---
title: "Astrology · Περὶ τῆς Ἀστρολογίας"
author: "Lucian"
translator: "Austin Morris Harmon"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
section: 1 of 1
url: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-astrology/1/
cite: "Lucian, tr. Austin Morris Harmon, Astrology · Περὶ τῆς Ἀστρολογίας, section 1. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-astrology/1/"
---

# Astrology · Περὶ τῆς Ἀστρολογίας

*Lucian, tr. Austin Morris Harmon*

A short account of the art of the stars and its myths.

> Greek: ed. Austin Morris Harmon, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0062.tlg048, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Austin Morris Harmon, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0062.tlg048.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 1. Sections 1–29

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-astrology/1/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-astrology/1/#p-N

[¶0] 1. This treatise concerneth heaven and the stars, yet not the stars themselves nor heaven itself, but the auspiciall verity that from them assuredly entereth into the life of man. My discourse containeth not counsell, nor proffereth instruction how to ply this auspiciall art, but my aim is to chide those learned men who cultivate and expose unto their disciples all other studies, but neither esteem nor cultivate astrology.

> Greek: 1. Ἀμφί τε οὐρανοῦ ἀμφί τε ἀστέρων ἡ γραφή, οὐκ αὐτῶν ἀστέρων οὐδʼ αὐτοῦ πέρι οὐρανοῦ, ἀλλὰ μαντείης καὶ ἀληθείης, ἣ δὴ ἐκ τουτέων ἐς ἀνθρώπων βίον ἔρχεται. ὁ δέ μοι λόγος οὐκ ὑποθημοσύνην ἔχει οὐδὲ διδασκαλίην ἐπαγγέλλεται ὅκως ταύτην τὴν μαντοσύνην διενεκτέον, ἀλλὰ μέμφομαι ὁκόσοι σοφοὶ ἐόντες τὰ μὲν ἄλλα ἐπασκέουσι καὶ παισὶ τοῖς ἑωυτῶν ἀπηγέονται, μούνην δὲ ἀστρολογίην οὔτε τιμέουσιν οὔτε ἐπασκέουσιν.

[¶1] 2. Although the science is ancient, not come to us newly, but the creation of divinely favoured kings of antiquity, yet men of these daies, through ignorance, supinity, and mislike of labour, hold opinions repugnant unto theirs, and when they encounter men that make false prognostickes, they impeach the stars and contemne astrology itself, which they consider neither sound nor veridicall but a vain and idle fiction; wherein, as I think, the judge unjustly. For a wright’s unskillfullness argueth not the wright’s art in error, nor a piper’s untunefullness the art of musick devoid of sense. Rather are they ignorant of their arts, and each of these in itself rationall.

> Greek: 2. καὶ ἡ μὲν σοφίη παλαιὴ οὐδὲ νέον ἐς ἡμέας ἀπίκετο, ἀλλʼ ἔστιν ἔργον ἀρχαίων βασιλέων θεοφιλέων. οἱ δὲ νῦν ἀμαθίῃ καὶ ῥᾳθυμίῃ καὶ προσέτι μισοπονίῃ κείνοισί τε ἀντίξοα φρονέουσι καὶ εὖτʼ ἂν ἀνδράσιν ἐπικυρέωσιν ψεύδεα μαντευομένοις, ἄστρων τε κατηγορέουσιν καὶ αὐτὴν ἀστρολογίην μισέουσιν, οὐδέ μιν οὔτε ὑγιέα οὔτε ἀληθέα νομίζουσιν, ἀλλὰ λόγον ψευδέα καὶ ἀνεμώλιον, οὐ δικαίως, ἐμοὶ δοκέει, φρονέοντες· οὐδὲ γὰρ τέκτονος ἀϊδρίη τεκτοσύνης αὐτῆς ἀδικίη οὐδὲ αὐλητέω ἀμουσίη μουσικῆς ἀσοφίη, ἀλλʼ οἱ μὲν ἀμαθέες τῶν τεχνῶν, ἑκάστη δʼ ἐν ἑωυτῇ σοφή.

[¶2] 3. It was the Aethiopians that first delivered this doctrine unto men. The ground thereof was in part the wisdom of that nation, the Aethiopians being in all else wiser than all men; but in part also the benignity of their clime, since clear skyes and calm weather ever invest them, and they are not subjected to the vicissitudes of the yeere, but live in onely one season. Therefore when they discerned, first of all, that the moon hath not perpetually the same appearance, but carrieth a various aspect and changeth into divers figures, they accounted the thing good reason for wonder and empuzzlement. In consequence they sought and found the cause thereof, that the lustre of the moon is not her own but cometh to her from the sun.

> Greek: 3. πρῶτον μὲν ὦν Αἰθίοπες τόνδε τὸν λόγον ἀνθρώποισι κατεστήσαντο. αἰτίη δὲ αὐτέοισι τὰ μὲν ἡ σοφίη τοῦ ἔθνεος — καὶ γὰρ τἄλλα τῶν ἄλλων σοφώτεροι Αἰθίοπες — τὰ δὲ καὶ τῆς οἰκήσιος ἡ εὐμοιρίη· αἰεὶ γὰρ σφέας εὐδίη καὶ γαληναίη περικέαται, οὐδὲ τῶν τοῦ ἔτεος τροπέων ἀνέχονται, ἀλλʼ ἐν μιῇ ὥρῃ οἰκέουσιν. ἰδόντες ὦν πρῶτα τὴν σεληναίην οὐκ ἐς πάμπαν ὁμοίην φαινομένην, ἀλλὰ πολυειδέα τε γιγνομένην καὶ ἐν ἄλλοτε ἄλλῃ μορφῇ τρεπομένην, ἐδόκεεν αὐτέοισιν τὸ χρῆμα θωύματος καὶ ἀπορίης ἄξιον. ἔνθεν δὲ ζητέοντες εὗρον τουτέων τὴν αἰτίην, ὅτι οὐκ ἴδιον τῇ σεληναίῃ τὸ φέγγος, ἀλλά οἱ παρʼ ἠελίου ἔρχεται.

[¶3] 4. And they determined also the course of the other stars, which we call planets or wanderers because they alone of all the stars do move; also their nature and potency, and the works that are brought to pass by each of them. Also, they ascribed names unto them, that yet were not names, as they seemed, but symboles.

> Greek: 4. εὗρον δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀστέρων τὴν φορήν, τοὺς δὴ πλάνητας ἡμεῖς καλέομεν — μοῦνοι γὰρ τῶν ἄλλων κινέονται — φύσιν τε αὐτῶν καὶ δυναστείην καὶ ἔργα τὰ ἕκαστος ἐπιτελέουσιν. ἐν δὲ καὶ οὐνόματα αὐτέοισιν ἐπέθεσαν, οὐκ οὐνόματα, ὅκως ἐδόκεον, ἀλλὰ σημήια.

[¶4] 5. All which the Aethiopians observed in the skye, and afterwards they transmitted their doctrine incompleat to the Aegyptians. And the Aegyptians, deriving from them the auspiciall art but half consummated, advanced it; and they indicated the measure of each planet’s motion, and determined the numericall extension of yeares and moneths and hours. The moneths they measured by the moon and her cycle, the year by the sun and his revolution.

> Greek: 5. ταῦτα μὲν ὦν Αἰθίοπες ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ἐπέβλεψαν, μετὰ δὲ γείτοσιν οὖσιν Αἰγυπτίοισιν ἀτελέα τὸν λόγον παρέδοσαν, Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ παρὰ σφέων ἐκδεξάμενοι ἡμιεργέα τὴν μαντικὴν ἐπὶ μέζον ἤγειραν, μέτρα τε τῆς ἑκάστου κινήσιος ἐσημήναντο καὶ ἐτέων ἀριθμὸν καὶ μηνῶν καὶ ὡρέων διετάξαντο. καὶ μηνῶν μὲν σφίσι μέτρον ἡ σεληναίη καὶ ἡ ταύτης ἀναστροφὴ ἐγένετο, ἔτεος δὲ ἠέλιος καὶ ἡ τοῦ ἠελίου περίφορος.

[¶5] 6. And they devised other inventions much greater than these. For they divided the entire skye and the other stars that are inerrant and fixed, and do never move, into twelve segments for such as move: which they styled “houses,” although they resemble living creatures, each patterned after the figure of a different kind, whereof some are sea-monsters, some humans, some wild beasts, some volatiles, some juments.

> Greek: 6. οἱ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα ἐμήσαντο πολλὸν μέζω τουτέων· ἐκ γὰρ δὴ τοῦ παντὸς ἠέρος καὶ ἀστέρων τῶν ἄλλων ἀπλανέων τε καὶ εὐσταθέων καὶ οὐδαμὰ κινεομένων δυώδεκα μοίρας ἐτάμοντο τοῖσι κινεομένοισι, καὶ οἰκία … ζῷα ἐόντα ἕκαστον αὐτῶν ἐς ἄλλην μορφὴν μεμιμέαται, τὰ μὲν ἐνάλια, τὰ δὲ ἀνθρώπων, τὰ δὲ θηρῶν, τὰ δὲ πτηνῶν, τὰ δὲ κτηνέων.

[¶6] 7. For this reason, indeed, the Aegyptian deities are portrayed in various aspects. For it is not to be supposed that all Aegyptians were wont to draw prognosticks from all the twelve signs; but some had one sign in use, others another. The ram is reverenced by those who looked up unto Aries, fish is not eaten by those who attached signality unto Pisces, the goat is not slain by those who had knowledge of Capricorn, and the other creatures are severally venerated by other folk. Assuredly the bull too is adored in honour of the celestial Taurus, and Apis, esteemed by them an object of the uttermost sanctity, depastureth their land, and they that inhabit it vouchsafe him an oracle in token of the auspiciality of Taurus.

> Greek: 7. ἀπὸ τέω δὴ καὶ ἱερὰ τὰ Αἰγύπτια πολυειδέα ποιέεται· οὐ γὰρ πάντες Αἰγύπτιοι ἐκ τῶν δυώδεκα μοιρέων πασέων ἐμαντεύοντο, ἄλλοι δὲ ἀλλοίῃσι μοίρῃσιν ἐχρέοντο, καὶ κριὸν μὲν σέβουσιν ὁκόσοι ἐς κριὸν ἀπέβλεπον, ἰχθύας δὲ οὐ σιτέονται ὁκόσοι ἰχθύας ἐπεσημήναντο, οὐδὲ τράγον κτείνουσιν ὅσοι αἰγόκερων ᾔδεσαν, καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι τὰ ἄλλα ὡς ἕκαστοι ἱλάσκονται. ναὶ μὴν καὶ ταῦρον ἐς τιμὴν τοῦ ἠερίου ταύρου σεβίζονται, καὶ ὁ Ἆπις αὐτοῖς χρῆμα ἱερώτατον τὴν χώρην ἐπινέμεται καί οἱ ἐκεῖ μαντήιόν γε ἀνατιθέασιν σημήιον τῆς ἐκείνου τοῦ ταύρου μαντικῆς.

[¶7] 8. Not long after, the Libyans also espoused the science; for the Libyan oracle of Ammon was founded in regard of the heavens and his knowledge thereof; whence they represent Ammon with a ram’s head.

> Greek: 8. οὐ μετὰ πολλὸν δὲ καὶ Λίβυες ἐπέβησαν τοῦ λόγου· καὶ γὰρ τὸ Λιβύων μαντήιον τὸ Ἄμμωνος, καὶ τοῦτο ἐς τὸν ἠέρα καὶ ἐς τὴν τούτου σοφίην ἵδρυτο, παρʼ ὃ τὸν Ἄμμωνα καὶ οὗτοι κριοπρόσωπον ποιέονται.

[¶8] 9. And the Babylonians came to know all these things, even before the others, as they themselves say; but I think that the science reached them long afterward.

> Greek: 9. ἔγνωσαν δὲ τούτων ἕκαστα καὶ Βαβυλώνιοι, οὗτοι μέν, λέγουσιν, καὶ πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων, ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκέει, πολλὸν ὕστερον ἐς τούτους ὁ λόγος ἀπίκετο.

[¶9] 10. As for the Greeks, they learned not a whit of astrology either from the Aethiopians or from the Aegyptians. It was Orpheus, the son of Oeagrus and Calliope, that first declared these matters unto them, but not at all plainly, nor did he bring the science forth unto illucidation but unto ingannation and pious fraude, such being the humour of the man. _ For he made a harp and exposed his mystick rites in poesy and his theology in song; and the harp, that had seven chords, discoursed the harmony of the errant spheres. It was by investigating and ventilating these matters that he enchanted and enthralled all creatures; for he regarded not that harp of his nor yet concerned himselfe with other musick, but this was the mightie harp of Orpheus, and to honour these things, the Greeks set apart a station in the heavens and numerous stars are denominated Orpheus his harp. If ever you see Orpheus pictured in mosaick stones or in pigment, he sitteth in the centre, in the simili- tude of one that sings, holding in his hands the harp, and about him stand numberless creatures, among which a bull, a man, a lion, and others after their kind. When you see these, bethink you, pray, what his song was, what his harp, and what the bull or the lion that giveth ear to him. And if you would know the originalls that I speak of, you may behold each of them in the heavens.

> Greek: 10. Ἕλληνες δὲ οὔτε παρʼ Αἰθιόπων οὔτε παρʼ Αἰγυπτίων ἀστρολογίης πέρι οὐδὲν ἤκουσαν, ἀλλὰ σφίσιν Ὀρφεὺς ὁ Οἰάγρου καὶ Καλλιόπης πρῶτος τάδε ἀπηγήσατο, οὐ μάλα ἐμφανέως, οὐδὲ ἐς φάος τὸν λόγον προήνεγκεν, ἀλλʼ ἐς γοητείην καὶ ἱερολογίην, οἵη διανοίη ἐκείνου. πηξάμενος γὰρ λύρην ὄργιά τε ἐποιέετο καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ ἤειδεν· ἡ δὲ λύρη ἑπτάμιτος ἐοῦσα τὴν τῶν κινεομένων ἀστέρων ἁρμονίην συνεβάλλετο. ταῦτα Ὀρφεὺς διζήμενος καὶ ταῦτα ἀνακινέων πάντα ἔθελγεν καὶ πάντων ἐκράτεεν· οὐ γὰρ ἐκείνην τὴν λύρην ἔβλεπεν οὐδέ οἱ ἄλλης ἔμελε μουσουργίης, ἀλλʼ αὕτη Ὀρφέος ἡ μεγάλη λύρη, Ἕλληνές τε τάδε τιμέοντες μοίρην ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ἀπέκριναν καὶ ἀστέρες πολλοὶ καλέονται λύρη Ὀρφέος. ἢν δέ κοτε Ὀρφέα ἴδῃς ἢ λίθοισιν ἢ χροιῇ μεμιμημένον, μέσῳ ἕζεται ἴκελος ἀείδοντι, μετὰ χερσὶν ἔχων τὴν λύρην, ἀμφὶ δέ μιν ζῷα μυρία ἕστηκεν, ἐν οἷς καὶ ταῦρος καὶ ἄνθρωπος καὶ λέων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἕκαστον. εὖτʼ ἂν ἐκεῖνα ἴδῃς, μέμνησό μοι τουτέων, κοίη ἐκείνου ἀοιδή, κοίη δὲ καὶ ἡ λύρη, κοῖος δὲ καὶ ταῦρος ἢ ὁκοῖος λέων Ὀρφέος ἐπαΐουσιν. ἢν δὲ τὰ λέγω αἴτια γνοίης, σὺ δὲ καὶ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ δέρκεο ἕκαστον τουτέων.

[¶10] 11. They say, moreover, that Tiresias, a Boeotian man, whose fame as touching prophecie is greatly cried up, declared, unto the Greeks that of the errant stars some are masle, some female, and that they do not engender like effects; wherefore they fable that Tiresias himself was bisexous and amphibious, now masle, now female.

> Greek: 11. λέγουσιν δὲ Τειρεσίην ἄνδρα Βοιώτιον, τοῦ δὴ κλέος μαντοσύνης πέρι πολλὸν ἀείρεται, τοῦτον τὸν Τειρεσίην ἐν Ἕλλησιν εἰπεῖν ὅτι τῶν πλανεομένων ἀστέρων οἱ μὲν θήλεες οἱ δὲ ἄρρενες ἐόντες οὐκ ἴσα ἐκτελέουσιν· τῷ καί μιν διφυέα γενέσθαι καὶ ἀμφίβιον Τειρεσίην μυθολογέουσιν, ἄλλοτε μὲν θῆλυν ἄλλοτε δὲ ἄρρενα.

[¶11] 12. When Atreus and Thyestes contended for the throne of their fathers, even then, it is plain, the Greeks set great store by astrologie and celestial lore; and the commonwealth of Argos determined that which ever of them was more excellent than the other in this lore should bear rule. Thereupon Thyestes indicated and made manifest unto them the Ram in the heavens, in consequence whereof they fable that Thyestes had a golden lamb. But Atreus declared the doctrine of the sun and its risings, that the sun and the First Movable do not course in the same direction, but rowle contrariwise to one another and that which now seemeth his setting, being a setting of the First Movable, is a rising of the sun. At his saying this, the men of Argos made him their king, and great renown for learning became his.

> Greek: 12. Ἀτρέος δὲ καὶ Θυέστεω περὶ τῇ πατρωίῃ βασιληίῃ φιλονεικεόντων ἤδη τοῖσιν Ἕλλησιν ἀναφανδὸν ἀστρολογίης τε καὶ σοφίης τῆς οὐρανίης μάλιστʼ ἔμελεν, καὶ τὸ ξυνὸν τῶν Ἀργείων ἄρχειν ἔγνωσαν ἑωυτῶν ὅστις τοῦ ἑτέρου σοφίην προφερέστερος. ἔνθα δὴ Θυέστης μὲν τὸν κριὸν σφίσιν τὸν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ σημηνάμενος ἐπέδειξεν, ἀπὸ τέω δὴ ἄρνα χρύσεον Θυέστῃ γενέσθαι μυθολογέουσιν. Ἀτρεὺς δὲ τοῦ ἠελίου πέρι καὶ τῶν ἀντολέων αὐτοῦ λόγον ἐποιήσατο, ὅτι οὐκ ἐς ὁμοίην φορὴν ἠέλιός τε καὶ ὁ κόσμος κινέονται, ἀλλʼ ἐς ἀντίξοον ἀλλήλοις ἀντιδρομέουσιν, καὶ αἱ νῦν δύσιες δοκέουσαι, τοῦ κόσμου δύσιες ἐοῦσαι, τοῦ ἠελίου ἀντολαί εἰσιν. τάδε εἰπόντα βασιλέα μιν Ἀργεῖοι ἐποιήσαντο, καὶ μέγα κλέος ἐπὶ σοφίῃ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο.

[¶12] 13. Concerning Bellerophon also I am of this opinion: that he had a volatile as horse I do not at all believe, but conceive that he pursued this wisdom and raised his thoughts on high and held conversation with the stars, and thus ascended unto heaven by means not of his horse but of his wit.

> Greek: 13. ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ περὶ Βελλεροφόντεω τοιάδε φρονέω· πτηνὸν μέν οἱ γενέσθαι ὡς ἵππον οὐ μάλα πείθομαι, δοκέω δέ μιν ταύτην τὴν σοφίην μετέποντα ὑψηλά τε φρονέοντα καὶ ἄστροισιν ὁμιλέοντα ἐς οὐρανὸν οὐχὶ τῷ ἵππῳ ἀναβῆναι ἀλλὰ τῇ διανοίῃ.

[¶13] 14. The same may be said of Phrixus, the son of Athamas, that is fabled to have ridden through the ayr upon a golden ram. And certainly of Daedalus the Athenian; although his story be strange, yet methinks it is not without relation unto astrology, but rather he practised it constantly himself and taught it unto his son.

> Greek: 14. ἴσα δέ μοι καὶ ἐς Φρίξον τὸν Ἀθάμαντος εἰρήσθω, τὸν δὴ κριῷ χρυσέῳ διʼ αἰθέρος ἐλάσαι μυθέονται. ναὶ μέντοι καὶ Δαίδαλον τὸν Ἀθηναῖον· ξείνη μὲν ἡ ἱστορίη, δοκέω γε μὴν οὐκ ἔξω ἀστρολογίης, ἀλλά οἱ αὐτὸς μάλιστα ἐχρήσατο καὶ παιδὶ τῷ ἑωυτοῦ κατηγήσατο.

[¶14] 15. But because Icarus was governed by youth and audacity, and sought not the attainable but let his minde carry him into the zenith, he came short of truth and defected from reason and was precipitated into a sea of unfathomable perplexities. But the Greeks tell an idle myth of him and loosely call a golfe of their sea Icarian after his name.

> Greek: 15. Ἴκαρος δέ, νεότητι καὶ ἀτασθαλίῃ χρεόμενος καὶ οὐκ ἐπιεικτὰ διζήμενος ἀλλὰ ἐς πόλον ἀερθεὶς τῷ νῷ, ἐξέπεσε τῆς ἀληθείης καὶ παντὸς ἀπεσφάλη τοῦ λόγου καὶ ἐς πέλαγος κατηνέχθη ἀβύσσων πρηγμάτων, τὸν Ἕλληνες ἄλλως μυθολογέουσιν καὶ κόλπον ἐπʼ αὐτῷ ἐν τῇδε τῇ θαλάσσῃ Ἰκάριον εἰκῆ καλέουσιν.

[¶15] 16. Doubtless Pasiphae also, hearing from Daedalus of the Bull that appeareth amongst the constellations and of Astrology itself, fell in love with the doctrine; whence they derive the belief that Daedalus conjoined her in wedlock with the bull.

> Greek: 16. τάχα δὲ καὶ Πασιφάη, παρὰ Δαιδάλου ἀκούσασα ταύρου τε πέρι τοῦ ἐν τοῖς ἄστροισι φαινομένου καὶ αὐτῆς ἀστρολογίης, ἐς ἔρωτα τοῦ λόγου ἀπίκετο, ἔνθεν νομίζουσιν ὅτι Δαίδαλός μιν τῷ ταύρῳ ἐνύμφευσεν.

[¶16] 17. Again, there be-those who, dissecting the science into parts, have made different discoveries, some collecting the particulars of the moon, some those of Jupiter, and some those of the sun, concerning their course and motion and potency.

> Greek: 17. εἰσὶν δὲ οἳ καὶ κατὰ μέρεα τὴν ἐπιστήμην διελόντες ἕκαστοι αὐτῶν ἄλλα ἐπενοήσαντο, οἱ μὲν τὰ ἐς τὴν σεληναίην, οἱ δὲ τὰ ἐς Δία, οἱ δὲ τὰ ἐς ἠέλιον συναγείραντες, δρόμου τε αὐτῶν πέρι καὶ κινήσιος καὶ δυνάμιος.

[¶17] 18. So Endymion established the motions of the moon, so Phaeton inferred the course of the sun; yet not strictly, but left the theory incompleat at his death.

> Greek: 18. καὶ Ἐνδυμίων μὲν τὰ ἐς τὴν σεληναίην συνετάξατο, Φαέθων δὲ τοῦ ἠελίου δρόμον ἐτεκμήρατο, οὐ μέν γε ἀτρεκέως, ἀλλʼ ἀτελέα τὸν λόγον ἀπολιπὼν ἀπέθανεν.

[¶18] 19. Ignorant of this, men believe that Phaeton was Helius his son, and they relate a story of him that is not at all credible. Going, say they, unto Helius, his father, he asked to drive the car of light; whiche he suffered him to do, and also instructed him in the manner of its governance. But when Phaeton mounted the car, because of youth and inexpertness he drove now close to earth, now at a vast remove; and men were being destroyed both by cold and by heat that passed endurance. Thereupon, Jupiter in wrath smote Phaeton with a great bolt of lightning. After his fall his sisters surrounding him made great dole until they transmuted themselves, and now they are trees of black poplar and distil amber over him in place of tears. These things were not so, and it consisteth not with piety to believe in them; Helius begat no son, and no son of his perished.

> Greek: 19. οἱ δὲ τάδε ἀγνοέοντες Ἠελίου παῖδα Φαέθοντα δοκέουσιν καὶ μῦθον ἐπʼ αὐτέῳ οὐδαμὰ πιστὸν διηγέονται. ἐλθόντα γάρ μιν παρὰ τὸν Ἠέλιον τὸν πατέρα αἰτέειν τὸ τοῦ φωτὸς ἅρμα ἡνιοχέειν, τὸν δὲ δοῦναί τέ οἱ καὶ ὑποθέσθαι τῆς ἱππασίης τὸν νόμον. ὁ δὲ Φαέθων ἐπειδὴ ἀνέβη τὸ ἅρμα, ἡλικίῃ καὶ ἀπειρίῃ ἄλλοτε μὲν πρόσγειος ἡνιόχεεν, ἄλλοτε δὲ πολλὸν τῆς γῆς ἀπαιωρούμενος· τοὺς δὲ ἀνθρώπους κρύος τε καὶ θάλπος οὐκ ἀνασχετὸν διέφθειρεν. ἐπὶ τοῖσι δὴ τὸν Δία ἀγανακτέοντα βαλεῖν πρηστῆρι Φαέθοντα μεγάλῳ. πεσόντα δέ μιν αἱ ἀδελφαὶ περιστᾶσαι πένθος μέγα ἐποίεον, ἔστε μετέβαλον τὰ εἴδεα, καὶ νῦν εἰσιν αἴγειροι καὶ τὸ ἤλεκτρον ἐπʼ αὐτῷ δάκρυον σταλάουσιν. οὐχ οὕτω ταῦτα ἐγένετο οὐδὲ ὅσιον αὐτοῖσι πείθεσθαι, οὐδὲ Ἠέλιος παῖδα ἐποιήσατο, οὐδὲ ὁ παῖς αὐτῷ ἀπέθανεν.

[¶19] 20. But the Greeks relate many other fabulosities— which I do not credit at all. For how doth it consist with piety to believe that Aeneas was the’son of Venus, Minos of Jupiter, Ascalaphus of Mars, or Autolycus of Mercury? Nay, these were each and all divinely favoured, and at their birth one of them was under the regard of Venus, another of Jupiter, another of Mars. For what powers soever are in their proper houses at the moment of birth into this life, those powers like unto parents make men answerable to them in all respects, in complexion, in figure, in workes, and in humour. So Minos became a king because Jupiter was in his ascendancy, Aeneas fair by the will of Venus, and Autolycus a theef, whose theevery came to him from Mercury.

> Greek: 20. λέγουσιν δὲ καὶ ἄλλα Ἕλληνες πολλὰ μυθώδεα, τοῖσι ἐγὼ οὐ μάλα τι πείθομαι. κῶς γὰρ δὴ ὅσιον πιστεῦσαι παῖδα Αἰνείην τῆς Ἀφροδίτης γενέσθαι καὶ Διὸς Μίνω καὶ Ἄρεος Ἀσκάλαφον καὶ Αὐτόλυκον Ἑρμέω; ἀλλʼ οὗτοι ἕκαστος αὐτέων θεοφιλέες ἐγένοντο καὶ σφίσι γεινομένοισι τῷ μὲν ἡ Ἀφροδίτη, τῷ δὲ ὁ Ζεύς, τῷ δὲ ὁ Ἄρης ἐπέβλεψαν. ὁκόσοι γὰρ δὴ ἀνθρώποισι ἐν τῇ γενεῇ ταύτῃ οἰκοδεσποτέουσι, οὗτοι ὅκως τοκέες ἑωυτοῖσι πάντα ἰκέλους ἐκτελέουσιν καὶ χρόην καὶ μορφὴν καὶ ἔργα καὶ διανοίην, καὶ βασιλεὺς μὲν ὁ Μίνως Διὸς ἡγεομένου, καλὸς δὲ Αἰνείης Ἀφροδίτης βουλήσει ἐγένετο, κλέπτης δὲ Αὐτόλυκος, ἡ δέ οἱ κλεπτικὴ ἐξ Ἑρμέω ἀπίκετο.

[¶20] 21. Moreover, it is not true, neither, that Jupiter put Saturn in chaines or threw him into Tartarus or otherwise mistreated him as men credit. Nay, Saturn moveth in the extream orbe, far away from us, and his motion is sluggish and not easy to be apprehended ocularly by human kind, whence they say that he holdeth still as if fettered; and the vast abyss of the ayr is called Tartarus.

> Greek: 21. οὐ μὲν ὦν οὐδὲ τὸν Κρόνον Ζεὺς ἔδησεν οὐδὲ ἐς Τάρταρον ἔρριψεν οὐδὲ τὰ ἄλλα ἐμήσατο ὁκόσα ἄνθρωποι νομίζουσιν, ἀλλὰ φέρεται γὰρ ὁ Κρόνος τὴν ἔξω φορὴν πολλὸν ἀπʼ ἡμέων καί οἱ νωθρή τε ἡ κίνησις καὶ οὐ ῥηιδίη τοῖσιν ἀνθρώποισιν ὁρέεσθαι. διὸ δή μιν ἑστάναι λέγουσιν ὅκως πεπεδημένον. τὸ δὲ βάθος τὸ πολλὸν τοῦ ἠέρος Τάρταρος καλέεται.

[¶21] 22. ’Tis chiefly from the verses of Homer the poet and of Hesiod that we may learn that antiquity holdeth with the astrologers. When he describeth the chain of Jupiter and the kine of the Sun, which I con- ceive to be daies, and the cities that Vulcan made upon the shield, and the choir, and the vineyard... All that he hath said of Venus and of Mars his passion, is also manifestly composed from no other source than this science. Indeed, it is the conjunction of Venus and Mars that createth the poetry of Homer. And in other verses he distinguished the duties of each, saying unto Venus,
Nay, be it thine to control the delightsome duties of wedlock,
and anent those of warfare,
These shall all be the care of impetuous Mars and Minerva.

> Greek: 22. μάλιστα δʼ ἔκ τε Ὁμήρου τοῦ ποιητέω καὶ τῶν Ἡσιόδου ἐπέων μάθοι ἄν τις τὰ πάλαι τοῖς ἀστρολογέουσιν ὁμοφωνέοντα. εὖτʼ ἂν δὲ τὴν σειρὴν τοῦ Διὸς ἀπηγέηται καὶ τοῦ Ἠελίου τὰς βόας, τὰ δὴ ἐγὼ ἤματα εἶναι συμβάλλομαι, καὶ τὰς πόλιας τὰς ἐν τῇ ἀσπίδι Ἥφαιστος ἐποιήσατο καὶ τὸν χορὸν καὶ τὴν ἀλωήν … τὰ μὲν γὰρ ὁκόσα ἐς τὴν Ἀφροδίτην αὐτῷ καὶ τοῦ Ἄρεος τὴν μοιχείην λέλεκται, καὶ ταῦτα ἐμφανέα οὐκ ἄλλοθεν ἢ ἐκ τῆσδε τῆς σοφίης πεποιημένα· ἡ γὰρ δὴ ὦν Ἀφροδίτης καὶ τοῦ Ἄρεος ὁμοδρομίη τὴν Ὁμήρου ἀοιδὴν ἀπεργάζεται. ἐν ἄλλοισι δὲ ἔπεσι τὰ ἔργα ἑκάστου αὐτῶν διωρίσατο, τῇ Ἀφροδίτῃ μὲν εἰπών, ἀλλὰ σύ γʼ ἱμερόεντα μετέρχεο ἔργα γάμοιο· τὰ δὲ τοῦ πολέμου, ταῦτα δʼ Ἄρηι θοῷ καὶ Ἀθήνῃ πάντα μελήσει.

[¶22] 23. Discerning all these things, the ancients had divination in very great use and counted it no parergy, but would found no cities, invest themselves with no ramparts, slay no men, wed no women, untill they had been advised in all particulars by diviners. And certainly their oracles were not aloof from astrology, but at Delphi a virgin hath the office of prophet in token of the celestial Virgin, and a serpent giveth voice beneath the tripod because a Serpent giveth light among the stars, and at Didymi also the oracle of Apollo hath its name, methinks, from the heavenly Twins.

> Greek: 23. ἅπερ οἱ παλαιοὶ ἰδόντες μάλιστα μαντηίῃσιν ἐχρέοντο καὶ οὐ πάρεργον αὐτὴν ἐποιέοντο, ἀλλʼ οὔτε πόλιας ᾤκιζον οὔτε τείχεα περιεβάλλοντο οὔτε φόνους ἐργάζοντο οὔτε γυναῖκας ἐγάμεον, πρὶν ἂν δὴ παρὰ μάντεων ἀκοῦσαι ἕκαστα. καὶ γὰρ δὴ τὰ μαντήια αὐτέοισι οὐκ ἔξω ἀστρολογίης ἦν, ἀλλὰ παρὰ μὲν Δελφοῖς παρθένος ἔχει τὴν προφητείην σύμβολον τῆς παρθένου τῆς οὐρανίης, καὶ δράκων ὑπὸ τῷ τρίποδι φθέγγεται ὅτι καὶ ἐν τοῖσιν ἄστροισι δράκων φαίνεται, καὶ ἐν Διδύμοις δὲ μαντήιον τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ἐμοὶ δοκέει, καὶ τοῦτο ἐκ τῶν ἠερίων Διδύμων ὀνομάζεται.

[¶23] 24. So firmly did they believe divination a thing most sacred, that when Ulysses, wearied of wandering, took a phansie to learn the truth as touching his affaires, he went off unto Hell, not “to behold dead men and a land that is joyless,” but because he would come to speech with Tiresias. And when he was come to the place whereunto Circe directed him, and had dug his pit and slain his sheep, although many dead that were by, and amongst them his own mother, were fain to drink of the blood, he suffered none of them, not even his very mother, until he had wet the throstle of Tiresias and constrained him to deliver the prophecy, verily enduring to behold his mother’s shadow athirst.

> Greek: 24. οὕτω δὲ αὐτοῖσι χρῆμα ἱρότατον ἡ μαντοσύνη ἐδόκεεν, ὥστε δὴ Ὀδυσσεὺς ἐπειδὴ ἔκαμεν πλανεόμενος, ἐθελήσας ἀτρεκὲς ἀκοῦσαι περὶ τῶν ἑωυτοῦ πρηγμάτων, ἐς τὸν Ἀΐδην ἀπίκετο, οὐκ ὄφρα ἴδῃ νέκυας καὶ ἀτερπέα χῶρον ἀλλʼ ἐς λόγους ἐλθεῖν Τειρεσίῃ ἐπιθυμέων. καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἐς τὸν χῶρον ἦλθεν ἔνθα οἱ Κίρκη ἐσήμηνεν καὶ ἔσκαψεν τὸν βόθρον καὶ τὰ μῆλα ἔσφαξεν, πολλῶν νεκρῶν παρεόντων, ἐν τοῖσι καὶ τῆς μητρὸς τῆς ἑωυτοῦ, τοῦ αἵματος πιεῖν ἐθελόντων οὐ πρότερον ἐπῆκεν οὐδενί, οὐδὲ αὐτῇ μητρί, πρὶν Τειρεσίην γεύσασθαι καὶ ἐξαναγκάσαι εἰπεῖν οἱ τὸ μαντήιον· καὶ ἀνέσχετο διψῶσαν ὁρέων τῆς μητρὸς τὴν σκιήν.

[¶24] 25. For the Spartans, Lycurgus drew from the skye his ordering of their whole polity and made it their law never to leave their country, even to go to the wars, before the moon should be at her full, for he conceited that the potency of the moon is not the same when she waxeth and when she waneth, and that all things are subject unto her sway.

> Greek: 25. Λακεδαιμονίοισι δὲ Λυκοῦργος τὴν πολιτείην πᾶσαν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ διετάξατο καὶ νόμον σφίσιν ἐποιήσατο μηδαμὰ … μηδὲ ἐς πόλεμον προχωρέειν πρὶν τὴν σεληναίην πλήρεα γενέσθαι· οὐ γὰρ ἴσην ἐνόμιζεν εἶναι τὴν δυναστείην αὐξανομένης τῆς σεληναίης καὶ ἀφανιζομένης, πάντα δὲ ὑπʼ αὐτῇ διοικέεσθαι.

[¶25] 26. The Arcadians, however, and none but they, would have naught of this and yeelded no honour unto astrologie; and in their folly they affirm that they are older than the moon.

> Greek: 26. ἀλλὰ μοῦνοι Ἀρκάδες ταῦτα οὐκ ἐδέξαντο οὐδὲ ἐτίμησαν ἀστρολογίην, ἀνοίῃ δὲ καὶ ἀσοφίῃ λέγουσιν καὶ τῆς σεληναίης ἔμμεναι προγενέστεροι.

[¶26] 27. Whereas our forbears were so mightily enamoured of divination, among this generation there be some who say that it is an impossibility for mankind to conceive a useful purpose of astrologie. It is neither credible, say they, nor truthful, and Mars and Jupiter do not move in the skye for our sake, but are nothing at all solicitous of the affairs of men, wherewith they have naught in common, but accomplish their courses independently, through a necessitude of revolving.

> Greek: 27. οἱ μὲν ὦν πρὸ ἡμῶν οὕτω κάρτα ἦσαν φιλομάντιες, οἱ δὲ νῦν, οἱ μὲν αὐτέων ἀδύνατα εἶναι λέγουσιν ἀνθρώποισι τέλος εὕρασθαι μαντικῆς· οὐ γὰρ εἶναί μιν οὔτε πιστὴν οὔτε ἀληθέα, οὐδὲ τὸν Ἄρεα ἢ τὸν Δία ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ἡμέων ἕνεκα κινέεσθαι, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν ἀνθρωπηίων πρηγμάτων οὐδεμίην ὤρην ἐκεῖνοι ποιέονται οὐδʼ ἔστιν αὐτέοισιν πρὸς τάδε κοινωνίη, κατὰ σφέας δὲ χρείῃ τῆς περιφορῆς ἀναστρέφονται.

[¶27] 28. And others affirm that astrologie, although not untruthful, is unprofitable, insomuch as divination will not alter that which draweth nigh by decree of the fates.

> Greek: 28. ἄλλοι δὲ ἀστρολογίην ἀψευδέα μέν, ἀνωφελέα δὲ εἶναι λέγουσιν· οὐ γὰρ ὑπὸ μαντοσύνῃ ἀλλάσσεσθαι ὁκόσα τῇσι μοίρῃσι δοκέοντα ἐπέρχεται.

[¶28] 29. To both these opinions I may answer that although the stars do verily absolve their own course in the skye, none the less as a parergy or incidental of their motion each event among us cometh to pass. Or will you have it that although if a horse run or birds or humans move, pebbles are flung up and strawes set astir by the wind of their motion, yet the gyration of the stars bringeth naught else to pass? And that whereas from a little fire an effluxion cometh to us, although the fire burneth not for our sake at all and is not a whit sollicitous that we be warmed, yet from the stars we receive no effluxion whatever? Furthermore, astrologie is indeed impotent to convert bad into good, or to effect mutation in any of the effluents, yet is it profitable to those that employ it, in so much as the good, when they know that it is to come, delighteth them long beforehand, while the bad they accept readily, for it cometh not upon them unawares, but in vertue of contemplation and expectance is deemed easie and light. That is my opinion in the matter of astrology.

> Greek: 29. ἐγὼ δὲ πρὸς τάδε ἄμφω ἐκεῖνα ἔχω εἰπεῖν, ὅτι οἱ μὲν ἀστέρες ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ τὴν σφετέρην εἱλέονται, πάρεργον δὲ σφίσι τῆς κινήσιος τῶν κατʼ ἡμέας ἕκαστον ἐπιγίγνεται. ἢ ἐθέλεις ἵππου μὲν θέοντος καὶ ὀρνίθων καὶ ἀνδρῶν κινεομένων λίθους ἀνασαλεύεσθαι καὶ κάρφεα δονέεσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνέμων τοῦ δρόμου, ὑπὸ δὲ τῇ δίνῃ τῶν ἀστέρων μηδὲν ἄλλο γίγνεσθαι; καὶ ἐκ μὲν ὀλίγου πυρὸς ἀπορροίη ἐς ἡμέας ἔρχεται, καὶ τὸ πῦρ οὐ διʼ ἡμέας καίει τι οὐδέ οἱ μέλει τοῦ ἡμετέρου θάλπεος, ἀστέρων δὲ οὐδεμίην ἀπορροίην δεχόμεθα; καὶ μέντοι τῇ ἀστρολογίῃ τὰ μὲν φαῦλα ἐσθλὰ ποιῆσαι ἀδύνατά ἐστιν οὐδὲ ἀλλάξαι τι τῶν ἀπορρεόντων πρηγμάτων, ἀλλὰ τοὺς χρεομένους τάδε ὠφελέει· τὰ μὲν ἐσθλὰ εἰδότας ἀπιξόμενα πολλὸν ἀπόπροσθεν εὐφρανέει, τὰ δὲ φαῦλα εὐμαρέως δέχονται· οὐ γάρ σφισιν ἀγνοέουσιν ἐπέρχεται, ἀλλʼ ἐν μελέτῃ καὶ προσδοκίῃ ῥηίδια καὶ πρηέα ἡγεῖται. τάδε ἀστρολογίης πέρι ἐγὼν ὑπολαμβάνω.