rome men whose names had been given in did not respond or were not found, compelled the consuls to make the rounds of the villages and there investigate and conduct trials.

> Latin: 18.2. eadem solitudo, quia Romae non respondebant nec inveniebantur, quorum nomina delata erant, coegit consules circa fora proficisci ibique quaerere et iudicia exercere.

[¶44] 18.3. Those who had merely been initiated and had made their prayers in accordance with the ritual formula, the priest dictating the words, in which the wicked conspiracy to all vice and lust was contained, but had committed none of the acts to which they were bound by the oath against either themselves or others, they left in chains; upon those who had permitted themselves to be defiled by debauchery or murder, who had polluted themselves by false testimony, forged seals, substitution of wills or other frauds, they inflicted capital punishment.

> Latin: 18.3. qui tantum initiati erant et ex carmine sacro praeeunte verba sacerdote precationes fecerant, in quibus nefanda coniuratio in omne facinus ac libidinem continebatur, nec earum rerum ullam, in quas iure iurando obligati erant, in se aut alios admiserant, eos in vinculis relinquebant;

[¶45] 18.4. More were killed than were thrown into prison. There was a large number of men and women in both classes. Convicted women were turned over to their relatives or to those who had authority over them, that they might be punished in private:

> Latin: 18.4. qui stupris aut caedibus violati erant, qui falsis testimoniis, signis adulterinis, subiectione testamentorum, fraudibus aliis contaminati, eos capitali poena adficiebant.

[¶46] 18.5. if there was no suitable person to exact it, the penalty was inflicted by the state.

> Latin: 18.5. plures necati quam in vincula coniecti sunt. magna vis in utraque causa virorum mulierumque fuit.

[¶47] 18.6. Then the task was entrusted to the consuls of destroying all forms of Bacchic worship, first at Rome and then throughout Italy, except in cases where an ancient altar or image had been consecrated. For the future it was then provided by decree of the senate that there should be no Bacchanalia in Rome or Italy.

> Latin: 18.6. mulieres damnatas cognatis aut in quorum manu essent tradebant, ut ipsi in privato animadverterent in eas; si nemo erat idoneus supplicii exactor, in publico animadvertebatur.

[¶48] 18.7. If any person considered such worship to be ordained by tradition or to be necessary, and believed that he could not omit it without sin and atonement, he was to make a declaration before the city praetor, and the latter would consult the senate.

> Latin: 18.7. datum deinde consulibus negotium est, ut omnia Bacchanalia Romae primum, deinde per totam Italiam diruerent, extra quam si qua ibi vetusta ara aut signum consecratum esset.

[¶49] 18.8. If permission were granted to him, at a meeting where not fewer than one hundred were in attendance, he should offer the sacrifice, provided that not more than five people should take part in the rite, and that there should be no common purse or master of sacrifices or priest.

> Latin: 18.8. in reliquum deinde senatus consulto cautum est, ne qua Bacchanalia Romae neve in Italia essent; si quis tale sacrum sollemne et necessarium duceret, nec sine religione et piaculo se id omittere posse, apud praetorem urbanum profiteretur, praetor senatum consuleret; si ei permissum esset, cum in senatu centum non minus essent, ita id sacrum faceret, dum ne plus quinque sacrificio interessent, neu qua pecunia communis neu quis magister sacrorum aut sacerdos esset.

[¶50] 19.1. Then another decree of the senate, allied to this, was passed on the motion of the consul Quintus Marcius, that the entire question of those whose services as informers the consuls had enjoyed should be referred to the senate when Spurius Postumius should have returned to Rome after completing the investigations.

> Latin: 19.1. aliud deinde huic coniunctum referente Q. Marcio consule senatus consultum factum est, ut de iis, quos pro indicibus consules habuissent, integra res ad senatum referretur, cum Sp. Postumius quaestionibus perfectis Romam redisset.

[¶51] 19.2. Minius Cerrinius the Campanian they voted should be sent to Ardea for imprisonment, advance notice being given to the magistrates of the Ardeans that they should keep especially close guard over him, not only to prevent his escape but also to allow him no opportunity to commit suicide.

> Latin: 19.2. Minium Cerrinium Campanum Ardeam in vincula mittendum censuerunt magistratibusque Ardeatium praedicendum, ut intentiore eum custodia adservarent, non solum ne effugeret, sed ne mortis consciscendae locum haberet.

[¶52] 19.3. Spurius Postumius returned to Rome a considerable time later: on his motion with reference to the rewards for Publius Aebutius and Hispala Faecenia, because it was through their information that the Bacchanalia had been discovered, a decree of the senate was passed that to each of them one hundred thousand asses should be paid by the city quaestors out of the treasury;

> Latin: 19.3. Sp. Postumius aliquanto post Romam venit; eo referente de P. Aebuti et Hispalae Feceniae praemio, quod eorum opera indicata Bacchanalia essent, senatus consultum factum est, uti singulis his centena milia aeris quaestores urbani ex aerario darent;

[¶53] 19.4. and that the consuls should take up with the tribunes of the people the matter of their presenting to the assembly at the earliest possible moment proposals that Publius Aebutius should be rated as having performed his military service, that he should not serve in the army except by his own act, that the censor should not assign him a public horse without his consent;

> Latin: 19.4. utique consul cum tribunis plebis ageret, uti ad plebem primo quoque tempore ferrent, ut P. Aebutio emerita stipendia essent, ne invitus militaret, neve censor ei … equum publicum adsignaret;

[¶54] 19.5. that Hispala Faecenia should have the rights of bestowing and alienating property, of marriage outside her gens, and choice of a tutor just as if her husband had given it to her by his will; that she should be permitted to marry a man of free birth, nor should any fraud or disgrace on this account attach to a man who should have married her;

> Latin: 19.5. utique Feceniae Hispalae datio deminutio gentis enuptio tutoris optio item esset, quasi ei vir testamento dedisset, utique ei ingenuo nubere liceret, neu quid ei, qui eam duxisset, ob id fraudi ignominiaeve esset;

[¶55] 19.6. that the consuls and praetors who were at this time in office and those who should follow them should have a care that no injury should be done to this woman and that she should be secure. The senate, they were to say, wished and judged it proper that this should be done.

> Latin: 19.6. utique consules praetoresque, qui nunc essent, quive postea futuri essent, curarent, ne quid ei mulieri iniuriae fieret, utique tuto esset.

[¶56] 19.7. All these motions were presented to the assembly and passed in accordance with the decree of the senate; with respect to the impunity and rewards of the rest of the informers discretion was left to the consuls.

> Latin: 19.7. id senatum velle et aequum censere, ut ita fieret. ea omnia lata ad plebem factaque sunt ex senatus consulto; et de ceterorum indicum inpunitate praemiisque consulibus permissum est.

[¶57] 20.1. And by this time Quintus Marcius, having completed the investigation in his district, was preparing to set out against the Ligurians, who composed his province, having received three thousand Roman infantry and one hundred and fifty cavalry and five thousand infantry and two hundred cavalry of the allies of the Latin confederacy as reinforcements.

> Latin: 20.1. et iam Q. Marcius quaestionibus suae regionis perfectis in Ligures provinciam proficisci parabat, tribus milibus peditum Romanorum, centum quinquaginta equitibus et quinque milibus Latini nominis peditum ducentis equitibus in supplementum acceptis.

[¶58] 20.2. The same province and the same numbers of infantry and cavalry had been decreed to his colleague as well. They received the armies which Gaius Flaminius and Marcus Aemilius had commanded as consuls the preceding year.

> Latin: 20.2. eadem provincia, idem numerus peditum equitumque et collegae decretus erat. exercitus acceperunt, quos priore anno C. Flaminius et M. Aemilius consules habuerunt.

[¶59] 20.3. Besides, they were directed, under the decree of the senate, to enlist two new legions, and they called upon the allies of the Latin confederacy for twenty thousand infantry and eight hundred cavalry, and they enlisted three thousand Roman infantry and two hundred cavalry.

> Latin: 20.3. duas praeterea legiones novas ex senatus consulto scribere iussi sunt, et viginti milia peditum sociis et nomini Latino imperarunt et equites octingentos, et tria milia peditum Romanorum, ducentos equites.

[¶60] 20.4. All this army, except the legions, it was resolved to send to reinforce the army in Spain. Accordingly the consuls, while they were themselves busy with the investigations, placed Titus Maenius in charge of conducting the levy.

> Latin: 20.4. totum hunc exercitum praeter legiones in supplementum Hispaniensis exercitus duci placebat. itaque consules, dum ipsi quaestionibus inpediebantur, T. Maenium dilectui habendo praefecerunt.

[¶61] 20.5. When the investigations were completed, Quintus Marcius set out before his colleague against the Ligurian Apuani.

> Latin: 20.5. perfectis quaestionibus prior Q. Marcius in Ligures Apuanos est profectus.

[¶62] 20.6. While he was following them into a retired glade, which had always been their secret retreat and hiding-place, he was surrounded on unfavourable ground in a narrow pass which had been occupied in advance.

> Latin: 20.6. dum penitus in abditos saltus, quae latebrae receptaculaque illis semper fuerant, persequitur, in praeoccupatis angustiis loco iniquo est circumventus.

[¶63] 20.7. Four thousand soldiers were lost and three standards of the second legion and eleven ensigns of the allies of the Latin confederacy fell into the hands of the enemy, as well as many weapons which were thrown away everywhere because they hindered the flight along the paths in the forest.

> Latin: 20.7. quattuor milia militum amissa, et legionis secundae signa tria, undecim vexilla socium Latini nominis in potestatem hostium venerunt et arma multa, quae, quia inpedimento fugientibus per silvestres semitas erant, passim iactabantur.

[¶64] 20.8. The Ligurians desisted from their pursuit before the Romans stopped their flight.

> Latin: 20.8. prius sequendi Ligures finem quam fugae Romani fecerunt.

[¶65] 20.9. As soon as the consul got free of the enemy's country, that it might not be seen how great was the loss, he disbanded the army in a peaceful region.

> Latin: 20.9. consul ubi primum ex hostium agro evasit, ne, quantum deminutae copiae forent, adpareret, in locis pacatis exercitum dimisit.

[¶66] 20.10. He could not, however, erase the record of his defeat; for the glade from which the Ligurians had driven him was called “Marcius.”

> Latin: 20.10. non tamen oblitterare famam rei male gestae potuit; nam saltus, unde eum Ligures fugaverant, Marcius est adpellatus.

[¶67] 21.1. About the time the news from the Ligurians was published, dispatches from Spain were read, bringing sorrow mingled with joy.

> Latin: 21.1. sub hunc nuntium ex Ligustinis vulgatum litterae ex Hispania mixtam gaudio tristitiam adferentes recitatae sunt.

[¶68] 21.2. Gaius Atinius, who as praetor two years before had set out to that province, had engaged in pitched battle with the Lusitanians in the territory of Hasta: about six thousand of the enemy fell and the rest were repulsed and routed and stripped of their camp.

> Latin: 21.2. C. Atinius, qui biennio ante praetor in eam provinciam profectus erat, cum Lusitanis in agro Hastensi signis conlatis pugnavit; ad sex milia hostium sunt caesa, ceteri fusi et fugati castrisque exuti.

[¶69] 21.3. He then led the legions to assault the town of Hasta: this too he took without much more of a fight than the camp; but while he was too carelessly approaching the walls he was hit and a few days later died from his wound.

> Latin: 21.3. ad oppidum deinde Hastam obpugnandum legiones ducit; id quoque haud multo maiore certamine cepit quam castra, sed, dum incautius subit muros, ictus, ex vulnere post dies paucos moritur.

[¶70] 21.4. When the letter regarding the death of the propraetor was read, the senate decreed that a messenger should be sent to overtake the praetor Gaius Calpurnius at the harbour of Luna and announce to him that the senate deemed it proper that he should hasten his departure, that the province might not be left without a governor.

> Latin: 21.4. litteris de morte propraetoris recitatis senatus censuit mittendum, qui ad Lunae portum C. Calpurnium praetorem consequeretur nuntiaretque senatum aequum censere, ne sine imperio provincia esset, maturare eum proficisci.

[¶71] 21.5. The messenger who was sent arrived at Luna on the fourth day: Calpurnius had departed a few days before.

> Latin: 21.5. quarto die, qui missus erat, Lunam venit; paucis ante diebus Calpurnius profectus erat, et in citeriore Hispania L.

[¶72] 21.6. And in Nearer Spain Lucius Manlius Acidinus, who had gone to the province at the same time as Gaius Atinius, engaged in a battle with the Celtiberians.

> Latin: 21.6. Manlius Acidinus, qui eodem tempore quo C. Atinius in provinciam ierat, cum Celtiberis acie conflixit.

[¶73] 21.7. Both sides withdrew with the result indecisive, except that the Celtiberians moved their camp from there the next night and gave the Romans the chance both to bury their dead and collect the spoils from the enemy.

> Latin: 21.7. incerta victoria discessum est, nisi quod Celtiberi castra inde nocte proxima moverunt, Romanis et suos sepeliendi et spolia legendi ex hostibus potestas facta est.

[¶74] 21.8. A few days later, having collected a larger army, the Celtiberians spontaneously challenged the Romans to battle near the town of Calagurris. It is not explained what made them weaker after their numbers were increased.

> Latin: 21.8. paucos post dies maiore coacto exercitu Celtiberi ad Calagurrim oppidum ultro lacessiverunt proelio Romanos.

[¶75] 21.9. They were defeated in the battle: about twelve thousand men were killed and two thousand captured and the Romans gained possession of the camp.

> Latin: 21.9. nihil traditur, quae causa numero aucto infirmiores eos fecerit. superati proelio sunt; ad duodecim milia hominum caesa, plus duo capta, et castris Romanus potitur;

[¶76] 21.10. And, if the arrival of his successor had not prevented the victor from exploiting his success, the Celtiberians might have been subdued. Both new praetors led their armies into winter quarters.

> Latin: 21.10. et nisi successor adventu suo inhibuisset inpetum victoris, subacti Celtiberi forent. novi praetores ambo exercitus in hiberna deduxerunt.

[¶77] 22.1. About the time that these reports were brought from Spain, the Taurian Games were performed for two days for religious reasons. Then for ten days, with great magnificence, Marcus Fulvius gave the games which he had vowed during the Aetolian war.

> Latin: 22.1. per eos dies, quibus haec ex Hispania nuntiata sunt, ludi Taurii per biduum facti religionis causa. decem … adparatos deinde ludos M. Fulvius, quos voverat Aetolico bello, fecit.

[¶78] 22.2. Many actors too came from Greece to do him honour. Also a contest of athletes was then for the first time made a spectacle for the Romans and a hunt of lions and panthers was given, and the games, in number and variety, were celebrated in a manner almost like that of the present time.

> Latin: 22.2. multi artifices ex Graecia venerunt honoris eius causa. athletarum quoque certamen tum primo Romanis spectaculo fuit, et venatio data leonum et pantherarum, et prope huius saeculi copia ac varietate ludicrum celebratum est.

[¶79] 22.3. Then a nine-day feast took place because in Picenum through three days there had been showers of stones, and especially because flames shining in the sky in many places were said to have set fire to the garments of many when a light breeze blew upon them.

> Latin: 22.3. novemdiale deinde sacrum tenuit, quod in Piceno per triduum lapidibus pluverat, ignesque caelestes multifariam orti adussisse complurium levi adflatu vestimenta maxime dicebantur.

[¶80] 22.4. A one-day period of prayer was also added by decree of the pontiffs because the temple of Ops on the Capitoline had been struck by lightning.

> Latin: 22.4. addita et unum diem supplicatio est ex decreto pontificum, quod aedis Opis in Capitolio de caelo tacta erat. hostiis maioribus consules procurarunt urbemque lustraverunt.

[¶81] 22.5. The consuls atoned for this with full-grown victims and purified the City. About the same time it was reported too from Umbria that a hermaphrodite about twelve years old had been discovered. In their fear and awe of this portent they ordered the prodigy to be removed from Roman soil and killed as soon as possible.

> Latin: 22.5. sub idem tempus et ex Umbria nuntiatum est semimarem duodecim ferme annos natum inventum. id prodigium abominantes arceri Romano agro necarique quam primum iusserunt.

[¶82] 22.6. In the same year Transalpine Gauls, crossing into Venetia without any devastation or war, took possession of a site for founding a town not far from where Aquileia now stands.

> Latin: 22.6. eodem anno Galli Transalpini transgressi in Venetiam sine populatione aut bello haud procul inde, ubi nunc Aquileia est, locum oppido condendo ceperunt.

[¶83] 22.7. Roman ambassadors sent across the Alps to inquire into the matter received the reply that this party had not set out with the authority of the state, nor did they know what they were doing in Italy.

> Latin: 22.7. legatis Romanis de ea re trans Alpes missis responsum est neque profectos ex auctoritate gentis eos nec, quid in Italia facerent, sese scire.

[¶84] 22.8. Lucius Scipio at this time celebrated for ten days the games which he said he had vowed during the war with Antiochus, with money contributed for the purpose by the kings and cities.

> Latin: 22.8. L. Scipio ludos eo tempore, quos bello Antiochi vovisse sese dicebat, ex conlata ad id pecunia ab regibus civitatibusque per dies decem fecit.

[¶85] 22.9. Valerius Antias is the authority for the statement that after his condemnation and the sale of his property he had been sent as an ambassador to Asia to resolve the disputes between the two kings, Antiochus and Eumenes:

> Latin: 22.9. legatum eum post damnationem et bona vendita missum in Asiam ad dirimenda inter Antiochum et Eumenem reges certamina Valerius Antias est auctor;

[¶86] 22.10. he adds that at that time the money was contributed to him and artists collected throughout Asia, and that finally, after his embassy, action was taken in the senate about these games, of which he had made no mention after the war in which he said that they had been vowed.

> Latin: 22.10. tum conlatas ei pecunias congregatosque per Asiam artifices, et quorum ludorum post bellum, in quo votos diceret, mentionem non fecisset, de iis post legationem demum in senatu actum.

[¶87] 23.1. When the year was now coming to its end, Quintus Marcius was about to retire from office while absent from Rome and Spurius Postumius, having conducted the investigations with the greatest faithfulness and energy, held the elections.

> Latin: 23.1. cum iam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius absens magistratu abiturus erat; Sp. Postumius quaestionibus cum summa fide curaque perfectis comitia habuit.

[¶88] 23.2. The consuls elected were Appius Claudius Pulcher and Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus. Next day the praetors were chosen, Publius Cornelius Cethegus, Aulus Postumius Albinus, Gaius Afranius Stellio, Gaius Atilius Serranus, Lucius Postumius Tempsanus, Marcus Claudius Marcellinus.

> Latin: 23.2. creati consules sunt Ap. Claudius Pulcher M. Sempronius Tuditanus. postero die praetores facti P. Cornelius Cethegus A. Postumius Albinus C. Afranius Stellio C. Atilius Serranus L. Postumius Tempsanus M. Claudius Marcellus.

[¶89] 23.3. At the end of the year, because the consul Spurius Postumius had reported that on his journeys in the prosecution of the investigations on both coasts of Italy he had found colonies abandoned, Sipontum on the upper sea, Buxentum on the lower, three commissioners to enroll colonists for them were elected in accordance with a decree of the senate and under the presidency of the praetor Titus Maenius.

> Latin: 23.3. extremo anni, quia Sp. Postumius consul renuntiaverat peragrantem se propter quaestiones utrumque litus Italiae desertas colonias Sipontum supero, Buxentum infero mari invenisse, triumviri ad colonos eo scribendos ex senatus consulto ab T.

[¶90] 23.4. The commissioners were Lucius Scribonius Libo, Marcus Tuccius, Gnaeus Baebius Tamphilus.

> Latin: 23.4. Maenio praetore urbano creati sunt L. Scribonius Libo M. Tuccius Cn. Baebius Tamphilus.

[¶91] 23.5. The war with King Perseus and the Macedonians which was threatening did not arise from the causes which most people assign to it, nor from Perseus himself: the beginnings had been made by Philip; and Philip himself, had he lived longer, would have waged that war.

> Latin: 23.5. cum Perseo rege et Macedonibus bellum quod inminebat, non, unde plerique opinantur, nec ab ipso Perseo causas cepit: inchoata initia a Philippo sunt, et is ipse, si diutius vixisset, id bellum gessisset.

[¶92] 23.6. One thing, when terms of peace were dictated to him after his defeat, especially offended him —that the right of punishing those of the Macedonians who had revolted from him during the war had been taken from him by the senate, although, since Quinctius, in their negotiations for peace, had postponed the whole question, he had not despaired of obtaining it. Then, when King Antiochus had been defeated at Thermopylae, the tasks had been divided, and at the same time the consul Acilius had laid siege to Heraclea, Philip to Lamia; but when Heraclea was taken Philip had felt aggrieved because he had been ordered to retire from the walls of Lamia and the town had been surrendered to the Romans. The consul soothed his wrath, because, when he was himself in haste to move towards Naupactus, whither the Aetolians had gone from their flight, he had permitted Philip to make war on Athamania and Amynander and to add to his kingdom the cities which the Aetolians had taken from the Thessalians.

> Latin: 23.6. una eum res, cum victo leges inponerentur, maxime angebat, quod, qui Macedonum ab se defecerant in bello, in eos ius saeviendi ademptum ei ab senatu erat, cum, quia rem integram Quinctius in condicionibus pacis distulerat, non desperasset impetrari posse. Antiocho rege deinde bello superato ad Thermopylas, divisis partibus, cum per eosdem dies consul Acilius Heracleam, Philippus Lamiam obpugnasset, capta Heraclea quia iussus abscedere a moenibus Lamiae erat Romanisque oppidum deditum est, aegre eam rem tulerat.

[¶93] 23.10. Without great effort he had both driven Amynander from Athamania and recovered a considerable number of towns. Demetrias also, a powerful city, opportunely situated in every respect, and the tribes of the Magnesians he had brought under his control.

> Latin: 23.10. permulsit iram eius consul, quod ad Naupactum ipse festinans, quo se ex fuga Aetoli contulerant, Philippo permisit, ut Athamaniae et Amynandro bellum inferret et urbes, quas Thessalis Aetoli ademerant, regno adiceret. haud magno certamine et Amynandrum Athamania expulerat et urbes receperat aliquot.

[¶94] 23.12. After that he had also gained certain cities in Thrace, amid the disorder caused by the quarrels of their leading citizens —the fault of new and unwonted liberty —by joining himself to the parties which were being worsted in this internal rivalry.

> Latin: 23.12. Demetriadem quoque, urbem validam et ad omnia opportunam, et Magnetum gentem suae dicionis fecit. inde et in Thracia quasdam urbes, novae atque insuetae libertatis vitio seditionibus principum turbatas, partibus, quae domestico certamine vincerentur, adiungendo sese cepit.

[¶95] 24.1. By these means the anger of the king against the Romans was temporarily assuaged. Never, however, did he relax his attention to the assembling in time of peace of strength which, whenever the chance should be given, he could use in time of war.

> Latin: 24.1. his sedata in praesentia regis ira in Romanos est. numquam tamen remisit animum a colligendis in pace viribus, quibus, quandoque data fortuna esset, ad bellum uteretur.

[¶96] 24.2. He not only increased the revenues of his kingdom from the farm crops and the harbour duties, but also reopened old mines long disused and began operations on new ones in many places.

> Latin: 24.2. vectigalia regni non fructibus tantum agrorum portoriisque maritimis auxit, sed metalla etiam et vetera intermissa recoluit et nova multis locis instituit.

[¶97] 24.3. But that he might restore the ancient population, which had been lost in the calamities of war, he did not merely look to the natural increase of the people, by requiring all to beget and rear children, but he had transferred a great number of Thracians to Macedonia as well, being for some time free from wars and devoting all his thought to increasing the resources of his kingdom.

> Latin: 24.3. ut vero antiquam multitudinem hominum, quae belli cladibus amissa erat, restitueret, non subolem tantum stirpis parabat cogendis omnibus procreare atque educare liberos, sed Thracum etiam magnam multitudinem in Macedoniam traduxerat quietusque aliquamdiu a bellis omni cura in augendas regni opes intentus fuerat.

[¶98] 24.5. Then causes recurred which aroused anew his anger against the Romans. The complaints of the Thessalians and the Perrhaebians with regard to their cities which were in his hands and those of the envoys of King Eumenes with regard to his violent occupation of the Thracian towns and the transfer of the population to Macedonia had been so received that it was plainly evident that they would not be ignored.

> Latin: 24.5. rediere deinde causae, quae de integro iram moverent in Romanos. Thessalorum et Perrhaeborum querellae de urbibus suis ab eo possessis et legatorum Eumenis regis de Thraciis oppidis per vim occupatis traductaque in Macedoniam multitudine ita auditae erant, ut eas non neglegi satis adpareret.

[¶99] 24.7. The senate had been especially moved by the fact that they had heard that he now coveted the possession of Aenus and Maronea; they were less concerned about the Thessalians.

> Latin: 24.7. maxime moverat senatum, quod iam Aeni et Maroneae adfectari possessionem audierant;

[¶100] 24.8. Athamanian ambassadors had also arrived, complaining, not of the occupation of part of their kingdom or of the loss of territory, but that all Athamania had come under the sovereignty and sway of the king; exiles of the Maroneans had also come, expelled because they had defended the cause of liberty against the king's garrison: they brought the news that not only Maronea but also Aenus was in the power of Philip.

> Latin: 24.8. minus Thessalos curabant. Athamanes quoque venerant legati, non partis amissae, non finium iacturam querentes, sed totam Athamaniam sub ius iudiciumque regis venisse;

[¶101] 24.9. Ambassadors too from Philip had come to clear him on these counts, and they asserted that he had done nothing except with the consent of the Roman generals: the cities of the Thessalians and Perrhaebians and Magnesians and the people of the Athamanians, including Amynander, had been in the same situation as the

> Latin: 24.9. et Maronitarum exules venerant pulsi, quia libertatis causam defendissent ab regio praesidio; ii non Maroneam modo, sed etiam Aenum in potestate narrabant esse Philippi. venerant et a Philippo legati ad purganda ea, qui nihil nisi permissu Romanorum imperatorum factum adfirmabant:

[¶102] 24.11. Aetolians; after the defeat of King Antiochus the consul, kept busy with besieging the Aetolian cities, had sent Philip to recover the above-mentioned places; subdued by arms, they now obeyed him.

> Latin: 24.11. civitates Thessalorum et Perrhaeborum et Magnetum et cum Amynandro Athamanum gentem in eadem causa qua Aetolos fuisse;

[¶103] 24.12. The senate, in order not to reach any decision in the absence of the king, sent as commissioners to settle these disputes Quintus Caecilius Metellus, Marcus Baebius Tamphilus, Tiberius Sempronius.

> Latin: 24.12. Antiocho rege pulso occupatum obpugnandis Aetolicis urbibus consulem ad recipiendas eas civitates Philippum misisse;

[¶104] 24.13. On their arrival at Thessalian Tempe all the states which had matters of dispute with the king were summoned to a council. There, when they had taken their places, the 'Roman commissioners in the position of arbitrators, the Thessalians, Perrhaebians and Athamanians as unquestionably accusers, and Philip to hear the charges almost as a criminal, each one of the men who were chiefs of embassies, in accordance with his own inclinations, whether towards sympathy for Philip or towards hatred, made more harsh or more lenient proposals.

> Latin: 24.13. armis subactos parere. senatus ne quid absente rege statueret, legatos ad eas controversias disceptandas misit Q. Caecilium Metellum M. Baebium Tamphilum Ti. Sempronium. quorum sub adventum ad Thessalica Tempe omnibus iis civitatibus, quibus cum rege disceptatio erat, concilium indictum est. ibi cum Romani legati disceptatorum loco, Thessali Perrhaebique et Athamanes haud dubii accusatores, Philippus ad audienda crimina tamquam reus consedissent, pro ingenio quisque eorum, qui principes legationum erant, et gratia cum Philippo aut odio acerbius leniusve egerunt.