---
title: "Alexander the False Prophet · Ἀλέξανδρος ἢ Ψευδόμαντις"
author: "Lucian"
translator: "Austin Morris Harmon"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
section: 2 of 2
url: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-alexander-the-false-prophet/2/
cite: "Lucian, tr. Austin Morris Harmon, Alexander the False Prophet · Ἀλέξανδρος ἢ Ψευδόμαντις, section 2. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-alexander-the-false-prophet/2/"
---

# Alexander the False Prophet · Ἀλέξανδρος ἢ Ψευδόμαντις

*Lucian, tr. Austin Morris Harmon*

The career of Alexander of Abonoteichus, who founded an oracle with a tame snake wearing a human mask, and Lucian’s war with him.

> Greek: ed. Austin Morris Harmon, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0062.tlg038, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Austin Morris Harmon, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0062.tlg038.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 2. Sections 28–61

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-alexander-the-false-prophet/2/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-alexander-the-false-prophet/2/#p-N

[¶0] 28. That was one of his devices, and a very clever one—belated oracles to make amends for those in which he had made bad predictions and missed the mark. Often he would promise good health to sick men before their demise, and when they died another oracle would be ready with a recantation:
Seek no more for assistance against thy bitter affliction;
Death now standeth in view;’tis beyond thy power to’scape him.

> Greek: 28. καὶ γὰρ αὖ καὶ τοῦτο σοφώτατον ἐπενόησε, τοὺς μεταχρονίους χρησμοὺς ἐπὶ θεραπείᾳ τῶν κακῶς προτεθεσπισμένων καὶ ἀποτετευγμένων. πολλάκις γὰρ πρὸ μὲν τῆς τελευτῆς τοῖς νοσοῦσιν ὑγίειαν ἐπηγγέλλετο, ἀποθανόντων δὲ χρησμὸς ἄλλος ἕτοιμος ἦν παλινῳδῶν·
Μηκέτι δίζησθαι νούσοιο λυγρῆς ἐπαρωγήν·
πότμος γὰρ προφανὴς οὐδʼ ἐκφυγέειν δυνατόν σοι.

[¶1] 29. As he was aware that the priests at Clarus and Didymi and Mallus were themselves in high repute for the same sort of divination, he made them his friends by sending many of his visitors to them, saying:
Now unto Clarus begone, to the voice of my father to hearken.”
and at another time,
Visit the fane of the Branchids and hear what the oracle sayeth,
and again,
Make thy way unto Mallus and let Amphilochus answer.

> Greek: 29. εἰδὼς δὲ τοὺς ἐν Κλάρῳ καὶ Διδύμοις καὶ Μαλλῷ καὶ αὐτοὺς εὐδοκιμοῦντας ἐπὶ τῇ ὁμοίᾳ μαντικῇ ταύτῃ, φίλους αὐτοὺς ἐποιεῖτο, πολλοὺς τῶν προσιόντων πέμπων ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς λέγων· Ἐς Κλάρον ἵεσο νῦν, τοὐμοῦ πατρὸς ὡς ὄπʼ ἀκούσῃς. καὶ πάλιν· Βραγχιδέων ἀδύτοισι πελάζεο καὶ κλύε χρησμῶν. καὶ αὖθις· ἐς Μαλλὸν χώρει θεσπίσματά τʼ Ἀμφιλόχοιο.

[¶2] 30. So far, we have been concerned with his doings near the frontier, extending over Ionia, Cilicia, Paphlagonia, and Galatia. But when the renown of his prophetic shrine spread to Italy and invaded the city of Rome, everybody without exception, each on the other’s heels, made haste, some to go in person, some to send; this was the case particularly with those who had the greatest power and the highest rank in the city. The first and foremost of these was Rutilianus, who, though a man of birth and breeding, put to the proof in many Roman offices, nevertheless in all that concerned the gods was very infirm and held strange beliefs about them. If he but saw anywhere a stone smeared with holy oil or adorned with a wreath, he would fall on his face forthwith, kiss his hand, and stand beside it for a long time making vows and craving blessings from it. When this man heard the tales about the oracle, he very nearly abandoned the office which had been committed to him and took wing to Abonoteichus. Anyhow, he sent one set of messengers after another, and his emissaries, mere illiterate serving-people, were easily deluded, so when they came back, they told not only what they had seen but what they had heard as if they had seen it, and threw in something more for good measure, so as to gain favour with their master. Consequently, they inflamed the poor old man and made him absolutely crazy.

> Greek: 30. ταῦτα μὲν ἐντὸς τῶν ὅρων μέχρι τῆς Ἰωνίας καὶ Κιλικίας καὶ Παφλαγονίας καὶ Γαλατίας. ὡς δὲ καὶ εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν διεφοίτησεν τοῦ μαντείου τὸ κλέος καὶ εἰς τὴν Ῥωμαίων πόλιν ἐνέπεσεν, οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐκ ἄλλος πρὸ ἄλλου ἠπείγετο, οἱ μὲν αὐτοὶ ἰόντες, οἱ δὲ πέμποντες, καὶ μάλιστα οἱ δυνατώτατοι καὶ μέγιστον ἀξίωμα ἐν τῇ πόλει ἔχοντες· ὧν πρῶτος καὶ κορυφαιότατος ἐγένετο Ῥουτιλιανός, ἀνὴρ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθὸς καὶ ἐν πολλαῖς τάξεσι Ῥωμαϊκαῖς ἐξητασμένος, τὰ δὲ περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς πάνυ νοσῶν καὶ ἀλλόκοτα περὶ αὐτῶν πεπιστευκώς, εἰ μόνον ἀληλιμμένον που λίθον ἢ ἐστεφανωμένον θεάσαιτο, προσπίπτων εὐθὺς καὶ προσκυνῶν καὶ ἐπὶ πολὺ παρεστὼς καὶ εὐχόμενος καὶ τἀγαθὰ παρʼ αὐτοῦ αἰτῶν. οὗτος τοίνυν ἀκούσας τὰ περὶ τοῦ χρηστηρίου μικροῦ μὲν ἐδέησεν ἀφεὶς τὴν ἐγκεχειρισμένην τάξιν εἰς τὸ τοῦ Ἀβώνου τεῖχος ἀναπτῆναι. ἔπεμπε δʼ οὖν ἄλλους ἐπʼ ἄλλοις· οἱ δὲ πεμπόμενοι, ἰδιῶταί τινες οἰκέται, ῥᾳδίως ἐξαπατηθέντες ἂν ἐπανῄεσαν, τὰ μὲν ἰδόντες, τὰ δὲ ὡς ἰδόντες καὶ ἀκούσαντες διηγούμενοι καὶ προσεπιμετροῦντες ἔτι πλείω τούτων, ὡς ἐντιμότεροι εἶεν παρὰ τῷ δεσπότῃ. ἐξέκαιον οὖν τὸν ἄθλιον γέροντα καὶ εἰς μανίαν ἐρρωμένην ἐνέβαλον.

[¶3] 31. Having many powerful friends, he went about not only telling what he had heard from his messengers but adding still more on his own account. So he flooded and convulsed the city, and agitated most of the court, who themselves at once hastened to go and hear something that concerned them. To all who came, Alexander gave a very cordial reception, made them think well of him by lavish entertainment and expensive presents, and sent them back not merely to report the answers to their questions, but to sing the praises of the god and to tell portentous lies about the oracle on their own account.

> Greek: 31. ὁ δέ, ὡς ἂν τοῖς πλείστοις καὶ δυνατωτάτοις φίλος ὤν, περιῄει τὰ μὲν διηγούμενος ὡς ἀκούσειε παρὰ τῶν πεμφθέντων, τὰ δὲ καὶ παρʼ αὑτοῦ προστιθείς. ἐνέπλησεν οὖν τὴν πόλιν καὶ διεσάλευσεν οὗτος, καὶ τῶν ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ τοὺς πλείστους διεθορύβησεν, οἳ αὐτίκα καὶ αὐτοὶ ἠπείγοντο ἀκοῦσαί τι τῶν καθʼ αὑτούς. ὁ δὲ τοὺς ἀφικνουμένους πάνυ φιλοφρόνως ὑποδεχόμενος ξενίοις τε καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις δωρεαῖς πολυτελέσιν εὔνους ἐργαζόμενος αὑτῷ ἀπέπεμπεν οὐκ ἀπαγγελοῦντας μόνον τὰς ἐρωτήσεις, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑμνήσοντας τὸν θεὸν καὶ τεράστια ὑπὲρ τοῦ μαντείου καὶ αὐτοὺς ψευσομένους.

[¶4] 32. At the same time, however, the plaguy scoundrel devised a trick which was really clever and not what one would expect of your ordinary swindler. In opening and reading the forwarded scrolls, if he found anything dangerous and venturesome in the questions, he would keep them himself and not send them back, in order to hold the senders in subjection and all but in slavery because of their fear, since they remembered what it was that they had asked. You understand what questions are likely to be put by men who are rich and very powerful. So he used to derive much gain from those men, who knew that he had them in his net.

> Greek: 32. ἀλλὰ καὶ μηχανᾶταί τι ὁ τρισκατάρατος οὐκ ἄσοφον οὐδὲ τοῦ προστυχόντος λῃστοῦ ἄξιον. λύων γὰρ τὰ πεπεμμένα βιβλία καὶ ἀναγιγνώσκων, εἴ τι εὕροι ἐπισφαλὲς καὶ παρακεκινδυνευμένον ἐν ταῖς ἐρωτήσεσιν, κατεῖχεν αὐτὸς καὶ οὐκ ἀπέπεμπεν, ὡς ὑποχειρίους καὶ μονονουχὶ δούλους διὰ τὸ δέος ἔχοι τοὺς πεπομφότας, μεμνημένους οἷα ἦν ἃ ἤροντο. συνίης δὲ οἵας εἰκὸς τοὺς πλουσίους καὶ μέγα δυναμένους τὰς πύστεις πυνθάνεσθαι. ἐλάμβανεν οὖν πολλὰ παρʼ ἐκείνων, εἰδότων ὅτι ἐντὸς αὐτοὺς ἔχοι τῶν ἀρκύων.

[¶5] 33. I should like to tell you some of the responses that were given to Rutilianus. Asking about his son by a former marriage, who was then in the full bloom of youth, he enquired who should be appointed his tutor in his studies, The reply was:
Be it Pythagoras; aye, and the good bard, master of warfare.
Then after a few days the boy died, and Alexander was at his wit’s end, with nothing to say to his critics, as the oracle had been shown up so obviously. But Rutilianus himself, good soul, made haste to defend the oracle by saying that the god had predicted precisely this outcome, and on account of it had bidden him to select as his tutor nobody then alive, but rather Pythagoras and Homer, who died long ago, with whom, no doubt, the lad was then studying in Hades. What fault, then, should we find with Alexander if he thought fit to amuse himself at the expense of such homunculi?

> Greek: 33. βούλομαι δέ σοι καὶ τῶν Ῥουτιλιανῷ δοθέντων χρησμῶν ἐνίους εἰπεῖν. πυνθανομένῳ γὰρ αὐτῷ ὑπὲρ τοῦ παιδὸς ἐκ προτέρας γυναικός, παιδείας ὥραν ἔχοντος, ὅντινα προστήσεται διδάσκαλον τῶν μαθημάτων αὐτοῦ, ἔφη· Πυθαγόρην πολέμων τε διάκτορον ἐσθλὸν ἀοιδόν. εἶτα μετʼ ὀλίγας ἡμέρας τοῦ παιδὸς ἀποθανόντος, ὁ μὲν ἠπόρει καὶ οὐδὲν εἶχεν λέγειν πρὸς τοὺς αἰτιωμένους, παρὰ πόδας οὕτως ἐληλεγμένου τοῦ χρησμοῦ· ὁ δὲ Ῥουτιλιανὸς αὐτὸς φθάσας ὁ βέλτιστος ἀπελογεῖτο ὑπὲρ τοῦ μαντείου λέγων, τοῦτο αὐτὸ προδεδηλωκέναι τὸν θεὸν καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ζῶντα μὲν κελεῦσαι μηδένα διδάσκαλον ἑλέσθαι αὐτῷ, Πυθαγόραν δὲ καὶ Ὅμηρον πάλαι τεθνεῶτας, οἷς εἰκὸς τὸ μειράκιον ἐν Ἅιδου νῦν συνεῖναι. τί τοίνυν μέμφεσθαι ἄξιον Ἀλεξάνδρῳ, εἰ τοιούτοις ἀνθρωπίσκοις ἐνδιατρίβειν ἠξίου;

[¶6] 34. At another time, when Rutilianus enquired whose soul he had inherited, the reply was:
Peleus’ son wert thou at the first; thereafter Menander,
Then what thou seemest now, and hereafter shalt turn to a sunbeam.
Four score seasons of life shall be given thee over a hundred.
But as a matter of fact he died insane at seventy without awaiting the fulfilment of the god’s promise!

> Greek: 34. αὖθις δὲ πυνθανομένῳ αὐτῷ τὴν τίνος ψυχὴν αὐτὸς διεδέξατο, ἔφη·
πρῶτον Πηλείδης ἐγένου, μετὰ ταῦτα Μένανδρος,
εἶθʼ ὃς νῦν φαίνῃ, μετὰ δʼ ἔσσεαι ἡλιὰς ἀκτίς,
ζήσεις δʼ ὀγδώκοντʼ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἑκατὸν λυκάβαντας.
ὁ δὲ ἑβδομηκοντούτης ἀπέθανεν μελαγχολήσας, οὐ περιμείνας τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ ὑπόσχεσιν.

[¶7] 35. This oracle too was one of the autophones. When one time he enquired about getting married, Alexander said explicitly:
Take Alexander’s daughter to wife, who was born of Selene.
He had long before given out a story to the effect that his daughter was by Selene; for Selene had fallen in love with him on seeing him asleep once upon a time—it is a habit of hers, you know, to adore handsome lads in their sleep!+ Without any hesitation that prince of sages Rutilianus sent for the girl at once, celebrated his nuptials as a sexagenarian bridegroom, and took her to wife, propitiating his mother-in-law, the moon, with whole hecatombs and imagining that he himself had become one of the Celestials!

> Greek: 35. καὶ οὗτος ὁ χρησμὸς τῶν αὐτοφώνων ἦν. ἐρομένῳ δὲ αὐτῷ ποτε καὶ περὶ γάμου ῥητῶς ἔφη· γῆμον Ἀλεξάνδρου τε Σεληναίης τε θύγατρα. διεδεδώκει δὲ πάλαι λόγον ὡς τῆς θυγατρός, ἣν εἶχεν, ἐκ Σελήνης αὐτῷ γενομένης· τὴν γὰρ Σελήνην ἔρωτι ἁλῶναι αὐτοῦ καθεύδοντά ποτε ἰδοῦσαν, ὅπερ αὐτῇ ἔθος, κοιμωμένων ἐρᾶν τῶν καλῶν. ὁ δʼ οὐδὲν μελλήσας ὁ συνετώτατος Ῥουτιλιανὸς ἔπεμπεν εὐθὺς ἐπὶ τὴν κόρην καὶ τοὺς γάμους συνετέλει ἑξηκοντούτης νυμφίος καὶ συνῆν, τὴν πενθερὰν Σελήνην ἑκατόμβαις ὅλαις ἱλασκόμενος καὶ τῶν ἐπουρανίων εἷς καὶ αὐτὸς οἰόμενος γεγονέναι.

[¶8] 36. No sooner did Alexander get Italy in hand than he began to devise projects that were ever greater and greater, and sent oracle-mongers everywhere in the Roman Empire, warning the cities to be on their guard against plagues and conflagrations and earthquakes; he promised that he would himself afford them infallible aid so that none of these calamities should befall them. There was one oracle, also an autophone, which he despatched to all the nations during the pestilence; it was but a single verse:
Phoebus, the god unshorn, keepeth off plague’s nebulous onset.
This verse was to be seen everywhere written over doorways as a charm against the plague; but in most cases it had the contrary result. By some chance it was particularly the houses on which the verse was inscribed that were depopulated! Do not suppose me to mean that they were stricken on account of the verse—by some chance or other it turned out that way, and perhaps, too, people neglected precautions because of their confidence in the line and lived too carelessly, giving the oracle no assistance against the disease because they were going to have the syllables to defend them and “unshorn Phoebus” to drive away the plague with his arrows!

> Greek: 36. ὁ δʼ ὡς ἅπαξ τῶν ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ πραγμάτων ἐλάβετο, μείζω ἀεὶ προσεπενόει καὶ πάντοσε τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἀρχῆς ἔπεμπε χρησμολόγους, ταῖς πόλεσι προλέγων λοιμοὺς καὶ πυρκαϊὰς φυλάσσεσθαι καὶ σεισμούς· καὶ ἀσφαλῶς βοηθήσειν, ὡς μὴ γένοιτό τι τούτων, αὐτὸς ὑπισχνεῖτο αὐτοῖς. ἕνα δέ τινα χρησμόν, αὐτόφωνον καὶ αὐτόν, εἰς ἅπαντα τὰ ἔθνη ἐν τῷ λοιμῷ διεπέμψατο· ἦν δὲ τὸ ἔπος ἕν· Φοῖβος ἀκειρεκόμης λοιμοῦ νεφέλην ἀπερύκει. καὶ τοῦτο ἦν ἰδεῖν τὸ ἔπος πανταχοῦ ἐπὶ τῶν πυλώνων γεγραμμένον ὡς τοῦ λοιμοῦ ἀλεξιφάρμακον. τὸ δʼ εἰς τοὐναντίον τοῖς πλείστοις προὐχώρει· κατὰ γάρ τινα τύχην αὗται μάλιστα αἱ οἰκίαι ἐκενώθησαν αἷς τὸ ἔπος ἐπεγέγραπτο. καὶ μή με νομίσῃς τοῦτο λέγειν, ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἔπος ἀπώλλυντο· ἀλλὰ τύχῃ τινὶ οὕτως ἐγένετο. τάχα δὲ καὶ οἱ πολλοὶ θαρροῦντες τῷ στίχῳ ἠμέλουν καὶ ῥᾳθυμότερον διῃτῶντο, οὐδὲν τῷ χρησμῷ πρὸς τὴν νόσον συντελοῦντες, ὡς ἂν ἔχοντες προμαχομένας αὑτῶν τὰς συλλαβὰς καὶ τὸν ἀκειρεκόμην Φοῖβον ἀποτοξεύοντα τὸν λοιμόν.

[¶9] 37. Moreover, Alexander posted a great number of his fellow-conspirators in Rome itself as his agents, who reported everyone’s views to him and gave him advance information about the questions and the especial wishes of those who consulted him, so that the messengers might find him ready to answer even before they arrived!

> Greek: 37. Πευθῆνας μέντοι ἐν αὐτῇ Ῥώμῃ κατεστήσατο πάνυ πολλοὺς τῶν συνωμοτῶν, οἳ τὰς ἑκάστου γνώμας διήγγελλον αὐτῷ καὶ τὰς ἐρωτήσεις προεμήνυον καὶ ὧν μάλιστα ἐφίενται, ὡς ἕτοιμον αὐτὸν πρὸς τὰς ἀποκρίσεις καὶ πρὶν ἥκειν τοὺς πεμπομένους καταλαμβάνεσθαι.

[¶10] 38. He made these preparations to meet the situation in Italy, and also made notable preparations at home. He established a celebration of mysteries, with torchlight ceremonies and priestly offices, which was to be held annyally, for three days in succession, in perpetuity. On the first day, as at Athens, there was a proclamation, worded as follows: “If any atheist or Christian or Epicurean has come to spy upon the rites, let him be off, and let those who believe in the god perform the mysteries, under the blessing of Heaven.” Then, at the very outset, there was an “expulsion,” in which he took the lead, saying: “Out with the Christians,” and the whole multitude chanted in response, “Out with the Epicureans!” Then there was the child-bed of Leto, the birth of Apollo, his marriage to Coronis, and the birth of Asclepius. On the second day came the manifestation of Glycon, including the birth of the god.

> Greek: 38. καὶ πρὸς μὲν τὰ ἐν τῇ Ἰταλίᾳ ταῦτα προεμηχανᾶτο· ⟨οἴκοι δὲ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα.⟩ τελετήν τε γάρ τινα συνίσταται καὶ δᾳδουχίας καὶ ἱεροφαντίας, τριῶν ἑξῆς ἀεὶ τελουμένων ἡμερῶν. καὶ ἐν μὲν τῇ πρώτῃ πρόρρησις ἦν ὥσπερ Ἀθήνησι τοιαύτη· εἴ τις ἄθεος ἢ Χριστιανὸς ἢ Ἐπικούρειος ἥκει κατάσκοπος τῶν ὀργίων, φευγέτω· οἱ δὲ πιστεύοντες τῷ θεῷ τελείσθωσαν τύχῃ τῇ ἀγαθῇ. εἶτʼ εὐθὺς ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐξέλασις ἐγίγνετο· καὶ ὁ μὲν ἡγεῖτο λέγων ἔξω Χριστιανούς, τὸ δὲ πλῆθος ἅπαν ἐπεφθέγγετο ἔξω Ἐπικουρείους. εἶτα Λητοῦς ἐγίγνετο λοχεία καὶ Ἀπόλλωνος γοναὶ καὶ Κορωνίδος γάμος καὶ Ἀσκληπιὸς ἐτίκτετο. ἐν δὲ τῇ δευτέρᾳ Γλύκωνος ἐπιφάνεια καὶ γέννησις τοῦ θεοῦ.

[¶11] 39. On the third day there was the union of Podaleirius and the mother of Alexander—it was called the Day of Torches, and torches were burned. In conclusion there was the amour of Selene and Alexander, and the birth of Rutilianus’ wife. The torch-bearer and hierophant was our Endymion, Alexander. While he lay in full view, pretending to be asleep, there came down to him from the roof, as if from heaven, not Selene but Rutilia, a very pretty woman, married to one of the Emperor’s stewards. She was genuinely in love with Alexander and he with her; and before the eyes of her worthless husband there were kisses and embraces in public. If the torches had not been numerous, perhaps the thing would have been carried even further. After a short time Alexander entered again, robed as a priest, amid profound silence, and said in a loud voice, over and over again, “Hail, Glycon,” while, following in his train, a number of would-be Eumolpids and Ceryces from Paphlagonia, with brogans on their feet and breaths that reeked of garlic, shouted in response, “Hail, Alexander!”

> Greek: 39. τρίτῃ δὲ ἡμέρᾳ Ποδαλειρίου ἦν καὶ τῆς μητρὸς Ἀλεξάνδρου γάμος· Δᾳδὶς δὲ ἐκαλεῖτο καὶ δᾷδες δὲ ἐκαίοντο. καὶ τελευταῖον Σελήνης καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου ἔρως καὶ τικτομένη τοῦ Ῥουτιλιανοῦ ἡ γυνή. ἐδᾳδούχει δὲ καὶ ἱεροφάντει ὁ Ἐνδυμίων Ἀλέξανδρος. καὶ ὁ μὲν καθεύδων δῆθεν κατέκειτο ἐν τῷ μέσῳ, κατῄει δὲ ἐπʼ αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῆς ὀροφῆς ὡς ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ἀντὶ τῆς Σελήνης Ῥουτιλία τις ὡραιοτάτη, τῶν Καίσαρος οἰκονόμων τινὸς γυνή, ὡς ἀληθῶς ἐρῶσα τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ ἀντερωμένη ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς τοῦ ὀλεθρίου ἐκείνου ἀνδρὸς φιλήματά τε ἐγίγνετο ἐν τῷ μέσῳ καὶ περιπλοκαί. εἰ δὲ μὴ πολλαὶ ἦσαν αἱ δᾷδες, τάχα ἄν τι καὶ τῶν ὑπὸ κόλπου ἐπράττετο. μετὰ μικρὸν δὲ εἰσῄει πάλιν ἱεροφαντικῶς ἐσκευασμένος ἐν πολλῇ τῇ σιωπῇ, καὶ αὐτὸς μὲν ἔλεγε μεγάλῃ τῇ φωνῇ, ἰὴ Γλύκων ἐπεφθέγγοντο δὲ αὐτῷ ἐπακολουθοῦντες Εὐμολπίδαι δῆθεν καὶ Κήρυκές τινες Παφλαγόνες, καρβατίνας ὑποδεδεμένοι, πολλὴν τὴν σκοροδάλμην ἐρυγγάνοντες, ἰὴ Ἀλέξανδρε.

[¶12] 40. Often in the course of the torchlight ceremonies and the gambols of the mysteries his thigh was bared purposely and showed golden. No doubt gilded leather had been put about it, which gleamed in the light of the cressets. There was once a discussion between two of our learned idiots in regard to him, whether he had the soul of Pythagoras, on account of the golden thigh, or some other soul akin to it. They referred this question to Alexander himself, and King Glycon resolved their doubt with an oracle:
Nay, Pythagoras’ soul now waneth and other times waxeth;
His, with prophecy gifted, from God’s mind taketh its issue,;
Sent by the Father to aid good men in the stress of the conflict;
Then it to God will return, by God’s own thunderbolt smitten.

> Greek: 40. πολλάκις δὲ ἐν τῇ δᾳδουχίᾳ καὶ τοῖς μυστικοῖς σκιρτήμασιν γυμνωθεὶς ὁ μηρὸς αὐτοῦ ἐξεπίτηδες χρυσοῦς διεφάνη, δέρματος ὡς εἰκὸς ἐπιχρύσου περιτεθέντος καὶ πρὸς τὴν αὐγὴν τῶν λαμπάδων ἀποστίλβοντος. ὥστε καὶ γενομένης ποτὲ ζητήσεως δύο τισὶ τῶν μωροσόφων ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ, εἴτε Πυθαγόρου τὴν ψυχὴν ἔχοι διὰ τὸν χρυσοῦν μηρὸν εἴτε ἄλλην ὁμοίαν αὐτῇ, καὶ τὴν ζήτησιν ταύτην αὐτῷ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ ἐπανενεγκόντων, ὁ βασιλεὺς Γλύκων χρησμῷ ἔλυσεν τὴν ἀπορίαν·
Πυθαγόρου ψυχὴ ποτὲ μὲν φθίνει, ἄλλοτε δʼ αὔξει·
ἡ δὲ προφητείη δίης φρενός ἐστιν ἀπορρώξ.
καί μιν ἔπεμψε πατὴρ ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐπαρωγόν·
καὶ πάλιν ἐς Διὸς εἶσι Διὸς βληθεῖσα κεραυνῷ.

[¶13] 41. Although he cautioned all to abstain from intercourse with boys on the ground that it was impious, for his own part this pattern of propriety made a clever arrangement. He commanded the cities in Pontus and Paphlagonia to send choir-boys for three years’ service, to sing hymns to the god in his household; they were required to examine, select, and send the noblest, youngest, and most handsome. These he kept under ward and treated like bought slaves, sleeping with them and affronting them in every way. He made it a rule, too, not to greet anyone over eighteen years with his lips, or to embrace and kiss him; he kissed only the young, extending his hand to the others to be kissed by them. They were called “those within the kiss.”

> Greek: 41. προλέγων δὲ πᾶσιν ἀπέχεσθαι παιδίου συνουσίας, ὡς ἀσεβὲς ὄν, αὐτὸς τοιόνδε τι ὁ γεννάδας ἐτεχνήσατο. ταῖς γὰρ πόλεσι ταῖς Ποντικαῖς καὶ ταῖς Παφλαγονικαῖς ἐπήγγελλε θεηκόλους πέμπειν εἰς τριετίαν, ὑμνήσοντας παρʼ αὐτῷ τὸν θεόν, καὶ ἔδει δοκιμασθέντας καὶ προκριθέντας τοὺς εὐγενεστάτους καὶ ὡραιοτάτους καὶ κάλλει διαφέροντας πεμφθῆναι· οὓς ἐγκλεισάμενος ὥσπερ ἀργυρωνήτοις ἐχρῆτο, συγκαθεύδων καὶ πάντα τρόπον ἐμπαροινῶν. καὶ νόμον δὲ ἐπεποίητο, ὑπὲρ τὰ ὀκτωκαίδεκα ἔτη μηδένα τῷ αὐτοῦ στόματι δεξιοῦσθαι μηδὲ φιλήματι ἀσπάζεσθαι, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις προτείνων τὴν χεῖρα κύσαι μόνους τοὺς ὡραίους κατεφίλει, καὶ ἐκαλοῦντο οἱ ἐντὸς τοῦ φιλήματος.

[¶14] 42. He duped the simpletons in this way from first to last, ruining women right and left as well as living with favourites. Indeed, it was a great thing that everyone coveted if he simply cast his eyes upon a man’s wife; if, however, he deemed her worthy of a kiss, each husband thought that good fortune would flood his house. Many women even boasted that they had had children by Alexander, and their husbands bore witness that they spoke the truth!

> Greek: 42. τοιαῦτα ἐντρυφῶν τοῖς ἀνοήτοις διετέλει, γυναῖκάς τε ἀνέδην διαφθείρων καὶ παισὶ συνών. καὶ ἦν μέγα καὶ εὐκτὸν ἑκάστῳ, εἴ τινος γυναικὶ προσβλέψειεν· εἰ δὲ καὶ φιλήματος ἀξιώσειεν, ἀθρόαν τὴν ἀγαθὴν τύχην ᾤετο ἕκαστος εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτῷ εἰσρυήσεσθαι. πολλαὶ δὲ καὶ ηὔχουν τετοκέναι παρʼ αὐτοῦ, καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες ἐπεμαρτύρουν ὅτι ἀληθῆ λέγουσιν.

[¶15] 43. I want to include in my tale a dialogue between Glycon and one Sacerdos, a man of Tius, whose intelligence you will be able to appraise from his questions. I read the conversation in an inscription in letters of gold, at Tius, in the house of Sacerdos. “Tell me, Master Glycon,’ said he, “who are you?” “I am the latter-day Asclepius,’ he replied. “A different person from the one of former times? What do vou mean?” “It is not permitted you to hear that.” “How many years will you tarry among us delivering oracles?” “One thousand and three.” “Then where shall you go?” “To Bactra and that region, for the barbarians too must profit by my presence among men.” ‘What of the other prophetic shrines, the one in Didymi, the one in Clarus, and the one in Delphi—do they still have your father Apollo as the source of their oracles, or are the predictions now given out there false?’”’ “This too you must not wish to know; it is not permitted.” “What about myself—what shall I be after my present life?”’ “A camel, then a horse, then a wise man and prophet just as great as Alexander.” That was Glycon’s conversation with Sacerdos; and in conclusion he uttered an oracle in verse, knowing that Sacerdos was a follower of Lepidus:
Put not in Lepidus faith, for a pitiful doom is in waiting.
That was because he greatly feared Epicurus, as I have said before, seeing in him an opponent and critic of his trickery.

> Greek: 43. ἐθέλω δέ σοι καὶ διάλογον διηγήσασθαι τοῦ Γλύκωνος καὶ Σακερδῶτός τινος, Τιανοῦ ἀνθρώπου· ὁποίου τινὸς τὴν σύνεσιν, εἴσῃ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐρωτήσεων. ἀνέγνων δὲ αὐτὸν χρυσοῖς γράμμασιν γεγραμμένον ἐν Τίῳ, ἐν τῇ τοῦ Σακερδῶτος οἰκίᾳ. εἰπὲ γάρ μοι, ἔφη, ὦ δέσποτα Γλύκων, τίς εἶ; ἐγώ, ἦ δʼ ὅς, Ἀσκληπιὸς νέος. ἄλλος παρʼ ἐκεῖνον τὸν πρότερον; πῶς λέγεις; οὐ θέμις ἀκοῦσαί σε τοῦτό γε. πόσα δὲ ἡμῖν ἔτη παραμενεῖς χρησμῳδῶν; τρίτον πρὸς τοῖς χιλίοις. εἶτα ποῖ μεταστήσῃ; ἐς Βάκτρα καὶ τὴν ἐκεῖ γῆν· δεῖ γὰρ ἀπολαῦσαι καὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους τῆς ἐπιδημίας τῆς ἐμῆς. τὰ δʼ ἄλλα χρηστήρια, τὸ ἐν Διδύμοις καὶ τὸ ἐν Κλάρῳ καὶ τὸ ἐν Δελφοῖς, ἔχουσι τὸν πατέρα τὸν Ἀπόλλω χρησμῳδοῦντα, ἢ ψευδεῖς εἰσιν οἱ νῦν ἐκπίπτοντες ἐκεῖ χρησμοί; μηδὲ τοῦτο ἐθελήσῃς εἰδέναι· οὐ γὰρ θέμις. ἐγὼ δὲ τίς ἔσομαι μετὰ τὸν νῦν βίον; κάμηλος, εἶτα ἵππος, εἶτʼ ἀνὴρ σοφὸς καὶ προφήτης οὐ μείων Ἀλεξάνδρου. Τοιαῦτα μὲν ὁ Γλύκων τῷ Σακερδῶτι διελέχθη. ἐπὶ τέλει δὲ χρησμὸν ἔμμετρον ἐφθέγξατο, εἰδὼς αὐτὸν Λεπίδῳ ἑταῖρον ὄντα· Μὴ πείθου Λεπίδῳ, ἐπεὶ ἦ λυγρὸς οἶτος ὀπηδεῖ. πάνυ γὰρ ἐδεδίει τὸν Ἐπίκουρον, ὡς προεῖπον, ὥς τινα ἀντίτεχνον καὶ ἀντισοφιστὴν τῆς μαγγανείας αὐτοῦ.

[¶16] 44. Indeed, he seriously imperilled one of the Epicureans who ventured to expose him in the presence of a great crowd. The man went up to him and said in a loud voice: “Come now, Alexander! You prevailed upon such-and-such a Paphlagonian to put his servants on trial for their lives before the governor of Galatia on the charge that they had murdered his son, a student at Alexandria, But the young man is living, and has come back alive after the execution of the servants, whom you gave over to the wild beasts.” What had happened was this. The young man cruised up the Nile as far as Clysma, and as a vessel was just putting to sea, was induced to join others in a voyage to India. Then because he was overdue, those ill-starred servants concluded that the young man either had lost his life during his cruise upon the Nile or had been made away with by brigands, who were numerous at the time; and they returned with the report of his disappearance. Then followed the oracle and their condemnation, after which the young man presented himself, telling of his travels.

> Greek: 44. ἕνα γοῦν τινα τῶν Ἐπικουρείων, τολμήσαντα καὶ διελέγχειν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ πολλῶν τῶν παρόντων, εἰς κίνδυνον οὐ μικρὸν κατέστησεν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ προσελθὼν ἔλεγεν μεγάλῃ τῇ φωνῇ· σὺ μέντοι γε, ὦ Ἀλέξανδρε, τὸν δεῖνα Παφλαγόνα προσαγαγεῖν οἰκέτας αὐτοῦ τῷ ἡγουμένῳ τῆς Γαλατίας τὴν ἐπὶ θανάτῳ ἀνέπεισας ὡς ἀπεκτονότας τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ παιδευόμενον, ὁ δὲ νεανίσκος ζῇ καὶ ἐπανελήλυθε ζῶν μετὰ τὴν τῶν οἰκετῶν ἀπώλειαν, θηρίοις ὑπὸ σοῦ παραδοθέντων. τοιοῦτον δέ τι ἐγεγένητο· ἀναπλεύσας ὁ νεανίσκος εἰς Αἴγυπτον ἄχρι τοῦ Κλύσματος, πλοίου ἀναγομένου ἐπείσθη καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς Ἰνδίαν πλεῦσαι, κἀπειδήπερ ἐβράδυνεν, οἱ δυστυχεῖς ἐκεῖνοι οἰκέται αὐτοῦ, οἰηθέντες ἢ ἐν τῷ Νείλῳ πλέοντα διεφθάρθαι τὸν νεανίσκον ἢ καὶ ὑπὸ λῃστῶν — πολλοὶ δὲ ἦσαν τότε — ἀνῃρῆσθαι, ἐπανῆλθον ἀπαγγέλλοντες αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀφανισμόν. εἶτα ὁ χρησμὸς καὶ ἡ καταδίκη, μεθʼ ἣν ἐπέστη ὁ νεανίσκος διηγούμενος τὴν ἀποδημίαν.

[¶17] 45. When he told this tale, Alexander, indignant at the exposure and unable to bear the truth of the reproach, told the bystanders to stone him, or else they themselves would be accurst and would bear the name of Epicureans. They had begun to throw stones when a man named Demostratus who happened to be in the city, one of the most prominent men in Pontus, flung his arms about the fellow and saved him from death. But he had come very near to being overwhelmed with stones, and quite properly! Why did he have to be the only man of sense among all those lunatics and suffer from the idiocy of the Paphlagonians?

> Greek: 45. ὃ μὲν ταῦτα ἔλεγεν. ὁ δὲ Ἀλέξανδρος ἀγανακτήσας ἐπὶ τῷ ἐλέγχῳ καὶ μὴ φέρων τοῦ ὀνείδους τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐκέλευεν τοὺς παρόντας λίθοις βάλλειν αὐτόν, ἢ καὶ αὐτοὺς ἐναγεῖς ἔσεσθαι καὶ Ἐπικουρείους κληθήσεσθαι. τῶν δὲ βάλλειν ἀρξαμένων Δημόστρατός τις ἐπιδημῶν, τοῦ Πόντου πρῶτος, περιχυθεὶς ἐρρύσατο τοῦ θανάτου τὸν ἄνθρωπον μικροῦ δεῖν καταλευσθέντα, πάνυ δικαίως. τί γὰρ ἔδει μόνον φρονεῖν ἐν τοσούτοις μεμηνόσιν καὶ παραπολαῦσαι τῆς Παφλαγόνων μωρίας;

[¶18] 46. That man, then, was thus dealt with. Moreover, if in any case, when men were called up in the order of their applications (which took place the day before the prophecies were given out) and the herald enquired: “Has he a prophecy for So-and-so,” the reply came from within: “To the ravens,” nobody would ever again receive such a person under his roof or give him fire or water, but he had to be harried from country to country as an impious man, an atheist, and an Epicurean—which, indeed, was their strongest term of abuse.

> Greek: 46. καὶ τὰ μὲν κατʼ ἐκεῖνον τοιαῦτα. εἰ δέ τινι, προσκαλουμένων κατὰ τάξιν τῶν χρησμῶν — πρὸ μιᾶς δὲ τοῦτο τοῦ θεσπίζειν ἐγίγνετο — καὶ ἐρομένου τοῦ κήρυκος εἰ θεσπίζει τῷδε, ἀνεῖπεν ἔνδοθεν· ἐς κόρακας, οὐκέτι τὸν τοιοῦτον οὔτε στέγῃ τις ἐδέχετο οὔτε πυρὸς ἢ ὕδατος ἐκοινώνει, ἀλλʼ ἔδει γῆν πρὸ γῆς ἐλαύνεσθαι ὡς ἀσεβῆ καὶ ἄθεον καὶ Ἐπικούρειον, ἥπερ ἦν ἡ μεγίστη λοιδορία.

[¶19] 47. One of Alexander’s acts in this connection was most comical. Hitting upon the “Established Beliefs’ of Epicurus, which is the finest of his books, as you know, and contains in summary the articles of the man’s philosophic creed, he brought it into the middle of the market-place, burned it on fagots of fig-wood just as if he were burning the man in person, and threw the ashes into the sea, even adding an oracle also:
Burn with fire, I command you, the creed of a purblind dotard!
But the scoundrel had no idea what blessings that book creates for its readers and what peace, tranquillity, and freedom it engenders in them, liberating them as it does from terrors and apparitions and portents, from vain hopes and extravagant cravings, developing in them intelligence and truth, and truly purifying their understanding, not with torches and squills and that sort of foolery, but with straight thinking, truthfulness and frankness.

> Greek: 47. ἓν γοῦν καὶ γελοιότατον ἐποίησεν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος· εὑρὼν γὰρ τὰς Ἐπικούρου κυρίας δόξας, τὸ κάλλιστον, ὡς οἶσθα, τῶν βιβλίων καὶ κεφαλαιώδη περιέχον τῆς τἀνδρὸς σοφίας τὰ δόγματα, κομίσας εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν μέσην ἔκαυσεν ἐπὶ ξύλων συκίνων ὡς δῆθεν αὐτὸν καταφλέγων, καὶ τὴν σποδὸν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν ἐξέβαλεν, ἔτι καὶ χρησμὸν ἐπιφθεγξάμενος· Πυρπολέειν κέλομαι δόξας ἀλαοῖο γέροντος· οὐκ εἰδὼς ὁ κατάρατος ὅσων ἀγαθῶν τὸ βιβλίον ἐκεῖνο τοῖς ἐντυχοῦσιν αἴτιον γίγνεται, καὶ ὅσην αὐτοῖς εἰρήνην καὶ ἀταραξίαν καὶ ἐλευθερίαν ἐνεργάζεται, δειμάτων μὲν καὶ φασμάτων καὶ τεράτων ἀπαλλάττον καὶ ἐλπίδων ματαίων καὶ περιττῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν, νοῦν δὲ καὶ ἀλήθειαν ἐντιθὲν καὶ καθαῖρον ὡς ἀληθῶς τὰς γνώμας, οὐχ ὑπὸ δᾳδὶ καὶ σκίλλῃ καὶ ταῖς τοιαύταις φλυαρίαις, ἀλλὰ λόγῳ ὀρθῷ καὶ ἀληθείᾳ καὶ παρρησίᾳ.

[¶20] 48. Of all his bold emprises, however, let me tell you one, the greatest. Since he had no slight influence in the palace and at court through the favour which Rutilianus enjoyed, he published an oracle at the height of the war in Germany, when the late Emperor Marcus himself had at last come to grips with the Marcomanni and Quadi. The oracle recommended that two lions be cast into the Danube alive, together with a quantity of perfumes and magnificent offerings. But it will be better to repeat the oracle itself.
Into the pools of the Ister, the stream that from Zeus taketh issue,
Hurl, I command you, a pair of Cybele’s faithful attendants,
Beasts that dwell on the mountains, and all that the Indian climate
Yieldeth of flower and herb that is fragrant; amain there shall follow
Victory and great glory, and welcome peace in their footsteps.
But when all this had been done as he had directed, the lions swam across to the enemy territory and the barbarians slaughtered them with clubs, thinking them some kind of foreign dogs or wolves; and “amain” that tremendous disaster befel our side, in which a matter of twenty thousand were wiped [out ata blow. Then came what happened at Aquileia, and that city’s narrow escape from capture. To meet this issue, Alexander was flat enough to adduce the Delphian defence in the matter of the oracle given to Croesus, that the God had indeed foretold victory, but had not indicated whether it would go to the Romans or to the enemy.

> Greek: 48. ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἕν τι καὶ μέγιστον τόλμημα τοῦ μιαροῦ ἀνδρὸς ἄκουσον. ἔχων γὰρ οὐ μικρὰν ἐπίβασιν ἐπὶ τὰ βασίλεια καὶ τὴν αὐλὴν τὸν Ῥουτιλιανὸν εὐδοκιμοῦντα, διαπέμπεται χρησμὸν τοῦ ἐν Γερμανίᾳ πολέμου ἀκμάζοντος, ὅτε θεὸς Μάρκος ἤδη τοῖς Μαρκομάνοις καὶ Κουάδοις συνεπλέκετο. ἠξίου δὲ ὁ χρησμὸς δύο λέοντας ἐμβληθῆναι ζῶντας εἰς τὸν Ἴστρον μετὰ πολλῶν ἀρωμάτων καὶ θυσιῶν μεγαλοπρεπῶν. ἄμεινον δὲ αὐτὸν εἰπεῖν τὸν χρησμόν·
Ἐς δίνας Ἴστροιο διιπετέος ποταμοῖο
ἐσβαλέειν κέλομαι δοιοὺς Κυβέλης θεράποντας,
θῆρας ὀριτρεφέας, καὶ ὅσα τρέφει Ἰνδικὸς ἀὴρ
ἄνθεα καὶ βοτάνας εὐώδεας· αὐτίκα δʼ ἔσται
νίκη καὶ μέγα κῦδος ἅμʼ εἰρήνῃ ἐρατεινῇ.
γενομένων δὲ τούτων ὡς προσέταξεν, τοὺς μὲν λέοντας ἐκνηξαμένους εἰς τὴν πολεμίαν οἱ βάρβαροι ξύλοις κατειργάσαντο ὥς τινας κύνας ἢ λύκους ξενικούς· αὐτίκα δὲ τὸ μέγιστον τραῦμα τοῖς ἡμετέροις ἐγένετο, δισμυρίων που σχεδὸν ἀθρόων ἀπολομένων. εἶτα ἐπηκολούθησε τὰ περὶ Ἀκυληΐαν γενόμενα καὶ ἡ παρὰ μικρὸν τῆς πόλεως ἐκείνης ἅλωσις. ὁ δὲ πρὸς τὸ ἀποβεβηκὸς τὴν Δελφικὴν ἐκείνην ἀπολογίαν καὶ τὸν τοῦ Κροίσου χρησμὸν ψυχρῶς παρῆγεν· νίκην μὲν γὰρ προειπεῖν τὸν θεόν, μὴ μέντοι δηλῶσαι Ῥωμαίων ἢ τῶν πολεμίων.

[¶21] 49. As by this time throngs upon throngs were pouring in and their city was becoming overcrowded on account of the multitude of visitors to the shrine, so that it had not sufficient provisions, he devised the so-called “nocturnal” responses. Taking the scrolls, he slept on them, so he said, and gave replies that he pretended to have heard from the god in a dream; which, however, were in most cases not clear but ambiguous and confused, particularly when he observed that the scroll had been sealed up with unusual care. Taking no extra chances, he would append at random whatever answer came into his head, thinking that this procedure too was appropriate to oracles; and there were certain expounders who sat by with that in view and garnered large fees from the recipients of such oracles for explaining and unriddling them. Moreover, this task of theirs was subject to a levy; the expounders paid Alexander an Attic talent each.

> Greek: 49. ἤδη δὲ πολλῶν ἐπὶ πολλοῖς ἐπεισρεόντων καὶ τῆς πόλεως αὐτῶν θλιβομένης ὑπὸ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν ἐπὶ τὸ χρηστήριον ἀφικνουμένων καὶ τὰ ἐπιτήδεια διαρκῆ μὴ ἐχούσης, ἐπινοεῖ τοὺς νυκτερινοὺς καλουμένους χρησμούς. λαμβάνων γὰρ τὰ βιβλία ἐπεκοιμᾶτο, ὡς ἔφασκεν, αὐτοῖς καὶ ὡς ὄναρ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἀκούων ἀπεκρίνετο, οὐ μέντοι σαφεῖς τοὺς πολλούς, ἀλλʼ ἀμφιβόλους καὶ τεταραγμένους καὶ μάλιστα εἴ ποτε θεάσαιτο περιεργότερον τὸ βιβλίον κατεσφραγισμένον. οὐ γὰρ παρακινδυνεύων, τὸ ἐπελθὸν ἄλλως ὑπέγραφε, χρησμοῖς πρέπον καὶ τὸ τοιοῦτον οἰόμενος. καὶ ἦσάν τινες ἐξηγηταὶ ἐπὶ τοῦτο καθήμενοι καὶ μισθοὺς οὐκ ὀλίγους ἐκλέγοντες παρὰ τῶν τοὺς τοιούτους χρησμοὺς λαμβανόντων ἐπὶ τῇ ἐξηγήσει καὶ διαλύσει αὐτῶν. καὶ τοῦτο αὐτῶν τὸ ἔργον ὑπόμισθον ἦν· ἐτέλουν γὰρ οἱ ἐξηγηταὶ τῷ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τάλαντον Ἀττικὸν ἑκάτερος.

[¶22] 50. Sometimes, to amaze dolts, he would deliver an oracle for the benefit of someone who had neither enquired nor sent—who, in fact, did not exist at all. For example:
Seek thou out that man who in utmost secrecy shrouded
Tumbleth at home on the couch thy helpmeet Calligeneia,
Slave Protogenes, him upon whom thou fully reliest.
He was corrupted by thee, and now thy wife he corrupteth,
Making a bitter return unto thee for his own violation.
Aye more, now against thee a baneful charm they have fashioned
So that thou mayst not hear nor see what deeds they are doing;
This shalt thou find on the floor, beneath thy bed, by the wall-side,:
Close to the head; thy servant Calypso shareth the secret.”
What Democritus would not have been disturbed on hearing names and places specified—and would not have been filled with contempt soon afterward, when he saw through their stratagem?

> Greek: 50. ἐνίοτε δὲ μήτε ἐρομένου τινὸς μήτε πεμφθέντος, ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ ὅλως ὄντος ἐχρησμῴδει πρὸς ἔκπληξιν τῶν ἀνοήτων, οἷον καὶ τοῦτο·
Δίζεαι ὅστις σὴν ἄλοχον μάλα πάγχυ λεληθὼς
Καλλιγένειαν ὑπὲρ λεχέων σαλαγεῖ κατὰ δῶμα;
δοῦλος Πρωτογένης, τῷ δὴ σύ γε πάντα πέποιθας.
ὤπυιες γὰρ ἐκεῖνον, ὁ δʼ αὖθις σὴν παράκοιτιν,
ἀντίδοσιν ταύτην ὕβρεως ἄκρην ἀποτίνων.
ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ σοὶ δὴ φάρμακʼ ἀπʼ αὐτῶν λυγρὰ τέτυκται,
ὡς μήτʼ εἰσαΐοις μήτʼ εἰσοράοις ἃ ποιοῦσιν.
εὑρήσεις δὲ κάτω ὑπὸ σῷ λέχει ἀγχόθι τοίχου
πρὸς κεφαλῆς. καὶ σὴ θεράπαινα σύνοιδε Καλυψώ.
τίς οὐκ ἂν Δημόκριτος διεταράχθη ἀκούσας ὀνόματα καὶ τόπους ἀκριβῶς, εἶτα μετʼ ὀλίγον κατέπτυσεν ἄν, συνεὶς τὴν ἐπίνοιαν αὐτῶν;

[¶23] 52. Again, to someone else who was not there and did not exist at all, he said in prose: “Go back; he who sent you was killed to-day by his neighbour Diocles, with the help of the bandits Magnus, Celer, and Bubalus, who already have been caught and imprisoned.”

> Greek: 52. Ἄλλῳ πάλιν οὔτε παρόντι οὔτε ὅλως τινὶ ὄντι ἔφη ἄνευ μέτρου ἀναστρέφειν ὀπίσω ὁ γὰρ πέμψας σε τέθνηκεν ὑπὸ τοῦ γείτονος Διοκλέους τήμερον, λῃστῶν ἐπαχθέντων Μάγνου καὶ Βουβάλου, οἳ καὶ ἤδη δέδενται ληφθέντες.

[¶24] 51. I may say too that he often gave oracles to barbarians, when anyone put a question in his native language, in Syrian or in Celtic; since he readily found strangers in the city who belonged to the same nation as his questioners. That is why the time between the presentation of the scrolls and the delivery of the oracle was long, so that in the interval the questions might be unsealed at leisure without risk and men might be found who would be able to translate them fully. Of this sort was the response given to the Scythian: “Morphen eubargoulis eis skian chnechikrage leipsei phaos.”

> Greek: 51. ἀλλὰ καὶ βαρβάροις πολλάκις ἔχρησεν, εἴ τις τῇ πατρίῳ ἔροιτο φωνῇ, Συριστὶ ἢ Κελτιστί, ῥᾳδίως ἐξευρίσκων τινὰς ἐπιδημοῦντας ὁμοεθνεῖς τοῖς δεδωκόσιν. διὰ τοῦτο καὶ πολὺς ὁ ἐν μέσῳ χρόνος ἦν τῆς τε δόσεως τῶν βιβλίων καὶ τῆς χρησμῳδίας, ὡς ἐν τοσούτῳ κατὰ σχολὴν λύοιντό τε οἱ χρησμοὶ ἀσφαλῶς καὶ εὑρίσκοιντο οἱ ἑρμηνεῦσαι δυνάμενοι ἕκαστα. οἷος καὶ ὁ τῷ Σκύθῃ δοθεὶς χρησμὸς ἦν· μορφὴν εὐβάργουλις εἰς σκιὰν χνεχικραγη λείψει φάος.

[¶25] 53. Let me also tell you a few of the responses that were given to me. When I asked whether Alexander was bald, and sealed the question carefully and conspicuously, a “nocturnal” oracle was appended: “Sabardalachou malachaattealos en.” At another time, I asked a single question in each of two scrolls under a different name, “What was the poet Homer’s country?” In one case, misled by my serving-man, who had been asked why he came and had said, “To request a cure for a pain in the side,” he replied:
Cytmis I bid you apply, combined with the spume of a charger.
To the other, since in this case he had been told that the one who sent it enquired whether it would be better for him to go to Italy by sea or by land, he gave an answer which had nothing to do with Homer:
Make not your journey by sea, but travel afoot by the highway.

> Greek: 53. ὀλίγους δὲ καὶ τῶν ἐμοὶ δοθέντων ἄκουσον· ἐρομένου γάρ μου εἰ φαλακρός ἐστιν Ἀλέξανδρος, καὶ κατασημηναμένου περιέργως καὶ προφανῶς ὑπογράφεται χρησμὸς νυκτερήσιος, Σαβαρδαλαχου μαλαχααττηαλος ἦν. Καὶ πάλιν ἐμοῦ ἐρομένου ἐν δύο βιβλίοις διαφόροις τὴν αὐτὴν ἐρώτησιν, πόθεν ἦν Ὅμηρος ὁ ποιητής, ἐπʼ ἄλλου καὶ ἄλλου ὀνόματος, τῷ ἑτέρῳ μὲν ὑπέγραψεν ἐξαπατηθεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐμοῦ νεανίσκου — ἐρωτηθεὶς γὰρ ἐφʼ ὅ τι ἧκεν, θεραπείας, ἔφη, αἰτήσων πρὸς ὀδύνην πλευροῦ — Κυτμίδα χρίεσθαι κέλομαι δροσίην τε κέλητος· τῷ δὲ ἑτέρῳ, ἐπειδὴ καὶ τοῦτο ἠκηκόει ὡς ἐρομένου τοῦ πέμψαντος, εἴτε οἱ πλεῦσαι ἐπʼ Ἰταλίαν εἴτε πεζοπορῆσαι λῷον, ἀπεκρίνατο οὐδὲν πρὸς τὸν Ὅμηρον· μὴ σύ γε πλωέμεναι, πεζὴν δὲ κατʼ οἶμον ὅδευε.

[¶26] 54. Many such traps, in fact, were set for him by me and by others. For example, I put a single question, and wrote upon the outside of the scroll, following the usual form: “Eight questions from So-and-so,”’ using a fictitious name and sending the eight drachmas and whatever it came to besides. Rely- ing upon the fee that had been sent and upon the inscription on the roll, to the single question: “When will Alexander be caught cheating?” he sent me eight responses which, as the saying goes, had no connection with earth or with heaven, but were silly and nonsensical every one. When he found out about all this afterward, and also that it was I who was attempting to dissuade Rutilianus from the marriage and from his great dependence upon the hopes inspired by the shrine, he began to hate me, as was natural, and to count me a bitter enemy. Once when Rutilianus asked about me, he replied:
Low-voiced walks in the dusk are his pleasure, and impious matings.

> Greek: 54. πολλὰ γὰρ τοιαῦτα καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπεμηχανησάμην αὐτῷ, οἷον καὶ ἐκεῖνο· μίαν ἐρώτησιν ἐρωτήσας ἐπέγραψα τῷ βιβλίῳ κατὰ τὸ ἔθος· τοῦ δεῖνος χρησμοὶ ὀκτώ, ψευσάμενός τι ὄνομα, καὶ τὰς ὀκτὼ δραχμὰς καὶ τὸ γιγνόμενον ἔτι πρὸς ταύταις πέμψας· ὁ δὲ πιστεύσας τῇ ἀποπομπῇ τοῦ μισθοῦ καὶ τῇ ἐπιγραφῇ τοῦ βιβλίου, πρὸς μίαν ἐρώτησιν — ἦν δὲ αὕτη· πότε ἁλώσεται μαγγανεύων Ἀλέξανδρος; — ὀκτώ μοι χρησμοὺς ἔπεμψεν, οὔτε γῆς φασιν οὔτε οὐρανοῦ ἁπτομένους, ἀνοήτους δὲ καὶ δυσνοήτους ἅπαντας. ἅπερ ὕστερον αἰσθόμενος, καὶ ὅτι Ῥουτιλιανὸν ἐγὼ ἀπέτρεπον τοῦ γάμου καὶ τοῦ πάνυ προσκεῖσθαι ταῖς τοῦ χρηστηρίου ἐλπίσιν, ἐμίσει, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, καὶ ἔχθιστον ἡγεῖτο. καί ποτε περὶ ἐμοῦ ἐρομένῳ τῷ Ῥουτιλιανῷ ἔφη· Νυκτιπλάνοις ὀάροις χαίρει κοίταις τε δυσάγνοις. καὶ ὅλως ἔχθιστος εἰκότως ἦν ἐγώ.

[¶27] 55. And generally, I was of course the man he most hated. When he discovered that I had entered the city and ascertained that I was the Lucian of whom he had heard (I had brought, I may add, two soldiers with me, a pikeman and a spearman borrowed from the Governor of Cappadocia, then a friend of mine, to escort me to the sea), he at once sent for me very politely and with great show of friendliness. When I went, I found many about him; but I had brought along my two soldiers, as luck would have it. He extended me his right hand to kiss, as his custom was with the public; I clasped it as if to kiss it, and almost crippled it with a right good bite! The bystanders tried to choke and beat me for sacrilege; even before that, they had been indignant because I had addressed him as Alexander and not as Prophet.” But he mastered himself very hand- somely, held them in check, and promised that he would easily make me tame and would demonstrate Glycon’s worth by showing that he transformed even bitter foes into friends. Then he removed everybody and had it out with me, professing to know very well who I was and what advice I was giving Rutilianus, and saying, ‘What possessed you to do this to me, when I can advance you tremendously in his favour?” By that time I was glad to receive this proffer of friendship, since I saw what a perilous position I had taken up; so, after a little, I reappeared as his friend, and it seemed quite a miracle to the observers that my change of heart had been so easily effected.

> Greek: 55. κἀπειδὴ εἰσελθόντα με εἰς τὴν πόλιν ᾔσθετο καὶ ἔμαθεν ὡς ἐκεῖνος εἴην ὁ Λουκιανός — ἐπηγόμην δὲ καὶ στρατιώτας δύο, λογχοφόρον καὶ κοντοφόρον, παρὰ τοῦ ἡγουμένου τῆς Καππαδοκίας, φίλου τότε ὄντος, λαβών, ὥς με παραπέμψειαν μέχρι πρὸς τὴν θάλατταν — αὐτίκα μεταστέλλεται δεξιῶς πάνυ καὶ μετὰ πολλῆς φιλοφροσύνης. ἐλθὼν δὲ ἐγὼ πολλοὺς καταλαμβάνω περὶ αὐτόν· συνεπηγόμην δὲ καὶ τοὺς στρατιώτας τύχῃ τινὶ ἀγαθῇ. καὶ ὁ μὲν προὔτεινέ μοι κύσαι τὴν δεξιάν, ὥσπερ εἰώθει τοῖς πολλοῖς, ἐγὼ δὲ προσφὺς ὡς φιλήσων, δήγματι χρηστῷ πάνυ μικροῦ δεῖν χωλὴν αὐτῷ ἐποίησα τὴν χεῖρα. οἱ μὲν οὖν παρόντες ἄγχειν με καὶ παίειν ἐπειρῶντο ὡς ἱερόσυλον, καὶ πρότερον ἔτι ἀγανακτήσαντες ὅτι Ἀλέξανδρον αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ μὴ προφήτην προσεῖπον· ὁ δὲ πάνυ γεννικῶς καρτερήσας κατέπαυέν τε αὐτοὺς καὶ ὑπισχνεῖτο τιθασόν με ῥᾳδίως ἀποφανεῖν καὶ δείξειν τὴν Γλύκωνος ἀρετήν, ὅτι καὶ τοὺς πάνυ τραχυνομένους φίλους ἀπεργάζεται. καὶ μεταστησάμενος ἅπαντας ἐδικαιολογεῖτο πρός με, λέγων πάνυ με εἰδέναι καὶ τὰ ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ Ῥουτιλιανῷ συμβουλευόμενα, καὶ τί παθὼν ταῦτά με εἰργάσω, δυνάμενος ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ ἐπὶ μέγα προαχθῆναι παρʼ αὐτῷ; κἀγὼ ἄσμενος ἤδη ἐδεχόμην τὴν φιλοφροσύνην ταύτην ὁρῶν οἷ κινδύνου καθειστήκειν, καὶ μετʼ ὀλίγον προῆλθον φίλος γεγενημένος. καὶ τοῦτο οὐ μικρὸν θαῦμα τοῖς ὁρῶσιν ἔδοξεν, οὕτω ῥᾳδία γενομένη μου ἡ μεταβολή.

[¶28] 56. Then, when I decided to sail—it chanced that I was accompanied only by Xenophon during my visit, as I had previously sent my father and my family on to Amastris—he sent me many remembrances and presents, and promised too that he himself would furnish a boat and a crew to transport me. I considered this a sincere and polite offer; but when I was in mid-passage, I saw the master in tears, disputing with the sailors, and began to be very doubtful about the prospects. It was a fact that they had received orders from Alexander to throw us bodily into the sea. If that had been done, his quarrel with me would have been settled without ado; but by his tears the master prevailed upon his crew to do us no harm. “For sixty years, as you see,” said he to me, “I have led a blameless and God-fearing life, and I should not wish, at this age and with a wife and children, to stain my hands with murder;” and he explained for what purpose he had taken us aboard, and what orders had been given by Alexander.

> Greek: 56. εἶτα δή μου ἐκπλεῖν προαιρουμένου ξένια καὶ δῶρα πολλὰ πέμψας — μόνος δὲ σὺν τῷ Ξενοφῶντι ἔτυχον ἐπιδημῶν, τὸν πατέρα καὶ τοὺς ἐμοὺς εἰς Ἄμαστριν προεκπεπομφώς — ὑπισχνεῖται καὶ πλοῖον αὐτὸς παρέξειν καὶ ἐρέτας τοὺς ἀπάξοντας. κἀγὼ μὲν ᾤμην ἁπλοῦν τι τοῦτο εἶναι καὶ δεξιόν· ἐπεὶ δὲ κατὰ μέσον τὸν πόρον ἐγενόμην, δακρύοντα ὁρῶν τὸν κυβερνήτην καὶ τοῖς ναύταις τι ἀντιλέγοντα οὐκ ἀγαθὰς εἶχον περὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἐλπίδας. ἦν δὲ αὐτοῖς ἐπεσταλμένον ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου ἀραμένους ῥῖψαι ἡμᾶς εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν· ὅπερ εἰ ἐγένετο, ῥᾳδίως ἂν αὐτῷ διεπεπολέμητο τὰ πρὸς ἐμέ. ἀλλὰ δακρύων ἐκεῖνος ἔπεισεν καὶ τοὺς συνναύτας μηδὲν ἡμᾶς δεινὸν ἐργάσασθαι, καὶ πρὸς ἐμὲ ἔφη, ἔτη ἑξήκοντα, ὡς ὁρᾷς, ἀνεπίληπτον βίον καὶ ὅσιον προβεβηκὼς οὐκ ἂν βουλοίμην, ἐν τούτῳ τῆς ἡλικίας καὶ γυναῖκα καὶ τέκνα ἔχων, μιᾶναι φόνῳ τὰς χεῖρας, δηλῶν ἐφʼ ὅπερ ἡμᾶς ἀνειλήφει, καὶ τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου προστεταγμένα.

[¶29] 57. He set us ashore at Aegiali (which noble Homer mentions ), and then they went back again. There I found some men from the Bosporus who were voyaging along the coast. They were going as ambassadors from King Eupator to Bithynia, to bring the yearly contribution. I told them of the peril in which we had been, found them courteous, was taken aboard their vessel, and won safely through to Amastris, after coming so close to losing my life. Thereupon I myself began to prepare for battle with him, and to employ every resource in my desire to pay him back. Even before his attempt upon me, I detested him and held him in bitter enmity on account of the vileness of his character. So I undertook to prosecute him, and had many associates, particularly the followers of Timocrates, the philosopher from Heraclea. But the then governor of Bithynia and Pontus, Avitus, checked me, all but beseeching and imploring me to leave off, because out of good will to Rutilianus he could not, he said, punish Alexander even if he should find him clearly guilty of crime. In that way my effort was thwarted, and I left off exhibiting misplaced zeal before a judge who was in that state of mind.

> Greek: 57. καταθέμενος δὲ ἡμᾶς ἐν Αἰγιαλοῖς, ὧν καὶ ὁ καλὸς Ὅμηρος μέμνηται, ὀπίσω ἀπήλαυνον. ἔνθα ἐγὼ παραπλέοντας εὑρὼν Βοσποριανούς τινας, πρέσβεις παρʼ Εὐπάτορος τοῦ βασιλέως εἰς τὴν Βιθυνίαν ἀπιόντας ἐπὶ κομιδῇ τῆς ἐπετείου συντάξεως, καὶ διηγησάμενος αὐτοῖς τὸν περιστάντα ἡμᾶς κίνδυνον, καὶ δεξιῶν αὐτῶν τυχών, ἀναληφθεὶς ἐπὶ τὸ πλοῖον διασώζομαι εἰς τὴν Ἄμαστριν, παρὰ τοσοῦτον ἐλθὼν ἀποθανεῖν. τοὐντεῦθεν καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπεκορυσσόμην αὐτῷ καὶ πάντα κάλων ἐκίνουν ἀμύνασθαι βουλόμενος, καὶ πρὸ τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς ἤδη μισῶν αὐτὸν καὶ ἔχθιστον ἡγούμενος διὰ τὴν τοῦ τρόπου μιαρίαν, καὶ πρὸς τὴν κατηγορίαν ὡρμήμην πολλοὺς συναγωνιστὰς ἔχων καὶ μάλιστα τοὺς ἀπὸ Τιμοκράτους τοῦ Ἡρακλεώτου φιλοσόφου· ἀλλʼ ὁ τότε ἡγούμενος Βιθυνίας καὶ τοῦ Πόντου Αὔειτος ἐπέσχε, μονονουχὶ ἱκετεύων καὶ ἀντιβολῶν παύσασθαι· διὰ γὰρ τὴν πρὸς Ῥουτιλιανὸν εὔνοιαν μὴ ἂν δύνασθαι, καὶ εἰ φανερῶς λάβοι ἀδικοῦντα, κολάσαι αὐτόν. οὕτω μὲν ἀνεκόπην τῆς ὁρμῆς καὶ ἐπαυσάμην οὐκ ἐν δέοντι θρασυνόμενος ἐφʼ οὕτω δικαστοῦ διακειμένου.

[¶30] 58. Was it not also a great piece of impudence on the part of Alexander that he should petition the Emperor to change the name of Abonoteichus and call it Ionopolis, and to strike a new coin bearing on one side the likeness of Glycon and on the other that of Alexander, wearing the fillets of his grandfather Asclepius and holding the falchion of his maternal ancestor Perseus?

> Greek: 58. ἐκεῖνο δὲ πῶς οὐ μέγα ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις τὸ τόλμημα τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου, τὸ αἰτῆσαι παρὰ τοῦ αὐτοκράτορος μετονομασθῆναι τὸ τοῦ Ἀβώνου τεῖχος καὶ Ἰωνόπολιν κληθῆναι, καὶ νόμισμα καινὸν κόψαι ἐγκεχαραγμένον τῇ μὲν τοῦ Γλύκωνος, κατὰ θάτερα δὲ Ἀλεξάνδρου, στέμματά τε τοῦ πάππου Ἀσκληπιοῦ καὶ τὴν ἅρπην ἐκείνην τοῦ πατρομήτορος Περσέως ἔχοντος;

[¶31] 59. In spite of his prediction in an oracle that he was fated to live a hundred and fifty years and then die by a stroke of lightning, he met a most wretched end before reaching the age of seventy, in a manner that befitted a son of Podaleirius; for his leg became mortified quite to the groin and was infested with maggots. It was then that his baldness was detected when because of the pain he let the doctors foment his head, which they could not have done unless his wig had been removed.

> Greek: 59. προειπὼν δὲ διὰ χρησμοῦ περὶ αὑτοῦ ὅτι ζῆσαι εἵμαρται αὐτῷ ἔτη πεντήκοντα καὶ ἑκατόν, εἶτα κεραυνῷ βληθέντα ἀποθανεῖν, οἰκτίστῳ τέλει οὐδὲ ἑβδομήκοντα ἔτη γεγονὼς ἀπέθανεν, ὡς Ποδαλειρίου υἱὸς διασαπεὶς τὸν πόδα μέχρι τοῦ βουβῶνος καὶ σκωλήκων ζέσας· ὅτεπερ καὶ ἐφωράθη φαλακρὸς ὤν, παρέχων τοῖς ἰατροῖς ἐπιβρέχειν αὐτοῦ τὴν κεφαλὴν διὰ τὴν ὀδύνην, ὃ οὐκ ἂν ποιῆσαι ἐδύναντο μὴ οὐχὶ τῆς φενάκης ἀφῃρημένης.

[¶32] 60. Such was the conclusion of Alexander’s spectacular career, and such the dénouement of the whole play; being as it was, it resembled an act of Providence, although it came about by chance. It was inevitable, too, that he should have funeral games worthy of his career—that a contest for the shrine should arise. The foremost of his fellow-conspirators and. impostors referred it to Rutilianus to decide which of them should be given the preference, should suceeed to the shrine, and should be crowned with the fillet of priest and prophet. Paetus was one of them, a physician by profession, a greybeard, who conducted himself in a way that befitted neither a physician nor a greybeard. But Rutilianus, the umpire, sent them off unfilleted, keeping the post of prophet for the master after his departure from this life.

> Greek: 60. τοιοῦτο τέλος τῆς Ἀλεξάνδρου τραγῳδίας καὶ αὕτη τοῦ παντὸς δράματος ἡ καταστροφὴ ἐγένετο, ὡς εἰκάζειν προνοίας τινὸς τὸ τοιοῦτον, εἰ καὶ κατὰ τύχην συνέβη. ἔδει δὲ καὶ τὸν ἐπιτάφιον αὐτοῦ ἄξιον γενέσθαι τοῦ βίου, καὶ ἀγῶνά τινα συστήσασθαι ὑπὲρ τοῦ χρηστηρίου, τῶν συνωμοτῶν ἐκείνων καὶ γοήτων, ὅσοι κορυφαῖοι ἦσαν, ἀνελθόντων ἐπὶ διαιτητὴν τὸν Ῥουτιλιανόν, τίνα χρὴ προκριθῆναι αὐτῶν καὶ διαδέξασθαι τὸ μαντεῖον καὶ στεφανωθῆναι τῷ ἱεροφαντικῷ καὶ προφητικῷ στέμματι. ἦν δὲ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ Παῖτος, ἰατρὸς τὴν τέχνην, πολιός τις, οὔτε ἰατρῷ πρέποντα οὔτε πολιῷ ἀνδρὶ ταῦτα ποιῶν. ἀλλʼ ὁ ἀγωνοθέτης Ῥουτιλιανὸς ἀστεφανώτους αὐτοὺς ἀπέπεμψεν αὐτῷ τὴν προφητείαν φυλάττων μετὰ τὴν ἐντεῦθεν ἀπαλλαγήν.

[¶33] 61. This, my friend, is but a little out of a great deal; I have thought fit to set it down as a specimen, not only to pleasure you as an associate and friend whom above all others I hold in admiration for your wisdom, your love of truth, the gentleness and reasonableness of your ways, the peacefulness of your life, and your courtesy toward all whom you encounter, but mostly—and this will give greater pleasure to you also—to right the wrongs of Epicurus, a man truly saintly and divine in his nature, who alone truly discerned right ideals and handed them down, who proved himself the liberator of all who sought his converse. I think too that to its readers the writing will seem to have some usefulness, refuting as it does certain falsehoods and confirming certain truths in the minds of all men of sense.

> Greek: 61. ταῦτα, ὦ φιλότης, ὀλίγα ἐκ πολλῶν δείγματος ἕνεκα γράψαι ἠξίωσα, καὶ σοὶ μὲν χαριζόμενος, ἀνδρὶ ἑταίρῳ καὶ φίλῳ καὶ ὃν ἐγὼ πάντων μάλιστα θαυμάσας ἔχω ἐπί τε σοφίᾳ καὶ τῷ πρὸς ἀλήθειαν ἔρωτι καὶ τρόπου πραότητι καὶ ἐπιεικείᾳ καὶ γαλήνῃ βίου καὶ δεξιότητι πρὸς τοὺς συνόντας, τὸ πλέον δέ, — ὅπερ καὶ σοὶ ἥδιον, — Ἐπικούρῳ τιμωρῶν, ἀνδρὶ ὡς ἀληθῶς ἱερῷ καὶ θεσπεσίῳ τὴν φύσιν καὶ μόνῳ μετʼ ἀληθείας τὰ καλὰ ἐγνωκότι καὶ παραδεδωκότι καὶ ἐλευθερωτῇ τῶν ὁμιλησάντων αὐτῷ γενομένῳ. οἶμαι δὲ ὅτι καὶ τοῖς ἐντυχοῦσι χρήσιμόν τι ἔχειν δόξει ἡ γραφή, τὰ μὲν διεξελέγχουσα, τὰ δὲ ἐν ταῖς τῶν εὖ φρονούντων γνώμαις βεβαιοῦσα.