---
title: "History of Rome, Books XXXI–XL · Ab urbe condita XXXI–XL"
author: "Livy"
translator: "Evan T. Sage and Alfred C. Schlesinger"
languages: [la, en]
shelf: "Classical Latin"
section: 7 of 45
url: https://scriptura.si/works/livy-history-of-rome-3/7/
cite: "Livy, tr. Evan T. Sage and Alfred C. Schlesinger, History of Rome, Books XXXI–XL · Ab urbe condita XXXI–XL, section 7. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/livy-history-of-rome-3/7/"
---

# History of Rome, Books XXXI–XL · Ab urbe condita XXXI–XL

*Livy, tr. Evan T. Sage and Alfred C. Schlesinger*

Rome turns east: Philip V of Macedon beaten at Cynoscephalae, the freedom of the Greeks, Antiochus the Great, the Bacchanalia scandal and the death of Hannibal.

> Latin: Livy, Ab urbe condita XXXI–XL, ed. Wilhelm Weissenborn and Hermann Johannes Müller, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-latinLit, phi0914.phi001.perseus-lat5, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Evan T. Sage and Alfred C. Schlesinger, Livy (Loeb Classical Library), from the Perseus Digital Library (phi0914.phi001.perseus-eng1). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (books, chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 7. Book XXXII · chapters 21–29

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/livy-history-of-rome-3/7/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/livy-history-of-rome-3/7/#p-N

[¶0] 21.16. Then they aided the Aetolians with their fleet; they waged war with neither consular commander nor consular army; at that time the maritime cities of Philip's allies were in fear and terror;

> Latin: 21.16. an tibi [potius] credamus Romanos non maioribus copiis nec viribus nunc bellum gerere, quam antea gesserint, potius quam res ipsas intueamur?

[¶1] 21.17. the inland districts were so safe from Roman arms that Philip pillaged the Aetolians even while they asked in vain for Roman aid; but now the Romans have finished the Punic War, which they endured for sixteen years in, as it were, the very heart of Italy, and they have not sent assistance to the Aetolians, who were carrying on the war, but they themselves, as leaders in the war, have attacked Macedonia by land and sea at once.

> Latin: 21.17. Aetolos tum classe adiuverunt; nec duce consulari nec exercitu bellum gesserunt; sociorum Philippi maritimae tum urbes in terrore ac tumultu erant; mediterranea adeo tuta ab armis Romanis fuerunt, ut Philippus Aetolos nequiquam opem Romanorum implorantis depopularetur;

[¶2] 21.18. Now the third consul is here, prosecuting the war with boundless energy. Sulpicius, meeting the king in Macedonia itself, defeated him and put him to flight, and plundered the richest part of his kingdom; now Quinctius has dislodged him from his camp, though he held the passes of Epirus, relying on the nature of the country, on his fortifications and on his army, pursued him as he fled to Thessaly, and captured the royal garrisons and allied towns almost under the king's very eyes.

> Latin: 21.18. nunc autem defuncti bello Punico Romani, quod per sedecim annos velut intra viscera Italiae toleraverunt, non praesidium Aetolis bellantibus miserunt, sed ipsi duces belli arma terra marique simul Macedoniae intulerunt. tertius iam consul summa vi gerit bellum. Sulpicius in ipsa Macedonia congressus fudit fugavitque regem, partem opulentissimam regni eius depopulatus; nunc Quinctius tenentem claustra Epiri natura loci, munimentis, exercitu fretum castris exuit, fugientem in Thessaliam persecutus praesidia regia sociasque urbes eius prope in conspectu regis ipsius expugnavit.

[¶3] 21.21. "Grant that what the Athenians said about the king's cruelty, greed and passion was not true; grant that we are not interested in the crimes against supernal and infernal gods which he committed in the land of Attica, and much less interested in the sufferings of the Ciani and Abydeni, who are far away from us; let us forget, if you will, our own wounds;

> Latin: 21.21. ne sint vera, quae Atheniensis modo legatus de crudelitate, avaritia, libidine regis disseruit; nihil ad nos pertineant, quae in terra Attica scelera in superos inferosque deos sunt admissa, multo minus, quae Ciani Abydenique, qui procul ab nobis absunt, passi sunt;

[¶4] 21.22. let us dismiss from memory the murders and robberies committed at Messene, in the centre of the Peloponnesus, the murder of Chariteles, his host at Cyparissia, in the course of a feast, in violation of all human and divine justice; the murder of the two Sicyonians, Aratus the father and the son, though he had been accustomed to call the unhappy old man even by the name of father; the removal of the son's wife to Macedonia to serve his lust; let the other debaucheries of maids and wives be consigned to oblivion;

> Latin: 21.22. nostrorum ipsi vulnerum, si vultis, obliviscamur, caedes direptionesque bonorum Messenae in media Peloponneso factas, et hospitem Cyparissiae Charitelen contra ius omne ac fas inter epulas prope ipsas occisum, et Aratum patrem filiumque Sicyonios, cum senem infelicem parentem etiam appellare solitus esset,

[¶5] 21.24. assume that our business is not with Philip, from fear of whose cruelty you have all kept silent (for what other explanation is there of your silence when called to deliberate?);

> Latin: 21.24. interfectos, filii etiam uxorem libidinis causa in Macedoniam asportatam, cetera stupra virginum matronarumque oblivioni dentur;

[¶6] 21.25. let us consider that our relations are with Antigonus, that most just and merciful king who served so well the cause of all of us: would he demand that we do what is imposible?

> Latin: 21.25. ne sit cum Philippo res, cuius crudelitatis metu obmutuistis omnes — nam quae alia tacendi advocatis in concilium causa est? —; cum Antigono, mitissimo ac iustissimo rege et de nobis omnibus optime merito, existimemus disceptationem esse:

[¶7] 21.26. The Peloponnesus is a peninsula, joined to the mainland by the narrow strip of the Isthmus, exposed and open to attack by sea beyond all else. If one hundred decked vessels and fifty smaller undecked ships and thirty light Issaean boats begin to plunder our coast and lay siege to the cities lying almost on the shore, we shall of course retire to the inland strongholds, as if we were not consumed with internal war, raging in our very hearts!

> Latin: 21.26. num id postularet facere nos, quod fieri non posset? paene insula est Peloponnesus, angustis Isthmi faucibus continenti adhaerens, nulli apertior neque opportunior quam navali bello.

[¶8] 21.27. When Nabis and the Spartans press on us by land and the Roman fleet by sea, on what ground should I invoke the king's alliance and Macedonian guards? Or shall we with our ownarms defend against the Romans the towns they will besiege? Nobly did we defend Dymae in the former war! The misfortunes of others furnish us examples in abundance; let us not seek how we may be an, example to others. “Do not, because the Romans come of their own accord to seek our friendship, disdain what you ought to have hoped for and particularly desired.”

> Latin: 21.27. si centum tectae naves et quinquaginta leviores apertae et triginta Issaei lembi maritimam oram vastare et expositas prope in ipsis litoribus urbes coeperint oppugnare, in mediterraneas scilicet nos urbes recipiemus, tamquam non intestino et haerente in ipsis visceribus uramur bello! cum terra Nabis et Lacedaemonii, mari classis Romana urgebunt, unde regiam societatem et Macedonum praesidia inplorem? an ipsi nostris armis ab hoste Romano tutabimur urbes, quae oppugnabuntur? egregie enim Dymas priore bello sumus tutati!

[¶9] 21.29. “Impelled by fear, no doubt, and entrapped in a strange land, because they wish to find shelter under the shadow of your protection, they flee ” “to your alliance, that they may hide in your harbours, and secure supplies!”

> Latin: 21.29. satis exemplorum nobis clades alienae praebent; ne quaeramus, quem ad modum ceteris exemplo simus. nolite, quia ultro Romani petunt amicitiam, id quod optandi vobis ac summopere petendum erat, fastidire.

[¶10] 21.31. “The sea is in their power; they immediately assume control of whatever lands they visit. What they ask, they can compel; because they wish you spared, they do not permit you to do aught for which you should be destroyed.”

> Latin: 21.31. metu enim videlicet compulsi et deprensi in aliena terra, quia sub umbra vestri auxilii latere volunt, in societatem vestram confugiunt, ut portibus vestris recipiantur, ut commeatibus utantur! mare in potestate habent;

[¶11] 21.32. “For as to what Cleomedon pointed out to you a while ago, a middle course, as it were, and the safest way to decide, to wit, that you remain neutral and avoid war, that is not a middle course: it is no course at all.”

> Latin: 21.32. terras, quascunque adeunt, extemplo dicionis suae faciunt. quod rogant, cogere possunt; quia pepercisse vobis volunt, committere vos, cur pereatis, non patiuntur.

[¶12] 21.33. “For, in addition to the fact that you must either accept or reject the Roman alliance, what other course is open except for us, since we have no sure claim to consideration anywhere, to play the part of men who have been merely awaiting the event, with the intention of adapting our counsels to the decision of fortune, and eventually become the prey of the conqueror?”

> Latin: 21.33. nam quod Cleomedon modo tamquam mediam et tutissimam vobis viam consilii, ut quiesceretis abstineretisque armis, ostendebat, ea non media, sed nulla via est.

[¶13] 21.34. “If what we should all be praying for is voluntarily offered, do not despise the gift.” “It will not always be open to us, as it is to-day, to make a choice; the same opportunity rarely returns, and it tarries but a little while. For a long time you have wished, but not dared, to free yourselves from Philip. Now men have crossed the sea with mighty fleets and armies, to affirm your claims to liberty without trouble or danger on your part.”

> Latin: 21.34. etenim praeterquam quod aut accipienda aut spernenda vobis Romana societas est, quid aliud quam nusquam gratia stabili, velut qui eventum expectaverimus, ut fortunae applicaremus nostra consilia, praeda victoris erimus? nolite, si, quod omnibus votis petendum erat, ultro offertur, fastidire. non, quem ad modum hodie utrumque vobis licet, sic semper liciturum est;

[¶14] 21.36. “If you reject them as allies, you are scarcely sane; but as either allies or enemies you must have them.” After the praetor's speech there arose an outcry, some applauding, some sharply rebuking those who approved; and soon not individuals only but whole communities were involved in the quarrel.

> Latin: 21.36. nec saepe nec diu eadem occasio erit. liberare vos a Philippo iam diu magis vultis quam audetis. sine vestro labore et periculo qui vos in libertatem vindicarent, cum magnis classibus exercitibusque mare traiecerunt. hos si socios aspernamini, vix mentis sanae estis; sed aut socios aut hostes habeatis oportet.' secundum orationem praetoris murmur ortum aliorum cum adsensu, aliorum inclementer adsentientes increpantium;

[¶15] 22.2. Then among the magistrates of the people — they call them damiurgi, and the number appointed is ten — an argument began no less violent than that among the mass of the delegates.

> Latin: 22.2. et iam non singuli tantum sed populi universi inter se altercabantur. tum inter magistratus gentis — damiurgos vocant; decem numero creantur — certamen nihilo segnius quam inter multitudinem esse.

[¶16] 22.3. Five announced that they would put a motion favouring a Roman alliance and call for a vote; five held that it was illegal either for the magistrates to submit or the council to decree anything subversive of the alliance with Philip. This day too was spent in argument.

> Latin: 22.3. quinque relaturos de societate Romana se aiebant suffragiumque daturos; quinque lege cautum testabantur, ne quid, quod adversus Philippi societatem esset, aut referre magistratibus aut decernere concilio ius esset. is quoque dies iurgiis est consumptus.

[¶17] 22.4. One day of the legal council remained; for the law ordered the decision to be reached on the third day; on the matter to be decided that day feeling ran so high that parents could scarcely keep their hands off their children.

> Latin: 22.4. supererat unus iusti concilii dies; tertio enim lex iubebat decretum fieri; in quem adeo exarsere studia, ut vix parentes ab liberis temperaverint.

[¶18] 22.5. There was present Pisias of Pellene; he had a son, a damiurgus, Memnon by name, of the faction which forbade a motion to be made or a vote taken.

> Latin: 22.5. Pisias Pellenensis erat; filium damiurgum nomine Memnonem habebat, partis eius, quae decretum recitari perrogarique sententias prohibebat.

[¶19] 22.6. Pisias for a long time entreated his son to allow the Achaeans to consult the general welfare and not to destroy the entire race by his obstinacy, but when prayers proved unavailing he swore that he would kill him with his own hand, treating him not as a son but as an enemy, and with these threats he won his point, so that next day he joined the party which proposed a vote.

> Latin: 22.6. is diu obtestatus filium, ut consulere Achaeos communi saluti pateretur neu pertinacia sua gentem universam perditum iret, postquam parum proficiebant preces, iuratus se eum sua manu interempturum nec pro filio sed pro hoste habiturum minis pervicit,

[¶20] 22.8. When now the majority favoured that course, and almost all the cities were clearly expressing their approval of the motion and openly declaring what the decision would be, the delegates from Dymae and Megalopolis and some of the Argives, before the motion was passed, arose and left the council, no one expressing either surprise or reproach.

> Latin: 22.8. ut postero die coniungeret iis se, qui referebant. qui cum plures facti referrent, omnibus fere populis haud dubie approbantibus relationem ac prae se ferentibus, quid decreturi essent, Dymaei ac Megalopolitani et quidam Argivorum, priusquam decretum fieret, consurrexerunt ac reliquerunt concilium neque mirante ullo nec improbante.

[¶21] 22.10. For within the memory of their forefathers, the Megalopolitani, defeated by the Spartans, had been restored to their homes by Antigonus, and to the Dymaei, who had recently been captured and plundered by the Romans, Philip had restored both liberty and their homes, having ordered them to be ransomed wherever they were enslaved;

> Latin: 22.10. nam Megalopolitanos avorum memoria pulsos ab Lacedaemoniis restituerat in patriam Antigonus, et Dymaeis, captis nuper direptisque ab exercitu Romano, cum redimi eos, ubicumque servirent, Philippus iussisset, non libertatem modo sed etiam patriam reddiderat;

[¶22] 22.11. many of the Argives, too, besides believing that the kings of Macedon were derived from them, were bound to Philip by personal ties as well and by private friendship.

> Latin: 22.11. iam Argivi, praeterquam quod Macedonum reges ab se oriundos credunt, privatis etiam hospitiis familiarique amicitia plerique illigati Philippo erant.

[¶23] 22.12. For such reasons they withdrew from a council which had leaned towards ordering an alliance with Rome, and indulgence was granted them for withdrawing, bound as they were by great and recent acts of kindness.

> Latin: 22.12. ob haec concilio, quod inclinaverat ad Romanam societatem iubendam, excesserunt, veniaque iis huius secessionis fuit et magnis et recentibus obligatis beneficiis.

[¶24] 23.1. The other peoples of the Achaeans, when called on to vote, approved by immediate decree the alliance with Attalus and the Rhodians;

> Latin: 23.1. ceteri populi Achaeorum, cum sententias perrogarentur, societatem cum Attalo ac Rhodiis praesenti decreto confirmarunt;

[¶25] 23.2. the treaty with the Romans, since it could not be ratified except by vote of the people, was postponed to the time when ambassadors could be sent to Rome;

> Latin: 23.2. cum Romanis, quia iniussu populi non poterat rata esse, in id tempus, quo Romam mitti legati possent, dilata est;

[¶26] 23.3. for the present, it was voted that three commissioners should be sent to Lucius Quinctius and that all the army of the Achaeans should be moved to Corinth, since Quinctius was now besieging the city itself after his capture of Cenchreae.

> Latin: 23.3. in praesentia tris legatos ad L. Quinctium mitti placuit et exercitum omnem Achaeorum ad Corinthum admoveri captis Cenchreis iam urbem ipsam Quinctio oppugnante.

[¶27] 23.4. They now encamped in the vicinity of the gate which leads to Sicyon; the Romans were operating on the side towards Cenchreae, Attalus, having led his army across the Isthmus, from the direction of Lechaeum, the port on the other sea, conducting the siege at first without much energy, since they hoped for dissension within between the citizens and the royal garrison.

> Latin: 23.4. et hi quidem e regione portae, quae fert Sicyonem, posuerunt castra; Romani in Cenchreas versam partem urbis, Attalus traducto per Isthmum exercitu ab Lechaeo, alterius maris portu, oppugnabant, primo segnius, sperantes seditionem intus fore inter oppidanos ac regium praesidium.

[¶28] 23.5. When they proved completely harmonious, the Macedonians conducting the defence as if it were of their common fatherland, the Corinthians permitting Androsthenes, the commander of the garrison, to exercise his authority over them as if he were a citizen and their elected general, thenceforth all the hope of the besiegers rested in their own strength, their weapons, and their siegeworks.

> Latin: 23.5. postquam uno animo omnes, et Macedones tamquam communem patriam tuebantur, et Corinthii ducem praesidii Androsthenen haud secus quam civem et suffragio creatum suo imperio in se uti patiebantur, omnis inde spes oppugnantibus in vi et armis et operibus erat.

[¶29] 23.6. From all sides, though the task was difficult, they moved their mounds towards the walls.

> Latin: 23.6. undique aggeres haud facili aditu ad moenia admovebantur.

[¶30] 23.7. On the side where the Romans were attacking the battering-ram had destroyed part of the wall; when the Macedonians rushed to defend this place with their arms, because it was without protection, a desperate battle took place between them and the Romans.

> Latin: 23.7. aries ex ea parte, quam Romani oppugnabant, aliquantum muri diruerat; in quem locum, quia nudatus munimento erat, protegendum armis cum Macedones concurrerent, atrox proelium inter eos ac Romanos ortum est.

[¶31] 23.8. And at first the Romans were easily repulsed by superior numbers; then, summoning reinforcements of the Achaeans and the troops of Attalus, they restored equality, and there seemed no doubt that the Macedonians and Greeks would be easily dislodged.

> Latin: 23.8. ac primo multitudine facile expellebantur Romani; adsumptis deinde Achaeorum Attalique auxiliis aequabant certamen, nec dubium erat, quin Macedonas Graecosque facile loco pulsuri fuerint.

[¶32] 23.9. There was a great host of Italian deserters, - some from Hannibal's army who had followed Philip from fear of punishment by the Romans, some naval allies who had recently deserted the fleet and come over in the hope of more highly-rewarded service; their hopelessness regarding immunity, if the Romans conquered, inspired them to courage or rather to frenzy.

> Latin: 23.9. transfugarum Italicorum magna multitudo erat, pars ex Hannibalis exercitu metu poenae a Romanis Philippum secuta, pars navales socii relictis nuper classibus ad spem honoratioris militiae transgressi; hos desperata salus, si Romani vicissent, ad rabiem magis quam audaciam accendebat.

[¶33] 23.10. On the side toward Sicyon is a promontory, sacred to the Juno whom they call Acraea, and rising high into the air; thence the distance to Corinth is about seven miles.

> Latin: 23.10. promunturium est adversus Sicyonem Iunonis, quam vocant Acraeam, in altum excurrens; traiectus inde Corinthum septem fere milium passuum.

[¶34] 23.11. Thither Philocles, also a prefect of the king, brought fifteen hundred soldiers through Boeotia. Vessels from Corinth were at hand to transport the force thus arriving to Lechaeum. Attalus urged that the works be burned and the siege immediately abandoned; Quinctius persisted more stubbornly in his undertaking.

> Latin: 23.11. eo Philocles, regius et ipse praefectus, mille et quingentos milites per Boeotiam duxit. praesto fuere ab Corintho lembi, qui praesidium id acceptum Lechaeum traicerent.

[¶35] 23.12. He too, when he saw the royal guards stationed before all the gates, and perceived that their sallies could not be easily resisted, went over to the opinion of Attalus. And so, with their design unaccomplished, after sending the Achaeans home they returned to their ships.

> Latin: 23.12. auctor erat Attalus incensis operibus omittendae extemplo oppugnationis; pertinacius Romanus in incepto perstabat. is quoque, ut pro omnibus portis disposita videt praesidia regia nec facile erumpentium impetus sustineri posse, in Attali sententiam concessit.

[¶36] 23.13. Attalus proceeded to Piraeus, the Romans to Corcyra. While this was being done by the navy, the consul in Phocis, having pitched his camp in front of Elatia, tried first to attain his end by conferences, using the principal citizens of Elatia;

> Latin: 23.13. ita inrito incepto dimissis Achaeis reditum ad naves est. Attalus Piraeum, Romani Corcyram petierunt. dum haec ab navali exercitu geruntur, consul in Phocide ad Elatiam castris positis primo colloquiis rem per principes Elatensium temptavit;

[¶37] 24.2. after he had received the reply that the decision was not for them to make and that the king's garrison was stronger and more numerous than the citizens, he then attacked the city from all sides with arms and engines.

> Latin: 24.2. postquam nihil esse in manu sua et plures validioresque esse regios quam oppidanos respondebatur, tum simul ab omni parte operibus armisque urbem est adgressus.

[¶38] 24.3. When he brought up a battering-ram and a section of wall between two towers fell with a mighty crash and din and left the city open to attack, at the same time a Roman cohort broke through the gap left by the recent collapse, and also the guards from all parts of the city, each leaving his own post, hurried to the spot which was endangered by the enemy's attack.

> Latin: 24.3. ariete admoto cum quantum inter duas turres muri erat prorutum cum ingenti fragore ac strepitu nudasset urbem, simul et cohors Romana per apertum recenti strage iter invasit, et ex omnibus oppidi partibus relictis suis quisque stationibus in eum, qui premebatur impetu hostium, locum concurrerunt.

[¶39] 24.5. At the same moment the Romans were both climbing over the ruins of the wall and moving their ladders against the standing ramparts. And while the conflict drew the eyes and thoughts of the enemy in one direction, the wall in several places was taken by escalade and the soldiers climbed over into the city.

> Latin: 24.5. eodem tempore Romani et ruinas muri supervadebant et scalas ad stantia moenia inferebant. et dum in unam partem oculos animosque hostium certamen averterat, pluribus locis scalis capitur murus, armatique in urbem transcenderunt.

[¶40] 24.6. Hearing their shouts, the terrified enemy left the place they had been defending in force and made for the citadel, the unarmed crowd too following. So the consul took the town.

> Latin: 24.6. quo tumultu audito territi hostes relicto, quem conferti tuebantur, loco in arcem omnes, inermi quoque sequente turba, confugerunt.

[¶41] 24.7. Having sacked it, he sent messengers to the citadel to promise life to the garrison, if they wished to give up their arms and depart, and liberty to the Elatenses, and an agreement having been made to this effect, a few days later he occupied the citadel.

> Latin: 24.7. ita urbe potitur consul. qua direpta missis in arcem, qui vitam regiis, si inermes abire vellent, libertatem Elatensibus pollicerentur, fideque in haec data post dies paucos arcem recipit.

[¶42] 25.1. But the arrival of Philocles, the king's prefect, in Achaea not only raised the siege of Corinth, but brought about the betrayal of the city of Argos to Philocles through the agency of certain chief men, after the sentiments of the commons had first been tested.

> Latin: 25.1. ceterum adventu in Achaiam Philoclis, regii praefecti, non Corinthus tantum liberata obsidione, sed Argivorum quoque civitas per quosdam principes Philocli prodita est temptatis prius animis plebis.

[¶43] 25.2. It was the custom on assembly-days that at the beginning the presiding officers should pronounce, as an auspicious act, the names of Zeus, Apollo, and Heracles; and the custom was extended by a decree that King Philip's name should be joined to these.

> Latin: 25.2. mos erat comitiorum die primo velut ominis causa praetores pronuntiare Iovem Apollinemque et Herculem; additum lege erat, ut his Philippus rex adiceretur.

[¶44] 25.3. But because, after the alliance was made with the Romans, the herald did not add his name to the others, a shout first rose from the crowd, then an uproar, as his partisans supplied the name of Philip and ordered that the legal honour be paid him, until with roars of applause his name was read.

> Latin: 25.3. cuius nomen post pactam cum Romanis societatem quia praeco non adiecit, fremitus primo multitudinis ortus, deinde clamor subicientium Philippi nomen iubentiumque legitimum honorem usurpare, donec cum ingenti adsensu nomen recitatum est.

[¶45] 25.5. With the confidence inspired by this show of loyalty, Philocles was summoned and occupied by night a hill overhanging the city — they call this citadel Larisa — and leaving a guard there he marched in embattled array at daybreak towards the marketplace which lies at the foot of the citadel, where the battle-line from the other side was drawn up to meet him.

> Latin: 25.5. huius fiducia favoris Philocles arcessitus nocte occupat collem imminentem urbi — Larisam eam arcem vocant — positoque ibi praesidio cum lucis principio signis infestis ad subiectum arci forum vaderet, instructa acies ex adverso occurrit.

[¶46] 25.6. This was a force of Achaeans, recently placed there, about five hundred youths chosen from all the cities; Aenesidemus of Dymae was in command.

> Latin: 25.6. praesidium erat Achaeorum, nuper impositum, quingenti fere iuvenes delecti omnium civitatium;

[¶47] 25.7. A herald was sent to them by the king's prefect, to order them to leave the city: he reminded them that they were no match for the citizens, who sided with the Macedonians, even by themselves, and still less after their junction with the Macedonians, whose attack at Corinth not even the Romans had withstood; but at first he influenced neither commander nor soldiers;

> Latin: 25.7. Aenesidemus Dymaeus praeerat. ad hos orator a praefecto regio missus, qui excedere urbe iuberet: neque enim pares eos oppidanis solis, qui idem quod Macedones sentirent, nedum adiunctis Macedonibus esse, quos ne Romani quidem ad Corinthum sustinuissent, primo nihil nec ducem nec ipsos movit;

[¶48] 25.8. a little later, when they saw the Argives too in arms, coming from the opposite direction in a strong column, and realized that their destruction was certain, they still seemed ready to suffer any fate, if their leader had been more stubborn.

> Latin: 25.8. post paulo, ut Argivos quoque armatos ex parte altera venientis magno agmine viderunt, certam perniciem cernentes, omnem tamen casum, si pertinacior dux fuisset, videbantur subituri.

[¶49] 25.9. Aenesidemus, rather than lose the flower of the Achaean fighting men along with the city, having made a pact with Philocles that the men should be allowed to depart, himself with a few clients refused to leave the spot where he had taken his armed stand.

> Latin: 25.9. Aenesidemus, ne flos Achaeorum iuventutis simul cum urbe amitteretur, pactus a Philocle, ut abire illis liceret, ipse quo loco steterat armatus cum paucis clientibus non excessit.

[¶50] 25.10. Philocles sent to ask him what he meant. Without moving at all, with his buckler held out in front of him, he replied that he proposed to die under arms, in defence of the city entrusted to him. Then by order of the prefect javelins were thrown by the Thracians and all were killed.

> Latin: 25.10. missus a Philocle, qui quaereret, quid sibi vellet. nihil statu moto, cum proiecto prae se clipeo staret, in praesidio creditae urbis moriturum se armatum respondit. tum iussu praefecti a Thraecibus coniecta tela interfectique omnes.

[¶51] 25.11. And after the alliance between the Achaeans and the Romans had been agreed upon, these two most celebrated cities, Argos and Corinth, were in the hands of the king.

> Latin: 25.11. et post pactam inter Achaeos ac Romanos societatem duae nobilissimae urbes, Argi et Corinthus, in potestate regis erant.

[¶52] 25.12. This is the record of the Romans' campaign in Greece, conducted during that summer on land and sea.

> Latin: 25.12. haec ea aestate ab Romanis in Graecia terra marique gesta.

[¶53] 26.1. In Gaul the consul Sextus Aelius accomplished nothing worth remark.

> Latin: 26.1. in Gallia nihil sane memorabile ab Sex. Aelio consule gestum.

[¶54] 26.2. Although he had two armies in the province, one which he had retained in service, though he should have discharged it, of which Lucius Cornelius the proconsul had been in command — he himself now placed Gaius Helvius the praetor in command of it — and one which he had brought into the province, he spent almost the whole year in compelling the people of Cremona and Placentia to return to the

> Latin: 26.2. cum duos exercitus in provincia habuisset, unum retentum, quem dimitti oportebat, cui L. Cornelius proconsul praefuerat — ipse ei C. Helvium praetorem praefecit —, alterum, quem in provinciam adduxit, totum prope annum Cremonensibus Placentinisque cogendis redire in colonias, unde belli casibus dissipati erant, consumpsit.

[¶55] 26.4. colonies whence they had been driven by the mishaps of war. As Gaul was unexpectedly quiet that year, around Rome, on the other hand, there was almost a slave insurrection.

> Latin: 26.4. quem ad modum Gallia praeter spem quieta eo anno fuit, ita circa urbem servilis prope tumultus est excitatus.

[¶56] 26.5. The Carthaginian hostages were confined at Setia. With them, since they were sons of prominent men, was a large number of slaves.

> Latin: 26.5. obsides Carthaginiensium Setiae custodiebantur. cum iis, ut principum liberis, magna vis servorum erat.

[¶57] 26.6. Their number was increased, as was natural after the recent African war, by numerous prisoners of war of that nation, bought up out of the booty by the people of Setia themselves.

> Latin: 26.6. augebant eorum numerum, ut ab recenti Africo bello, et ab ipsis Setinis captiva aliquot nationis eius empta ex praeda mancipia.

[¶58] 26.7. When these slaves had formed a conspiracy and had sent messengers from their company to stir up the slaves, first in the Setine territory, then around Norba and Cerceii, complete preparations having now been made, they had agreed to attack the crowd while occupied with the spectacle at the games which were soon to be held at Setia; the slaves captured Setia in the slaughter and confusion, but failed to take Norba and Cerceii.

> Latin: 26.7. ii cum coniurationem fecissent, missis ex eo numero, primum qui in Setino agro, deinde circa Norbam et Cerceios servitia sollicitarent, satis iam omnibus praeparatis, ludis, qui Setiae prope diem futuri erant, spectaculo intentum populum adgredi statuerant;

[¶59] 26.8. News of this dreadful occurrence was transmitted to Rome, to Lucius Cornelius Lentulus the urban praetor.

> Latin: 26.8. Setia per caedem et repentinum tumultum capta Norbam et Cerceios occupare … servitia. huius rei tam foedae indicium Romam ad L. Cornelium Lentulum praetorem urbanum delatum est.

[¶60] 26.9. Two slaves came to him before dawn and related in detail what had happened and what was likely to occur.

> Latin: 26.9. servi duo ante lucem ad eum venerunt atque ordine omnia, quae facta futuraque erant exposuerunt.

[¶61] 26.10. Ordering them to be kept under guard at his home, the praetor summoned the senate and laid before them what the informants had told him, and on receiving orders to investigate and suppress this conspiracy, set out with five lieutenants, administered the oath to those he met in the fields, and compelled them to take arms and follow him.

> Latin: 26.10. quibus domi custodiri iussis, praetor senatu vocato edoctoque, quae iudices adferrent, proficisci ad eam coniurationem quaerendam atque opprimendam iussus, cum quinque legatis profectus obvios in agris sacramento rogatos arma capere et sequi cogebat.

[¶62] 26.12. With this hastily-raised force of about two thousand armed men, he reached Setia before anyone knew where he was going.

> Latin: 26.12. hoc tumultuario dilectu duobus milibus ferme hominum armatis Setiam omnibus, quo pergeret, ignaris venit.

[¶63] 26.13. There, when the ringleaders in the plot had been summarily arrested, there was an exodus of slaves from the town. Cornelius sent troops through the country to pursue the fugitives, and himself returned to Rome.

> Latin: 26.13. ibi raptim principibus coniurationis comprehensis fuga servorum ex oppido facta est. dimissis deinde per agros, qui vestigarent …. egregia duorum opera servorum indicum et unius liberi fuit.

[¶64] 26.14. Conspicuous service had been rendered by the two slaves who had given information, and by the one free man. To him the senate ordered given a reward of one hundred thousand asses; to the slaves, twenty-five thousand asses each, and their freedom; compensation for them from the treasury was paid to their owners.

> Latin: 26.14. ei centum milia gravis aeris dari patres iusserunt, servis vicena quina milia aeris et libertatem; pretium eorum ex aerario solutum est dominis.

[¶65] 26.15. Shortly after this, word was received that the slaves, some of the remnants of the same conspiracy, were about to occupy Praeneste.

> Latin: 26.15. haud ita multo post ex eiusdem coniurationis reliquiis nuntiatum est servitia Praeneste occupatura.

[¶66] 26.16. Lucius Cornelius the praetor went there and executed about five hundred who were implicated in the crime. The state feared that the Carthaginian hostages and prisoners had contrived the plot.

> Latin: 26.16. eo L. Cornelius praetor profectus de quingentis fere hominibus, qui in ea noxa erant, supplicium sumpsit. in timore civitas fuit obsides captivosque Poenorum ea moliri.

[¶67] 26.17. So at Rome watchmen patrolled the streets, the minor magistrates were ordered to make inspections, and the three officials in charge of the quarry-prison to increase their vigilance, and the praetor sent letters around to the Latin confederacy, that the hostages kept should be in private custody, with no opportunity to come out into public places, the prisoners loaded with chains of not less than ten pounds' weight, and guarded only in a public prison.

> Latin: 26.17. itaque et Romae vigiliae per vicos servatae iussique circumire eas minores magistratus, et triumviri carceris lautumiarum intentiorem custodiam habere iussi, et circa nomen Latinum a praetore litterae missae, ut et obsides in privato servarentur neque in publicum prodeundi facultas daretur, et captivi ne minus decem pondo compedibus vincti in nulla alia quam in carceris publici custodia essent.

[¶68] 27.1. In the same year ambassadors from King Attalus deposited on the Capitoline a golden crown of a weight of two hundred forty-six pounds, and expressed to the senate his gratitude because Antiochus, influenced by the authority of the Roman ambassadors, had withdrawn his army from the frontiers of Attalus.

> Latin: 27.1. eodem anno legati ab rege Attalo coronam auream ducentum quadraginta sex pondo in Capitolio posuerunt gratiasque senatui egere, quod Antiochus legatorum Romanorum auctoritate motus finibus Attali exercitum deduxisset.

[¶69] 27.2. During the same summer two hundred cavalry, ten elephants, and two hundred thousand modii of grain arrived, sent by King Masinissa to the army which was serving in Greece. Also from Sicily and Sardinia great stores of provisions and clothing for the army were sent.

> Latin: 27.2. eadem aestate equites ducenti et elephanti decem et tritici modium ducenta milia ab rege Masinissa ad exercitum, qui in Graecia erat, pervenerunt. item ex Sicilia Sardiniaque magni commeatus et vestimenta exercitui missa.

[¶70] 27.3. Marcus Marcellus was governing Sicily, Marcus Porcius Cato, Sardinia, a man of integrity and uprightness, but considered overharsh in his restraint of usury;

> Latin: 27.3. Siciliam M. Marcellus, Sardiniam M. Porcius Cato obtinebat, sanctus et innocens, asperior tamen in faenore coercendo habitus;

[¶71] 27.4. the usurers were expelled from the island, and the expenses which the allies were accustomed to incur for the comfort of the praetors were cut down or abolished.

> Latin: 27.4. fugatique ex insula faeneratores et sumptus, quos in cultum praetorum socii facere soliti erant, circumcisi aut sublati.

[¶72] 27.5. When Sextus Aelius the consul had returned from Gaul to hold the elections, he announced that Gaius Cornelius Cethegus and Quintus Minucius Rufus had been chosen.

> Latin: 27.5. sex. Aelius consul, ex Gallia comitiorum causa Romam cum redisset, creavit consules C. Cornelium Cethegum et Q. Minucium Rufum.

[¶73] 27.6. Two days later the praetorian election was held. This year, for the first time, six praetors were chosen, in consequence of the increase that had taken place in the number of the provinces and the enlargement of the empire;

> Latin: 27.6. biduo post praetorum comitia habita. sex praetores illo anno primum creati crescentibus iam provinciis et latius patescente imperio;

[¶74] 27.7. the following were elected: Lucius Manlius Volso, Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus, Marcus Sergius Silus, Marcus Helvius, Marcus Minucius Rufus, and Lucius Atilius (of these, Sempronius and Helvius were plebeian aediles). The curule aediles were Quintus Minucius Thermus and Tiberius Sempronius Longus.

> Latin: 27.7. creati autem hi: L. Manlius Volso, C. Sempronius Tuditanus, M. Sergius Silus, M. Helvius, M. Minucius Rufus. L. Atilius —Sempronius et Helvius ex iis aediles plebis erant—; curules aediles Q. Minucius Thermus et Ti. Sempronius Longus.

[¶75] 27.8. The Roman Games were four times repeated that year.

> Latin: 27.8. ludi Romani eo anno quater instaurati.

[¶76] 28.1. When Gaius Cornelius and Quintus - Minucius assumed the consulship, the first question to be settled concerned the consular and praetorian provinces.

> Latin: 28.1. C. Cornelio et Q. Minucio consulibus, omnium primum de provinciis consulum praetorumque actum.

[¶77] 28.2. The case of the praetors was first disposed of, since that could be done by lot. The city jurisdiction fell to Sergius, that between citizens and aliens to Minucius; Atilius obtained Sardinia, Manlius Sicily, Sempronius Nearer Spain and Helvius Farther Spain.

> Latin: 28.2. prius de praetoribus transacta res, quae transigi sorte poterat. urbana Sergio, peregrina iurisdictio Minucio obtigit; Sardiniam Atilius, Siciliam Manlius, Hispanias Sempronius citeriorem, Helvius ulteriorem est sortitus.

[¶78] 28.3. As the consuls were making ready to draw lots for Italy and Macedonia, the tribunes of the people, Lucius Oppius and Quintus Fulvius, intervened, because, as they said, Macedonia was a distant province, and there had been no greater difficulty up to that time in the conduct of the war than the fact that just when he was undertaking to carry on the war, with the campaign scarce begun, the former consul was recalled.

> Latin: 28.3. consulibus Italiam Macedoniamque sortiri parantibus L. Oppius et Q. Fulvius tribuni plebis impedimento erant, quod longinqua provincia Macedonia esset, neque ulla alia res maius bello impedimentum ad eam diem fuisset, quam quod vixdum inchoatis rebus in ipso conatu gerendi belli prior consul revocaretur.

[¶79] 28.5. It was already the fourth year since the declaration of war with Macedonia. Sulpicius had spent the greater part of his year in searching for the king and his army. Villius, - while making contact with the enemy, had been recalled before accomplishing anything.

> Latin: 28.5. quartum iam annum esse ab decreto Macedonico bello. quaerendo regem et exercitum eius Sulpicium maiorem partem anni absumpsisse. Villium congredientem cum hoste infecta re revocatum.

[¶80] 28.6. Quinctius, though detained for the greater part of the year in Rome by religious observances, had still so managed things that if either he had arrived earlier or winter had been later, he could have finished the war;

> Latin: 28.6. Quinctium rebus divinis Romae maiorem partem anni retentum ita gessisse tamen res, ut, si aut maturius in provinciam venisset, aut hiems magis sera fuisset, potuerit debellare;

[¶81] 28.7. now, it was said, having retired into winter quarters, he was making such preparations that if no successor interfered he seemed in a fair way to end the war that coming summer.

> Latin: 28.7. nunc prope in hiberna profectum ita comparare dici bellum, ut, nisi successor impediat, perfecturus aestate proxima videatur.

[¶82] 28.8. By such arguments they prevailed upon the consuls to say that they would put themselves in the senate's hands if the tribunes of the people would do the same. When both parties agreed to leave full discretion to the senate, the Fathers voted that both consuls should have Italy as province, and prolonged the term of Titus Quinctius until a successor, authorized by decree of the senate, should have arrived.

> Latin: 28.8. his orationibus pervicerunt, ut consules in senatus auctoritate fore dicerent se, si idem tribuni plebis facerent. permittentibus utrisque liberam consultationem patres consulibus ambobus Italiam provinciam decreverunt, T.

[¶83] 28.9. To the consuls two legions each were assigned, and the task of prosecuting the war with the Cisalpine Gauls who had revolted against the Roman people.

> Latin: 28.9. Quinctio prorogarunt imperium, donec successor ex senatus consulto venisset. consulibus binae legiones decretae et ut bellum cum Gallis Cisalpinis, qui defecissent a populo Romano, gererent.

[¶84] 28.10. Reinforcements were voted for Quinctius for service in Macedonia, six thousand infantry, three hundred cavalry, and three thousand naval allies. Lucius Quinctius Flamininus was placed in command of the same fleet of which he already had charge.

> Latin: 28.10. Quinctio in Macedoniam supplementum decretum, sex milia peditum, trecenti equites, sociorum navalium milia tria.

[¶85] 28.11. Each of the praetors sent to Spain received eight thousand infantry of the allies and the Latin confederacy, and four hundred cavalry, with orders to send the veterans home from Spain; they were directed, moreover, to fix the boundaries which should be observed between the nearer and the farther provinces.

> Latin: 28.11. praeesse eidem, cui praeerat, classi L. Quinctius Flamininus iussus. praetoribus in Hispanias octona milia peditum socium ac nominis Latini data et quadringeni equites, ut dimitterent veterem ex Hispaniis militem; et terminare iussi, qua ulterior citeriorve provincia servaretur.

[¶86] 28.12. Additional lieutenants for Macedonia were named, Publius Sulpicius and Publius Villius, who had been consuls in that province.

> Latin: 28.12. Macedoniae legatos P. Sulpicium et P. Villium, qui consules in ea provincia fuerant, adiecerunt.

[¶87] 29.1. Before the consuls and praetors set out for their provinces, it was decreed that expiation for the prodigies should be made, because at Rome the temples of Vulcan and Summanus and the wall and gate at Fregellae had been struck by lightning, and at Frusino a light had shone during the night, and at Aefula a two-headed lamb with five feet had been born, and at Formiae two wolves had entered the town and injured certain persons they encountered, while at Rome a wolf had not only come into the city but had even climbed to the Capitoline.

> Latin: 29.1. priusquam consules praetoresque in provincias proficiscerentur, prodigia procurari placuit, quod aedes Vulcani Summanique Romae, et quod Fregenis murus et porta de caelo tacta erant, et Frusinone inter noctem lux orta, et Aefulae agnus biceps cum quinque pedibus natus, et Formiis duo lupi oppidum ingressi obvios aliquot laniaverant, Romae non in urbem solum sed in Capitolium penetraverat lupus.

[¶88] 29.3. Gaius Atinius, tribune of the people, carried a proposal that five colonies should be established on the sea-coast, two at the mouths of the Vulturnus and Liternus rivers, one at Puteoli, one at Castrum Salerni; to these Buxentum was added, and it was ordered that three hundred families be sent to each colony.

> Latin: 29.3. C. Atinius tribunus plebis tulit, ut quinque coloniae in oram maritimam deducerentur, duae ad ostia fluminum Vulturni Liternique, una Puteolos, una ad Castrum Salerni:

[¶89] 29.4. A commission of three, to hold office for three years, was created to found these colonies, and Marcus Servilius Geminus, Quintus Minucius Thermus, and Tiberius Sempronius Longus were chosen as its members.

> Latin: 29.4. his Buxentum adiectum. trecenae familiae in singulas colonias iubebantur mitti. triumviri deducendis iis, qui per triennium magistratum haberent, creati M. Servilius Geminus, Q. Minucius Thermus, Ti. Sempronius Longus.

[¶90] 29.5. When the levy had been held and other matters, human and divine, which had to be done by them in person, had been disposed of, the two consuls set out for Gaul, Cornelius by the straight road towards the Insubres, who were in arms, allied with the Cenomani;

> Latin: 29.5. dilectu rebusque aliis divinis humanisque, quae per ipsos agenda erant, perfectis consules ambo in Galliam profecti, Cornelius recta ad Insubres via, qui tum in armis erant Cenomanis adsumptis;

[¶91] 29.6. Quintus Minucius marched up the left side of Italy towards the lower sea, and having conducted his army to Genoa, began the war with the Ligures.

> Latin: 29.6. Q. Minucius in laeva Italiae ad inferum mare flexit iter Genuamque exercitu ducto ab Liguribus orsus bellum est.

[¶92] 29.7. The towns of Clastidium and Litubium, both belonging to the Ligures, and two cantons of the same people, the Celeiates and the Cerdiciates, surrendered. And now all the states on this side of the Po except the Gallic Boi and the Ligurian Ilvates were under his control; there were altogether fifteen towns and twenty thousand men, according to report, that had surrendered.

> Latin: 29.7. oppida Clastidium et Litubium, utraque Ligurum, et duae gentis eiusdem civitates, Celeiates Cerdiciatesque, sese dediderunt. et iam omnia cis Padum praeter Gallorum Boios, Ilvates Ligurum sub dicione erant;