---
title: "Alexander the False Prophet · Ἀλέξανδρος ἢ Ψευδόμαντις"
author: "Lucian"
translator: "Austin Morris Harmon"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
url: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-alexander-the-false-prophet/
cite: "Lucian, tr. Austin Morris Harmon, Alexander the False Prophet · Ἀλέξανδρος ἢ Ψευδόμαντις. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-alexander-the-false-prophet/"
---

# Alexander the False Prophet · Ἀλέξανδρος ἢ Ψευδόμαντις

*Lucian, tr. Austin Morris Harmon*

The career of Alexander of Abonoteichus, who founded an oracle with a tame snake wearing a human mask, and Lucian’s war with him.

> Greek: ed. Austin Morris Harmon, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0062.tlg038, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Austin Morris Harmon, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0062.tlg038.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## Contents

1. [Sections 1–27](https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-alexander-the-false-prophet/1.md)
2. [Sections 28–61](https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-alexander-the-false-prophet/2.md)

## 1. Sections 1–27

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-alexander-the-false-prophet/1/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-alexander-the-false-prophet/1/#p-N

[¶0] 1. No doubt, my dear Celsus, you think it a slight and trivial matter to bid me set down in a book and send you the history of Alexander, the impostor of Abonoteichus, including all his clever schemes, bold emprises, and sleights of hand; but in point of fact, if one should aim to examine each detail closely, it would be no less a task than to record the exploits of Philip’s son Alexander. The one was as great in ' villainy as the other in heroism. Nevertheless, if it should be your intention to overlook faults as you read, and to fill out for yourself the gaps in my tale, I will undertake the task for you and will essay to clean up that Augean stable, if not wholly, yet to the extent of my ability, fetching out some few basketsful, so that from them you may judge how great, how inexpressible, was the entire quantity of filth that three thousand head of cattle were able to create in many years.

> Greek: 1. σὺ μὲν ἴσως, ὦ φίλτατε Κέλσε, μικρόν τι καὶ φαῦλον οἴει τὸ πρόσταγμα, προστάττειν τὸν Ἀλεξάνδρου σοι τοῦ Ἀβωνοτειχίτου γόητος βίον καὶ ἐπινοίας αὐτοῦ καὶ τολμήματα καὶ μαγγανείας εἰς βιβλίον ἐγγράψαντα πέμψαι· τὸ δέ, εἴ τις ἐθέλοι πρὸς τὸ ἀκριβὲς ἕκαστον ἐπεξιέναι, οὐ μεῖόν ἐστιν ἢ τὰς Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Φιλίππου πράξεις ἀναγράψαι· τοσοῦτος εἰς κακίαν οὗτος, ὅσος εἰς ἀρετὴν ἐκεῖνος. ὅμως δὲ εἰ μετὰ συγγνώμης ἀναγνώσεσθαι μέλλοις καὶ τὰ ἐνδέοντα τοῖς ἱστορουμένοις προσλογιεῖσθαι„ ὑποστήσομαί σοι τὸν ἆθλον, καὶ τὴν Αὐγέου βουστασίαν, εἰ καὶ μὴ πᾶσαν, ἀλλʼ εἰς δύναμίν γε τὴν ἐμαυτοῦ ἀνακαθάρασθαι πειράσομαι, ὀλίγους ὅσους τῶν κοφίνων ἐκφορήσας, ὡς ἀπʼ ἐκείνων τεκμαίροιο πόση πᾶσα καὶ ὡς ἀμύθητος ἦν ἡ κόπρος ἣν τρισχίλιοι βόες ἐν πολλοῖς ἔτεσιν ποιῆσαι ἐδύναντο.

[¶1] 2. I blush for both of us, I confess, both for you and for myself—for you because you want a consummate rascal perpetuated in memory and in writing, and for myself because I am devoting my energy to such an end, to the exploits of a man who does not deserve to have polite people read about him, but rather to have the motley crowd in a vast amphitheatre see him being torn to pieces by foxes or apes. Yet if anyone brings this reproach against us, we shall be able to refer to an apt precedent. Arrian, the disciple of Epictetus, a Roman of the highest distinction, and a life-long devotee of letters, laid himself open to the same charge, and so can plead our cause as well as his own; he thought fit, you know, to record the life of Tillorobus, the brigand. In our own case, however, we shall commemorate a far more savage brigand, since our hero plied his trade not in forests and mountains, but in cities, and instead of infesting just Mysia and Mount Ida and harrying a few of the more deserted districts of Asia, he filled the whole Roman Empire, I may say, with his brigandage.

> Greek: 2. αἰδοῦμαι μὲν οὖν ὑπὲρ ἀμφοῖν, ὑπέρ τε σοῦ καὶ ἐμαυτοῦ· σοῦ μέν, ἀξιοῦντος μνήμῃ καὶ γραφῇ παραδοθῆναι ἄνδρα τρισκατάρατον, ἐμαυτοῦ δέ, σπουδὴν ποιουμένου ἐπὶ τοιαύτῃ ἱστορίᾳ καὶ πράξεσιν ἀνθρώπου, ὃν οὐκ ἀναγιγνώσκεσθαι πρὸς τῶν πεπαιδευμένων ἦν ἄξιον, ἀλλʼ ἐν πανδήμῳ τινὶ μεγίστῳ θεάτρῳ ὁρᾶσθαι ὑπὸ πιθήκων ἢ ἀλωπέκων σπαραττόμενον. ἀλλʼ ἤν τις ἡμῖν ταύτην ἐπιφέρῃ τὴν αἰτίαν, ἕξομεν καὶ αὐτοὶ εἰς παράδειγμά τι τοιοῦτον ἀνενεγκεῖν. καὶ Ἀρριανὸς γὰρ ὁ τοῦ Ἐπικτήτου μαθητής, ἀνὴρ Ῥωμαίων ἐν τοῖς πρώτοις καὶ παιδείᾳ παρʼ ὅλον τὸν βίον συγγενόμενος, ὅμοιόν τι παθὼν ἀπολογήσαιτʼ ἂν καὶ ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν· Τιλλορόβου γοῦν τοῦ λῃστοῦ κἀκεῖνος βίον ἀναγράψαι ἠξίωσεν. ἡμεῖς δὲ πολὺ ὠμοτέρου λῃστοῦ μνήμην ποιησόμεθα, ὅσῳ μὴ ἐν ὕλαις καὶ ἐν ὄρεσιν, ἀλλʼ ἐν πόλεσιν οὗτος ἐλῄστευεν, οὐ Μυσίαν μόνην οὐδὲ τὴν Ἴδην κατατρέχων οὐδὲ ὀλίγα τῆς Ἀσίας μέρη τὰ ἐρημότερα λεηλατῶν, ἀλλὰ πᾶσαν ὡς εἰπεῖν τὴν Ῥωμαίων ἀρχὴν ἐμπλήσας τῆς λῃστείας τῆς αὑτοῦ.

[¶2] 3. First I shall draw you a word-picture of the man himself, making as close a likeness as I can, although I am not particularly good at drawing. As regards his person—in order that I may exhibit this also to ou—he was tall and handsome in appearance, and really godlike; his skin was fair, his beard not very thick; his long hair was in part natural, in part false, but very similar, so that most people did not detect that it was not his own. His eyes shone with a great glow of fervour and enthusiasm; his voice was at once very sweet and very clear; and in a word, no fault could be found with him in any respect as far as all that went.

> Greek: 3. πρότερον δέ σοι αὐτὸν ὑπογράψω τῷ λόγῳ πρὸς τὸ ὁμοιότατον εἰκάσας, ὡς ἂν δύνωμαι, καίτοι μὴ πάνυ γραφικός τις ὤν. τὸ γὰρ δὴ σῶμα, ἵνα σοι καὶ τοῦτο δείξω, μέγας τε ἦν καὶ καλὸς ἰδεῖν καὶ θεοπρεπὴς ὡς ἀληθῶς, λευκὸς τὴν χρόαν, τὸ γένειον οὐ πάνυ λάσιος, κόμην τὴν μὲν ἰδίαν, τὴν δὲ καὶ πρόσθετον ἐπικείμενος εὖ μάλα εἰκασμένην καὶ τοὺς πολλοὺς ὅτι ἦν ἀλλοτρία λεληθυῖαν· ὀφθαλμοὶ πολὺ τὸ γοργὸν καὶ ἔνθεον διεμφαίνοντες, φώνημα ἥδιστόν τε ἅμα καὶ λαμπρότατον· καὶ ὅλως οὐδαμόθεν μεμπτὸς ἦν ταῦτά γε.

[¶3] 4. Such, then, was his outward appearance; but his soul and his mind—O Heracles Forfender! O Zeus, Averter of Mischief! O Twin Brethren, our Saviours! may it be the fortune of our enemies and ill-wishers to encounter and have to do with the like of him! In understanding, quick-wittedness, and penetration he was far beyond everyone else; and activity of mind, readiness to learn, retentiveness, natural aptitude for studies—all these qualities were his, in every case to the full. But he made the worst possible use of them, and with these noble instruments at his service soon became the most perfect rascal of all those who have been notorious far and wide for villainy, surpassing the Cercopes, surpassing Eurybatus, or Phrynondas, or Aristodemus, or Sostratus. _ He himself, writing to his son-in-law Rutilianus once upon a time and speaking of himself with the greatest reserve, claimed to be like Pythagoras; but— with all due respect to Pythagoras, a wise man of more than human intelligence—if he had been this man’s contemporary, he would have seemed a child, I am very sure, beside him! In the name of the Graces, do not imagine that I say this to insult Pythagoras, or in the endeavour to bring them into connection with one another by likening their doings. On the contrary, if all that is worst and most opprobrious in what is said of Pythagoras to discredit him (which I for my part cannot believe to be true) should nevertheless be brought together for comparison, the whole of it would be but an infinitesimal part of Alexander’s knavery. In sum, imagine, please, and mentally configure a highly diversified soul-blend, made up of lying, trickery, perjury, and malice; facile, audacious, venturesome, diligent in the execution of its schemes, plausible, convincing, masking as good, and wearing an appearance absolutely opposite to its purpose. Indeed, there is nobody who, after meeting him for the first time, did not come away with the idea that he was the most honest and upright man in the world—yes, and the most simple and unaffected. And on top of all this, he had the quality of magnificence, of forming no petty designs but always keeping his mind upon the most important objects.

> Greek: 4. τοιόσδε μὲν τὴν μορφήν· ἡ ψυχὴ δὲ καὶ ἡ γνώμη — ἀλεξίκακε Ἡράκλεις καὶ Ζεῦ ἀποτρόπαιε καὶ Διόσκουροι σωτῆρες, πολεμίοις καὶ ἐχθροῖς ἐντυχεῖν γένοιτο καὶ συγγενέσθαι τοιούτῳ τινί. συνέσει μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἀγχινοίᾳ καὶ δριμύτητι πάμπολυ τῶν ἄλλων διέφερεν, καὶ τό τε περίεργον καὶ εὐμαθὲς καὶ μνημονικὸν καὶ πρὸς τὰ μαθήματα εὐφυές, πάντα ταῦτα εἰς ὑπερβολὴν ἑκασταχοῦ ὑπῆρχεν αὐτῷ. ἐχρῆτο δὲ αὐτοῖς εἰς τὸ χείριστον, καὶ ὄργανα ταῦτα γενναῖα ὑποβεβλημένα ἔχων αὐτίκα μάλα τῶν ἐπὶ κακίᾳ διαβοήτων ἀκρότατος ἀπετελέσθη, ὑπὲρ τοὺς Κέρκωπας, ὑπὲρ τὸν Εὐρύβατον ἢ Φρυνώνδαν ἢ Ἀριστόδημον ἢ Σώστρατον. αὐτὸς μὲν γὰρ τῷ γαμβρῷ Ῥουτιλιανῷ ποτε γράφων καὶ τὰ μετριώτατα ὑπὲρ αὑτοῦ λέγων Πυθαγόρᾳ ὅμοιος εἶναι ἠξίου. ἀλλʼ ἵλεως μὲν ὁ Πυθαγόρας εἴη, σοφὸς ἀνὴρ καὶ τὴν γνώμην θεσπέσιος, εἰ δὲ κατὰ τοῦτον ἐγεγένητο, παῖς ἂν εὖ οἶδʼ ὅτι πρὸς αὐτὸν εἶναι ἔδοξε. καὶ πρὸς Χαρίτων μή με νομίσῃς ἐφʼ ὕβρει ταῦτα τοῦ Πυθαγόρου λέγειν ἢ συνάπτειν πειρώμενον αὐτοὺς πρὸς ὁμοιότητα τῶν πράξεων· ἀλλʼ εἴ τις τὰ χείριστα καὶ βλασφημότατα τῶν ἐπὶ διαβολῇ περὶ τοῦ Πυθαγόρου λεγομένων, οἷς ἔγωγε οὐκ ἂν πεισθείην ὡς ἀληθέσιν οὖσιν, ὅμως συναγάγοι εἰς τὸ αὐτό, πολλοστὸν ἂν μέρος ἅπαντα ἐκεῖνα γένοιτο τῆς Ἀλεξάνδρου δεινότητος. ὅλως γὰρ ἐπινόησόν μοι καὶ τῷ λογισμῷ διατύπωσον ποικιλωτάτην τινὰ ψυχῆς κρᾶσιν ἐκ ψεύδους καὶ δόλων καὶ ἐπιορκιῶν καὶ κακοτεχνιῶν συγκειμένην, ῥᾳδίαν, τολμηράν, παράβολον, φιλόπονον ἐξεργάσασθαι τὰ νοηθέντα, καὶ πιθανὴν καὶ ἀξιόπιστον καὶ ὑποκριτικὴν τοῦ βελτίονος καὶ τῷ ἐναντιωτάτῳ τῆς βουλήσεως ἐοικυῖαν. οὐδεὶς γοῦν τὸ πρῶτον ἐντυχὼν οὐκ ἀπῆλθε δόξαν λαβὼν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ ὡς εἴη πάντων ἀνθρώπων χρηστότατος καὶ ἐπιεικέστατος καὶ προσέτι ἁπλοϊκώτατός τε καὶ ἀφελέστατος. ἐπὶ πᾶσι δὲ τούτοις τὸ μεγαλουργὸν προσῆν καὶ τὸ μηδὲν μικρὸν ἐπινοεῖν, ἀλλʼ ἀεὶ τοῖς μεγίστοις ἐπέχειν τὸν νοῦν.

[¶4] 5. While he was still a mere boy, and a very handsome one, as could be inferred from the sere and yellow leaf of him, and could also be learned by hearsay from those who recounted his story, he trafficked freely in his attractiveness and sold his company to those who sought it. Among others, he had an admirer who was a quack, one of those who advertise enchantments, miraculous incantations, charms for your love-affairs, “sendings” for your enemies, disclosures of buried treasure, and successions to estates. As this man saw that he was an apt lad, more than ready to assist him in his affairs, and that the boy was quite as much enamoured with his roguery as he with the boy’s beauty, he gave him a thorough education and constantly made use of him as helper, servant, and acolyte. He himself was professedly a public physician, but, as Homer says of the wife of Thon, the Egyptian, he knew
Many a drug that was good in a compound, and many a bad one,
all of which Alexander inherited and took over. This teacher and admirer of his was a man of Tyana by birth, one of those who had been followers of the notorious Apollonius, and who knew his whole bag of tricks. You see what sort of school the man that I am describing comes from!

> Greek: 5. μειράκιον μὲν οὖν ἔτι ὢν πάνυ ὡραῖον, ὡς ἐνῆν ἀπὸ τῆς καλάμης τεκμαίρεσθαι καὶ ἀκούειν τῶν διηγουμένων, ἀνέδην ἐπόρνευε καὶ συνῆν ἐπὶ μισθῷ τοῖς δεομένοις. ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἄλλοις λαμβάνει τις αὐτὸν ἐραστὴς γόης τῶν μαγείας καὶ ἐπῳδὰς θεσπεσίους ὑπισχνουμένων καὶ χάριτας ἐπὶ τοῖς ἐρωτικοῖς καὶ ἐπαγωγὰς τοῖς ἐχθροῖς καὶ θησαυρῶν ἀναπομπὰς καὶ κλήρων διαδοχάς. οὗτος ἰδὼν εὐφυᾶ παῖδα καὶ πρὸς ὑπηρεσίαν τῶν ἑαυτοῦ πράξεων ἑτοιμότατον, οὐ μεῖον ἐρῶντα τῆς κακίας τῆς αὐτοῦ ἢ αὐτὸς τῆς ὥρας τῆς ἐκείνου, ἐξεπαίδευσέ τε αὐτὸν καὶ διετέλει ὑπουργῷ καὶ ὑπηρέτῃ καὶ διακόνῳ χρώμενος. ὁ δʼ αὐτὸς ἐκεῖνος δημοσίᾳ μὲν ἰατρὸς δῆθεν ἦν, ἠπίστατο δὲ κατὰ τὴν Θῶνος τοῦ Αἰγυπτίου γυναῖκα φάρμακα πολλὰ μὲν ἐσθλὰ μεμιγμένα, πολλὰ δὲ λυγρά· ὧν ἁπάντων κληρονόμος καὶ διάδοχος οὗτος ἐγένετο. ἦν δὲ ὁ διδάσκαλος ἐκεῖνος καὶ ἐραστὴς τὸ γένος Τυανεύς, τῶν Ἀπολλωνίῳ τῷ πάνυ συγγενομένων καὶ τὴν πᾶσαν αὐτοῦ τραγῳδίαν εἰδότων. ὁρᾷς ἐξ οἵας σοι διατριβῆς ἄνθρωπον λέγω.

[¶5] 6. Alexander was just getting his beard when the death of the Tyanean put him in a bad way, since it coincided with the passing of his beauty, by which he might have supported himself. So he abandoned petty projects for ever. He formed a partnership with a Byzantine writer of choral songs, one of those who enter the public competitions, far more abominable than himself by nature—Cocconas, I think, was his nickname,—and they went about the country practising quackery and sorcery, and “trimming the fatheads”—for so they style the public in the traditional patter of magicians. Well, among these they hit upon a rich Macedonian woman, past her prime but still eager to be charming, and not only lined their purses fairly well at her expense, but went with her from Bithynia to Macedon. She came from Pella, a place once flourishing in the time of the kings of Macedon but now insignificant, with very few inhabitants.

> Greek: 6. ἤδη δὲ πώγωνος ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος πιμπλάμενος καὶ τοῦ Τυανέως ἐκείνου ἀποθανόντος ἐν ἀπορίᾳ καθεστώς, ἀπηνθηκυίας ἅμα τῆς ὥρας, ἀφʼ ἧς τρέφεσθαι ἐδύνατο, οὐκέτι μικρὸν οὐδὲν ἐπενόει, ἀλλὰ κοινωνήσας Βυζαντίῳ τινὶ χορογράφῳ τῶν καθιέντων εἰς τοὺς ἀγῶνας, πολὺ καταρατοτέρῳ τὴν φύσιν — Κοκκωνᾶς δέ, οἶμαι, ἐπεκαλεῖτο — περιῄεσαν γοητεύοντες καὶ μαγγανεύοντες καὶ τοὺς παχεῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων — οὕτως γὰρ αὐτοὶ τῇ πατρίῳ τῶν μάγων φωνῇ τοὺς πολλοὺς ὀνομάζουσιν — ἀποκείροντες. ἐν δὴ τούτοις καὶ Μακέτιν γυναῖκα πλουσίαν, ἔξωρον μέν, ἐράσμιον δὲ ἔτι εἶναι βουλομένην, ἐξευρόντες ἐπεσιτίσαντό τε τὰ ἀρκοῦντα παρʼ αὐτῆς καὶ ἠκολούθησαν ἐκ τῆς Βιθυνίας εἰς τὴν Μακεδονίαν. Πελλαία δὲ ἦν ἐκείνη, πάλαι μὲν εὐδαίμονος χωρίου κατὰ τοὺς τῶν Μακεδόνων βασιλέας, νῦν δὲ ταπεινοῦ καὶ ὀλιγίστους οἰκήτορας ἔχοντος.

[¶6] 7. There they saw great serpents, quite tame and gentle, so that they were kept by women, slept with children, let themselves be stepped upon, were not angry when they were stroked, and took milk from the breast just like babies. There are many such in the country, and that, probably, is what gave currency in former days to the story about Olympias; no doubt a serpent of that sort slept with her when she was carrying Alexander. So they bought one of the reptiles, the finest, for a few coppers;

> Greek: 7. ἐνταῦθα ἰδόντες δράκοντας παμμεγέθεις, ἡμέρους πάνυ καὶ τιθασούς, ὡς καὶ ὑπὸ γυναικῶν τρέφεσθαι καὶ παιδίοις συγκαθεύδειν καὶ πατουμένους ἀνέχεσθαι καὶ θλιβομένους μὴ ἀγανακτεῖν καὶ γάλα πίνειν ἀπὸ θηλῆς κατὰ ταὐτὰ τοῖς βρέφεσι — πολλοὶ δὲ γίγνονται παρʼ αὐτοῖς τοιοῦτοι, ὅθεν καὶ τὸν περὶ τῆς Ὀλυμπιάδος μῦθον διαφοιτῆσαι πάλαι εἰκός, ὁπότε ἐκύει τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον, δράκοντός τινος, οἶμαι, τοιούτου συγκαθεύδοντος αὐτῇ — ὠνοῦνται τῶν ἑρπετῶν ἓν κάλλιστον ὀλίγων ὀβολῶν.

[¶7] 8. and, in the words of Thucydides: ‘Here beginneth the war!” As you might have expected of two consummate rascals, greatly daring, fully prepared for mischief, who had put their heads together, they readily discerned that human life is swayed by two great tyrants, hope and fear, and that a man who could use both of these to advantage would speedily enrich himself. For they perceived that both to one who fears and to one who hopes, foreknowledge is very essential and very keenly coveted, and that long ago not only Delphi, but Delos and Clarus and Branchidae, had become rich and famous because, thanks to the tyrants just mentioned, hope and fear, men continually visited their sanctuaries and sought to learn the future in advance, and to that end sacrificed hecatombs and dedicated ingots of gold. By turning all this round and round in conference.with one another and keeping it astir, they concocted the project of founding a prophetic shrine and oracle, hoping that if they should succeed in it, they would at once be rich and prosperous—which, in fact, befell them in greater measure than they at first expected, and turned out better than they hoped.

> Greek: 8. καὶ κατὰ τὸν Θουκυδίδην ἄρχεται ὁ πόλεμος ἐνθένδε ἤδη. ὡς γὰρ ἂν δύο κάκιστοι καὶ μεγαλότολμοι καὶ πρὸς τὸ κακουργεῖν προχειρότατοι εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ συνελθόντες, ῥᾳδίως κατενόησαν τὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων βίον ὑπὸ δυοῖν τούτοιν μεγίστοιν τυραννούμενον, ἐλπίδος καὶ φόβου, καὶ ὅτι ὁ τούτων ἑκατέρῳ εἰς δέον χρήσασθαι δυνάμενος τάχιστα πλουτήσειεν ἄν· ἀμφοτέροις γάρ, τῷ τε δεδιότι καὶ τῷ ἐλπίζοντι, ἑώρων τὴν πρόγνωσιν ἀναγκαιοτάτην τε καὶ ποθεινοτάτην οὖσαν, καὶ Δελφοὺς οὕτω πάλαι πλουτῆσαι καὶ ἀοιδίμους γενέσθαι καὶ Δῆλον καὶ Κλάρον καὶ Βραγχίδας, τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀεὶ διʼ οὓς προεῖπον τυράννους, τὴν ἐλπίδα καὶ τὸν φόβον, φοιτώντων εἰς τὰ ἱερὰ καὶ προμαθεῖν τὰ μέλλοντα δεομένων, καὶ διʼ αὐτὸ ἑκατόμβας θυόντων καὶ χρυσᾶς πλίνθους ἀνατιθέντων. ταῦτα πρὸς ἀλλήλους στρέφοντες καὶ κυκῶντες μαντεῖον συστήσασθαι καὶ χρηστήριον ἐβουλεύοντο· εἰ γὰρ τοῦτο προχωρήσειεν αὐτοῖς, αὐτίκα πλούσιοί τε καὶ εὐδαίμονες ἔσεσθαι ἤλπιζον — ὅπερ ἐπὶ μεῖζον ἢ κατὰ τὴν πρώτην προσδοκίαν ἀπήντησεν αὐτοῖς καὶ κρεῖττον διεφάνη τῆς ἐλπίδος.

[¶8] 9. Then they began planning, first about the place, and next, what should be the commencement and the character of the venture. Cocconas thought Chalcedon a suitable and convenient place, close to Thrace and Bithynia, and not far, too, from Asia and Galatia and all the peoples of the interior. Alexander, on the other hand, preferred his own home, saying—and it was true—that to commence such a venture they needed “fat-heads”’ and simpletons to be their victims, and such, he said, were the Paphlagonians who lived up above Abonoteichus, who were for the most part superstitious and rich; whenever a man but turned up with someone at his heels to play the flute or the tambourine or the cymbals, telling fortunes with a sieve, as the phrase goes, they were all agog over him on the instant and stared at him as if he were a god from heaven.

> Greek: 9. τοὐντεῦθεν τὴν σκέψιν ἐποιοῦντο, πρῶτον μὲν περὶ τοῦ χωρίου, δεύτερον δὲ ἥτις ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ ὁ τρόπος ἂν γένοιτο τῆς ἐπιχειρήσεως. ὁ μὲν οὖν Κοκκωνᾶς τὴν Καλχηδόνα ἐδοκίμαζεν ἐπιτήδειον εἶναι καὶ εὔκαιρον χωρίον, τῇ τε Θρᾴκῃ καὶ τῇ Βιθυνίᾳ πρόσοικον, οὐχ ἑκὰς οὐδὲ τῆς Ἀσίας καὶ Γαλατίας καὶ τῶν ὑπερκειμένων ἐθνῶν ἁπάντων· ὁ δὲ Ἀλέξανδρος ἔμπαλιν τὰ οἴκοι προὔκρινεν, λέγων ὅπερ ἀληθὲς ἦν, πρὸς τὴν τῶν τοιούτων ἀρχὴν καὶ ἐπιχείρησιν ἀνθρώπων δεῖν παχέων καὶ ἠλιθίων τῶν ὑποδεξομένων, οἵους τοὺς Παφλαγόνας εἶναι ἔφασκεν ὑπεροικοῦντας τὸ τοῦ Ἀβώνου τεῖχος, δεισιδαίμονας τοὺς πολλοὺς καὶ πλουσίους, καὶ μόνον εἰ φανείη τις αὐλητὴν ἢ τυμπανιστὴν ἢ κυμβάλοις κροτοῦντα ἐπαγόμενος, κοσκίνῳ τὸ τοῦ λόγου μαντευόμενος, αὐτίκα μάλα πάντας κεχηνότας πρὸς αὐτὸν καὶ ὥσπερ τινὰ τῶν ἐπουρανίων προσβλέποντας.

[¶9] 10. There was no slight difference of opinion between them on that score, but in the end Alexander won, and going to Chalcedon, since after all that city seemed to them to have some usefulness, in the temple of Apollo, which is the most ancient in Chalcedon, they buried bronze tablets which said that very soon Asclepius, with his father Apollo, would move to Pontus and take up his residence at Abonoteichus. The opportune discovery of these tablets caused this story to spread quickly to all Bithynia and Pontus, and to Abonoteichus sooner than anywhere else. Indeed, the people of that city immediately voted to build a temple and began at once to dig for the foundations. Then Cocconas was left behind in Chalcedon, composing equivocal, ambiguous, obscure oracles, and died before long, bitten, I think, by a viper.

> Greek: 10. οὐκ ὀλίγης δὲ τῆς περὶ τοῦτο στάσεως αὐτοῖς γενομένης τέλος ἐνίκησεν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος, καὶ ἀφικόμενοι εἰς τὴν Χαλκηδόνα — χρήσιμον γάρ τι ὅμως ἡ πόλις αὐτοῖς ἔχειν ἔδοξε — ἐν τῷ Ἀπόλλωνος ἱερῷ, ὅπερ ἀρχαιότατόν ἐστι τοῖς Χαλκηδονίοις, κατορύττουσι δέλτους χαλκᾶς, λεγούσας ὡς αὐτίκα μάλα ὁ Ἀσκληπιὸς σὺν τῷ πατρὶ Ἀπόλλωνι μέτεισιν εἰς τὸν Πόντον καὶ καθέξει τὸ τοῦ Ἀβώνου τεῖχος. αὗται αἱ δέλτοι ἐξεπίτηδες εὑρεθεῖσαι διαφοιτῆσαι ῥᾳδίως τὸν λόγον τοῦτον εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν Βιθυνίαν καὶ τὸν Πόντον ἐποίησαν, καὶ πολὺ πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων εἰς τὸ τοῦ Ἀβώνου τεῖχος· κἀκεῖνοι γὰρ καὶ νεὼν αὐτίκα ἐψηφίσαντο ἐγεῖραι καὶ τοὺς θεμελίους ἤδη ἔσκαπτον. κἀνταῦθα ὁ μὲν Κοκκωνᾶς ἐν Χαλκηδόνι καταλείπεται, διττούς τινας καὶ ἀμφιβόλους καὶ λοξοὺς χρησμοὺς συγγράφων, καὶ μετʼ ὀλίγον ἐτελεύτησε τὸν βίον, ὑπὸ ἐχίδνης, οἶμαι, δηχθείς.

[¶10] 11. It was Alexander who was sent in first; he now wore his hair long, had falling ringlets, dressed in a parti-coloured tunic of white and purple, with a white cloak over it, and carried a falchion like that of Perseus, from whom he claimed descent on his mother’s side. And although those miserable Paphlagonians knew that both his parents were obscure, humble folk, they believed the oracle when it said: “Here in your sight is a scion of Perseus, dear unto Phoebus; This is divine Alexander, who shareth the blood of the Healer!” Podaleirius, the Healer, it would appear, was so passionate and amorous that his ardour carried him all the way from Tricca to Paphlagonia in quest of Alexander’s mother! An oracle by now had turned up which purported to be a prior prediction by the Sibyl:
On the shores of the Euxine sea, in the neighbourhood of Sinope,
There shall be born, by a Tower, in the days of the Romans, a prophet;
After the foremost unit and three times ten, he will shew forth
Five more units besides, and a score told three times over,
Matching, with places four, the name of a valiant defender!

> Greek: 11. προεισπέμπεται δὲ ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος, κομῶν ἤδη καὶ πλοκάμους καθειμένος καὶ μεσόλευκον χιτῶνα πορφυροῦν ἐνδεδυκὼς καὶ ἱμάτιον ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ λευκὸν ἀναβεβλημένος, ἅρπην ἔχων κατὰ τὸν Περσέα, ἀφʼ οὗ ἑαυτὸν ἐγενεαλόγει μητρόθεν· καὶ οἱ ὄλεθροι ἐκεῖνοι Παφλαγόνες, εἰδότες αὐτοῦ ἄμφω τοὺς γονέας ἀφανεῖς καὶ ταπεινούς, ἐπίστευον τῷ χρησμῷ λέγοντι
Περσείδης γενεὴν Φοίβῳ φίλος οὗτος ὁρᾶται,
δῖος Ἀλέξανδρος, Ποδαλειρίου αἷμα λελογχώς.
οὕτως ἄρα ὁ Ποδαλείριος μάχλος καὶ γυναικομανὴς τὴν φύσιν, ὡς ἀπὸ Τρίκκης μέχρι Παφλαγονίας στύεσθαι ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου μητέρα. εὕρητο δὲ χρησμὸς ἤδη, ὡς Σιβύλλης προμαντευσαμένης·
Εὐξείνου Πόντοιο παρʼ ᾐόσιν ἄγχι Σινώπης
ἔσται τις κατὰ Τύρσιν ὑπʼ Αὐσονίοισι προφήτης,
ἐκ πρώτης δεικνὺς μονάδος τρισσῶν δεκάδων τε
πένθʼ ἑτέρας μονάδας καὶ εἰκοσάδα τρισάριθμον,
ἀνδρὸς ἀλεξητῆρος ὁμωνυμίην τετράκυκλον.

[¶11] 12. Well, upon invading his native land with all this pomp and circumstance after a long absence, Alexander was a man of mark and note, affecting as he did to have occasional fits of madness and causing his mouth to fill with foam. This he easily managed by chewing the root of soapwort, the plant that dyers use; but to his fellow-countrymen even the foam seemed supernatural and awe-inspiring. Then, too, they had long ago prepared and fitted up a serpent’s head of linen, which had something of a human look, was all painted up, and appeared very lifelike. It would open and close its mouth by means of horsehairs, and a forked black tongue like a snake’s, also controlled by horsehairs, would dart out. Besides, the serpent from Pella was ready in advance and was being cared for at home, destined in due time to manifest himself to them and to take a part in their show—in fact, to be cast for the leading role.

> Greek: 12. εἰσβαλὼν οὖν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος μετὰ τοιαύτης τραγῳδίας διὰ πολλοῦ εἰς τὴν πατρίδα περίβλεπτός τε καὶ λαμπρὸς ἦν, μεμηνέναι προσποιούμενος ἐνίοτε καὶ ἀφροῦ ὑποπιμπλάμενος τὸ στόμα· ῥᾳδίως δὲ τοῦτο ὑπῆρχεν αὐτῷ, στρουθίου τῆς βαφικῆς βοτάνης τὴν ῥίζαν διαμασησαμένῳ· τοῖς δὲ θεῖόν τι καὶ φοβερὸν ἐδόκει καὶ ὁ ἀφρός. ἐπεποίητο δὲ αὐτοῖς πάλαι καὶ κατεσκεύαστο κεφαλὴ δράκοντος ὀθονίνη ἀνθρωπόμορφόν τι ἐπιφαίνουσα, κατάγραφος, πάνυ εἰκασμένη, ὑπὸ θριξὶν ἱππείαις ἀνοίγουσά τε καὶ αὖθις ἐπικλείουσα τὸ στόμα·, καὶ γλῶττα οἵα δράκοντος διττὴ μέλαινα προέκυπτεν, ὑπὸ τριχῶν καὶ αὐτὴ ἑλκομένη. καὶ ὁ Πελλαῖος δὲ δράκων προϋπῆρχεν καὶ οἴκοι ἐτρέφετο, κατὰ καιρὸν ἐπιφανησόμενος αὐτοῖς καὶ συντραγῳδήσων, μᾶλλον δὲ πρωταγωνιστὴς ἐσόμενος.

[¶12] 13. When at length it was time to begin, he contrived an ingenious ruse. Going at night to the foundations of the temple which were just being excavated, where a pool of water had gathered which either issued from springs somewhere in the foundations themselves or had fallen from the sky, he secreted there a goose-egg, previously blown, which contained a snake just born; and after burying it deep in the mud, he went back again. In the morning he ran out into the market-place naked, wearing a loin-cloth-(this too was gilded), carrying his falchion, and tossing his unconfined mane like a devotee of the Great Mother in the frenzy. Addressing the people from a high altar upon which he had climbed, he congratulated the city because it was at once to receive the god in visible presence. The assembly—for almost the whole city, including women, old men, and boys, had come running— marvelled, prayed and made obeisance. Uttering a few meaningless words like Hebrew or Phoenician, he dazed the creatures, who did not know what he was saying save only that he everywhere brought in Apollo and Asclepius.

> Greek: 13. ἤδη δὲ ἄρχεσθαι δέον, μηχανᾶται τοιόνδε τι· νύκτωρ γὰρ ἐλθὼν ἐπὶ τοὺς θεμελίους τοῦ νεὼ τοὺς ἄρτι ὀρυττομένους — συνειστήκει δὲ ἐν αὐτοῖς ὕδωρ ἢ αὐτόθεν ποθὲν συλλειβόμενον ἢ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ πεσόν — ἐνταῦθα κατατίθεται χήνειον ᾠὸν προκεκενωμένον, ἔνδον φυλάττον ἑρπετόν τι ἀρτιγέννητον, καὶ βυθίσας τοῦτο ἐν μυχῷ τοῦ πηλοῦ ὀπίσω αὖθις ἀπηλλάττετο. ἕωθεν δὲ γυμνὸς εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν προπηδήσας, διάζωμα περὶ τὸ αἰδοῖον ἔχων, κατάχρυσον καὶ τοῦτο, καὶ τὴν ἅρπην ἐκείνην φέρων, σείων ἅμα τὴν κόμην ἄνετον ὥσπερ οἱ τῇ μητρὶ ἀγείροντές τε καὶ ἐνθεαζόμενοι, ἐδημηγόρει ἐπὶ βωμόν τινα ὑψηλὸν ἀναβὰς καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἐμακάριζεν αὐτίκα μάλα δεξομένην ἐναργῆ τὸν θεόν. οἱ παρόντες δέ — συνδεδραμήκει γὰρ σχεδὸν ἅπασα ἡ πόλις ἅμα γυναιξὶ καὶ γέρουσι καὶ παιδίοις — ἐτεθήπεσαν καὶ εὔχοντο καὶ προσεκύνουν. ὁ δὲ φωνάς τινας ἀσήμους φθεγγόμενος, οἷαι γένοιντο ἂν Ἑβραίων ἢ Φοινίκων, ἐξέπληττε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους οὐκ εἰδότας ὅ τι καὶ λέγοι, πλὴν τοῦτο μόνον, ὅτι πᾶσιν ἐγκατεμίγνυ τὸν Ἀπόλλω καὶ τὸν Ἀσκληπιόν.

[¶13] 14. Then he ran at full speed to the future temple, went to the excavation and the previously improvised fountain-head of the oracle, entered the water, sang hymns in honour of Asclepius and Apollo at the top of his voice, and besought the god, under the blessing of Heaven, to come to the city. Then he asked for a libationsaucer, and when somebody handed him one, deftly slipped it underneath and brought up, along with water and mud, that egg in which he had immured the god; the joint about the plug had been closed with wax and white lead. Taking it in his hands, he asserted that at that moment he held Asclepius! They gazed unwaveringly to see what in the world was going to happen; indeed, they had already marvelled at the discovery of the egg in the water. But when he broke it and received the tiny snake into his hollowed hand, and the crowd saw it moving and twisting about his fingers, they at once raised a shout, welcomed the god, congratulated their city, and began each of them to sate himself greedily with prayers, craving treasures, riches, health, and every other blessing from him. But Alexander went home again at full speed, taking with him the new-born Asclepius, “born twice, when other men are born but once,” whose mother was not Coronis, by Zeus, nor yet a crow, but a goose! And the whole population followed, all full of religious fervour and crazed with expectations.

> Greek: 14. εἶτʼ ἔθει δρόμῳ ἐπὶ τὸν ἐσόμενον νεών· καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ὄρυγμα ἐλθὼν καὶ τὴν προῳκονομημένην τοῦ χρηστηρίου πηγήν, ἐμβὰς εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ ὕμνους τε ᾖδεν Ἀσκληπιοῦ καὶ Ἀπόλλωνος μεγάλῃ τῇ φωνῇ καὶ ἐκάλει τὸν θεὸν ἥκειν τύχῃ τῇ ἀγαθῇ εἰς τὴν πόλιν. εἶτα φιάλην αἰτήσας, ἀναδόντος τινός, ῥᾳδίως ὑποβαλὼν ἀνιμᾶται μετὰ τοῦ ὕδατος καὶ τοῦ πηλοῦ τὸ ᾠὸν ἐκεῖνο ἐν ᾧ ὁ θεὸς αὐτῷ κατεκέκλειστο, κηρῷ λευκῷ καὶ ψιμυθίῳ τὴν ἁρμογὴν τοῦ πώματος συγκεκολλημένον· καὶ λαβὼν αὐτὸ εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἔχειν ἔφασκεν ἤδη τὸν Ἀσκληπιόν. οἱ δὲ ἀπενὲς ἀπέβλεπον ὅ τι καὶ γίγνοιτο, πολὺ πρότερον θαυμάσαντες τὸ ᾠὸν ἐν τῷ ὕδατι εὑρημένον. ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ κατάξας αὐτὸ εἰς κοίλην τὴν χεῖρα ὑπεδέξατο τὸ τοῦ ἑρπετοῦ ἐκείνου ἔμβρυον καὶ οἱ παρόντες εἶδον κινούμενον καὶ περὶ τοῖς δακτύλοις εἰλούμενον, ἀνέκραγον εὐθὺς καὶ ἠσπάζοντο τὸν θεὸν καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἐμακάριζον καὶ χανδὸν ἕκαστος ἐνεπίμπλατο τῶν εὐχῶν, θησαυροὺς καὶ πλούτους καὶ ὑγιείας καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἀγαθὰ αἰτῶν παρʼ αὐτοῦ. ὁ δὲ δρομαῖος αὖθις ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκίαν ἵετο φέρων ἅμα καὶ τὸν ἀρτιγέννητον Ἀσκληπιόν, δὶς τεχθέντα, ὅτε ἄλλοι ἅπαξ τίκτοντʼ ἄνθρωποι, οὐκ ἐκ Κορωνίδος μὰ Δίʼ οὐδέ γε κορώνης, ἀλλʼ ἐκ χηνὸς γεγεννημένον. ὁ δὲ λεὼς ἅπας ἠκολούθει, πάντες ἔνθεοι καὶ μεμηνότες ὑπὸ τῶν ἐλπίδων.

[¶14] 15. For some days he remained at home, expecting what actually happened—that as the news spread, crowds of Paphlagonians would come running in. When the city had become over-full of people, all of them already bereft of their brains and sense, and not in the least like bread-eating humans, but different from beasts of the field only in their looks, he seated himself on a couch in a certain chamber, clothed in apparel well suited to a god, and took into his bosom his Asclepius from Pella, who, as I have said, was of uncommon size and beauty. _ Coiling him about his neck, and letting the tail, which was long, stream over his lap and drag part of its length on the floor, he concealed only the head by holding it under his arm—the creature would submit to anything—and showed the linen head at one side of his own beard, as if it certainly belonged to the creature that was in view.

> Greek: 15. ἡμέρας μὲν οὖν τινας οἴκοι ἔμεινεν ἐλπίζων ὅπερ ἦν, ὑπὸ τῆς φήμης αὐτίκα μάλα παμπόλλους τῶν Παφλαγόνων συνδραμεῖσθαι. ἐπεὶ δὲ ὑπερεπέπληστο ἀνθρώπων ἡ πόλις, ἁπάντων τοὺς ἐγκεφάλους καὶ τὰς καρδίας προεξῃρημένων οὐδὲν ἐοικότων σιτοφάγοις ἀνδράσιν, ἀλλὰ μόνῃ τῇ μορφῇ μὴ οὐχὶ πρόβατα εἶναι διαφερόντων, ἐν οἰκίσκῳ τινὶ ἐπὶ κλίνης καθεζόμενος μάλα θεοπρεπῶς ἐσταλμένος ἐλάμβανεν εἰς τὸν κόλπον τὸν Πελλαῖον ἐκεῖνον Ἀσκληπιόν, μέγιστόν τε καὶ κάλλιστον, ὡς ἔφην, ὄντα, καὶ ὅλον τῷ αὑτοῦ τραχήλῳ περιειλήσας καὶ τὴν οὐρὰν ἔξω ἀφείς — πολὺς δὲ ἦν — ἐν τῷ προκολπίῳ προκεχύσθαι αὐτοῦ καὶ χαμαὶ τὸ μέρος ἐπισύρεσθαι, μόνην τὴν κεφαλὴν ὑπὸ μάλης ἔχων καὶ ἀποκρύπτων, ἀνεχομένου πάντα ἐκείνου, προὔφαινεν τὴν ὀθονίνην κεφαλὴν κατὰ θάτερον τοῦ πώγωνος, ὡς δῆθεν ἐκείνου τοῦ φαινομένου πάντως οὖσαν.

[¶15] 16. Now then, please imagine a little room, not very bright and not admitting any too much daylight; also, a crowd of heterogeneous humanity, excited, wonder-struck in advance, agog with hopes. When they went in, the thing, of course, seemed to them a miracle, that the formerly tiny snake within a few days had turned into so great a serpent, with a human face, moreover, and tame! They were immediately crowded towards the exit, and before they could look closely were forced out by those who kept coming in, for another dovr had been opened on the opposite side as an exit. That was the way the Macedonians did, they say, in Babylon during Alexander’s illness, when he was in a bad way and they surrounded the palace, craving to see him and say good-bye. This exhibition the scoundrel gave not merely once, they say, but again and again, above all if any rich men were newly arrived.

> Greek: 16. εἶτά μοι ἐπινόησον οἰκίσκον οὐ πάνυ φαιδρὸν οὐδὲ εἰς κόρον τοῦ φωτὸς δεχόμενον καὶ πλῆθος ἀνθρώπων συγκλύδων, τεταραγμένων καὶ προεκπεπληγμένων καὶ ταῖς ἐλπίσιν ἐπαιωρουμένων, οἷς εἰσελθοῦσι τεράστιον ὡς εἰκὸς τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐφαίνετο, ἐκ τοῦ τέως μικροῦ ἑρπετοῦ ἐντὸς ἡμερῶν ὀλίγων τοσοῦτον δράκοντα πεφηνέναι, ἀνθρωπόμορφον καὶ ταῦτα καὶ τιθασόν. ἠπείγοντο δὲ αὐτίκα πρὸς τὴν ἔξοδον, καὶ πρὶν ἀκριβῶς ἰδεῖν, ἐξηλαύνοντο ὑπὸ τῶν ἀεὶ ἐπεισιόντων· ἐτετρύπητο δὲ κατὰ τὸ ἀντίθυρον ἄλλη ἔξοδος. οἷόν τι καὶ τοὺς Μακεδόνας ἐν Βαβυλῶνι ποιῆσαι ἐπʼ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ νοσοῦντι λόγος, ὅτε ὁ μὲν ἤδη πονήρως εἶχεν, οἱ δὲ περιστάντες τὰ βασίλεια ἐπόθουν ἰδεῖν αὐτὸν καὶ προσειπεῖν τὸ ὕστατον. τὴν δὲ ἐπίδειξιν ταύτην οὐχ ἅπαξ ὁ μιαρός, ἀλλὰ πολλάκις ποιῆσαι λέγεται, καὶ μάλιστα εἴ τινες τῶν πλουσίων ἀφίκοιντο νεαλέστεροι.

[¶16] 17. In that matter, dear Celsus, to tell the truth, we must excuse those men of Paphlagonia and Pontus, thick-witted, uneducated fellows that they were, for being deluded when they touched the serpent— Alexander let anyone do so who wished—and besides saw in a dim light what purported to be its head opening and shutting its mouth. Really the trick stood in need of a Democritus, or even Epicurus himself or Metrodorus, or someone else with a mind as firm as adamant toward such matters, so as to disbelieve and guess the truth-— one who, if he could not discover how it went, would at all events be convinced beforehand that though the method of the fraud escaped him, it was nevertheless all sham and could not possibly happen.

> Greek: 17. ἐνταῦθα, ὦ φίλε Κέλσε, εἰ δεῖ τἀληθῆ λέγειν, συγγνώμην χρὴ ἀπονέμειν τοῖς Παφλαγόσι καὶ Ποντικοῖς ἐκείνοις, παχέσι καὶ ἀπαιδεύτοις ἀνθρώποις, εἰ ἐξηπατήθησαν ἁπτόμενοι τοῦ δράκοντος — καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο παρεῖχεν τοῖς βουλομένοις ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος — ὁρῶντές τε ἐν ἀμυδρῷ τῷ φωτὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν δῆθεν αὐτοῦ ἀνοίγουσάν τε καὶ συγκλείουσαν τὸ στόμα, ὥστε πάνυ τὸ μηχάνημα ἐδεῖτο Δημοκρίτου τινὸς ἢ καὶ αὐτοῦ Ἐπικούρου ἢ Μητροδώρου ἤ τινος ἄλλου ἀδαμαντίνην πρὸς τὰ τοιαῦτα τὴν γνώμην ἔχοντος, ὡς ἀπιστῆσαι καὶ ὅπερ ἦν εἰκάσαι, καὶ εἰ μὴ εὑρεῖν τὸν τρόπον ἐδύνατο, ἐκεῖνο γοῦν προπεπεισμένου, ὅτι λέληθεν αὐτὸν ὁ τρόπος τῆς μαγγανείας, τὸ δʼ οὖν πᾶν ψεῦδός ἐστι καὶ γενέσθαι ἀδύνατον.

[¶17] 18. Little by little, Bithynia, Galatia, and Thrace came pouring in, for everyone who carried the news very likely said that he not only had seen the god born but had subsequently touched him, after he had grown very great in a short time and had a face that looked like a man’s. Next came paintings and statues and cult-images, some made of bronze, some of silver, and naturally a name was bestowed upon the god. He was called Glycon in consequence of a divine behest in metre; for Alexander proclaimed:
Glycon am I, the grandson of Zeus, bright beacon to mortals!

> Greek: 18. κατʼ ὀλίγον οὖν καὶ ἡ Βιθυνία καὶ ἡ Γαλατία καὶ ἡ Θρᾴκη συνέρρει, ἑκάστου τῶν ἀπαγγελλόντων κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς λέγοντος ὡς καὶ γεννώμενον ἴδοι τὸν θεὸν καὶ ὕστερον ἅψαιτο μετʼ ὀλίγον παμμεγέθους αὐτοῦ γεγενημένου καὶ τὸ πρόσωπον ἀνθρώπῳ ἐοικότος. γραφαί τε ἐπὶ τούτῳ καὶ εἰκόνες καὶ ξόανα, τὰ μὲν ἐκ χαλκοῦ, τὰ δὲ ἐξ ἀργύρου εἰκασμένα, καὶ ὄνομά γε τῷ θεῷ ἐπιτεθέν· Γλύκων γὰρ ἐκαλεῖτο ἔκ τινος ἐμμέτρου καὶ θείου προστάγματος. ἀνεφώνησε γὰρ ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος Εἰμὶ Γλύκων, τρίτον αἷμα Διός, φάος ἀνθρώποισιν.

[¶18] 19. When it was time to carry out the purpose for which the whole scheme had been concocted—that is to say, to make predictions and give oracles to those who sought them—taking his cue from Amphilochus in Cilicia, who, as you know, after the death and disappearance of his father Amphiaraus at Thebes, was exiled from his own country, went to Cilicia, and got on very well by foretelling the future, like his father, for the Cilicians and getting two obols for each prediction—taking, as I say, his cue from him, Alexander announced to all comers that the god would make prophecies, and named a date for it in advance. He directed everyone to write down in a scroll whatever he wanted and what he especially wished to learn, to tie it up, and to seal it with wax or clay or something else of that sort. Then he himself, after taking the scrolls and entering the inner sanctuary—for by that time the temple had been erected and the stage set—proposed to summon in order, with herald and priest, those who had submitted them, and after the god told him about each case, to give back the scroll with the seal upon it, just as it was, and the reply to it endorsed upon it; for the god would reply explicitly to any question that anyone should put.

> Greek: 19. καὶ ἐπειδὴ καιρὸς ἦν, οὗπερ ἕνεκα τὰ πάντα ἐμεμηχάνητο, καὶ χρᾶν τοῖς δεομένοις καὶ θεσπίζειν, παρʼ Ἀμφιλόχου τοῦ ἐν Κιλικίᾳ τὸ ἐνδόσιμον λαβών — καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνος, μετὰ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς τελευτὴν τοῦ Ἀμφιάρεω καὶ τὸν ἐν Θήβαις ἀφανισμὸν αὐτοῦ ἐκπεσὼν τῆς οἰκείας εἰς τὴν Κιλικίαν ἀφικόμενος, οὐ πονήρως ἀπήλλαξεν, προθεσπίζων καὶ αὐτὸς τοῖς Κίλιξι τὰ μέλλοντα καὶ δύʼ ὀβολοὺς ἐφʼ ἑκάστῳ χρησμῷ λαμβάνων — ἐκεῖθεν οὖν τὸ ἐνδόσιμον λαβὼν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος προλέγει πᾶσι τοῖς ἀφικομένοις ὡς μαντεύσεται ὁ θεός, ῥητήν τινα ἡμέραν προειπών. ἐκέλευσεν δὲ ἕκαστον, οὗ δέοιτο ἂν καὶ ὃ μάλιστα μαθεῖν ἐθέλοι, εἰς βιβλίον ἐγγράψαντα καταρράψαι τε καὶ κατασημήνασθαι κηρῷ ἢ πηλῷ ἢ ἄλλῳ τοιούτῳ. αὐτὸς δὲ λαβὼν τὰ βιβλία καὶ εἰς τὸ ἄδυτον κατελθὼν — ἤδη γὰρ ὁ νεὼς ἐγήγερτο καὶ ἡ σκηνὴ παρεσκεύαστο — καλέσειν ἔμελλε κατὰ τάξιν τοὺς δεδωκότας ὑπὸ κήρυκι καὶ θεολόγῳ, καὶ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἀκούων ἕκαστα τὸ μὲν βιβλίον ἀποδώσειν σεσημασμένον ὡς εἶχε, τὴν δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸ ἀπόκρισιν ὑπογεγραμμένην, πρὸς ἔπος ἀμειβομένου τοῦ θεοῦ περὶ ὅτου τις ἔροιτο.

[¶19] 20. As a matter of fact, this trick, to a man like you, and if it is not out of place to say so, like myself also, was obvious and easy to see through, but to those drivelling idiots it was miraculous and almost as good as incredible. Having discovered various ways of undoing the seals, he would read all the questions and answer them as he thought best. Then he would roll up the scrolls again, seal them, and give them back, to the great astonishment of the recipients, among whom the comment was frequent: “Why, how did he learn the questions which I gave him very securely sealed with impressions hard to counterfeit, unless there was really some god that knew everything?”

> Greek: 20. ἦν δὲ τὸ μηχάνημα τοῦτο ἀνδρὶ μὲν οἵῳ σοί, εἰ δὲ μὴ φορτικὸν εἰπεῖν, καὶ οἵῳ ἐμοί, πρόδηλον καὶ γνῶναι ῥᾴδιον, τοῖς δὲ ἰδιώταις καὶ κορύζης μεστοῖς τὴν ῥῖνα τεράστιον καὶ πάνυ ἀπίστῳ ὅμοιον. ἐπινοήσας γὰρ ποικίλας τῶν σφραγίδων τὰς λύσεις ἀνεγίγνωσκέν τε τὰς ἐρωτήσεις ἑκάστας καὶ τὰ δοκοῦντα πρὸς αὐτὰς ἀπεκρίνετο, εἶτα κατειλήσας αὖθις καὶ σημηνάμενος ἀπεδίδου μετὰ πολλοῦ θαύματος τοῖς λαμβάνουσιν. καὶ πολὺ ἦν παρʼ αὐτοῖς τὸ πόθεν γὰρ οὗτος ἠπίστατο ἃ ἐγὼ πάνυ ἀσφαλῶς σημηνάμενος αὐτῷ ἔδωκα ὑπὸ σφραγῖσιν δυσμιμήτοις, εἰ μὴ θεός τις ὡς ἀληθῶς ὁ πάντα γιγνώσκων ἦν·

[¶20] 21. “What were his discoveries, then?” perhaps you will ask. Listen, therefore, in order to be able to show up such impostors. The first, my dear Celsus, was a well-known method; heating a needle, he removed the seal by melting through the wax underneath it, and after reading the contents he warmed the wax once more with the needle, both that which was under the thread and that which contained the seal, and so stuck it together without difficulty. Another method was by using what they call plaster; this is a compound of Bruttian pitch, asphalt, pulverized gypsum, wax, and gum Arabic. Making his plaster out of all these materials and warming it over the fire, he applied it to the seal, which he had previously wetted with saliva, and took a mould of the impression. Then, since the plaster hardened at once, after easily opening and reading the scrolls, he applied the wax and made an impression upon it precisely like the original, just as one would with a gem. Let me tell you a third method, in addition to these. Putting marble-dust into the glue with which they glue books and making a paste of it, he applied that to the seal while it was still soft, and then, as it grows hard at once, more solid than horn or even iron, he removed it and used it for the impression. There are many other devices to this end, but they need not all be mentioned, for fear that we might seem to be wanting in taste, especially in view of the fact that in the book which you wrote against the sorcerers, a very good and useful treatise, capable of preserving common-sense in its readers, you cited instances enough, and indeed a great many more than I have.

> Greek: 21. τίνες οὖν αἱ ἐπίνοιαι, ἴσως γὰρ ἐρήσῃ με. ἄκουε τοίνυν, ὡς ἔχοις ἐλέγχειν τὰ τοιαῦτα. ἡ πρώτη μὲν ἐκείνη, ὦ φίλτατε Κέλσε· βελόνην πυρώσας τὸ ὑπὸ τὴν σφραγῖδα μέρος τοῦ κηροῦ διατήκων ἐξῄρει καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἀνάγνωσιν τῇ βελόνῃ αὖθις ἐπιχλιάνας τὸν κηρόν, τόν τε κάτω ὑπὸ τῷ λίνῳ καὶ τὸν αὐτὴν τὴν σφραγῖδα ἔχοντα, ῥᾳδίως συνεκόλλα. ἕτερος δὲ τρόπος ὁ διὰ τοῦ λεγομένου κολλυρίου· σκευαστὸν δὲ τοῦτό ἐστιν ἐκ πίττης Βρεττίας καὶ ἀσφάλτου καὶ λίθου τοῦ διαφανοῦς τετριμμένου καὶ κηροῦ καὶ μαστίχης. ἐκ γὰρ τούτων ἁπάντων ἀναπλάσας τὸ κολλύριον καὶ θερμήνας πυρί, σιάλῳ τὴν σφραγῖδα προχρίσας ἐπετίθει καὶ ἀπέματτε τὸν τύπον. εἶτα αὐτίκα ξηροῦ ἐκείνου γενομένου, λύσας ῥᾳδίως καὶ ἀναγνούς, ἐπιθεὶς τὸν κηρὸν ἀπετύπου ὥσπερ ἐκ λίθου τὴν σφραγῖδα εὖ μάλα τῷ ἀρχετύπῳ ἐοικυῖαν. τρίτον ἄλλο πρὸς τούτοις ἄκουσον· τιτάνου γὰρ εἰς κόλλαν ἐμβαλὼν ᾗ κολλῶσι τὰ βιβλία, καὶ κηρὸν ἐκ τούτου ποιήσας, ἔτι ὑγρὸν ὄντα ἐπετίθει τῇ σφραγῖδι καὶ ἀφελών — αὐτίκα δὲ ξηρὸν γίγνεται καὶ κέρατος, μᾶλλον δὲ σιδήρου παγιώτερον — τούτῳ ἐχρῆτο πρὸς τὸν τύπον. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ πρὸς τοῦτο ἐπινενοημένα, ὧν οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον μεμνῆσθαι ἁπάντων, ὡς μὴ ἀπειρόκαλοι εἶναι δοκοίημεν, καὶ μάλιστα σοῦ ἐν οἷς κατὰ μάγων συνέγραψας, καλλίστοις τε ἅμα καὶ ὠφελιμωτάτοις συγγράμμασιν καὶ δυναμένοις σωφρονίζειν τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας, ἱκανὰ παραθεμένου καὶ πολλῷ τούτων πλείονα.

[¶21] 22. Well, as I say, Alexander made predictions and gave oracles, employing great shrewdness in it and combining guesswork with his trickery. He gave responses that were sometimes obscure and ambiguous, sometimes downright unintelligible, for this seemed to him in the oracular manner. Some people he dissuaded or encouraged as seemed best to him at a guess. To others he prescribed medical treatments and diets, knowing, as I said in the beginning, many useful remedies. His “cytmides” were in highest favour with him—a name which he had coined for a restorative ointment compounded of bear’s grease. Expectations, however, and advancements and successions to estates he always put off to another day, adding: “It shall all come about when I will, and when Alexander, my prophet, asks it of me and prays for you.”

> Greek: 22. ἔχρη οὖν καὶ ἐθέσπιζε, πολλῇ τῇ συνέσει ἐνταῦθα χρώμενος καὶ τὸ εἰκαστικὸν τῇ ἐπινοίᾳ προσάπτων, τοῖς μὲν λοξὰ καὶ ἀμφίβολα πρὸς τὰς ἐρωτήσεις ἀποκρινόμενος, τοῖς δὲ καὶ πάνυ ἀσαφῆ· χρησμῳδικὸν γὰρ ἐδόκει αὐτῷ τοῦτο. τοὺς δὲ ἀπέτρεπεν ἢ προὔτρεπεν, ὡς ἄμεινον ἔδοξεν αὐτῷ εἰκάζοντι· τοῖς δὲ θεραπείας προὔλεγεν καὶ διαίτας, εἰδώς, ὅπερ ἐν ἀρχῇ ἔφην, πολλὰ καὶ χρήσιμα φάρμακα. μάλιστα δὲ εὐδοκίμουν παρʼ αὐτῷ αἱ κυτμίδες, ἀκόπου τι ὄνομα πεπλασμένον, ἐκ λίπους ἀρκείου συντεθειμένου. τὰς μέντοι ἐλπίδας καὶ προκοπὰς καὶ κλήρων διαδοχὰς εἰσαῦθις ἀεὶ ἀνεβάλλετο, προστιθεὶς ὅτι ἔσται πάντα ὁπόταν ἐθελήσω ἐγὼ καὶ Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ προφήτης μου δεηθῇ καὶ εὔξηται ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν.

[¶22] 23. A price had been fixed for each oracle, a drachma and two obols. Do not think that it was low, my friend, or that the revenue from this source was scanty! He gleaned as much as seventy or eighty thousand a year, since men were so greedy as to send in ten and fifteen questions each. What he received he did not use for himself alone nor treasure up to make himself rich, but since he had many men about him by this time as assistants, servants, collectors of information, writers of oracles, custodians of oracles, clerks, sealers, and expounders, he divided with all, giving each one what was proportionate to his worth.

> Greek: 23. ἐτέτακτο δὲ ὁ μισθὸς ἐφʼ ἑκάστῳ χρησμῷ δραχμὴ καὶ δύʼ ὀβολώ. μὴ μικρὸν οἰηθῇς, ὦ ἑταῖρε, μηδʼ ὀλίγον γεγενῆσθαι τὸν πόρον τοῦτον, ἀλλʼ εἰς ἑπτὰ ἢ ὀκτὼ μυριάδας ἑκάστου ἔτους ἤθροιζεν, ἀνὰ δέκα καὶ πεντεκαίδεκα χρησμοὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὑπὸ ἀπληστίας ἀναδιδόντων. λαμβάνων δὲ οὐκ αὐτὸς ἐχρῆτο μόνος οὐδʼ εἰς πλοῦτον ἀπεθησαύριζεν, ἀλλὰ πολλοὺς ἤδη περὶ αὑτὸν ἔχων συνεργοὺς καὶ ὑπηρέτας καὶ πευθῆνας καὶ χρησμοποιοὺς καὶ χρησμοφύλακας καὶ ὑπογραφέας καὶ ἐπισφραγιστὰς καὶ ἐξηγητάς, ἅπασιν ἔνεμεν ἑκάστῳ τὸ κατʼ ἀξίαν.

[¶23] 24. By now he was even sending men abroad to create rumours in the different nations in regard to the oracle and to say that he made predictions, discovered fugitive slaves, detected thieves and robbers, caused treasures to be dug up, healed the sick, and in some cases had actually raised the dead. So there was a hustling and a bustling from every side, with sacrifices and votive offerings—and twice as much for the prophet and disciple of the god. For this oracle also had come out:
Honour I bid you to give my faithful servant, the prophet;
No great store do I set upon riches, but much on the prophet.

> Greek: 24. ἤδη δέ τινας καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ἀλλοδαπὴν ἐξέπεμπεν, φήμας ἐμποιήσοντας τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ὑπὲρ τοῦ μαντείου καὶ διηγησομένους ὡς προείποι καὶ ἀνεύροι δραπέτας καὶ κλέπτας καὶ λῃστὰς ἐξελέγξειε καὶ θησαυροὺς ἀνορύξαι παράσχοι καὶ νοσοῦντας ἰάσαιτο, ἐνίους δὲ καὶ ἤδη ἀποθανόντας ἀναστήσειεν. δρόμος οὖν καὶ ὠθισμὸς ἁπανταχόθεν ἐγίγνετο καὶ θυσίαι καὶ ἀναθήματα, καὶ διπλάσια τῷ προφήτῃ καὶ μαθητῇ τοῦ θεοῦ. καὶ γὰρ αὖ καὶ οὗτος ἐξέπεσεν ὁ χρησμός· Τιέμεναι κέλομαι τὸν ἐμὸν θεράπονθʼ ὑποφήτην· οὐ γάρ μοι κτεάνων μέλεται ἄγαν, ἀλλʼ ὑποφήτου·

[¶24] 25. When at last many sensible men, recovering, as it were, from profound intoxication, combined against him, especially all the followers of Epicurus, and when in the cities they began gradually to detect all the trickery and buncombe of the show, he issued a promulgation designed to scare them, saying that Pontus was full of atheists and Christians who had the hardihood to utter the vilest abuse of him; these he bade them drive away with stones if they wanted to have the god gracious. About Epicurus, moreover, he delivered himself of an oracle after this sort; when someone asked him how Epicurus was doing in Hades, he replied:
With leaden fetters on his feet in filthy mire he sitteth.
Do you wonder, then, that the shrine waxed great, now that you see that the questions of its visitors were intelligent and refined? In general, the war that he waged upon Epicurus was without truce or parley, naturally enough. Upon whom else would a quack who loved humbug and bitterly hated truth more fittingly make war than upon Epicurus, who discerned the nature of things and alone knew the truth in them? The followers of Plato and Chrysippus and Pythagoras were his friends, and there was profound peace with them; but “the impervious Epicurus ’—for that is what he called him—was rightly his bitter enemy, since he considered all that sort of thing a laughingmatter and a joke. So Alexander hated Amastris most of all the cities in Pontus because he knew that the followers of Lepidus and others like them were numerous in the city; and he would never deliver an oracle to an Amastrian. Once when he did venture to make a prediction for a senator’s brother, he acquitted himself ridiculously, since he could neither compose a clever response himself nor find anyone else who could do it in time. The man complained of colic, and Alexander, wishing to direct him to eat a pig’s foot cooked with mallow, said:
Mallow with cummin digest in a sacred pipkin of piglets.

> Greek: 25. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἤδη πολλοὶ τῶν νοῦν ἐχόντων ὥσπερ ἐκ μέθης βαθείας ἀναφέροντες συνίσταντο ἐπʼ αὐτόν, καὶ μάλιστα ὅσοι Ἐπικούρου ἑταῖροι ἦσαν, καὶ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν ἐπεφώρατο ἠρέμα ἡ πᾶσα μαγγανεία καὶ συσκευὴ τοῦ δράματος, ἐκφέρει φόβητρόν τι ἐπʼ αὐτούς, λέγων ἀθέων ἐμπεπλῆσθαι καὶ Χριστιανῶν τὸν Πόντον, οἳ περὶ αὐτοῦ τολμῶσι τὰ κάκιστα βλασφημεῖν· οὓς ἐκέλευε λίθοις ἐλαύνειν, εἴ γε θέλουσιν ἵλεω ἔχειν τὸν θεόν. περὶ δὲ Ἐπικούρου καὶ τοιοῦτόν τινα χρησμὸν ἀπεφθέγξατο· ἐρομένου γάρ τινος τί πράττει ἐν Ἅιδου ὁ Ἐπίκουρος; Μολυβδίνας ἔχων, ἔφη, πέδας ἐν βορβόρῳ κάθηται. εἶτα θαυμάζεις εἰ ἐπὶ μέγα ἤρθη τὸ χρηστήριον, ὁρῶν τὰς ἐρωτήσεις τῶν προσιόντων συνετὰς καὶ πεπαιδευμένας; ὅλως δὲ ἄσπονδος καὶ ἀκήρυκτος αὐτῷ ὁ πόλεμος πρὸς Ἐπίκουρον ἦν· μάλα εἰκότως. τίνι γὰρ ἂν ἄλλῳ δικαιότερον προσεπολέμει γόης ἄνθρωπος καὶ τερατείᾳ φίλος, ἀληθείᾳ δὲ ἔχθιστος, ἢ Ἐπικούρῳ ἀνδρὶ τὴν φύσιν τῶν πραγμάτων καθεωρακότι καὶ μόνῳ τὴν ἐν αὐτοῖς ἀλήθειαν εἰδότι; οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἀμφὶ τὸν Πλάτωνα καὶ Χρύσιππον καὶ Πυθαγόραν φίλοι, καὶ εἰρήνη βαθεῖα πρὸς ἐκείνους ἦν· ὁ δὲ ἄτεγκτος Ἐπίκουρος — οὕτως γὰρ αὐτὸν ὠνόμαζεν — ἔχθιστος δικαίως, πάντα ταῦτα ἐν γέλωτι καὶ παιδιᾷ τιθέμενος. διὸ καὶ τὴν Ἄμαστριν ἐμίσει μάλιστα τῶν Ποντικῶν πόλεων, ὅτι ἠπίστατο τοὺς περὶ Λέπιδον καὶ ἄλλους ὁμοίους αὐτοῖς πολλοὺς ἐνόντας ἐν τῇ πόλει· οὐδὲ ἐχρησμῴδησε πώποτε Ἀμαστριανῷ ἀνδρί. ὁπότε δὲ καὶ ἐτόλμησεν ἀδελφῷ συγκλητικοῦ χρησμῳδῆσαι, καταγελάστως ἀπήλλαξεν, οὐχ εὑρὼν οὔτε αὐτὸς πλάσασθαι χρησμὸν δεξιὸν οὔτε τὸν ποιῆσαι πρὸς καιρὸν αὐτῷ δυνησόμενον. μεμφομένῳ γὰρ αὐτῷ στομάχου ὀδύνην προστάξαι βουλόμενος ὕειον πόδα μετὰ μαλάχης ἐσκευασμένον ἐσθίειν οὕτως ἔφη· Μάλβακα χοιράων ἱερῇ κυμίνευε σιπύδνῳ.

[¶25] 26. Again and again, as I said before, he exhibited the serpent to all who requested it, not in its entirety, but exposing chiefly the tail and the rest of the body and keeping the head out of sight under his arm. But as he wished to astonish the crowd still more, he promised to produce the god talking—delivering oracles in person without a prophet. It was no difficult matter for him to fasten cranes’ windpipes together and pass them through the head, which he had so fashioned as to be lifelike. Then he answered the questions through someone else, who spoke into the tube from the outside, so that the voice issued from his canvas Asclepius. These oracles were called autophones, and were not given to everybody promiscuously, but only to those who were noble, rich, and free-handed.

> Greek: 26. πολλάκις μὲν οὖν, ὡς προεῖπον, ἔδειξε τὸν δράκοντα τοῖς δεομένοις, οὐχ ὅλον, ἀλλὰ τὴν οὐρὸν μάλιστα καὶ τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα προβεβληκώς, τὴν κεφαλὴν δὲ ὑπὸ κόλπου ἀθέατον φυλάττων. ἐθελήσας δὲ καὶ μειζόνως ἐκπλῆξαι τὸ πλῆθος, ὑπέσχετο καὶ λαλοῦντα παρέξειν τὸν θεόν, αὐτὸν ἄνευ ὑποφήτου χρησμῳδοῦντα. εἶτα οὐ χαλεπῶς γεράνων ἀρτηρίας συνάψας καὶ διὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς ἐκείνης τῆς μεμηχανημένης πρὸς ὁμοιότητα διείρας, ἄλλου τινὸς ἔξωθεν ἐμβοῶντος, ἀπεκρίνετο πρὸς τὰς ἐρωτήσεις, τῆς φωνῆς διὰ τοῦ ὀθονίνου ἐκείνου Ἀσκληπιοῦ προπιπτούσης. ἐκαλοῦντο δὲ οἱ χρησμοὶ οὗτοι αὐτόφωνοι, καὶ οὐ πᾶσιν ἐδίδοντο οὐδὲ ἀνέδην, ἀλλὰ τοῖς εὐπαρύφοις καὶ πλουσίοις καὶ μεγαλοδώροις.

[¶26] 27. For example, the oracle given to Severianus in regard to his invasion of Armenia was one of the autophones. Alexander encouraged him to the invasion by saying:
Under your charging spear shall fall Armenians and Parthi;
Then you shall fare to Rome and the glorious waters of Tiber
Wearing upon your brow the chaplet studded with sunbeams.
Then when that silly Celt, being convinced, made the invasion and ended by getting himself and his army cut to bits by Osroes, Alexander expunged this oracle from his records and inserted another in its place:
Better for you that your forces against Armenia march not,
Lest some man, like a woman bedight, despatch from his bowstring
Grim death, cutting you off from life and enjoyment of sunlight.

> Greek: 27. ὁ γοῦν Σευηριανῷ δοθεὶς ὑπὲρ τῆς εἰς Ἀρμενίαν εἰσόδου τῶν αὐτοφώνων καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν. προτρέπων γὰρ αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν εἰσβολὴν οὕτως ἔφη·
Πάρθους Ἀρμενίους τε θοῷ ὑπὸ δουρὶ δαμάσσας
νοστήσεις Ῥώμην καὶ Θύβριδος ἀγλαὸν ὕδωρ
στέμμα φέρων κροτάφοισι μεμιγμένον ἀκτίνεσσιν.
εἶτʼ ἐπειδὴ πεισθεὶς ὁ ἠλίθιος ἐκεῖνος Κελτὸς εἰσέβαλε καὶ ἀπήλλαξεν αὐτῇ στρατιᾷ ὑπὸ τοῦ Ὀσρόου κατακοπείς, τοῦτον μὲν τὸν χρησμὸν ἐξαιρεῖ ἐκ τῶν ὑπομνημάτων, ἐντίθησιν δʼ ἄλλον ἀντʼ αὐτοῦ·
μὴ σύ γʼ ἐπʼ Ἀρμενίους ἐλάαν στρατόν, οὐ γὰρ ἄμεινον,
μή σοι θηλυχίτων τις ἀνὴρ τόξου ἄπο λυγρὸν
πότμον ἐπιπροϊεὶς παύσῃ βιότοιο φάους τε.

## 2. Sections 28–61

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-alexander-the-false-prophet/2/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-alexander-the-false-prophet/2/#p-N

[¶0] 28. That was one of his devices, and a very clever one—belated oracles to make amends for those in which he had made bad predictions and missed the mark. Often he would promise good health to sick men before their demise, and when they died another oracle would be ready with a recantation:
Seek no more for assistance against thy bitter affliction;
Death now standeth in view;’tis beyond thy power to’scape him.

> Greek: 28. καὶ γὰρ αὖ καὶ τοῦτο σοφώτατον ἐπενόησε, τοὺς μεταχρονίους χρησμοὺς ἐπὶ θεραπείᾳ τῶν κακῶς προτεθεσπισμένων καὶ ἀποτετευγμένων. πολλάκις γὰρ πρὸ μὲν τῆς τελευτῆς τοῖς νοσοῦσιν ὑγίειαν ἐπηγγέλλετο, ἀποθανόντων δὲ χρησμὸς ἄλλος ἕτοιμος ἦν παλινῳδῶν·
Μηκέτι δίζησθαι νούσοιο λυγρῆς ἐπαρωγήν·
πότμος γὰρ προφανὴς οὐδʼ ἐκφυγέειν δυνατόν σοι.

[¶1] 29. As he was aware that the priests at Clarus and Didymi and Mallus were themselves in high repute for the same sort of divination, he made them his friends by sending many of his visitors to them, saying:
Now unto Clarus begone, to the voice of my father to hearken.”
and at another time,
Visit the fane of the Branchids and hear what the oracle sayeth,
and again,
Make thy way unto Mallus and let Amphilochus answer.

> Greek: 29. εἰδὼς δὲ τοὺς ἐν Κλάρῳ καὶ Διδύμοις καὶ Μαλλῷ καὶ αὐτοὺς εὐδοκιμοῦντας ἐπὶ τῇ ὁμοίᾳ μαντικῇ ταύτῃ, φίλους αὐτοὺς ἐποιεῖτο, πολλοὺς τῶν προσιόντων πέμπων ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς λέγων· Ἐς Κλάρον ἵεσο νῦν, τοὐμοῦ πατρὸς ὡς ὄπʼ ἀκούσῃς. καὶ πάλιν· Βραγχιδέων ἀδύτοισι πελάζεο καὶ κλύε χρησμῶν. καὶ αὖθις· ἐς Μαλλὸν χώρει θεσπίσματά τʼ Ἀμφιλόχοιο.

[¶2] 30. So far, we have been concerned with his doings near the frontier, extending over Ionia, Cilicia, Paphlagonia, and Galatia. But when the renown of his prophetic shrine spread to Italy and invaded the city of Rome, everybody without exception, each on the other’s heels, made haste, some to go in person, some to send; this was the case particularly with those who had the greatest power and the highest rank in the city. The first and foremost of these was Rutilianus, who, though a man of birth and breeding, put to the proof in many Roman offices, nevertheless in all that concerned the gods was very infirm and held strange beliefs about them. If he but saw anywhere a stone smeared with holy oil or adorned with a wreath, he would fall on his face forthwith, kiss his hand, and stand beside it for a long time making vows and craving blessings from it. When this man heard the tales about the oracle, he very nearly abandoned the office which had been committed to him and took wing to Abonoteichus. Anyhow, he sent one set of messengers after another, and his emissaries, mere illiterate serving-people, were easily deluded, so when they came back, they told not only what they had seen but what they had heard as if they had seen it, and threw in something more for good measure, so as to gain favour with their master. Consequently, they inflamed the poor old man and made him absolutely crazy.

> Greek: 30. ταῦτα μὲν ἐντὸς τῶν ὅρων μέχρι τῆς Ἰωνίας καὶ Κιλικίας καὶ Παφλαγονίας καὶ Γαλατίας. ὡς δὲ καὶ εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν διεφοίτησεν τοῦ μαντείου τὸ κλέος καὶ εἰς τὴν Ῥωμαίων πόλιν ἐνέπεσεν, οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐκ ἄλλος πρὸ ἄλλου ἠπείγετο, οἱ μὲν αὐτοὶ ἰόντες, οἱ δὲ πέμποντες, καὶ μάλιστα οἱ δυνατώτατοι καὶ μέγιστον ἀξίωμα ἐν τῇ πόλει ἔχοντες· ὧν πρῶτος καὶ κορυφαιότατος ἐγένετο Ῥουτιλιανός, ἀνὴρ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθὸς καὶ ἐν πολλαῖς τάξεσι Ῥωμαϊκαῖς ἐξητασμένος, τὰ δὲ περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς πάνυ νοσῶν καὶ ἀλλόκοτα περὶ αὐτῶν πεπιστευκώς, εἰ μόνον ἀληλιμμένον που λίθον ἢ ἐστεφανωμένον θεάσαιτο, προσπίπτων εὐθὺς καὶ προσκυνῶν καὶ ἐπὶ πολὺ παρεστὼς καὶ εὐχόμενος καὶ τἀγαθὰ παρʼ αὐτοῦ αἰτῶν. οὗτος τοίνυν ἀκούσας τὰ περὶ τοῦ χρηστηρίου μικροῦ μὲν ἐδέησεν ἀφεὶς τὴν ἐγκεχειρισμένην τάξιν εἰς τὸ τοῦ Ἀβώνου τεῖχος ἀναπτῆναι. ἔπεμπε δʼ οὖν ἄλλους ἐπʼ ἄλλοις· οἱ δὲ πεμπόμενοι, ἰδιῶταί τινες οἰκέται, ῥᾳδίως ἐξαπατηθέντες ἂν ἐπανῄεσαν, τὰ μὲν ἰδόντες, τὰ δὲ ὡς ἰδόντες καὶ ἀκούσαντες διηγούμενοι καὶ προσεπιμετροῦντες ἔτι πλείω τούτων, ὡς ἐντιμότεροι εἶεν παρὰ τῷ δεσπότῃ. ἐξέκαιον οὖν τὸν ἄθλιον γέροντα καὶ εἰς μανίαν ἐρρωμένην ἐνέβαλον.

[¶3] 31. Having many powerful friends, he went about not only telling what he had heard from his messengers but adding still more on his own account. So he flooded and convulsed the city, and agitated most of the court, who themselves at once hastened to go and hear something that concerned them. To all who came, Alexander gave a very cordial reception, made them think well of him by lavish entertainment and expensive presents, and sent them back not merely to report the answers to their questions, but to sing the praises of the god and to tell portentous lies about the oracle on their own account.

> Greek: 31. ὁ δέ, ὡς ἂν τοῖς πλείστοις καὶ δυνατωτάτοις φίλος ὤν, περιῄει τὰ μὲν διηγούμενος ὡς ἀκούσειε παρὰ τῶν πεμφθέντων, τὰ δὲ καὶ παρʼ αὑτοῦ προστιθείς. ἐνέπλησεν οὖν τὴν πόλιν καὶ διεσάλευσεν οὗτος, καὶ τῶν ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ τοὺς πλείστους διεθορύβησεν, οἳ αὐτίκα καὶ αὐτοὶ ἠπείγοντο ἀκοῦσαί τι τῶν καθʼ αὑτούς. ὁ δὲ τοὺς ἀφικνουμένους πάνυ φιλοφρόνως ὑποδεχόμενος ξενίοις τε καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις δωρεαῖς πολυτελέσιν εὔνους ἐργαζόμενος αὑτῷ ἀπέπεμπεν οὐκ ἀπαγγελοῦντας μόνον τὰς ἐρωτήσεις, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑμνήσοντας τὸν θεὸν καὶ τεράστια ὑπὲρ τοῦ μαντείου καὶ αὐτοὺς ψευσομένους.

[¶4] 32. At the same time, however, the plaguy scoundrel devised a trick which was really clever and not what one would expect of your ordinary swindler. In opening and reading the forwarded scrolls, if he found anything dangerous and venturesome in the questions, he would keep them himself and not send them back, in order to hold the senders in subjection and all but in slavery because of their fear, since they remembered what it was that they had asked. You understand what questions are likely to be put by men who are rich and very powerful. So he used to derive much gain from those men, who knew that he had them in his net.

> Greek: 32. ἀλλὰ καὶ μηχανᾶταί τι ὁ τρισκατάρατος οὐκ ἄσοφον οὐδὲ τοῦ προστυχόντος λῃστοῦ ἄξιον. λύων γὰρ τὰ πεπεμμένα βιβλία καὶ ἀναγιγνώσκων, εἴ τι εὕροι ἐπισφαλὲς καὶ παρακεκινδυνευμένον ἐν ταῖς ἐρωτήσεσιν, κατεῖχεν αὐτὸς καὶ οὐκ ἀπέπεμπεν, ὡς ὑποχειρίους καὶ μονονουχὶ δούλους διὰ τὸ δέος ἔχοι τοὺς πεπομφότας, μεμνημένους οἷα ἦν ἃ ἤροντο. συνίης δὲ οἵας εἰκὸς τοὺς πλουσίους καὶ μέγα δυναμένους τὰς πύστεις πυνθάνεσθαι. ἐλάμβανεν οὖν πολλὰ παρʼ ἐκείνων, εἰδότων ὅτι ἐντὸς αὐτοὺς ἔχοι τῶν ἀρκύων.

[¶5] 33. I should like to tell you some of the responses that were given to Rutilianus. Asking about his son by a former marriage, who was then in the full bloom of youth, he enquired who should be appointed his tutor in his studies, The reply was:
Be it Pythagoras; aye, and the good bard, master of warfare.
Then after a few days the boy died, and Alexander was at his wit’s end, with nothing to say to his critics, as the oracle had been shown up so obviously. But Rutilianus himself, good soul, made haste to defend the oracle by saying that the god had predicted precisely this outcome, and on account of it had bidden him to select as his tutor nobody then alive, but rather Pythagoras and Homer, who died long ago, with whom, no doubt, the lad was then studying in Hades. What fault, then, should we find with Alexander if he thought fit to amuse himself at the expense of such homunculi?

> Greek: 33. βούλομαι δέ σοι καὶ τῶν Ῥουτιλιανῷ δοθέντων χρησμῶν ἐνίους εἰπεῖν. πυνθανομένῳ γὰρ αὐτῷ ὑπὲρ τοῦ παιδὸς ἐκ προτέρας γυναικός, παιδείας ὥραν ἔχοντος, ὅντινα προστήσεται διδάσκαλον τῶν μαθημάτων αὐτοῦ, ἔφη· Πυθαγόρην πολέμων τε διάκτορον ἐσθλὸν ἀοιδόν. εἶτα μετʼ ὀλίγας ἡμέρας τοῦ παιδὸς ἀποθανόντος, ὁ μὲν ἠπόρει καὶ οὐδὲν εἶχεν λέγειν πρὸς τοὺς αἰτιωμένους, παρὰ πόδας οὕτως ἐληλεγμένου τοῦ χρησμοῦ· ὁ δὲ Ῥουτιλιανὸς αὐτὸς φθάσας ὁ βέλτιστος ἀπελογεῖτο ὑπὲρ τοῦ μαντείου λέγων, τοῦτο αὐτὸ προδεδηλωκέναι τὸν θεὸν καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ζῶντα μὲν κελεῦσαι μηδένα διδάσκαλον ἑλέσθαι αὐτῷ, Πυθαγόραν δὲ καὶ Ὅμηρον πάλαι τεθνεῶτας, οἷς εἰκὸς τὸ μειράκιον ἐν Ἅιδου νῦν συνεῖναι. τί τοίνυν μέμφεσθαι ἄξιον Ἀλεξάνδρῳ, εἰ τοιούτοις ἀνθρωπίσκοις ἐνδιατρίβειν ἠξίου;

[¶6] 34. At another time, when Rutilianus enquired whose soul he had inherited, the reply was:
Peleus’ son wert thou at the first; thereafter Menander,
Then what thou seemest now, and hereafter shalt turn to a sunbeam.
Four score seasons of life shall be given thee over a hundred.
But as a matter of fact he died insane at seventy without awaiting the fulfilment of the god’s promise!

> Greek: 34. αὖθις δὲ πυνθανομένῳ αὐτῷ τὴν τίνος ψυχὴν αὐτὸς διεδέξατο, ἔφη·
πρῶτον Πηλείδης ἐγένου, μετὰ ταῦτα Μένανδρος,
εἶθʼ ὃς νῦν φαίνῃ, μετὰ δʼ ἔσσεαι ἡλιὰς ἀκτίς,
ζήσεις δʼ ὀγδώκοντʼ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἑκατὸν λυκάβαντας.
ὁ δὲ ἑβδομηκοντούτης ἀπέθανεν μελαγχολήσας, οὐ περιμείνας τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ ὑπόσχεσιν.

[¶7] 35. This oracle too was one of the autophones. When one time he enquired about getting married, Alexander said explicitly:
Take Alexander’s daughter to wife, who was born of Selene.
He had long before given out a story to the effect that his daughter was by Selene; for Selene had fallen in love with him on seeing him asleep once upon a time—it is a habit of hers, you know, to adore handsome lads in their sleep!+ Without any hesitation that prince of sages Rutilianus sent for the girl at once, celebrated his nuptials as a sexagenarian bridegroom, and took her to wife, propitiating his mother-in-law, the moon, with whole hecatombs and imagining that he himself had become one of the Celestials!

> Greek: 35. καὶ οὗτος ὁ χρησμὸς τῶν αὐτοφώνων ἦν. ἐρομένῳ δὲ αὐτῷ ποτε καὶ περὶ γάμου ῥητῶς ἔφη· γῆμον Ἀλεξάνδρου τε Σεληναίης τε θύγατρα. διεδεδώκει δὲ πάλαι λόγον ὡς τῆς θυγατρός, ἣν εἶχεν, ἐκ Σελήνης αὐτῷ γενομένης· τὴν γὰρ Σελήνην ἔρωτι ἁλῶναι αὐτοῦ καθεύδοντά ποτε ἰδοῦσαν, ὅπερ αὐτῇ ἔθος, κοιμωμένων ἐρᾶν τῶν καλῶν. ὁ δʼ οὐδὲν μελλήσας ὁ συνετώτατος Ῥουτιλιανὸς ἔπεμπεν εὐθὺς ἐπὶ τὴν κόρην καὶ τοὺς γάμους συνετέλει ἑξηκοντούτης νυμφίος καὶ συνῆν, τὴν πενθερὰν Σελήνην ἑκατόμβαις ὅλαις ἱλασκόμενος καὶ τῶν ἐπουρανίων εἷς καὶ αὐτὸς οἰόμενος γεγονέναι.

[¶8] 36. No sooner did Alexander get Italy in hand than he began to devise projects that were ever greater and greater, and sent oracle-mongers everywhere in the Roman Empire, warning the cities to be on their guard against plagues and conflagrations and earthquakes; he promised that he would himself afford them infallible aid so that none of these calamities should befall them. There was one oracle, also an autophone, which he despatched to all the nations during the pestilence; it was but a single verse:
Phoebus, the god unshorn, keepeth off plague’s nebulous onset.
This verse was to be seen everywhere written over doorways as a charm against the plague; but in most cases it had the contrary result. By some chance it was particularly the houses on which the verse was inscribed that were depopulated! Do not suppose me to mean that they were stricken on account of the verse—by some chance or other it turned out that way, and perhaps, too, people neglected precautions because of their confidence in the line and lived too carelessly, giving the oracle no assistance against the disease because they were going to have the syllables to defend them and “unshorn Phoebus” to drive away the plague with his arrows!

> Greek: 36. ὁ δʼ ὡς ἅπαξ τῶν ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ πραγμάτων ἐλάβετο, μείζω ἀεὶ προσεπενόει καὶ πάντοσε τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἀρχῆς ἔπεμπε χρησμολόγους, ταῖς πόλεσι προλέγων λοιμοὺς καὶ πυρκαϊὰς φυλάσσεσθαι καὶ σεισμούς· καὶ ἀσφαλῶς βοηθήσειν, ὡς μὴ γένοιτό τι τούτων, αὐτὸς ὑπισχνεῖτο αὐτοῖς. ἕνα δέ τινα χρησμόν, αὐτόφωνον καὶ αὐτόν, εἰς ἅπαντα τὰ ἔθνη ἐν τῷ λοιμῷ διεπέμψατο· ἦν δὲ τὸ ἔπος ἕν· Φοῖβος ἀκειρεκόμης λοιμοῦ νεφέλην ἀπερύκει. καὶ τοῦτο ἦν ἰδεῖν τὸ ἔπος πανταχοῦ ἐπὶ τῶν πυλώνων γεγραμμένον ὡς τοῦ λοιμοῦ ἀλεξιφάρμακον. τὸ δʼ εἰς τοὐναντίον τοῖς πλείστοις προὐχώρει· κατὰ γάρ τινα τύχην αὗται μάλιστα αἱ οἰκίαι ἐκενώθησαν αἷς τὸ ἔπος ἐπεγέγραπτο. καὶ μή με νομίσῃς τοῦτο λέγειν, ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἔπος ἀπώλλυντο· ἀλλὰ τύχῃ τινὶ οὕτως ἐγένετο. τάχα δὲ καὶ οἱ πολλοὶ θαρροῦντες τῷ στίχῳ ἠμέλουν καὶ ῥᾳθυμότερον διῃτῶντο, οὐδὲν τῷ χρησμῷ πρὸς τὴν νόσον συντελοῦντες, ὡς ἂν ἔχοντες προμαχομένας αὑτῶν τὰς συλλαβὰς καὶ τὸν ἀκειρεκόμην Φοῖβον ἀποτοξεύοντα τὸν λοιμόν.

[¶9] 37. Moreover, Alexander posted a great number of his fellow-conspirators in Rome itself as his agents, who reported everyone’s views to him and gave him advance information about the questions and the especial wishes of those who consulted him, so that the messengers might find him ready to answer even before they arrived!

> Greek: 37. Πευθῆνας μέντοι ἐν αὐτῇ Ῥώμῃ κατεστήσατο πάνυ πολλοὺς τῶν συνωμοτῶν, οἳ τὰς ἑκάστου γνώμας διήγγελλον αὐτῷ καὶ τὰς ἐρωτήσεις προεμήνυον καὶ ὧν μάλιστα ἐφίενται, ὡς ἕτοιμον αὐτὸν πρὸς τὰς ἀποκρίσεις καὶ πρὶν ἥκειν τοὺς πεμπομένους καταλαμβάνεσθαι.

[¶10] 38. He made these preparations to meet the situation in Italy, and also made notable preparations at home. He established a celebration of mysteries, with torchlight ceremonies and priestly offices, which was to be held annyally, for three days in succession, in perpetuity. On the first day, as at Athens, there was a proclamation, worded as follows: “If any atheist or Christian or Epicurean has come to spy upon the rites, let him be off, and let those who believe in the god perform the mysteries, under the blessing of Heaven.” Then, at the very outset, there was an “expulsion,” in which he took the lead, saying: “Out with the Christians,” and the whole multitude chanted in response, “Out with the Epicureans!” Then there was the child-bed of Leto, the birth of Apollo, his marriage to Coronis, and the birth of Asclepius. On the second day came the manifestation of Glycon, including the birth of the god.

> Greek: 38. καὶ πρὸς μὲν τὰ ἐν τῇ Ἰταλίᾳ ταῦτα προεμηχανᾶτο· ⟨οἴκοι δὲ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα.⟩ τελετήν τε γάρ τινα συνίσταται καὶ δᾳδουχίας καὶ ἱεροφαντίας, τριῶν ἑξῆς ἀεὶ τελουμένων ἡμερῶν. καὶ ἐν μὲν τῇ πρώτῃ πρόρρησις ἦν ὥσπερ Ἀθήνησι τοιαύτη· εἴ τις ἄθεος ἢ Χριστιανὸς ἢ Ἐπικούρειος ἥκει κατάσκοπος τῶν ὀργίων, φευγέτω· οἱ δὲ πιστεύοντες τῷ θεῷ τελείσθωσαν τύχῃ τῇ ἀγαθῇ. εἶτʼ εὐθὺς ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐξέλασις ἐγίγνετο· καὶ ὁ μὲν ἡγεῖτο λέγων ἔξω Χριστιανούς, τὸ δὲ πλῆθος ἅπαν ἐπεφθέγγετο ἔξω Ἐπικουρείους. εἶτα Λητοῦς ἐγίγνετο λοχεία καὶ Ἀπόλλωνος γοναὶ καὶ Κορωνίδος γάμος καὶ Ἀσκληπιὸς ἐτίκτετο. ἐν δὲ τῇ δευτέρᾳ Γλύκωνος ἐπιφάνεια καὶ γέννησις τοῦ θεοῦ.

[¶11] 39. On the third day there was the union of Podaleirius and the mother of Alexander—it was called the Day of Torches, and torches were burned. In conclusion there was the amour of Selene and Alexander, and the birth of Rutilianus’ wife. The torch-bearer and hierophant was our Endymion, Alexander. While he lay in full view, pretending to be asleep, there came down to him from the roof, as if from heaven, not Selene but Rutilia, a very pretty woman, married to one of the Emperor’s stewards. She was genuinely in love with Alexander and he with her; and before the eyes of her worthless husband there were kisses and embraces in public. If the torches had not been numerous, perhaps the thing would have been carried even further. After a short time Alexander entered again, robed as a priest, amid profound silence, and said in a loud voice, over and over again, “Hail, Glycon,” while, following in his train, a number of would-be Eumolpids and Ceryces from Paphlagonia, with brogans on their feet and breaths that reeked of garlic, shouted in response, “Hail, Alexander!”

> Greek: 39. τρίτῃ δὲ ἡμέρᾳ Ποδαλειρίου ἦν καὶ τῆς μητρὸς Ἀλεξάνδρου γάμος· Δᾳδὶς δὲ ἐκαλεῖτο καὶ δᾷδες δὲ ἐκαίοντο. καὶ τελευταῖον Σελήνης καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου ἔρως καὶ τικτομένη τοῦ Ῥουτιλιανοῦ ἡ γυνή. ἐδᾳδούχει δὲ καὶ ἱεροφάντει ὁ Ἐνδυμίων Ἀλέξανδρος. καὶ ὁ μὲν καθεύδων δῆθεν κατέκειτο ἐν τῷ μέσῳ, κατῄει δὲ ἐπʼ αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῆς ὀροφῆς ὡς ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ἀντὶ τῆς Σελήνης Ῥουτιλία τις ὡραιοτάτη, τῶν Καίσαρος οἰκονόμων τινὸς γυνή, ὡς ἀληθῶς ἐρῶσα τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ ἀντερωμένη ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς τοῦ ὀλεθρίου ἐκείνου ἀνδρὸς φιλήματά τε ἐγίγνετο ἐν τῷ μέσῳ καὶ περιπλοκαί. εἰ δὲ μὴ πολλαὶ ἦσαν αἱ δᾷδες, τάχα ἄν τι καὶ τῶν ὑπὸ κόλπου ἐπράττετο. μετὰ μικρὸν δὲ εἰσῄει πάλιν ἱεροφαντικῶς ἐσκευασμένος ἐν πολλῇ τῇ σιωπῇ, καὶ αὐτὸς μὲν ἔλεγε μεγάλῃ τῇ φωνῇ, ἰὴ Γλύκων ἐπεφθέγγοντο δὲ αὐτῷ ἐπακολουθοῦντες Εὐμολπίδαι δῆθεν καὶ Κήρυκές τινες Παφλαγόνες, καρβατίνας ὑποδεδεμένοι, πολλὴν τὴν σκοροδάλμην ἐρυγγάνοντες, ἰὴ Ἀλέξανδρε.

[¶12] 40. Often in the course of the torchlight ceremonies and the gambols of the mysteries his thigh was bared purposely and showed golden. No doubt gilded leather had been put about it, which gleamed in the light of the cressets. There was once a discussion between two of our learned idiots in regard to him, whether he had the soul of Pythagoras, on account of the golden thigh, or some other soul akin to it. They referred this question to Alexander himself, and King Glycon resolved their doubt with an oracle:
Nay, Pythagoras’ soul now waneth and other times waxeth;
His, with prophecy gifted, from God’s mind taketh its issue,;
Sent by the Father to aid good men in the stress of the conflict;
Then it to God will return, by God’s own thunderbolt smitten.

> Greek: 40. πολλάκις δὲ ἐν τῇ δᾳδουχίᾳ καὶ τοῖς μυστικοῖς σκιρτήμασιν γυμνωθεὶς ὁ μηρὸς αὐτοῦ ἐξεπίτηδες χρυσοῦς διεφάνη, δέρματος ὡς εἰκὸς ἐπιχρύσου περιτεθέντος καὶ πρὸς τὴν αὐγὴν τῶν λαμπάδων ἀποστίλβοντος. ὥστε καὶ γενομένης ποτὲ ζητήσεως δύο τισὶ τῶν μωροσόφων ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ, εἴτε Πυθαγόρου τὴν ψυχὴν ἔχοι διὰ τὸν χρυσοῦν μηρὸν εἴτε ἄλλην ὁμοίαν αὐτῇ, καὶ τὴν ζήτησιν ταύτην αὐτῷ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ ἐπανενεγκόντων, ὁ βασιλεὺς Γλύκων χρησμῷ ἔλυσεν τὴν ἀπορίαν·
Πυθαγόρου ψυχὴ ποτὲ μὲν φθίνει, ἄλλοτε δʼ αὔξει·
ἡ δὲ προφητείη δίης φρενός ἐστιν ἀπορρώξ.
καί μιν ἔπεμψε πατὴρ ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐπαρωγόν·
καὶ πάλιν ἐς Διὸς εἶσι Διὸς βληθεῖσα κεραυνῷ.

[¶13] 41. Although he cautioned all to abstain from intercourse with boys on the ground that it was impious, for his own part this pattern of propriety made a clever arrangement. He commanded the cities in Pontus and Paphlagonia to send choir-boys for three years’ service, to sing hymns to the god in his household; they were required to examine, select, and send the noblest, youngest, and most handsome. These he kept under ward and treated like bought slaves, sleeping with them and affronting them in every way. He made it a rule, too, not to greet anyone over eighteen years with his lips, or to embrace and kiss him; he kissed only the young, extending his hand to the others to be kissed by them. They were called “those within the kiss.”

> Greek: 41. προλέγων δὲ πᾶσιν ἀπέχεσθαι παιδίου συνουσίας, ὡς ἀσεβὲς ὄν, αὐτὸς τοιόνδε τι ὁ γεννάδας ἐτεχνήσατο. ταῖς γὰρ πόλεσι ταῖς Ποντικαῖς καὶ ταῖς Παφλαγονικαῖς ἐπήγγελλε θεηκόλους πέμπειν εἰς τριετίαν, ὑμνήσοντας παρʼ αὐτῷ τὸν θεόν, καὶ ἔδει δοκιμασθέντας καὶ προκριθέντας τοὺς εὐγενεστάτους καὶ ὡραιοτάτους καὶ κάλλει διαφέροντας πεμφθῆναι· οὓς ἐγκλεισάμενος ὥσπερ ἀργυρωνήτοις ἐχρῆτο, συγκαθεύδων καὶ πάντα τρόπον ἐμπαροινῶν. καὶ νόμον δὲ ἐπεποίητο, ὑπὲρ τὰ ὀκτωκαίδεκα ἔτη μηδένα τῷ αὐτοῦ στόματι δεξιοῦσθαι μηδὲ φιλήματι ἀσπάζεσθαι, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις προτείνων τὴν χεῖρα κύσαι μόνους τοὺς ὡραίους κατεφίλει, καὶ ἐκαλοῦντο οἱ ἐντὸς τοῦ φιλήματος.

[¶14] 42. He duped the simpletons in this way from first to last, ruining women right and left as well as living with favourites. Indeed, it was a great thing that everyone coveted if he simply cast his eyes upon a man’s wife; if, however, he deemed her worthy of a kiss, each husband thought that good fortune would flood his house. Many women even boasted that they had had children by Alexander, and their husbands bore witness that they spoke the truth!

> Greek: 42. τοιαῦτα ἐντρυφῶν τοῖς ἀνοήτοις διετέλει, γυναῖκάς τε ἀνέδην διαφθείρων καὶ παισὶ συνών. καὶ ἦν μέγα καὶ εὐκτὸν ἑκάστῳ, εἴ τινος γυναικὶ προσβλέψειεν· εἰ δὲ καὶ φιλήματος ἀξιώσειεν, ἀθρόαν τὴν ἀγαθὴν τύχην ᾤετο ἕκαστος εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτῷ εἰσρυήσεσθαι. πολλαὶ δὲ καὶ ηὔχουν τετοκέναι παρʼ αὐτοῦ, καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες ἐπεμαρτύρουν ὅτι ἀληθῆ λέγουσιν.

[¶15] 43. I want to include in my tale a dialogue between Glycon and one Sacerdos, a man of Tius, whose intelligence you will be able to appraise from his questions. I read the conversation in an inscription in letters of gold, at Tius, in the house of Sacerdos. “Tell me, Master Glycon,’ said he, “who are you?” “I am the latter-day Asclepius,’ he replied. “A different person from the one of former times? What do vou mean?” “It is not permitted you to hear that.” “How many years will you tarry among us delivering oracles?” “One thousand and three.” “Then where shall you go?” “To Bactra and that region, for the barbarians too must profit by my presence among men.” ‘What of the other prophetic shrines, the one in Didymi, the one in Clarus, and the one in Delphi—do they still have your father Apollo as the source of their oracles, or are the predictions now given out there false?’”’ “This too you must not wish to know; it is not permitted.” “What about myself—what shall I be after my present life?”’ “A camel, then a horse, then a wise man and prophet just as great as Alexander.” That was Glycon’s conversation with Sacerdos; and in conclusion he uttered an oracle in verse, knowing that Sacerdos was a follower of Lepidus:
Put not in Lepidus faith, for a pitiful doom is in waiting.
That was because he greatly feared Epicurus, as I have said before, seeing in him an opponent and critic of his trickery.

> Greek: 43. ἐθέλω δέ σοι καὶ διάλογον διηγήσασθαι τοῦ Γλύκωνος καὶ Σακερδῶτός τινος, Τιανοῦ ἀνθρώπου· ὁποίου τινὸς τὴν σύνεσιν, εἴσῃ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐρωτήσεων. ἀνέγνων δὲ αὐτὸν χρυσοῖς γράμμασιν γεγραμμένον ἐν Τίῳ, ἐν τῇ τοῦ Σακερδῶτος οἰκίᾳ. εἰπὲ γάρ μοι, ἔφη, ὦ δέσποτα Γλύκων, τίς εἶ; ἐγώ, ἦ δʼ ὅς, Ἀσκληπιὸς νέος. ἄλλος παρʼ ἐκεῖνον τὸν πρότερον; πῶς λέγεις; οὐ θέμις ἀκοῦσαί σε τοῦτό γε. πόσα δὲ ἡμῖν ἔτη παραμενεῖς χρησμῳδῶν; τρίτον πρὸς τοῖς χιλίοις. εἶτα ποῖ μεταστήσῃ; ἐς Βάκτρα καὶ τὴν ἐκεῖ γῆν· δεῖ γὰρ ἀπολαῦσαι καὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους τῆς ἐπιδημίας τῆς ἐμῆς. τὰ δʼ ἄλλα χρηστήρια, τὸ ἐν Διδύμοις καὶ τὸ ἐν Κλάρῳ καὶ τὸ ἐν Δελφοῖς, ἔχουσι τὸν πατέρα τὸν Ἀπόλλω χρησμῳδοῦντα, ἢ ψευδεῖς εἰσιν οἱ νῦν ἐκπίπτοντες ἐκεῖ χρησμοί; μηδὲ τοῦτο ἐθελήσῃς εἰδέναι· οὐ γὰρ θέμις. ἐγὼ δὲ τίς ἔσομαι μετὰ τὸν νῦν βίον; κάμηλος, εἶτα ἵππος, εἶτʼ ἀνὴρ σοφὸς καὶ προφήτης οὐ μείων Ἀλεξάνδρου. Τοιαῦτα μὲν ὁ Γλύκων τῷ Σακερδῶτι διελέχθη. ἐπὶ τέλει δὲ χρησμὸν ἔμμετρον ἐφθέγξατο, εἰδὼς αὐτὸν Λεπίδῳ ἑταῖρον ὄντα· Μὴ πείθου Λεπίδῳ, ἐπεὶ ἦ λυγρὸς οἶτος ὀπηδεῖ. πάνυ γὰρ ἐδεδίει τὸν Ἐπίκουρον, ὡς προεῖπον, ὥς τινα ἀντίτεχνον καὶ ἀντισοφιστὴν τῆς μαγγανείας αὐτοῦ.

[¶16] 44. Indeed, he seriously imperilled one of the Epicureans who ventured to expose him in the presence of a great crowd. The man went up to him and said in a loud voice: “Come now, Alexander! You prevailed upon such-and-such a Paphlagonian to put his servants on trial for their lives before the governor of Galatia on the charge that they had murdered his son, a student at Alexandria, But the young man is living, and has come back alive after the execution of the servants, whom you gave over to the wild beasts.” What had happened was this. The young man cruised up the Nile as far as Clysma, and as a vessel was just putting to sea, was induced to join others in a voyage to India. Then because he was overdue, those ill-starred servants concluded that the young man either had lost his life during his cruise upon the Nile or had been made away with by brigands, who were numerous at the time; and they returned with the report of his disappearance. Then followed the oracle and their condemnation, after which the young man presented himself, telling of his travels.

> Greek: 44. ἕνα γοῦν τινα τῶν Ἐπικουρείων, τολμήσαντα καὶ διελέγχειν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ πολλῶν τῶν παρόντων, εἰς κίνδυνον οὐ μικρὸν κατέστησεν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ προσελθὼν ἔλεγεν μεγάλῃ τῇ φωνῇ· σὺ μέντοι γε, ὦ Ἀλέξανδρε, τὸν δεῖνα Παφλαγόνα προσαγαγεῖν οἰκέτας αὐτοῦ τῷ ἡγουμένῳ τῆς Γαλατίας τὴν ἐπὶ θανάτῳ ἀνέπεισας ὡς ἀπεκτονότας τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ παιδευόμενον, ὁ δὲ νεανίσκος ζῇ καὶ ἐπανελήλυθε ζῶν μετὰ τὴν τῶν οἰκετῶν ἀπώλειαν, θηρίοις ὑπὸ σοῦ παραδοθέντων. τοιοῦτον δέ τι ἐγεγένητο· ἀναπλεύσας ὁ νεανίσκος εἰς Αἴγυπτον ἄχρι τοῦ Κλύσματος, πλοίου ἀναγομένου ἐπείσθη καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς Ἰνδίαν πλεῦσαι, κἀπειδήπερ ἐβράδυνεν, οἱ δυστυχεῖς ἐκεῖνοι οἰκέται αὐτοῦ, οἰηθέντες ἢ ἐν τῷ Νείλῳ πλέοντα διεφθάρθαι τὸν νεανίσκον ἢ καὶ ὑπὸ λῃστῶν — πολλοὶ δὲ ἦσαν τότε — ἀνῃρῆσθαι, ἐπανῆλθον ἀπαγγέλλοντες αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀφανισμόν. εἶτα ὁ χρησμὸς καὶ ἡ καταδίκη, μεθʼ ἣν ἐπέστη ὁ νεανίσκος διηγούμενος τὴν ἀποδημίαν.

[¶17] 45. When he told this tale, Alexander, indignant at the exposure and unable to bear the truth of the reproach, told the bystanders to stone him, or else they themselves would be accurst and would bear the name of Epicureans. They had begun to throw stones when a man named Demostratus who happened to be in the city, one of the most prominent men in Pontus, flung his arms about the fellow and saved him from death. But he had come very near to being overwhelmed with stones, and quite properly! Why did he have to be the only man of sense among all those lunatics and suffer from the idiocy of the Paphlagonians?

> Greek: 45. ὃ μὲν ταῦτα ἔλεγεν. ὁ δὲ Ἀλέξανδρος ἀγανακτήσας ἐπὶ τῷ ἐλέγχῳ καὶ μὴ φέρων τοῦ ὀνείδους τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐκέλευεν τοὺς παρόντας λίθοις βάλλειν αὐτόν, ἢ καὶ αὐτοὺς ἐναγεῖς ἔσεσθαι καὶ Ἐπικουρείους κληθήσεσθαι. τῶν δὲ βάλλειν ἀρξαμένων Δημόστρατός τις ἐπιδημῶν, τοῦ Πόντου πρῶτος, περιχυθεὶς ἐρρύσατο τοῦ θανάτου τὸν ἄνθρωπον μικροῦ δεῖν καταλευσθέντα, πάνυ δικαίως. τί γὰρ ἔδει μόνον φρονεῖν ἐν τοσούτοις μεμηνόσιν καὶ παραπολαῦσαι τῆς Παφλαγόνων μωρίας;

[¶18] 46. That man, then, was thus dealt with. Moreover, if in any case, when men were called up in the order of their applications (which took place the day before the prophecies were given out) and the herald enquired: “Has he a prophecy for So-and-so,” the reply came from within: “To the ravens,” nobody would ever again receive such a person under his roof or give him fire or water, but he had to be harried from country to country as an impious man, an atheist, and an Epicurean—which, indeed, was their strongest term of abuse.

> Greek: 46. καὶ τὰ μὲν κατʼ ἐκεῖνον τοιαῦτα. εἰ δέ τινι, προσκαλουμένων κατὰ τάξιν τῶν χρησμῶν — πρὸ μιᾶς δὲ τοῦτο τοῦ θεσπίζειν ἐγίγνετο — καὶ ἐρομένου τοῦ κήρυκος εἰ θεσπίζει τῷδε, ἀνεῖπεν ἔνδοθεν· ἐς κόρακας, οὐκέτι τὸν τοιοῦτον οὔτε στέγῃ τις ἐδέχετο οὔτε πυρὸς ἢ ὕδατος ἐκοινώνει, ἀλλʼ ἔδει γῆν πρὸ γῆς ἐλαύνεσθαι ὡς ἀσεβῆ καὶ ἄθεον καὶ Ἐπικούρειον, ἥπερ ἦν ἡ μεγίστη λοιδορία.

[¶19] 47. One of Alexander’s acts in this connection was most comical. Hitting upon the “Established Beliefs’ of Epicurus, which is the finest of his books, as you know, and contains in summary the articles of the man’s philosophic creed, he brought it into the middle of the market-place, burned it on fagots of fig-wood just as if he were burning the man in person, and threw the ashes into the sea, even adding an oracle also:
Burn with fire, I command you, the creed of a purblind dotard!
But the scoundrel had no idea what blessings that book creates for its readers and what peace, tranquillity, and freedom it engenders in them, liberating them as it does from terrors and apparitions and portents, from vain hopes and extravagant cravings, developing in them intelligence and truth, and truly purifying their understanding, not with torches and squills and that sort of foolery, but with straight thinking, truthfulness and frankness.

> Greek: 47. ἓν γοῦν καὶ γελοιότατον ἐποίησεν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος· εὑρὼν γὰρ τὰς Ἐπικούρου κυρίας δόξας, τὸ κάλλιστον, ὡς οἶσθα, τῶν βιβλίων καὶ κεφαλαιώδη περιέχον τῆς τἀνδρὸς σοφίας τὰ δόγματα, κομίσας εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν μέσην ἔκαυσεν ἐπὶ ξύλων συκίνων ὡς δῆθεν αὐτὸν καταφλέγων, καὶ τὴν σποδὸν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν ἐξέβαλεν, ἔτι καὶ χρησμὸν ἐπιφθεγξάμενος· Πυρπολέειν κέλομαι δόξας ἀλαοῖο γέροντος· οὐκ εἰδὼς ὁ κατάρατος ὅσων ἀγαθῶν τὸ βιβλίον ἐκεῖνο τοῖς ἐντυχοῦσιν αἴτιον γίγνεται, καὶ ὅσην αὐτοῖς εἰρήνην καὶ ἀταραξίαν καὶ ἐλευθερίαν ἐνεργάζεται, δειμάτων μὲν καὶ φασμάτων καὶ τεράτων ἀπαλλάττον καὶ ἐλπίδων ματαίων καὶ περιττῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν, νοῦν δὲ καὶ ἀλήθειαν ἐντιθὲν καὶ καθαῖρον ὡς ἀληθῶς τὰς γνώμας, οὐχ ὑπὸ δᾳδὶ καὶ σκίλλῃ καὶ ταῖς τοιαύταις φλυαρίαις, ἀλλὰ λόγῳ ὀρθῷ καὶ ἀληθείᾳ καὶ παρρησίᾳ.

[¶20] 48. Of all his bold emprises, however, let me tell you one, the greatest. Since he had no slight influence in the palace and at court through the favour which Rutilianus enjoyed, he published an oracle at the height of the war in Germany, when the late Emperor Marcus himself had at last come to grips with the Marcomanni and Quadi. The oracle recommended that two lions be cast into the Danube alive, together with a quantity of perfumes and magnificent offerings. But it will be better to repeat the oracle itself.
Into the pools of the Ister, the stream that from Zeus taketh issue,
Hurl, I command you, a pair of Cybele’s faithful attendants,
Beasts that dwell on the mountains, and all that the Indian climate
Yieldeth of flower and herb that is fragrant; amain there shall follow
Victory and great glory, and welcome peace in their footsteps.
But when all this had been done as he had directed, the lions swam across to the enemy territory and the barbarians slaughtered them with clubs, thinking them some kind of foreign dogs or wolves; and “amain” that tremendous disaster befel our side, in which a matter of twenty thousand were wiped [out ata blow. Then came what happened at Aquileia, and that city’s narrow escape from capture. To meet this issue, Alexander was flat enough to adduce the Delphian defence in the matter of the oracle given to Croesus, that the God had indeed foretold victory, but had not indicated whether it would go to the Romans or to the enemy.

> Greek: 48. ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἕν τι καὶ μέγιστον τόλμημα τοῦ μιαροῦ ἀνδρὸς ἄκουσον. ἔχων γὰρ οὐ μικρὰν ἐπίβασιν ἐπὶ τὰ βασίλεια καὶ τὴν αὐλὴν τὸν Ῥουτιλιανὸν εὐδοκιμοῦντα, διαπέμπεται χρησμὸν τοῦ ἐν Γερμανίᾳ πολέμου ἀκμάζοντος, ὅτε θεὸς Μάρκος ἤδη τοῖς Μαρκομάνοις καὶ Κουάδοις συνεπλέκετο. ἠξίου δὲ ὁ χρησμὸς δύο λέοντας ἐμβληθῆναι ζῶντας εἰς τὸν Ἴστρον μετὰ πολλῶν ἀρωμάτων καὶ θυσιῶν μεγαλοπρεπῶν. ἄμεινον δὲ αὐτὸν εἰπεῖν τὸν χρησμόν·
Ἐς δίνας Ἴστροιο διιπετέος ποταμοῖο
ἐσβαλέειν κέλομαι δοιοὺς Κυβέλης θεράποντας,
θῆρας ὀριτρεφέας, καὶ ὅσα τρέφει Ἰνδικὸς ἀὴρ
ἄνθεα καὶ βοτάνας εὐώδεας· αὐτίκα δʼ ἔσται
νίκη καὶ μέγα κῦδος ἅμʼ εἰρήνῃ ἐρατεινῇ.
γενομένων δὲ τούτων ὡς προσέταξεν, τοὺς μὲν λέοντας ἐκνηξαμένους εἰς τὴν πολεμίαν οἱ βάρβαροι ξύλοις κατειργάσαντο ὥς τινας κύνας ἢ λύκους ξενικούς· αὐτίκα δὲ τὸ μέγιστον τραῦμα τοῖς ἡμετέροις ἐγένετο, δισμυρίων που σχεδὸν ἀθρόων ἀπολομένων. εἶτα ἐπηκολούθησε τὰ περὶ Ἀκυληΐαν γενόμενα καὶ ἡ παρὰ μικρὸν τῆς πόλεως ἐκείνης ἅλωσις. ὁ δὲ πρὸς τὸ ἀποβεβηκὸς τὴν Δελφικὴν ἐκείνην ἀπολογίαν καὶ τὸν τοῦ Κροίσου χρησμὸν ψυχρῶς παρῆγεν· νίκην μὲν γὰρ προειπεῖν τὸν θεόν, μὴ μέντοι δηλῶσαι Ῥωμαίων ἢ τῶν πολεμίων.

[¶21] 49. As by this time throngs upon throngs were pouring in and their city was becoming overcrowded on account of the multitude of visitors to the shrine, so that it had not sufficient provisions, he devised the so-called “nocturnal” responses. Taking the scrolls, he slept on them, so he said, and gave replies that he pretended to have heard from the god in a dream; which, however, were in most cases not clear but ambiguous and confused, particularly when he observed that the scroll had been sealed up with unusual care. Taking no extra chances, he would append at random whatever answer came into his head, thinking that this procedure too was appropriate to oracles; and there were certain expounders who sat by with that in view and garnered large fees from the recipients of such oracles for explaining and unriddling them. Moreover, this task of theirs was subject to a levy; the expounders paid Alexander an Attic talent each.

> Greek: 49. ἤδη δὲ πολλῶν ἐπὶ πολλοῖς ἐπεισρεόντων καὶ τῆς πόλεως αὐτῶν θλιβομένης ὑπὸ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν ἐπὶ τὸ χρηστήριον ἀφικνουμένων καὶ τὰ ἐπιτήδεια διαρκῆ μὴ ἐχούσης, ἐπινοεῖ τοὺς νυκτερινοὺς καλουμένους χρησμούς. λαμβάνων γὰρ τὰ βιβλία ἐπεκοιμᾶτο, ὡς ἔφασκεν, αὐτοῖς καὶ ὡς ὄναρ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἀκούων ἀπεκρίνετο, οὐ μέντοι σαφεῖς τοὺς πολλούς, ἀλλʼ ἀμφιβόλους καὶ τεταραγμένους καὶ μάλιστα εἴ ποτε θεάσαιτο περιεργότερον τὸ βιβλίον κατεσφραγισμένον. οὐ γὰρ παρακινδυνεύων, τὸ ἐπελθὸν ἄλλως ὑπέγραφε, χρησμοῖς πρέπον καὶ τὸ τοιοῦτον οἰόμενος. καὶ ἦσάν τινες ἐξηγηταὶ ἐπὶ τοῦτο καθήμενοι καὶ μισθοὺς οὐκ ὀλίγους ἐκλέγοντες παρὰ τῶν τοὺς τοιούτους χρησμοὺς λαμβανόντων ἐπὶ τῇ ἐξηγήσει καὶ διαλύσει αὐτῶν. καὶ τοῦτο αὐτῶν τὸ ἔργον ὑπόμισθον ἦν· ἐτέλουν γὰρ οἱ ἐξηγηταὶ τῷ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τάλαντον Ἀττικὸν ἑκάτερος.

[¶22] 50. Sometimes, to amaze dolts, he would deliver an oracle for the benefit of someone who had neither enquired nor sent—who, in fact, did not exist at all. For example:
Seek thou out that man who in utmost secrecy shrouded
Tumbleth at home on the couch thy helpmeet Calligeneia,
Slave Protogenes, him upon whom thou fully reliest.
He was corrupted by thee, and now thy wife he corrupteth,
Making a bitter return unto thee for his own violation.
Aye more, now against thee a baneful charm they have fashioned
So that thou mayst not hear nor see what deeds they are doing;
This shalt thou find on the floor, beneath thy bed, by the wall-side,:
Close to the head; thy servant Calypso shareth the secret.”
What Democritus would not have been disturbed on hearing names and places specified—and would not have been filled with contempt soon afterward, when he saw through their stratagem?

> Greek: 50. ἐνίοτε δὲ μήτε ἐρομένου τινὸς μήτε πεμφθέντος, ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ ὅλως ὄντος ἐχρησμῴδει πρὸς ἔκπληξιν τῶν ἀνοήτων, οἷον καὶ τοῦτο·
Δίζεαι ὅστις σὴν ἄλοχον μάλα πάγχυ λεληθὼς
Καλλιγένειαν ὑπὲρ λεχέων σαλαγεῖ κατὰ δῶμα;
δοῦλος Πρωτογένης, τῷ δὴ σύ γε πάντα πέποιθας.
ὤπυιες γὰρ ἐκεῖνον, ὁ δʼ αὖθις σὴν παράκοιτιν,
ἀντίδοσιν ταύτην ὕβρεως ἄκρην ἀποτίνων.
ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ σοὶ δὴ φάρμακʼ ἀπʼ αὐτῶν λυγρὰ τέτυκται,
ὡς μήτʼ εἰσαΐοις μήτʼ εἰσοράοις ἃ ποιοῦσιν.
εὑρήσεις δὲ κάτω ὑπὸ σῷ λέχει ἀγχόθι τοίχου
πρὸς κεφαλῆς. καὶ σὴ θεράπαινα σύνοιδε Καλυψώ.
τίς οὐκ ἂν Δημόκριτος διεταράχθη ἀκούσας ὀνόματα καὶ τόπους ἀκριβῶς, εἶτα μετʼ ὀλίγον κατέπτυσεν ἄν, συνεὶς τὴν ἐπίνοιαν αὐτῶν;

[¶23] 52. Again, to someone else who was not there and did not exist at all, he said in prose: “Go back; he who sent you was killed to-day by his neighbour Diocles, with the help of the bandits Magnus, Celer, and Bubalus, who already have been caught and imprisoned.”

> Greek: 52. Ἄλλῳ πάλιν οὔτε παρόντι οὔτε ὅλως τινὶ ὄντι ἔφη ἄνευ μέτρου ἀναστρέφειν ὀπίσω ὁ γὰρ πέμψας σε τέθνηκεν ὑπὸ τοῦ γείτονος Διοκλέους τήμερον, λῃστῶν ἐπαχθέντων Μάγνου καὶ Βουβάλου, οἳ καὶ ἤδη δέδενται ληφθέντες.

[¶24] 51. I may say too that he often gave oracles to barbarians, when anyone put a question in his native language, in Syrian or in Celtic; since he readily found strangers in the city who belonged to the same nation as his questioners. That is why the time between the presentation of the scrolls and the delivery of the oracle was long, so that in the interval the questions might be unsealed at leisure without risk and men might be found who would be able to translate them fully. Of this sort was the response given to the Scythian: “Morphen eubargoulis eis skian chnechikrage leipsei phaos.”

> Greek: 51. ἀλλὰ καὶ βαρβάροις πολλάκις ἔχρησεν, εἴ τις τῇ πατρίῳ ἔροιτο φωνῇ, Συριστὶ ἢ Κελτιστί, ῥᾳδίως ἐξευρίσκων τινὰς ἐπιδημοῦντας ὁμοεθνεῖς τοῖς δεδωκόσιν. διὰ τοῦτο καὶ πολὺς ὁ ἐν μέσῳ χρόνος ἦν τῆς τε δόσεως τῶν βιβλίων καὶ τῆς χρησμῳδίας, ὡς ἐν τοσούτῳ κατὰ σχολὴν λύοιντό τε οἱ χρησμοὶ ἀσφαλῶς καὶ εὑρίσκοιντο οἱ ἑρμηνεῦσαι δυνάμενοι ἕκαστα. οἷος καὶ ὁ τῷ Σκύθῃ δοθεὶς χρησμὸς ἦν· μορφὴν εὐβάργουλις εἰς σκιὰν χνεχικραγη λείψει φάος.

[¶25] 53. Let me also tell you a few of the responses that were given to me. When I asked whether Alexander was bald, and sealed the question carefully and conspicuously, a “nocturnal” oracle was appended: “Sabardalachou malachaattealos en.” At another time, I asked a single question in each of two scrolls under a different name, “What was the poet Homer’s country?” In one case, misled by my serving-man, who had been asked why he came and had said, “To request a cure for a pain in the side,” he replied:
Cytmis I bid you apply, combined with the spume of a charger.
To the other, since in this case he had been told that the one who sent it enquired whether it would be better for him to go to Italy by sea or by land, he gave an answer which had nothing to do with Homer:
Make not your journey by sea, but travel afoot by the highway.

> Greek: 53. ὀλίγους δὲ καὶ τῶν ἐμοὶ δοθέντων ἄκουσον· ἐρομένου γάρ μου εἰ φαλακρός ἐστιν Ἀλέξανδρος, καὶ κατασημηναμένου περιέργως καὶ προφανῶς ὑπογράφεται χρησμὸς νυκτερήσιος, Σαβαρδαλαχου μαλαχααττηαλος ἦν. Καὶ πάλιν ἐμοῦ ἐρομένου ἐν δύο βιβλίοις διαφόροις τὴν αὐτὴν ἐρώτησιν, πόθεν ἦν Ὅμηρος ὁ ποιητής, ἐπʼ ἄλλου καὶ ἄλλου ὀνόματος, τῷ ἑτέρῳ μὲν ὑπέγραψεν ἐξαπατηθεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐμοῦ νεανίσκου — ἐρωτηθεὶς γὰρ ἐφʼ ὅ τι ἧκεν, θεραπείας, ἔφη, αἰτήσων πρὸς ὀδύνην πλευροῦ — Κυτμίδα χρίεσθαι κέλομαι δροσίην τε κέλητος· τῷ δὲ ἑτέρῳ, ἐπειδὴ καὶ τοῦτο ἠκηκόει ὡς ἐρομένου τοῦ πέμψαντος, εἴτε οἱ πλεῦσαι ἐπʼ Ἰταλίαν εἴτε πεζοπορῆσαι λῷον, ἀπεκρίνατο οὐδὲν πρὸς τὸν Ὅμηρον· μὴ σύ γε πλωέμεναι, πεζὴν δὲ κατʼ οἶμον ὅδευε.

[¶26] 54. Many such traps, in fact, were set for him by me and by others. For example, I put a single question, and wrote upon the outside of the scroll, following the usual form: “Eight questions from So-and-so,”’ using a fictitious name and sending the eight drachmas and whatever it came to besides. Rely- ing upon the fee that had been sent and upon the inscription on the roll, to the single question: “When will Alexander be caught cheating?” he sent me eight responses which, as the saying goes, had no connection with earth or with heaven, but were silly and nonsensical every one. When he found out about all this afterward, and also that it was I who was attempting to dissuade Rutilianus from the marriage and from his great dependence upon the hopes inspired by the shrine, he began to hate me, as was natural, and to count me a bitter enemy. Once when Rutilianus asked about me, he replied:
Low-voiced walks in the dusk are his pleasure, and impious matings.

> Greek: 54. πολλὰ γὰρ τοιαῦτα καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπεμηχανησάμην αὐτῷ, οἷον καὶ ἐκεῖνο· μίαν ἐρώτησιν ἐρωτήσας ἐπέγραψα τῷ βιβλίῳ κατὰ τὸ ἔθος· τοῦ δεῖνος χρησμοὶ ὀκτώ, ψευσάμενός τι ὄνομα, καὶ τὰς ὀκτὼ δραχμὰς καὶ τὸ γιγνόμενον ἔτι πρὸς ταύταις πέμψας· ὁ δὲ πιστεύσας τῇ ἀποπομπῇ τοῦ μισθοῦ καὶ τῇ ἐπιγραφῇ τοῦ βιβλίου, πρὸς μίαν ἐρώτησιν — ἦν δὲ αὕτη· πότε ἁλώσεται μαγγανεύων Ἀλέξανδρος; — ὀκτώ μοι χρησμοὺς ἔπεμψεν, οὔτε γῆς φασιν οὔτε οὐρανοῦ ἁπτομένους, ἀνοήτους δὲ καὶ δυσνοήτους ἅπαντας. ἅπερ ὕστερον αἰσθόμενος, καὶ ὅτι Ῥουτιλιανὸν ἐγὼ ἀπέτρεπον τοῦ γάμου καὶ τοῦ πάνυ προσκεῖσθαι ταῖς τοῦ χρηστηρίου ἐλπίσιν, ἐμίσει, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, καὶ ἔχθιστον ἡγεῖτο. καί ποτε περὶ ἐμοῦ ἐρομένῳ τῷ Ῥουτιλιανῷ ἔφη· Νυκτιπλάνοις ὀάροις χαίρει κοίταις τε δυσάγνοις. καὶ ὅλως ἔχθιστος εἰκότως ἦν ἐγώ.

[¶27] 55. And generally, I was of course the man he most hated. When he discovered that I had entered the city and ascertained that I was the Lucian of whom he had heard (I had brought, I may add, two soldiers with me, a pikeman and a spearman borrowed from the Governor of Cappadocia, then a friend of mine, to escort me to the sea), he at once sent for me very politely and with great show of friendliness. When I went, I found many about him; but I had brought along my two soldiers, as luck would have it. He extended me his right hand to kiss, as his custom was with the public; I clasped it as if to kiss it, and almost crippled it with a right good bite! The bystanders tried to choke and beat me for sacrilege; even before that, they had been indignant because I had addressed him as Alexander and not as Prophet.” But he mastered himself very hand- somely, held them in check, and promised that he would easily make me tame and would demonstrate Glycon’s worth by showing that he transformed even bitter foes into friends. Then he removed everybody and had it out with me, professing to know very well who I was and what advice I was giving Rutilianus, and saying, ‘What possessed you to do this to me, when I can advance you tremendously in his favour?” By that time I was glad to receive this proffer of friendship, since I saw what a perilous position I had taken up; so, after a little, I reappeared as his friend, and it seemed quite a miracle to the observers that my change of heart had been so easily effected.

> Greek: 55. κἀπειδὴ εἰσελθόντα με εἰς τὴν πόλιν ᾔσθετο καὶ ἔμαθεν ὡς ἐκεῖνος εἴην ὁ Λουκιανός — ἐπηγόμην δὲ καὶ στρατιώτας δύο, λογχοφόρον καὶ κοντοφόρον, παρὰ τοῦ ἡγουμένου τῆς Καππαδοκίας, φίλου τότε ὄντος, λαβών, ὥς με παραπέμψειαν μέχρι πρὸς τὴν θάλατταν — αὐτίκα μεταστέλλεται δεξιῶς πάνυ καὶ μετὰ πολλῆς φιλοφροσύνης. ἐλθὼν δὲ ἐγὼ πολλοὺς καταλαμβάνω περὶ αὐτόν· συνεπηγόμην δὲ καὶ τοὺς στρατιώτας τύχῃ τινὶ ἀγαθῇ. καὶ ὁ μὲν προὔτεινέ μοι κύσαι τὴν δεξιάν, ὥσπερ εἰώθει τοῖς πολλοῖς, ἐγὼ δὲ προσφὺς ὡς φιλήσων, δήγματι χρηστῷ πάνυ μικροῦ δεῖν χωλὴν αὐτῷ ἐποίησα τὴν χεῖρα. οἱ μὲν οὖν παρόντες ἄγχειν με καὶ παίειν ἐπειρῶντο ὡς ἱερόσυλον, καὶ πρότερον ἔτι ἀγανακτήσαντες ὅτι Ἀλέξανδρον αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ μὴ προφήτην προσεῖπον· ὁ δὲ πάνυ γεννικῶς καρτερήσας κατέπαυέν τε αὐτοὺς καὶ ὑπισχνεῖτο τιθασόν με ῥᾳδίως ἀποφανεῖν καὶ δείξειν τὴν Γλύκωνος ἀρετήν, ὅτι καὶ τοὺς πάνυ τραχυνομένους φίλους ἀπεργάζεται. καὶ μεταστησάμενος ἅπαντας ἐδικαιολογεῖτο πρός με, λέγων πάνυ με εἰδέναι καὶ τὰ ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ Ῥουτιλιανῷ συμβουλευόμενα, καὶ τί παθὼν ταῦτά με εἰργάσω, δυνάμενος ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ ἐπὶ μέγα προαχθῆναι παρʼ αὐτῷ; κἀγὼ ἄσμενος ἤδη ἐδεχόμην τὴν φιλοφροσύνην ταύτην ὁρῶν οἷ κινδύνου καθειστήκειν, καὶ μετʼ ὀλίγον προῆλθον φίλος γεγενημένος. καὶ τοῦτο οὐ μικρὸν θαῦμα τοῖς ὁρῶσιν ἔδοξεν, οὕτω ῥᾳδία γενομένη μου ἡ μεταβολή.

[¶28] 56. Then, when I decided to sail—it chanced that I was accompanied only by Xenophon during my visit, as I had previously sent my father and my family on to Amastris—he sent me many remembrances and presents, and promised too that he himself would furnish a boat and a crew to transport me. I considered this a sincere and polite offer; but when I was in mid-passage, I saw the master in tears, disputing with the sailors, and began to be very doubtful about the prospects. It was a fact that they had received orders from Alexander to throw us bodily into the sea. If that had been done, his quarrel with me would have been settled without ado; but by his tears the master prevailed upon his crew to do us no harm. “For sixty years, as you see,” said he to me, “I have led a blameless and God-fearing life, and I should not wish, at this age and with a wife and children, to stain my hands with murder;” and he explained for what purpose he had taken us aboard, and what orders had been given by Alexander.

> Greek: 56. εἶτα δή μου ἐκπλεῖν προαιρουμένου ξένια καὶ δῶρα πολλὰ πέμψας — μόνος δὲ σὺν τῷ Ξενοφῶντι ἔτυχον ἐπιδημῶν, τὸν πατέρα καὶ τοὺς ἐμοὺς εἰς Ἄμαστριν προεκπεπομφώς — ὑπισχνεῖται καὶ πλοῖον αὐτὸς παρέξειν καὶ ἐρέτας τοὺς ἀπάξοντας. κἀγὼ μὲν ᾤμην ἁπλοῦν τι τοῦτο εἶναι καὶ δεξιόν· ἐπεὶ δὲ κατὰ μέσον τὸν πόρον ἐγενόμην, δακρύοντα ὁρῶν τὸν κυβερνήτην καὶ τοῖς ναύταις τι ἀντιλέγοντα οὐκ ἀγαθὰς εἶχον περὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἐλπίδας. ἦν δὲ αὐτοῖς ἐπεσταλμένον ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου ἀραμένους ῥῖψαι ἡμᾶς εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν· ὅπερ εἰ ἐγένετο, ῥᾳδίως ἂν αὐτῷ διεπεπολέμητο τὰ πρὸς ἐμέ. ἀλλὰ δακρύων ἐκεῖνος ἔπεισεν καὶ τοὺς συνναύτας μηδὲν ἡμᾶς δεινὸν ἐργάσασθαι, καὶ πρὸς ἐμὲ ἔφη, ἔτη ἑξήκοντα, ὡς ὁρᾷς, ἀνεπίληπτον βίον καὶ ὅσιον προβεβηκὼς οὐκ ἂν βουλοίμην, ἐν τούτῳ τῆς ἡλικίας καὶ γυναῖκα καὶ τέκνα ἔχων, μιᾶναι φόνῳ τὰς χεῖρας, δηλῶν ἐφʼ ὅπερ ἡμᾶς ἀνειλήφει, καὶ τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου προστεταγμένα.

[¶29] 57. He set us ashore at Aegiali (which noble Homer mentions ), and then they went back again. There I found some men from the Bosporus who were voyaging along the coast. They were going as ambassadors from King Eupator to Bithynia, to bring the yearly contribution. I told them of the peril in which we had been, found them courteous, was taken aboard their vessel, and won safely through to Amastris, after coming so close to losing my life. Thereupon I myself began to prepare for battle with him, and to employ every resource in my desire to pay him back. Even before his attempt upon me, I detested him and held him in bitter enmity on account of the vileness of his character. So I undertook to prosecute him, and had many associates, particularly the followers of Timocrates, the philosopher from Heraclea. But the then governor of Bithynia and Pontus, Avitus, checked me, all but beseeching and imploring me to leave off, because out of good will to Rutilianus he could not, he said, punish Alexander even if he should find him clearly guilty of crime. In that way my effort was thwarted, and I left off exhibiting misplaced zeal before a judge who was in that state of mind.

> Greek: 57. καταθέμενος δὲ ἡμᾶς ἐν Αἰγιαλοῖς, ὧν καὶ ὁ καλὸς Ὅμηρος μέμνηται, ὀπίσω ἀπήλαυνον. ἔνθα ἐγὼ παραπλέοντας εὑρὼν Βοσποριανούς τινας, πρέσβεις παρʼ Εὐπάτορος τοῦ βασιλέως εἰς τὴν Βιθυνίαν ἀπιόντας ἐπὶ κομιδῇ τῆς ἐπετείου συντάξεως, καὶ διηγησάμενος αὐτοῖς τὸν περιστάντα ἡμᾶς κίνδυνον, καὶ δεξιῶν αὐτῶν τυχών, ἀναληφθεὶς ἐπὶ τὸ πλοῖον διασώζομαι εἰς τὴν Ἄμαστριν, παρὰ τοσοῦτον ἐλθὼν ἀποθανεῖν. τοὐντεῦθεν καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπεκορυσσόμην αὐτῷ καὶ πάντα κάλων ἐκίνουν ἀμύνασθαι βουλόμενος, καὶ πρὸ τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς ἤδη μισῶν αὐτὸν καὶ ἔχθιστον ἡγούμενος διὰ τὴν τοῦ τρόπου μιαρίαν, καὶ πρὸς τὴν κατηγορίαν ὡρμήμην πολλοὺς συναγωνιστὰς ἔχων καὶ μάλιστα τοὺς ἀπὸ Τιμοκράτους τοῦ Ἡρακλεώτου φιλοσόφου· ἀλλʼ ὁ τότε ἡγούμενος Βιθυνίας καὶ τοῦ Πόντου Αὔειτος ἐπέσχε, μονονουχὶ ἱκετεύων καὶ ἀντιβολῶν παύσασθαι· διὰ γὰρ τὴν πρὸς Ῥουτιλιανὸν εὔνοιαν μὴ ἂν δύνασθαι, καὶ εἰ φανερῶς λάβοι ἀδικοῦντα, κολάσαι αὐτόν. οὕτω μὲν ἀνεκόπην τῆς ὁρμῆς καὶ ἐπαυσάμην οὐκ ἐν δέοντι θρασυνόμενος ἐφʼ οὕτω δικαστοῦ διακειμένου.

[¶30] 58. Was it not also a great piece of impudence on the part of Alexander that he should petition the Emperor to change the name of Abonoteichus and call it Ionopolis, and to strike a new coin bearing on one side the likeness of Glycon and on the other that of Alexander, wearing the fillets of his grandfather Asclepius and holding the falchion of his maternal ancestor Perseus?

> Greek: 58. ἐκεῖνο δὲ πῶς οὐ μέγα ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις τὸ τόλμημα τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου, τὸ αἰτῆσαι παρὰ τοῦ αὐτοκράτορος μετονομασθῆναι τὸ τοῦ Ἀβώνου τεῖχος καὶ Ἰωνόπολιν κληθῆναι, καὶ νόμισμα καινὸν κόψαι ἐγκεχαραγμένον τῇ μὲν τοῦ Γλύκωνος, κατὰ θάτερα δὲ Ἀλεξάνδρου, στέμματά τε τοῦ πάππου Ἀσκληπιοῦ καὶ τὴν ἅρπην ἐκείνην τοῦ πατρομήτορος Περσέως ἔχοντος;

[¶31] 59. In spite of his prediction in an oracle that he was fated to live a hundred and fifty years and then die by a stroke of lightning, he met a most wretched end before reaching the age of seventy, in a manner that befitted a son of Podaleirius; for his leg became mortified quite to the groin and was infested with maggots. It was then that his baldness was detected when because of the pain he let the doctors foment his head, which they could not have done unless his wig had been removed.

> Greek: 59. προειπὼν δὲ διὰ χρησμοῦ περὶ αὑτοῦ ὅτι ζῆσαι εἵμαρται αὐτῷ ἔτη πεντήκοντα καὶ ἑκατόν, εἶτα κεραυνῷ βληθέντα ἀποθανεῖν, οἰκτίστῳ τέλει οὐδὲ ἑβδομήκοντα ἔτη γεγονὼς ἀπέθανεν, ὡς Ποδαλειρίου υἱὸς διασαπεὶς τὸν πόδα μέχρι τοῦ βουβῶνος καὶ σκωλήκων ζέσας· ὅτεπερ καὶ ἐφωράθη φαλακρὸς ὤν, παρέχων τοῖς ἰατροῖς ἐπιβρέχειν αὐτοῦ τὴν κεφαλὴν διὰ τὴν ὀδύνην, ὃ οὐκ ἂν ποιῆσαι ἐδύναντο μὴ οὐχὶ τῆς φενάκης ἀφῃρημένης.

[¶32] 60. Such was the conclusion of Alexander’s spectacular career, and such the dénouement of the whole play; being as it was, it resembled an act of Providence, although it came about by chance. It was inevitable, too, that he should have funeral games worthy of his career—that a contest for the shrine should arise. The foremost of his fellow-conspirators and. impostors referred it to Rutilianus to decide which of them should be given the preference, should suceeed to the shrine, and should be crowned with the fillet of priest and prophet. Paetus was one of them, a physician by profession, a greybeard, who conducted himself in a way that befitted neither a physician nor a greybeard. But Rutilianus, the umpire, sent them off unfilleted, keeping the post of prophet for the master after his departure from this life.

> Greek: 60. τοιοῦτο τέλος τῆς Ἀλεξάνδρου τραγῳδίας καὶ αὕτη τοῦ παντὸς δράματος ἡ καταστροφὴ ἐγένετο, ὡς εἰκάζειν προνοίας τινὸς τὸ τοιοῦτον, εἰ καὶ κατὰ τύχην συνέβη. ἔδει δὲ καὶ τὸν ἐπιτάφιον αὐτοῦ ἄξιον γενέσθαι τοῦ βίου, καὶ ἀγῶνά τινα συστήσασθαι ὑπὲρ τοῦ χρηστηρίου, τῶν συνωμοτῶν ἐκείνων καὶ γοήτων, ὅσοι κορυφαῖοι ἦσαν, ἀνελθόντων ἐπὶ διαιτητὴν τὸν Ῥουτιλιανόν, τίνα χρὴ προκριθῆναι αὐτῶν καὶ διαδέξασθαι τὸ μαντεῖον καὶ στεφανωθῆναι τῷ ἱεροφαντικῷ καὶ προφητικῷ στέμματι. ἦν δὲ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ Παῖτος, ἰατρὸς τὴν τέχνην, πολιός τις, οὔτε ἰατρῷ πρέποντα οὔτε πολιῷ ἀνδρὶ ταῦτα ποιῶν. ἀλλʼ ὁ ἀγωνοθέτης Ῥουτιλιανὸς ἀστεφανώτους αὐτοὺς ἀπέπεμψεν αὐτῷ τὴν προφητείαν φυλάττων μετὰ τὴν ἐντεῦθεν ἀπαλλαγήν.

[¶33] 61. This, my friend, is but a little out of a great deal; I have thought fit to set it down as a specimen, not only to pleasure you as an associate and friend whom above all others I hold in admiration for your wisdom, your love of truth, the gentleness and reasonableness of your ways, the peacefulness of your life, and your courtesy toward all whom you encounter, but mostly—and this will give greater pleasure to you also—to right the wrongs of Epicurus, a man truly saintly and divine in his nature, who alone truly discerned right ideals and handed them down, who proved himself the liberator of all who sought his converse. I think too that to its readers the writing will seem to have some usefulness, refuting as it does certain falsehoods and confirming certain truths in the minds of all men of sense.

> Greek: 61. ταῦτα, ὦ φιλότης, ὀλίγα ἐκ πολλῶν δείγματος ἕνεκα γράψαι ἠξίωσα, καὶ σοὶ μὲν χαριζόμενος, ἀνδρὶ ἑταίρῳ καὶ φίλῳ καὶ ὃν ἐγὼ πάντων μάλιστα θαυμάσας ἔχω ἐπί τε σοφίᾳ καὶ τῷ πρὸς ἀλήθειαν ἔρωτι καὶ τρόπου πραότητι καὶ ἐπιεικείᾳ καὶ γαλήνῃ βίου καὶ δεξιότητι πρὸς τοὺς συνόντας, τὸ πλέον δέ, — ὅπερ καὶ σοὶ ἥδιον, — Ἐπικούρῳ τιμωρῶν, ἀνδρὶ ὡς ἀληθῶς ἱερῷ καὶ θεσπεσίῳ τὴν φύσιν καὶ μόνῳ μετʼ ἀληθείας τὰ καλὰ ἐγνωκότι καὶ παραδεδωκότι καὶ ἐλευθερωτῇ τῶν ὁμιλησάντων αὐτῷ γενομένῳ. οἶμαι δὲ ὅτι καὶ τοῖς ἐντυχοῦσι χρήσιμόν τι ἔχειν δόξει ἡ γραφή, τὰ μὲν διεξελέγχουσα, τὰ δὲ ἐν ταῖς τῶν εὖ φρονούντων γνώμαις βεβαιοῦσα.