---
title: "Charon, or The Inspectors · Χάρων ἢ Ἐπισκοποῦντες"
author: "Lucian"
translator: "Austin Morris Harmon"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
url: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-charon/
cite: "Lucian, tr. Austin Morris Harmon, Charon, or The Inspectors · Χάρων ἢ Ἐπισκοποῦντες. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-charon/"
---

# Charon, or The Inspectors · Χάρων ἢ Ἐπισκοποῦντες

*Lucian, tr. Austin Morris Harmon*

Charon takes a day off to look at the living with Hermes from a mountain made of mountains.

> Greek: ed. Austin Morris Harmon, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0062.tlg023, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Austin Morris Harmon, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0062.tlg023.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## Contents

1. [Sections 1–12](https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-charon/1.md)
2. [Sections 13–24](https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-charon/2.md)

## 1. Sections 1–12

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-charon/1/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-charon/1/#p-N

[¶0] 1. HERMES: Wht are you laughing at, Charon, and why have you left your ferry and come up here to our part of the world? You are not at all in the habit of concerning yourself with affairs up above.

> Greek: 1. Ἑρμῆς: τί γελᾷς, ὦ Χάρων; ἢ τί τὸ πορθμεῖον ἀπολιπὼν δεῦρο ἀνελήλυθας εἰς τὴν ἡμετέραν οὐ πάνυ εἰωθὼς ἐπιχωριάζειν τοῖς ἄνω πράγμασιν;

[¶1] CHARON: I wanted to see what it is like in life, Hermes, what men do in it, and what they lose that makes them all grieve when they come down to us; for none of them has ever made the crossing without a tear. So, like the young Thessalian (Protesilaus), I obtained shore leave from Hades for a single day and came up to the sunlight, and I fancy that I have been lucky to meet you, for you will surely go about with me and guide me, and will show me everything, knowing all about it as you do.

> Greek: Χάρων: ἐπεθύμησα, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, ἰδεῖν ὁποῖά ἐστι τὰ ἐν τῷ βίῳ καὶ ἃ πράττουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐν αὐτῷ ἢ τίνων στερούμενοι πάντες οἰμώζουσι κατιόντες παρʼ ἡμᾶς· οὐδεὶς γὰρ αὐτῶν ἀδακρυτὶ διέπλευσεν. αἰτησάμενος οὖν παρὰ τοῦ Ἅιδου καὶ αὐτὸς ὥσπερ ὁ Θετταλὸς ἐκεῖνος νεανίσκος μίαν ἡμέραν λιπόνεως γενέσθαι ἀνελήλυθα ἐς τὸ φῶς, καί μοι δοκῶ εἰς δέον ἐντετυχηκέναι σοι· ξεναγήσεις γὰρ εὖ οἶδʼ ὅτι με συμπερινοστῶν καὶ δείξεις ἕκαστα ὡς ἂν εἰδὼς ἅπαντα.

[¶2] HERMES: I haven't time, ferryman; I am on my way to carry out a little commission among men for Zeus in Heaven. He is quick-tempered, and I fear that if I am slow about it he will let me be yours altogether, committing me to the nether gloom, or else that he will treat me as he did Hephaestus the other day, taking me.by the foot and throwing me from the parapet of Heaven, so that I too may limp and make them laugh as I fill their cups.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: οὐ σχολή μοι, ὦ πορθμεῦ· ἀπέρχομαι γάρ τι διακονησόμενος τῷ ἄνω Διὶ τῶν ἀνθρωπικῶν· ὁ δὲ ὀξύθυμός τέ ἐστι καὶ δέδια μὴ βραδύναντά με ὅλον ὑμέτερον ἐάσῃ εἶναι παραδοὺς τῷ ζόφῳ, ἢ ὅπερ τὸν Ἥφαιστον πρῴην ἐποίησε, ῥίψῃ κἀμὲ τεταγὼν τοῦ ποδὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ θεσπεσίου βηλοῦ, ὡς ὑποσκάζων γέλωτα παρέχοιμι καὶ αὐτὸς οἰνοχοῶν.

[¶3] CHARON: Then will you let me wander aimlessly above ground, you who are a comrade and a shipmate and a fellow guide of souls? Come now, son of Maea, you would do well to remember this at least, that I have never ordered you to bale or take an oar. On the contrary, you stretch yourself out on deck and snore, in spite of those broad shoulders of yours, or if you find a talkative dead man, you chat with him throughout the trip, while I, old as I am, row both oars of my boat alone. Come, in your father’s name, Hermie dear, don’t leave me stranded; be my guide to everything in life, so that I may feel I have seen something when I go back. If you leave me, I shall be no better off than the blind, for they stumble and reel about in the darkness, while I, to the contrary, am dazed in the light. Be good to me, Cyllenian, and I shall remember your kindness forever.

> Greek: Χάρων: περιόψει οὖν με ἄλλως πλανώμενον ὑπὲρ γῆς, καὶ ταῦτα ἑταῖρος καὶ σύμπλους καὶ συνδιάκτορος ὤν; καὶ μὴν καλῶς εἶχεν, ὦ Μαίας παῖ, ἐκείνων γοῦν σε μεμνῆσθαι, ὅτι μηδεπώποτέ σε ἢ ἀντλεῖν ἐκέλευσα ἢ πρόσκωπον εἶναι· ἀλλὰ σὺ μὲν ῥέγκεις ἐπὶ τοῦ καταστρώματος ἐκταθεὶς ὤμους οὕτω καρτεροὺς ἔχων, ἢ εἴ τινα λάλον νεκρὸν εὕροις, ἐκείνῳ παρʼ ὅλον τὸν πλοῦν διαλέγῃ· ἐγὼ δὲ πρεσβύτης ὢν τὴν δικωπίαν ἐρέττω μόνος. ἀλλὰ πρὸς τοῦ πατρός, ὦ φίλτατον Ἑρμάδιον, μὴ καταλίπῃς με, περιήγησαι δὲ τὰ ἐν τῷ βίῳ ἅπαντα, ὥς τι καὶ ἰδὼν ἐπανέλθοιμι· ὡς ἤν με σὺ ἀφῇς, οὐδὲν τῶν τυφλῶν διοίσω· καθάπερ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι σφάλλονται καὶ διολισθάνουσιν ἐν τῷ σκότῳ, οὕτω δὴ κἀγώ σοι ἔμπαλιν ἀμβλυώττω πρὸς τὸ φῶς. ἀλλὰ δός, ὦ Κυλλήνιε, ἐς ἀεὶ μεμνησομένῳ τὴν χάριν.

[¶4] 2. HERMES: This business will stand me in a thrashing; at any rate I see even now that my pay for playing guide will certainly include plenty of fisticufls. But I must comply all the same, for what can a man do when a friend insists? For you to see everything minutely in detail is impossible, ferryman, since it would busy us for many years. In that event Zeus would be obliged to have me advertized by the crier, like a runaway slave, and you yourself would be prevented from doing the work of Death and compelled to embarrass the revenues of Pluto’s government by not bringing in aly dead for a long time; besides, Aeacus the toll-taker would be angry if he did not make even an obol. We must manage it so that you can see the principal things that are going on.

> Greek: 2. Ἑρμῆς: τοῦτο τὸ πρᾶγμα πληγῶν αἴτιον καταστήσεταί μοι· ὁρῶ γοῦν ἤδη τὸν μισθὸν τῆς περιηγήσεως οὐκ ἀκόνδυλον παντάπασιν ἡμῖν ἐσόμενον. ὑπουργητέον δὲ ὅμως· τί γὰρ ἂν καὶ πάθοι τις, ὁπότε φίλος τις ὢν βιάζοιτο; πάντα μὲν οὖν σε ἰδεῖν καθʼ ἕκαστον ἀκριβῶς ἀμήχανόν ἐστιν, ὦ πορθμεῦ· πολλῶν γὰρ ἂν ἐτῶν ἡ διατριβὴ γένοιτο. εἶτα ἐμὲ μὲν κηρύττεσθαι δεήσει καθάπερ ἀποδράντα ὑπὸ τοῦ Διός, σὲ δὲ καὶ αὐτὸν κωλύσει ἐνεργεῖν τὰ τοῦ Θανάτου ἔργα καὶ τὴν Πλούτωνος ἀρχὴν ζημιοῦν μὴ νεκραγωγοῦντα πολλοῦ τοῦ χρόνου· κᾆτα ὁ τελώνης Αἰακὸς ἀγανακτήσει μηδʼ ὀβολὸν ἐμπολῶν. ὡς δὲ τὰ κεφάλαια τῶν γιγνομένων ἴδοις, τοῦτο ἤδη σκεπτέον.

[¶5] CHARON: You must determine what is best, Hermes; I know nothing at all about things above ground, being a stranger.

> Greek: Χάρων: αὐτός, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, ἐπινόει τὸ βέλτιστον· ἐγὼ δὲ οὐδὲν οἶδα τῶν ὑπὲρ γῆς ξένος ὤν.

[¶6] HERMES: In a word, Charon, we want a high place of some sort, from which you can look down upon everything. If it were possible for you to go up into Heaven, we should be in no difficulty, for you could see everything plainly from on high. But as it is not permissible for one who consorts always with shades to set foot in the palace of Zeus, we must look about for a high mountain.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: τὸ μὲν ὅλον, ὦ Χάρων, ὑψηλοῦ τινος ἡμῖν δεῖ χωρίου, ὡς ἀπʼ ἐκείνου πάντα κατίδοις· σοὶ δὲ εἰ μὲν ἐς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνελθεῖν δυνατὸν ἦν, οὐκ ἂν ἐκάμνομεν· ἐκ περιωπῆς γὰρ ἂν ἀκριβῶς ἅπαντα καθεώρας. ἐπεὶ δὲ οὐ θέμις εἰδώλοις ἀεὶ συνόντα ἐπιβατεύειν τῶν βασιλείων τοῦ Διός, ὥρα ἡμῖν ὑψηλόν τι ὄρος περισκοπεῖν.

[¶7] 3. CHARON: You know, Hermes, what I am in the habit of telling you and the others when we are on the water. When we are close-hauled and the wind in a sudden squall strikes the sail and the waves rise high, then you all in your ignorance tell me to take the sail in or slack the sheet off a bit or run before the wind; but I urge you to keep quiet, saying that I myself know what is best. Just so in this case; you must do whatever you think is right, for you are skipper now, and I will sit in silence, as a passenger should, and obey your orders in everything.

> Greek: 3. Χάρων: οἶσθα, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, ἅπερ εἴωθα λέγειν ἐγὼ πρὸς ὑμᾶς, ἐπειδὰν πλέωμεν; ὁπόταν γὰρ τὸ πνεῦμα καταιγίσαν πλαγίᾳ τῇ ὀθόνῃ ἐμπέσῃ καὶ τὸ κῦμα ὑψηλὸν ἀρθῇ, τότε ὑμεῖς μὲν ὑπʼ ἀγνοίας κελεύετε τὴν ὀθόνην στεῖλαι ἢ ἐνδοῦναι ὀλίγον τοῦ ποδὸς ἢ συνεκδραμεῖν τῷ πνεύματι, ἐγὼ δὲ τὴν ἡσυχίαν ἄγειν παρακελεύομαι ὑμῖν· αὐτὸς γὰρ εἰδέναι τὸ βέλτιον. κατὰ ταὐτὰ δὴ καὶ σὺ πρᾶττε ὁπόσα καλῶς ἔχειν νομίζεις κυβερνήτης νῦν γε ὤν· ἐγὼ δέ, ὥσπερ ἐπιβάταις νόμος, σιωπῇ καθεδοῦμαι πάντα πειθόμενος κελεύοντί σοι.

[¶8] HERMES: Quite right; I will see what is to be done, and will find the proper coign of vantage. Well then, will Caucasus do, or Parnassus, or Olympus yonder, which is higher than either? But no, as I looked at Olympus an idea came to me that is not half bad; but you must bear a hand and help me out.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: ὀρθῶς λέγεις· αὐτὸς γὰρ εἴσομαι τί ποιητέον καὶ ἐξευρήσω τὴν ἱκανὴν σκοπήν. ἆρʼ οὖν ὁ Καύκασος ἐπιτήδειος ἢ ὁ Παρνασσὸς ἢ ὑψηλότερος ἀμφοῖν ὁ Ὄλυμπος ἐκεινοσί; καίτοι οὐ φαῦλον ὃ ἀνεμνήσθην ἐς τὸν Ὄλυμπον ἀπιδών· συγκαμεῖν δέ τι καὶ ὑπουργῆσαι καὶ σὲ δεῖ.

[¶9] CHARON: Give your orders; I will help as much as I can, HERMES: The poet Homer says that the sons of Alocus, who, like ourselves, were two in number, took a faney once upon a time while they were still mere children to pluck Ossa from its base and set it on Olympus, and then to set Pelion on top of it, thinking that this would give them a suitable ladder with which to scale Heaven. Well, these two lads were sacrilegious and they were punished for it; but we two are not making this plan to harm the gods, so why shouldn’t we build in the same way, rolling the mountains one atop of another, in order to secure a better view from a higher place?

> Greek: Χάρων: πρόσταττε· ὑπουργήσω γὰρ ὅσα δυνατά.
Ἑρμῆς: Ὅμηρος ὁ ποιητής φησι τοὺς Ἀλωέως υἱέας, δύο καὶ αὐτοὺς ὄντας, ἔτι παῖδας ἐθελῆσαί ποτε τὴν Ὄσσαν ἐκ βάθρων ἀνασπάσαντας ἐπιθεῖναι τῷ Ὀλύμπῳ, εἶτα τὸ Πήλιον ἐπʼ αὐτῇ, ἱκανὴν ταύτην κλίμακα ἕξειν οἰομένους καὶ πρόσβασιν ἐπὶ τὸν οὐρανόν. ἐκείνω μὲν οὖν τὼ μειρακίω, ἀτασθάλω γὰρ ἤστην, δίκας ἐτισάτην· νὼ δὲ — οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ κακῷ τῶν θεῶν ταῦτα βουλεύομεν — τί οὐχὶ οἰκοδομοῦμεν καὶ αὐτοὶ κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ ἐπικυλινδοῦντες ἐπάλληλα τὰ ὄρη, ὡς ἔχοιμεν ἀφʼ ὑψηλοτέρου ἀκριβεστέραν τὴν σκοπήν;

[¶10] 4. CHARON: Shall we be able to lift Pelion or Ossa and heave it up, Hermes, when there are only two of us?

> Greek: 4. Χάρων: καὶ δυνησόμεθα, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, δύʼ ὄντες ἀναθέσθαι ἀράμενοι τὸ Πήλιον ἢ τὴν Ὄσσαν;

[¶11] HERMES: Why not, Charon? Surely you don’t consider us weaker than that pair of infants? Moreover, we are gods.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: διὰ τί δʼ οὐκ ἄν, ὦ Χάρων; ἢ ἀξιοῖς ἡμᾶς ἀγεννεστέρους εἶναι τοῖν βρεφυλλίοιν ἐκείνοιν, καὶ ταῦτα θεοὺς ὑπάρχοντας;

[¶12] CHARON: No, but the thing seems to me to involve an incredible deal of work, HERMES: Of course, for you are only a prosaic body, Charon, and not a bit of a poet. Good Homer, however, has made it possible for us to scale Heaven in a jiffy with a pair of verses, for he puts the mountains together as easily as that. I am surprised that you think this miraculous, for, of course, you know Atlas, who carries Heaven itself without any help, upholding us all. And no doubt you have heard about my brother Heracles, how he himself once took the place of Atlas and relieved him of his load for a time by taking the burden on his own shoulders.

> Greek: Χάρων: οὔκ, ἀλλὰ τὸ πρᾶγμα δοκεῖ μοι ἀπίθανόν τινα τὴν μεγαλουργίαν ἔχειν.
Ἑρμῆς: εἰκότως· ἰδιώτης γὰρ εἶ, ὦ Χάρων, καὶ ἥκιστα ποιητικός· ὁ δὲ γεννάδας Ὅμηρος ἀπὸ δυοῖν στίχοιν αὐτίκα ἡμῖν ἀμβατὸν ἐποίησε τὸν οὐρανόν, οὕτω ῥᾳδίως συνθεὶς τὰ ὄρη. καὶ θαυμάζω εἴ σοι ταῦτα τεράστια εἶναι δοκεῖ τὸν Ἄτλαντα δηλαδὴ εἰδότι, ὃς τὸν πόλον αὐτὸν εἷς ὢν φέρει ἀνέχων ἡμᾶς ἅπαντας. ἀκούεις δέ γε ἴσως καὶ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ τοῦ ἐμοῦ πέρι τοῦ Ἡρακλέους, ὡς διαδέξαιτό ποτε αὐτὸς ἐκεῖνος τὸν Ἄτλαντα, καὶ ἀναπαύσειε πρὸς ὀλίγον τοῦ ἄχθους ὑποθεὶς ἑαυτὸν τῷ φορτίῳ.

[¶13] CHARON: Yes, I have heard that; but whether it is true or not, Hermes, you and the poets only know!

> Greek: Χάρων: ἀκούω καὶ ταῦτα· εἰ δὲ ἀληθῆ ἔστιν, σὺ ἄν, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, καὶ οἱ ποιηταὶ εἰδείητε.

[¶14] HERMES: True as can be, Charon. Why should wise men lie? So let us uproot Ossa first, according to the directions of the poem and the master-builder, Homer;
then upon Ossa
Pelion quivering-leaved.
Don’t you see how easily and poetically we have done the job? Come now, let me climb up and see if this is enough or we shall have to add to the pile.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: ἀληθέστατα, ὦ Χάρων. ἢ τίνος γὰρ ἕνεκα σοφοὶ ἄνδρες ἐψεύδοντο ἄν; ὥστε ἀναμοχλεύωμεν τὴν Ὄσσαν πρῶτον, ὥσπερ ἡμῖν ὑφηγεῖται τὸ ἔπος καὶ ὁ ἀρχιτέκτων Ὅμηρος,
αὐτὰρ ἐπʼ Ὄσσῃ
Πήλιον εἰνοσίφυλλον.
ὁρᾷς ὅπως ῥᾳδίως ἅμα καὶ ποιητικῶς ἐξειργασάμεθα; φέρʼ οὖν ἀναβὰς ἴδω, εἰ καὶ ταῦτα ἱκανὰ ἢ ἐποικοδομεῖν ἔτι δεήσει.

[¶15] 5. HERMES: Upon my word, we are still away down among the foot-hills of Heaven! Toward the east I can only just. see Ionia and Lydia, toward the west not beyond Italy and Sicily, toward the north only the country on this side the Danube, and in that direction Crete, but not very plainly. Apparently we must move up Oeta too, ferryman, and then Parnassus to top them all.

> Greek: 5. Ἑρμῆς: παπαῖ, κάτω ἔτι ἐσμὲν ἐν ὑπωρείᾳ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ· ἀπὸ μὲν γὰρ τῶν ἑῴων μόγις Ἰωνία καὶ Λυδία φαίνεται, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ἑσπέρας οὐ πλέον Ἰταλίας καὶ Σικελίας, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἀρκτῴων τὰ ἐπὶ τάδε τοῦ Ἴστρου μόνον, κἀκεῖθεν ἡ Κρήτη οὐ πάνυ σαφῶς. μετακινητέα ἡμῖν, ὦ πορθμεῦ, καὶ ἡ Οἴτη, ὡς ἔοικεν, εἶτα ὁ Παρνασσὸς ἐπὶ πᾶσιν.

[¶16] CHARON: Let’s do so. But take care that we don’t make the structure too slender by heightening it beyond all reason, and so tumble down with it and pay bitterly for our experiment in Homeric building by breaking our heads.

> Greek: Χάρων: οὕτω ποιῶμεν. ὅρα μόνον μὴ λεπτότερον ἐξεργασώμεθα τὸ ἔργον ἀπομηκύναντες πέρα τοῦ πιθανοῦ, εἶτα συγκαταρριφέντες αὐτῷ πικρᾶς τῆς Ὁμήρου οἰκοδομικῆς πειραθῶμεν συντριβέντες τῶν κρανίων.

[¶17] HERMES: Never fear; everything will be secure. Move Oeta over. Roll Parnassus this way. There now, I am going up again. — It is all right, I see everything: now come up yourself.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: θάρρει· ἀσφαλῶς γὰρ ἕξει ἅπαντα. μετατίθει τὴν Οἴτην· ἐπικυλινδείσθω ὁ Παρνασσός. ἰδοὺ δή, ἐπάνειμι αὖθις· εὖ ἔχει· πάντα ὁρῶ· ἀνάβαινε ἤδη καὶ σύ.

[¶18] CHARON: Put out your hand, Hermes. This is an uncommonly big piece of stage-machinery that you are mounting me on.

> Greek: Χάρων: ὄρεξον, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, τὴν χεῖρα· οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ μικράν με ταύτην μηχανὴν ἀναβιβάζεις.

[¶19] HERMES: Must be done, if you are bound to see everything, Charon. One can’t see sights without taking chances. Come, take hold of my right hand and look out you don’t step where it is slippery. Good, you are up too, As Parnassus has two peaks, let us each take a suminit for himself and sit on it. Now, then, look round about you and inspect everything.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: εἴ γε καὶ ἰδεῖν ἐθέλεις, ὦ Χάρων, ἅπαντα· οὐκ ἔνι δὲ ἄμφω καὶ ἀσφαλῆ καὶ φιλοθεάμονα εἶναι. ἀλλʼ ἔχου μου τῆς δεξιᾶς καὶ φείδου μὴ κατὰ τοῦ ὀλισθηροῦ πατεῖν. εὖ γε, ἀνελήλυθας καὶ σύ· καὶ ἐπείπερ δικόρυμβος ὁ Παρνασσός ἐστι, μίαν ἑκάτερος ἄκραν ἀπολαβόμενοι καθεζώμεθα· σὺ δέ μοι ἤδη ἐν κύκλῳ περιβλέπων ἐπισκόπει ἅπαντα.

[¶20] 6. CHARON: I see a quantity of land with a great lagoon encircling it, mountains, rivers bigger than Cocytus and Pyriphlegethon, tiny little men, and things which look like their hiding-places.

> Greek: 6. Χάρων: ὁρῶ γῆν πολλὴν καὶ λίμνην τινὰ μεγάλην περιρρέουσαν καὶ ὄρη καὶ ποταμοὺς τοῦ Κωκυτοῦ καὶ Πυριφλεγέθοντος μείζονας καὶ ἀνθρώπους πάνυ σμικροὺς καί τινας φωλεοὺς αὐτῶν.

[¶21] HERMES: Those things which you take to be hiding-places are cities.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: πόλεις ἐκεῖναί εἰσιν οὓς φωλεοὺς εἶναι νομίζεις.

[¶22] CHARON: Do you know, Hermes, we haven’t accomplished anything, but have moved Mount Parnassus, Castaly and all, Mount Oeta and the rest of them for nothing.

> Greek: Χάρων: οἶσθα οὖν, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, ὡς οὐδὲν ἡμῖν πέπρακται, ἀλλὰ μάτην τὸν Παρνασσὸν αὐτῇ Κασταλίᾳ καὶ τὴν Οἴτην καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ὄρη μετεκινήσαμεν;

[¶23] HERMES: Why?

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: ὅτι τί;

[¶24] CHARON: I can’t see anything plainly from on high. What I wanted was not just to look at cities and mountains as in a picture, but to observe men themselves, what they are doing and what they are saying. For instance, when we first met and you saw me laughing and asked what I was laughing at, I had heard something which amused me vastly.

> Greek: Χάρων: οὐδὲν ἀκριβὲς ἐγὼ γοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ ὑψηλοῦ ὁρῶ· ἐδεόμην δὲ οὐ πόλεις καὶ ὄρη αὐτὸ μόνον ὥσπερ ἐν γραφαῖς ὁρᾶν, ἀλλὰ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους αὐτοὺς καὶ ἃ πράττουσι καὶ οἷα λέγουσιν. ὥσπερ ὅτε με τὸ πρῶτον ἐντυχὼν εἶδες γελῶντα καὶ ἤρου γε ὅ τι γελῴην, ἀκούσας τινὸς ἥσθην εἰς ὑπερβολήν.

[¶25] HERMES: What was it?

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: τί δὲ τοῦτο ἦν;

[¶26] CHARON: A man who had been invited to dinner, I take it, by one of his friends for the next day replied “Certainly I shall come,” and even as he spoke a tile from the roof which someone had dislodged fell on him and killed him. I had to laugh at him because he did not keep his promise—I_ think I shall go down a little, so as to see and_ hear better.

> Greek: Χάρων: ἐπὶ δεῖπνον, οἶμαι, κληθείς τις ὑπό τινος τῶν φίλων ἐς τὴν ὑστεραίαν, μάλιστα ἥξω, ἔφη, καὶ μεταξὺ λέγοντος ἀπὸ τοῦ τέγους κεραμὶς ἐμπεσοῦσα οὐκ οἶδʼ ὅτου κινήσαντος ἀπέκτεινεν αὐτόν. ἐγέλασα οὖν οὐκ ἐπιτελέσαντος τὴν ὑπόσχεσιν. ἔοικα δὲ καὶ νῦν ὑποκαταβήσεσθαι, ὡς μᾶλλον βλέποιμι καὶ ἀκούοιμι.

[¶27] 7. HERMES: Hold still; I will remedy that for you too and will. make you sharp-sighted in a minute by getting a charm out of Homer for this purpose as well as the other. When I say the verses remember not to ‘be short-sighted any longer, but to sce everything distinctly.

> Greek: 7. Ἑρμῆς: ἔχʼ ἀτρέμα· καὶ τοῦτο γὰρ ἐγὼ ἰάσομαί σοι καὶ ὀξυδερκέστατον ἐν βραχεῖ σε ἀποφανῶ παρʼ Ὁμήρου τινὰ καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο ἐπῳδὴν λαβών, κἀπειδὰν εἴπω τὰ ἔπη, μέμνησο μηκέτι ἀμβλυώττειν, ἀλλὰ σαφῶς πάντα ὁρᾶν.

[¶28] CHARON: Only say them!

> Greek: Χάρων: λέγε μόνον.

[¶29] HERMES:
Lo, from your eyes I have lifted a veil that before was upon them.
So that your sight may be sure to distinguish a god from a mortal.
"Lo, from your eyes I have lifted a veil that before was upon them. So that your sight may be sure to distinguish a god from a mortal.”! How about it? Do you see now?

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς:
ἀχλὺν δʼ αὖ τοι ἀπʼ ὀφθαλμῶν ἕλον, ἣ πρὶν ἐπῆεν,
ὄφρʼ εὖ γινώσκοις ἠμὲν θεὸν ἠδὲ καὶ ἄνδρα.
τί ἐστιν; ἤδη ὁρᾷς;

[¶30] CHARON: Marvellously! Lynceus was a blind man beside me; so now give me the necessary instruction and answer. my questions. But would you like me to ask them in the language of Homer, so that you may know that I myself am not unfamiliar with his poetry?

> Greek: Χάρων: ὑπερφυῶς γε· τυφλὸς ὁ Λυγκεὺς ἐκεῖνος ὡς πρὸς ἐμέ· ὥστε σὺ τὸ ἐπὶ τούτῳ προσδίδασκέ με καὶ ἀποκρίνου ἐρωτῶντι. ἀλλὰ βούλει κατὰ τὸν Ὅμηρον κἀγὼ ἔρωμαί σε, ὡς μάθῃς οὐδʼ αὐτὸν ἀμελέτητον ὄντα με τῶν Ὁμήρου;

[¶31] HERMES: How can you know any of it when you are always on shipboard and at the oar?

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: καὶ πόθεν σὺ ἔχεις τι τῶν ἐκείνου εἰδέναι, ναύτης ἀεὶ καὶ πρόσκωπος ὤν;

[¶32] CHARON: See here, that is a libel on my calling! When I set’ him over the ferry after his death, I leard him recite a quantity of verses and still remember some of them, although a good bit of a storm caught us then. You see, he began to sing a song that was not too auspicious for ‘the passengers, telling how Poseidon brought the clouds together, stirred up the deep by plunging in his trident as if it were a ladle, excited all the gales and a lot more of it. Thus he put the sea in a commotion with his verses, and a black squall suddenly struck us and just missed capsizing the boat. Then he became seasick and jettisoned most of his lays, including Scylla and Charybdis and the Cyclops; so that it wasn’t hard for me to get a little salvage out of all that he let go.

> Greek: Χάρων: ὁρᾷς, ὀνειδιστικὸν τοῦτο εἰς τὴν τέχνην. ἐγὼ δὲ ὁπότε διεπόρθμευον αὐτὸν ἀποθανόντα, πολλὰ ῥαψῳδοῦντος ἀκούσας ἐνίων ἔτι μέμνημαι· καίτοι χειμὼν ἡμᾶς οὐ μικρὸς τότε κατελάμβανεν. ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἤρξατο ᾄδειν οὐ πάνυ αἴσιόν τινα ᾠδὴν τοῖς πλέουσιν, ὡς ὁ Ποσειδῶν συνήγαγε τὰς νεφέλας καὶ ἐτάραξε τὸν πόντον ὥσπερ τορύνην τινὰ ἐμβαλὼν τὴν τρίαιναν καὶ πάσας τὰς θυέλλας ὠρόθυνε καὶ ἄλλα πολλά, κυκῶν τὴν θάλατταν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐπῶν, χειμὼν ἄφνω καὶ γνόφος ἐμπεσὼν ὀλίγου δεῖν περιέτρεψεν ἡμῖν τὴν ναῦν· ὅτε περ καὶ ναυτιάσας ἐκεῖνος ἀπήμεσε τῶν ῥαψῳδιῶν τὰς πολλὰς αὐτῇ Σκύλλῃ καὶ Χαρύβδει καὶ Κύκλωπι. οὐ χαλεπὸν οὖν ἦν ἐκ τοσούτου ἐμέτου ὀλίγα γοῦν διαφυλάττειν.

[¶33] 8. CHARON: Tell me:
Who is the burly man yonder, the hero so tall and so handsome,
Towering over the throng by a head and a broadpair of shoulders?

> Greek: 8. Χάρων: εἰπὲ γάρ μοι·
τίς τʼ ἄρʼ ὅδʼ ἐστὶ πάχιστος ἀνὴρ ἠΰς τε μέγας τε,
ἔξοχος ἀνθρώπων κεφαλὴν καὶ εὐρέας ὤμους;

[¶34] HERMES: That is Milo, the athlete from Croton. The Greeks are clapping their hands at him because he has lifted the bull and is carrying him through the centre of the stadium.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: Μίλων οὗτος ὁ ἐκ Κρότωνος ἀθλητής. ἐπικροτοῦσι δʼ αὐτῷ οἱ Ἕλληνες, ὅτι τὸν ταῦρον ἀράμενος φέρει διὰ τοῦ σταδίου μέσου.

[¶35] CHARON: How much more fitting it would be, Hermes, if they should applaud me; for in a little while I shall seize Milo himself and heave him aboard the boat, when he comes to us after getting thrown by Death, the most invincible of all antagonists, without even knowing how he was tripped! Then we shall hear him wail, depend upon it, when he remembers these crowns of victory and this applause; but now he thinks highly of himself because of the admiration he is winning for carrying the bull. What! Are we to think that he expects to die some day?

> Greek: Χάρων: καὶ πόσῳ δικαιότερον ἂν ἐμέ, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, ἐπαινοῖεν, ὃς αὐτόν σοι τὸν Μίλωνα μετʼ ὀλίγοι συλλαβὼν ἐνθήσομαι ἐς τὸ σκαφίδιον, ὁπόταν ἥκῃ πρὸς ἡμᾶς ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀμαχωτάτου τῶν ἀνταγωνιστῶν καταπαλαισθεὶς τοῦ Θανάτου, μηδὲ συνεὶς ὅπως αὐτὸν ὑποσκελίζει; κᾆτα οἰμώξεται ἡμῖν δηλαδὴ μεμνημένος τῶν στεφάνων τούτων καὶ τοῦ κρότου· νῦν δὲ μέγα φρονεῖ θαυμαζόμενος ἐπὶ τῇ τοῦ ταύρου φορᾷ. τί δʼ οὖν; οἰηθῶμεν ἄρα ἐλπίζειν αὐτὸν καὶ τεθνήξεσθαί ποτε;

[¶36] HERMES: Why should he think of death now, when he is so young and strong?

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: πόθεν ἐκεῖνος θανάτου νῦν μνημονεύσειεν ἂν ἐν ἀκμῇ τοσαύτῃ;

[¶37] CHARON: Never mind him; he will give us food for laughter before long when he makes his voyage and is no longer able to lift a mosquito, let alone a bull!

> Greek: Χάρων: ἔα τοῦτον οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν γέλωτα ἡμῖν παρέξοντα ὁπόταν πλέῃ, μηδʼ ἐμπίδα οὐχ ὅπως ταῦρον ἔτι ἄρασθαι δυνάμενος.

[¶38] 9. CHARON: Tell me,
Who is the other man yonder, the haughty one?
Not a Greek, it seems, from his dress at least.

> Greek: 9. Χάρων: σὺ δέ μοι ἐκεῖνο εἰπέ, τίς τʼ ἄρʼ ὅδʼ ἄλλος ὁ σεμνὸς ἀνήρ; οὐχ Ἕλλην, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἀπὸ γοῦν τῆς στολῆς.

[¶39] HERMES: That is Cyrus, Charon, the son of Cambyses, who has already transferred to the Persians the empire that once belonged to the Medes. Moreover, he recently conquered the Assyrians and brought Babylon to terms, and now he appears to be meditating a campaign against Lydia, with the idea of overthrowing Croesus and ruling the world.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: Κῦρος, ὦ Χάρων, ὁ Καμβύσου, ὃς τὴν ἀρχὴν πάλαι Μήδων ἐχόντων νῦν Περσῶν ἤδη ἐποίησεν εἶναι· καὶ Ἀσσυρίων δʼ ἔναγχος οὗτος ἐκράτησε καὶ Βαβυλῶνα παρεστήσατο καὶ νῦν ἐλασείοντι ἐπὶ Λυδίαν ἔοικεν, ὡς καθελὼν τὸν Κροῖσον ἄρχοι ἁπάντων.

[¶40] CHARON: And Croesus, where is he?

> Greek: Χάρων: ὁ Κροῖσος δὲ ποῦ ποτε κἀκεῖνός ἐστιν;

[¶41] HERMES: Look over there towards the great acropolis with the triple wall. That is Sardis, and now you see Croesus himself sitting on a golden throne, talking with Solon of Athens. Would you like to listen to what they are saying?

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: ἐκεῖσε ἀπόβλεψον ἐς τὴν μεγάλην ἀκρόπολιν, τὴν τὸ τριπλοῦν τεῖχος· Σάρδεις ἐκεῖναι, καὶ τὸν Κροῖσον αὐτὸν ὁρᾷς ἤδη ἐπὶ κλίνης χρυσῆς καθήμενον, Σόλωνι τῷ Ἀθηναίῳ διαλεγόμενον. βούλει ἀκούσωμεν αὐτῶν ὅ τι καὶ λέγουσι;

[¶42] CHARON: By all means.

> Greek: Χάρων: πάνυ μὲν οὖν.

[¶43] 10. CROESUS: My friend from Athens, as you have seen my riches, my treasuries, all the bullion that I have and the rest of my splendor, tell me whom do you consider the most fortunate man in the world?
CHARON: What will Solon say to that?

> Greek: 10. Κροῖσος: ὦ ξένε Ἀθηναῖε, εἶδες γάρ μου τὸν πλοῦτον καὶ τοὺς θησαυροὺς καὶ ὅσος ἄσημος χρυσός ἐστιν ἡμῖν καὶ τὴν ἄλλην πολυτέλειαν, εἰπέ μοι, τίνα ἡγῇ τῶν ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων εὐδαιμονέστατον εἶναι.
Χάρων: τί ἄρα ὁ Σόλων ἐρεῖ;

[¶44] HERMES: Never fear; nothing ignoble, Charon. SOLON: Fortunate men are few, Croesus, but I consider that of all the men I know, the most fortunate are Cleobis and Biton, the sons of the priestess at Argos, who died together the other day when they had harnessed themselves and drawn their mother to the temple on the wagon. CROESUS: Very well, let them have the first rank in good fortune. But who would be the second?: SOLON: Tellus of Athens, who lived happily and died for his country. CROESUS: But what about me, knave? Don’t you think I am fortunate? SOLON: I do not know, Croesus, and shall not until you come to the close of your life. Death is a sure test in such matters, that and a fortunate life right up to the end.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: θάρρει· οὐδὲν ἀγεννές, ὦ Χάρων. Σόλων: ὦ Κροῖσε, ὀλίγοι μὲν οἱ εὐδαίμονες· ἐγὼ δὲ ὧν οἶδα Κλέοβιν καὶ Βίτωνα ἡγοῦμαι εὐδαιμονεστάτους γενέσθαι, τοὺς τῆς ἱερείας παῖδας τῆς Ἀργόθεν, τοὺς ἅμα πρῴην ἀποθανόντας, ἐπεὶ τὴν μητέρα ὑποδύντες εἵλκυσαν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀπήνης ἄχρι πρὸς τὸ ἱερόν. Κροῖσος: ἔστω· ἐχέτωσαν ἐκεῖνοι τὰ πρῶτα τῆς εὐδαιμονίας. ὁ δεύτερος δὲ τίς ἂν εἴη; Σόλων: Τέλλος ὁ Ἀθηναῖος, ὃς εὖ τʼ ἐβίω καὶ ἀπέθανεν ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος. Κροῖσος: ἐγὼ δέ, ὦ κάθαρμα, οὔ σοι δοκῶ εὐδαίμων εἶναι; Σόλων: οὐδέπω οἶδα, ὦ Κροῖσε, ἢν μὴ πρὸς τὸ τέλος ἀφίκῃ τοῦ βίου· ὁ γὰρ θάνατος ἀκριβὴς ἔλεγχος τῶν τοιούτων καὶ τὸ ἄχρι πρὸς τὸ τέρμα εὐδαιμόνως διαβιῶναι.

[¶45] CHARON: Thank you kindly, Solon, for not forgetting us, but demanding the decision of such matters to be made right at the ferry.

> Greek: Χάρων: κάλλιστα, ὦ Σόλων, ὅτι ἡμῶν οὐκ ἐπιλέλησαι, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τὸ πορθμεῖον αὐτὸ ἀξιοῖς γίγνεσθαι τὴν περὶ τῶν τοιούτων κρίσιν.

[¶46] 11. CHARON: But who are those men whom Croesus is sending out, and what are they carrying on their shoulders?

> Greek: 11. Χάρων: ἀλλὰ τίνας ἐκείνους ὁ Κροῖσος ἐκπέμπει ἢ τί ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων φέρουσι;

[¶47] HERMES: He is making an offering of golden ingots to Apollo at Delphi to pay for the prophecies which will bring him to grief a little later on. The man is monstrously daft on divination.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: πλίνθους τῷ Πυθίῳ χρυσᾶς ἀνατίθησι μισθὸν τῶν χρησμῶν ὑφʼ ὧν καὶ ἀπολεῖται μικρὸν ὕστερον· φιλόμαντις δὲ ἁνὴρ ἐκτόπως.

[¶48] CHARON: Is that gold, the bright substance that shines, the pale yellow substance with a cast of red? This is the first time that I have seen it, though I am always hearing of it.

> Greek: Χάρων: ἐκεῖνο γάρ ἐστιν ὁ χρυσός, τὸ λαμπρὸν ὃ ἀποστίλβει, τὸ ὕπωχρον μετʼ ἐρυθήματος; νῦν γὰρ πρῶτον εἶδον, ἀκούων ἀεί.

[¶49] HERMES: That is it, Charon, the name that they sing of and fight for.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: ἐκεῖνο, ὦ Χάρων, τὸ ἀοίδιμον ὄνομα καὶ περιμάχητον.

[¶50] CHARON: Really I don’t see what good there is about it, except perhaps for one thing, that its bearers find it heavy.

> Greek: Χάρων: καὶ μὴν οὐχ ὁρῶ ὅ τι τὸ ἀγαθὸν αὐτῷ πρόσεστιν, εἰ μὴ ἄρα ἕν τι μόνον, ὅτι βαρύνονται οἱ φέροντες αὐτό.

[¶51] HERMES: You do not know how many wars there have been on account of it, how many plots, perjuries, murders, imprisonments, trading ventures, and enslavements.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: οὐ γὰρ οἶσθα ὅσοι πόλεμοι διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἐπιβουλαὶ καὶ λῃστήρια καὶ ἐπιορκίαι καὶ φόνοι καὶ δεσμὰ καὶ ἐμπορίαι καὶ δουλεῖαι;

[¶52] CHARON: On account of this substance, not much different from bronze? I know bronze, for, as you are aware, I collect an obol from everyone who makes the downward journey.

> Greek: Χάρων: διὰ τοῦτο, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, τὸ μὴ πολὺ τοῦ χαλκοῦ διαφέρον; οἶδα γὰρ τὸν χαλκόν, ὀβολόν, ὡς οἶσθα, παρὰ τῶν καταπλεόντων ἑκάστου ἐκλέγων.

[¶53] HERMES: Yes, but bronze is plentiful, so that they do not prize it very highly, while this is dug up by the miners at a great depth in small quantities. It comes from the earth, however, like lead and the rest of the metals.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: ναί· ἀλλὰ ὁ χαλκὸς μὲν πολύς, ὥστε οὐ πάνυ σπουδάζεται ὑπʼ αὐτῶν· τοῦτον δὲ ὀλίγον ἐκ πολλοῦ τοῦ βάθους οἱ μεταλλεύοντες ἀνορύττουσι· πλὴν ἀλλὰ ἐκ τῆς γῆς καὶ οὗτος ὥσπερ ὁ μόλυβδος καὶ τὰ ἄλλα.

[¶54] CHARON: Men are terribly stupid, by what you say, since they have such a passion for a yellow, heavy substance.

> Greek: Χάρων: δεινήν τινα λέγεις τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὴν ἀβελτερίαν, οἳ τοσοῦτον ἔρωτα ἐρῶσιν ὠχροῦ καὶ βαρέος κτήματος.

[¶55] HERMES: Well, at any rate Solon yonder does not seem to love it, Charon, as you see, for he is laughing at Croesus and his barbarian boastfulness, and to my mind he wants to ask him a question. Let us listen, then.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: ἀλλὰ οὐ Σόλων γε ἐκεῖνος, ὦ Χάρων, ἐρᾶν αὐτοῦ φαίνεται, ὅς, ὡς ὁρᾷς, καταγελᾷ τοῦ Κροίσου καὶ τῆς μεγαλαυχίας τοῦ βαρβάρου, καί μοι δοκεῖν ἐρέσθαι τι βούλεται αὐτόν· ἐπακούσωμεν οὖν.

[¶56] 12. SOLON: Tell me, Croesus, do you really think that Apollo has any need of these ingots? CROEUS: Good Heavens, yes! He has nothing to match them among the votive offerings at Delphi. SOLON: Then you expect to make the god happy if he adds ingots of gold to the rest of his possessions? CROESUS: Why not? SOLON: They are very poor in Heaven from what you say, since they have to send and get gold from Lydia if they want it. CROESUS: Why, where else can there be as much gold as there is in our country? SOLON: Tell me, is iron produced in Lydia? CROESUS: Not to any great extent. SOLON: Then you are poor in the better metal. CROESUS: In what way is iron better than gold? SOLON: If you will answer my questions without getting angry, you will find out. CROESUS: Ask them, Solon. SOLON: Who is the better man, the one who saves a life or the one who is saved by him? CROESUS: The one who saves a life of course. SOLON: Then if Cyrus attacks the Lydians, as rumour has it that he will, shall you get swords of gold made for your army, or will iron be necessary in that case? CROESUS: Iron, certainly. SOLON: Yes, and if you should not provide iron, your gold would go off to Persia in captivity. CROESUS: Don’t speak of such a thing, man! SOLON: I pray it may not turn out that way; but you clearly admit that iron is better than gold. CROESUS: Then would you have me offer ingots of iron to the god and call the gold back again? SOLON: He will have no need of iron either, not he! Whether you offer bronze or gold, your offering will be a boon and a blessing to ethers than he—to the Phocians or the Boeotians or the Delphians themselves, or else to some tyrant or freebooter; but the god takes little interest in your gold-work. CROESUS: You are always at war with my wealth and begrudge me it.

> Greek: 12. Σόλων: εἰπέ μοι, ὦ Κροῖσε, οἴει γάρ τι δεῖσθαι τῶν πλίνθων τούτων τὸν Πύθιον; Κροῖσος: νὴ Δίʼ· οὐ γάρ ἐστιν αὐτῷ ἐν Δελφοῖς ἀνάθημα οὐδὲν τοιοῦτον. Σόλων: οὐκοῦν μακάριον οἴει τὸν θεὸν ἀποφανεῖν, εἰ κτήσαιτο σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις καὶ πλίνθους χρυσᾶς; Κροῖσος: πῶς γὰρ οὔ; Σόλων: πολλήν μοι λέγεις, ὦ Κροῖσε, πενίαν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, εἰ ἐκ Λυδίας μεταστέλλεσθαι τὸ χρυσίον δεήσει αὐτούς, ἢν ἐπιθυμήσωσι. Κροῖσος: ποῦ γὰρ τοσοῦτος ἂν γίνοιτο χρυσὸς ὅσος παρʼ ἡμῖν; Σόλων: εἰπέ μοι, σίδηρος δὲ φύεται ἐν Λυδίᾳ; Κροῖσος: οὐ πάνυ τι. Σόλων: τοῦ βελτίονος ἄρα ἐνδεεῖς ἐστε. Κροῖσος: πῶς ἀμείνων ὁ σίδηρος χρυσίου; Σόλων: ἢν ἀποκρίνῃ μηδὲν ἀγανακτῶν, μάθοις ἄν. Κροῖσος: ἐρώτα, ὦ Σόλων. Σόλων: πότεροι ἀμείνους, οἱ σώζοντές τινας ἢ οἱ σωζόμενοι πρὸς αὐτῶν; Κροῖσος: οἱ σώζοντες δηλαδή. Σόλων: ἆρʼ οὖν, ἢν Κῦρος, ὡς λογοποιοῦσι τινες, ἐπίῃ Λυδοῖς, χρυσᾶς μαχαίρας σὺ ποιήσῃ τῷ στρατῷ, ἢ ὁ σίδηρος ἀναγκαῖος τότε; Κροῖσος: ὁ σίδηρος δῆλον ὅτι. Σόλων: καὶ εἴ γε τοῦτον μὴ παρασκευάσαιο, οἴχοιτο ἄν σοι ὁ χρυσὸς ἐς Πέρσας αἰχμάλωτος. Κροῖσος: εὐφήμει, ἄνθρωπε. Σόλων: μὴ γένοιτο μὲν οὕτω ταῦτα· φαίνῃ δʼ οὖν ἀμείνω τοῦ χρυσοῦ τὸν σίδηρον ὁμολογῶν. Κροῖσος: οὐκοῦν καὶ τῷ θεῷ σιδηρᾶς πλίνθους κελεύεις ἀνατιθέναι με, τὸν δὲ χρυσὸν ὀπίσω αὖθις ἀνακαλεῖν; Σόλων: οὐδὲ σιδήρου ἐκεῖνός γε δεήσεται, ἀλλʼ ἤν τε χαλκὸν ἤν τε χρυσὸν ἀναθῇς, ἄλλοις μέν ποτε κτῆμα καὶ ἕρμαιον ἔσῃ ἀνατεθεικώς, Φωκεῦσιν ἢ Βοιωτοῖς ἢ Δελφοῖς αὐτοῖς ἤ τινι τυράννῳ ἢ λῃστῇ, τῷ δὲ θεῷ ὀλίγον μέλει τῶν σῶν χρυσοποιιῶν. Κροῖσος: ἀεὶ σύ μου τῷ πλούτῳ προσπολεμεῖς καὶ φθονεῖς.

## 2. Sections 13–24

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-charon/2/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-charon/2/#p-N

[¶0] 13. HERMES: The Lydian cannot abide the outspokenness and the truthfulness of his words, Charon; it seems strange to him when a poor man does not cringe but says frankly whatever occurs to him. But he will remember Solon before long, when he has to be captured and put on the pyre by Cyrus. The other day I heard Clotho reading out the fate that had been spun for everyone, and among other things it had been recorded there that Croesus was to be “captured by Cyrus, and that Cyrus was to be slain by yonder woman of the Massagetae. Do you see her, the Scythian woman riding the white horse?

> Greek: 13. Ἑρμῆς: οὐ φέρει ὁ Λυδός, ὦ Χάρων, τὴν παρρησίαν καὶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν τῶν λόγων, ἀλλὰ ξένον αὐτῷ δοκεῖ τὸ πρᾶγμα, πένης ἄνθρωπος οὐχ ὑποπτήσσων, τὸ δὲ παριστάμενον ἐλευθέρως λέγων. μεμνήσεται δʼ οὖν μικρὸν ὕστερον τοῦ Σόλωνος, ὅταν αὐτὸν δέῃ ἁλόντα ἐπὶ τὴν πυρὰν ὑπὸ τοῦ Κύρου ἀναχθῆναι· ἤκουσα γὰρ τῆς Κλωθοῦς πρῴην ἀναγινωσκούσης τὰ ἑκάστῳ ἐπικεκλωσμένα, ἐν οἷς καὶ ταῦτα ἐγέγραπτο, Κροῖσον μὲν ἁλῶναι ὑπὸ Κύρου, Κῦρον δὲ αὐτὸν ὑπʼ ἐκεινησὶ τῆς Μασσαγέτιδος ἀποθανεῖν. ὁρᾷς τὴν Σκυθίδα, τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ ἵππου τούτου τοῦ λευκοῦ ἐξελαύνουσαν;

[¶1] CHARON: Indeed I do.

> Greek: Χάρων: νὴ Δία.

[¶2] HERMES: That is Tomyris; and after she has cut off Cyrus’ head she will plunge it into a wine-skin full of blood. And do you see his son, the young man? That is Cambyses; he will be king after his father, and when he has had no end of ill-luck in Libya and Ethiopia he will at last go mad and die in consequence of slaying Apis.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: Τόμυρις ἐκείνη ἐστί, καὶ τὴν κεφαλήν γε ἀποτεμοῦσα τοῦ Κύρου αὕτη ἐς ἀσκὸν ἐμβαλεῖ πλήρη αἵματος. ὁρᾷς δὲ καὶ τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν νεανίσκον; Καμβύσης ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν· οὗτος βασιλεύσει μετὰ τὸν πατέρα καὶ μυρία σφαλεὶς ἔν τε Λιβύῃ καὶ Αἰθιοπίᾳ τὸ τελευταῖον μανεὶς ἀποθανεῖται ἀποκτείνας τὸν Ἆπιν.

[¶3] CHARON: How very funny! But now who would dare to look at them, so disdainful are they of the rest of the world? And who could believe that after a little the one will be a prisoner and the other will have his head in a sack of blood?

> Greek: Χάρων: ὢ πολλοῦ γέλωτος. ἀλλὰ νῦν τίς ἂν αὐτοὺς προσβλέψειεν οὕτως ὑπερφρονοῦντας τῶν ἄλλων; ἢ τίς ἂν πιστεύσειεν ὡς μετʼ ὀλίγον οὗτος μὲν αἰχμάλωτος ἔσται, οὗτος δὲ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἕξει ἐν ἀσκῷ αἵματος;

[¶4] 14. CHARON: But who is that man, Hermes, with the purple mantle about him, the one with the crown, to whom the cook, who has just cut open the fish, is giving the ring,
All in a sea-girt island; a king he would have us believe him?

> Greek: 14. Χάρων: ἐκεῖνος δὲ τίς ἐστιν, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, ὁ τὴν πορφυρᾶν ἐφεστρίδα ἐμπεπορπημένος, ὁ τὸ διάδημα, ᾧ τὸν δακτύλιον ὁ μάγειρος ἀναδίδωσι τὸν ἰχθὺν ἀνατεμών, νήσῳ ἐν ἀμφιρύτῃ; βασιλεὺς δέ τις εὔχεται εἶναι.

[¶5] HERMES: You are good at parody, Charon. The man whom you see is Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos, who considers himself wholly fortunate; yet the servant who stands at his elbow, Maeandrius, will betray him into the hands of the satrap Oroetes, and he will be crucified, poor man, after losing his good fortune inamoment’s time. This, too, I heard trom Clotho.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: εὖ γε παρῳδεῖς, ὦ Χάρων. ἀλλὰ Πολυκράτην ὁρᾷς τὸν Σαμίων τύραννον πανευδαίμονα ἡγούμενον εἶναι· ἀτὰρ καὶ οὗτος αὐτὸς ὑπὸ τοῦ παρεστῶτος οἰκέτου Μαιανδρίου προδοθεὶς Ὀροίτῃ τῷ σατράπῃ ἀνασκολοπισθήσεται ἅθλιος ἐκπεσὼν τῆς εὐδαιμονίας ἐν ἀκαρεῖ τοῦ χρόνου· καὶ ταῦτα γὰρ τῆς Κλωθοῦς ἐπήκουσα.

[¶6] CHARON: Well done, Clotho, noble lady that you are! Burn them, gracious lady, cut off their heads and crucify them, so that they may know they are human. In the meantime let them be exalted, only to have a sorrier fall from a higher place. For my part I shall laugh when I recognize them aboard my skiff, stripped to the skin, taking with them neither purple mantle nor tiara nor throne of gold.

> Greek: Χάρων: ἄγαμαι Κλωθοῦς γεννικῆς· καῖε αὐτούς, ὦ βελτίστη, καὶ τὰς κεφαλὰς ἀπότεμνε καὶ ἀνασκολόπιζε, ὡς εἰδῶσιν ἄνθρωποι ὄντες· ἐν τοσούτῳ δὲ ἐπαιρέσθων ὡς ἂν ἀφʼ ὑψηλοτέρου ἀλγεινότερον καταπεσούμενοι. ἐγὼ δὲ γελάσομαι τότε γνωρίσας αὐτῶν ἕκαστον γυμνὸν ἐν τῷ σκαφιδίῳ μήτε τὴν πορφυρίδα μήτε τιάραν ἢ κλίνην χρυσῆν κομίζοντας.

[¶7] 15. HERMES: That is the way their lives will end. But do you see the masses, Charon, the men voyaging, fighting, litigating, farming, lending money, and begging?

> Greek: 15. Ἑρμῆς: καὶ τὰ μὲν τούτων ὧδε ἕξει. τὴν δὲ πληθὺν ὁρᾷς, ὦ Χάρων, τοὺς πλέοντας αὐτῶν, τοὺς πολεμοῦντας, τοὺς δικαζομένους, τοὺς γεωργοῦντας, τοὺς δανείζοντας, τοὺς προσαιτοῦντας;

[¶8] CHARON: I see that their activities are varied and their life full of turmoil; yes, and their cities resemble hives, in which everyone has a sting of his own and stings his neighbour, while some few, like wasps, harry and plunder the meaner sort. But what is that crowd of shapes that flies about them unseen?

> Greek: Χάρων: ὁρῶ ποικίλην τινὰ τὴν διατριβὴν καὶ μεστὸν ταραχῆς τὸν βίον καὶ τὰς πόλεις γε αὐτῶν ἐοικυίας τοῖς σμήνεσιν, ἐν οἷς ἅπας μὲν ἴδιόν τι κέντρον ἔχει καὶ τὸν πλησίον κεντεῖ, ὀλίγοι δέ τινες ὥσπερ σφῆκες ἄγουσι καὶ φέρουσι τὸ ὑποδεέστερον. ὁ δὲ περιπετόμενος αὐτοὺς ἐκ τἀφανοῦς οὗτος ὄχλος τίνες εἰσίν;

[¶9] HERMES: Hope, Fear, Ignorance, Pleasure, Covetousness, Anger, Hatred and their like. Of these, Ignorance mingles with them down below and shares their common life, and so do Hatred, Anger, Jealousy, Stupidity, Doubt, and Covetousness; but Fear and Hope hover up above, and Fear, swooping down from time to time, terrifies them and makes them cringe, while Hope, hanging overhead, flies up and is off when they are most confident of grasping her, leaving them in the lurch with their mouths open, exactly as you have seen Tantalus served by the water down below.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: ἐλπίδες, ὦ Χάρων, καὶ δείματα καὶ ἄγνοιαι καὶ ἡδοναὶ καὶ φιλαργυρίαι καὶ ὀργαὶ καὶ μίση καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα. τούτων δὲ ἡ ἄγνοια μὲν κάτω συναναμέμικται αὐτοῖς καὶ συμπολιτεύεται, καὶ νὴ Δία καὶ τὸ μῖσος καὶ ὀργὴ καὶ ζηλοτυπία καὶ ἀμαθία καὶ ἀπορία καὶ φιλαργυρία, ὁ φόβος δὲ καὶ αἱ ἐλπίδες ὑπεράνω πετόμενοι ὁ μὲν ἐμπίπτων ἐκπλήττει ἐνίοτε καὶ ὑποπτήσσειν ποιεῖ, αἱ δʼ ἐλπίδες ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς αἰωρούμεναι, ὁπόταν μάλιστα οἴηταί τις ἐπιλήψεσθαι αὐτῶν, ἀναπτάμεναι οἴχονται κεχηνότας αὐτοὺς ἀπολιποῦσαι, ὅπερ καὶ τὸν Τάνταλον κάτω πάσχοντα ὁρᾷς ὑπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος.

[¶10] 16. HERMES: If you look close, you will also see the Fatés up above, drawing off each man’s thread from the spindle to which, as it happens, one and all are attached by slender threads. Do you see cobwebs, if I may call them so, coming down to each man from the spindles?

> Greek: 16. Ἑρμῆς: ἢν δὲ ἀτενίσῃς, κατόψει καὶ τὰς Μοίρας ἄνω ἐπικλωθούσας ἑκάστῳ τὸν ἄτρακτον, ἀφʼ οὗ ἠρτῆσθαι συμβέβηκεν ἅπαντας ἐκ λεπτῶν νημάτων. ὁρᾷς καθάπερ ἀράχνιά τινα καταβαίνοντα ἐφʼ ἕκαστον ἀπὸ τῶν ἀτράκτων;

[¶11] CHARON: I see that each man has a very slender thread, and it is entangled in most cases, this one with that and that with another.

> Greek: Χάρων: ὁρῶ πάνυ λεπτὸν ἑκάστῳ νῆμα, ἐπιπεπλεγμένον γε τὰ πολλά, τοῦτο μὲν ἐκείνῳ, ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἄλλῳ.

[¶12] HERMES: With good reason, ferryman; it is fated for that man to be killed by this man and this man by another, and for this man to be heir to that one, whose thread is shorter, and that man in turn to this one. That is what the entanglement means. You see, however, that they all hang by slender threads. Furthermore, this man has been drawn up on high and hangs in mid-air, and after a little while, when the filament, no longer strong enough to hold his weight, breaks and he falls to earth, he will make a great noise; but this other, who is lifted but little above the ground, will come down, if at all, so noiselessly that even his neighbours will hardly hear his fall.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: εἰκότως, ὦ πορθμεῦ· εἵμαρται γὰρ ἐκείνῳ μὲν ὑπὸ τούτου φονευθῆναι, τούτῳ δὲ ὑπʼ ἄλλου, καὶ κληρονομῆσαί γε τοῦτον μὲν ἐκείνου, ὅτου ἂν ᾖ μικρότερον τὸ νῆμα, ἐκεῖνον δὲ αὖ τούτου· τοιόνδε γάρ τι ἡ ἐπιπλοκὴ δηλοῖ. ὁρᾷς δʼ οὖν ἀπὸ λεπτοῦ κρεμαμένους ἅπαντας· καὶ οὗτος μὲν ἀνασπασθεὶς ἄνω μετέωρός ἐστι καὶ μετὰ μικρὸν καταπεσών, ἀπορραγέντος τοῦ λίνου ἐπειδὰν μηκέτι ἀντέχῃ πρὸς τὸ βάρος, μέγαν τὸν ψόφον ἐργάσεται, οὗτος δὲ ὀλίγον ἀπὸ γῆς αἰωρούμενος, ἢν καὶ πέσῃ, ἀψοφητὶ κείσεται, μόλις καὶ τοῖς γείτοσιν ἐξακουσθέντος τοῦ πτώματος.

[¶13] CHARON: All this is very funny, Hermes.

> Greek: Χάρων: παγγέλοια ταῦτα, ὦ Ἑρμῆ.

[¶14] 17. HERMES: Indeed, you cannot find words to tell how ridiculous it is, Charon, especially their inordinate ambition and the way in which they disappear from the scene in the midst of their hopes, carried off by our good friend Death. His messengers and servants are very many, as you see—chills, fevers, wasting sicknesses, inflammations of the lungs, swords, pirate vessels, bowls of hemlock, judges, and tyrants; and no thought of any of these occurs to them while they are prosperous, but when the come to grief, many are the cries of “Oh!” and “Ah!” and “O dear me!” If they had realized at the very beginning that they were mortal, and that after this brief sojourn in the world they would go away as from a dream, taking leave of everything above ground, they would live more sanely and would be less unhappy after death. But as it is, they have imagined that what they have now will be theirs forever, and so, when the servant, standing at their bedside, summons them and hales them off in the bonds of fever or consumption, they make a great to-do about it, for they never expected to be torn away from their gear. For example, that man who is busily building himself a house and driving the workmen on; w hat would not he do if he knew that although the house will be finished, as soon as he gets the roof on, he himself will depart and leave his heir the enjoyment of it without even dining in it, poor fellow? And as for the man over there, who rejoices because his wife has borne him a son and entertains his friends in honour of the occasion and gives the boy his father’s name, if he knew that the boy willdie atthe age of seven, do you think he would rejoice over his birth? No, it is because he sees yonder man who is fortunate in his son, the father of the athlete who has been victor at the Olympic games, but does not see his next door neighbour, who is burying his son, and does not know what manner of thread his own son has been attached to. Again, take those who quarrel about boundaries—you see how numerous they are; likewise those who heap up money and then, before enjoying it, receive a summons from the messengers and servants that I mentioned.

> Greek: 17. Ἑρμῆς: καὶ μὴν οὐδʼ εἰπεῖν ἔχοις ἂν κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν ὅπως ἐστὶ καταγέλαστα, ὦ Χάρων, καὶ μάλιστα αἱ ἄγαν σπουδαὶ αὐτῶν καὶ τὸ μεταξὺ τῶν ἐλπίδων οἴχεσθαι ἀναρπάστους γινομένους ὑπὸ τοῦ βελτίστου Θανάτου. ἄγγελοι δὲ καὶ ὑπηρέται αὐτοῦ μάλα πολλοί, ὡς ὁρᾷς, ἠπίαλοι καὶ πυρετοὶ καὶ φθόαι καὶ περιπλευμονίαι καὶ ξίφη καὶ λῃστήρια καὶ κώνεια καὶ δικασταὶ καὶ τύραννοι· καὶ τούτων οὐδὲν ὅλως αὐτοὺς εἰσέρχεται, ἔστʼ ἂν εὖ πράττωσιν, ὅταν δὲ σφαλῶσι, πολὺ τὸ ὀττοτοῖ καὶ αἰαῖ καὶ οἴμοι. εἰ δὲ εὐθὺς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐνενόουν ὅτι θνητοί τέ εἰσιν αὐτοὶ καὶ ὀλίγον τοῦτον χρόνον ἐπιδημήσαντες τῷ βίῳ ἀπίασιν ὥσπερ ἐξ ὀνείρατος πάντα ὑπὲρ γῆς ἀφέντες, ἔζων τε ἂν σωφρονέστερον καὶ ἧττον ἠνιῶντο ἀποθανόντες· νῦν δὲ εἰς ἀεὶ ἐλπίσαντες χρήσεσθαι τοῖς παροῦσιν, ἐπειδὰν ἐπιστὰς ὁ ὑπηρέτης καλῇ καὶ ἀπάγῃ πεδήσας τῷ πυρετῷ ἢ τῇ φθόῃ, ἀγανακτοῦσι πρὸς τὴν ἀγωγὴν οὔποτε προσδοκήσαντες ἀποσπασθήσεσθαι αὐτῶν. ἢ τί γὰρ οὐκ ἂν ποιήσειεν ἐκεῖνος ὁ τὴν οἰκίαν σπουδῇ οἰκοδομούμενος καὶ τοὺς ἐργάτας ἐπισπέρχων, εἰ μάθοι ὅτι ἡ μὲν ἕξει τέλος αὐτῷ, ὁ δὲ ἄρτι ἐπιθεὶς τὸν ὄροφον ἄπεισι τῷ κληρονόμῳ καταλιπὼν ἀπολαύειν αὐτῆς, αὐτὸς μηδὲ δειπνήσας ἅθλιος ἐν αὐτῇ; ἐκεῖνος μὲν γὰρ ὁ χαίρων ὅτι ἄρρενα παῖδα τέτοκεν αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή, καὶ τοὺς φίλους διὰ τοῦτο ἑστιῶν καὶ τοὔνομα τοῦ πατρὸς τιθέμενος, εἰ ἠπίστατο ὡς ἑπτέτης γενόμενος ὁ παῖς τεθνήξεται, ἆρα ἄν σοι δοκεῖ χαίρειν ἐπʼ αὐτῷ γεννωμένῳ; ἀλλὰ τὸ αἴτιον, ὅτι τὸν μὲν εὐτυχοῦντα ἐπὶ τῷ παιδὶ ἐκεῖνον ὁρᾷ τὸν τοῦ ἀθλητοῦ πατέρα τοῦ Ὀλύμπια νενικηκότος, τὸν γείτονα δὲ τὸν ἐκκομίζοντα τὸ παιδίον οὐχ ὁρᾷ οὐδὲ οἶδεν ἀφʼ οἵας αὐτῷ κρόκης ἐκρέματο. τοὺς μὲν γὰρ περὶ τῶν ὅρων διαφερομένους ὁρᾷς, ὅσοι εἰσί, καὶ τοὺς συναγείροντας τὰ χρήματα, εἶτα, πρὶν ἀπολαῦσαι αὐτῶν, καλουμένους ὑφʼ ὧν εἶπον τῶν ἀγγέλων τε καὶ ὑπηρετῶν.

[¶15] 18. CHARON: I see all this, and am wondering what pleasure they find in life and what it is that they are distressed to lose. For example, if one considers their kings, who are counted most happy, quite apart from the instability and uncertainty of their fortune which you allude to, one will find that the pleasures which they have are fewer than the pains, for terrors, alarums, enmities, plots, rage, and flattery are with them always. I say nothing of sorrows, diseases, and misadventures, which of course dominate them without partiality; but when their lot is hard, one is driven to conjecture what the lot of common men must be.

> Greek: 18. Χάρων: ὁρῶ ταῦτα πάντα καὶ πρὸς ἐμαυτόν γε ἐννοῶ ὅ τι τὸ ἡδὺ αὐτοῖς παρὰ τὸν βίον ἢ τί ἐκεῖνό ἐστιν, οὗ στερούμενοι ἀγανακτοῦσιν. ἢν γοῦν τοὺς βασιλέας αὐτῶν ἴδῃ τις, οἵπερ εὐδαιμονέστατοι εἶναι δοκοῦσιν, ἔξω τοῦ ἀβεβαίου ὡς φὴς καὶ ἀμφιβόλου τῆς τύχης, πλείω τῶν ἡδέων τὰ ἀνιαρὰ εὑρήσει προσόντα αὐτοῖς, φόβους καὶ ταραχὰς καὶ μίση καὶ ἐπιβουλὰς καὶ ὀργὰς καὶ κολακείας· τούτοις γὰρ ἅπαντες σύνεισιν. ἐῶ πένθη καὶ νόσους καὶ πάθη ἐξ ἰσοτιμίας δηλαδὴ ἄρχοντα αὐτῶν· ὅπου δὲ τὰ τούτων πονηρά, λογίζεσθαι καιρὸς οἷα τὰ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν ἂν εἴη.

[¶16] 19. CHARON: Let me tell you, Hermes, what I think men and the whole life of man resemble. You have noticed bubbles in water, caused by a streamlet plashing down—I mean those that mass to make foam? Some of them, being small, burst and are gone in an instant, while some last longer and as others join them, become swollen and grow to exceeding great compass; but afterwards they also burst without fail in time, for it cannot be otherwise. Such is the life of men; they are all swollen with wind, some to greater size, others to less; and with some the swelling is short-lived and swift-fated, while with others it is over as soon as it comes into being; but in any case they all must burst.

> Greek: 19. Χάρων: ἐθέλω δʼ οὖν σοι, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, εἰπεῖν, ᾧτινι ἐοικέναι μοι ἔδοξαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι καὶ ὁ βίος ἅπας αὐτῶν. ἤδη ποτὲ πομφόλυγας ἐν ὕδατι ἐθεάσω ὑπὸ κρουνῷ τινι καταράττοντι ἀνισταμένας; τὰς φυσαλλίδας λέγω, ἀφʼ ὧν συναγείρεται ὁ ἀφρός· ἐκείνων τοίνυν τινὲς μὲν μικραί εἰσι καὶ αὐτίκα ἐκραγεῖσαι ἀπέσβησαν, αἱ δʼ ἐπὶ πλέον διαρκοῦσι· καὶ προσχωρουσῶν αὐταῖς τῶν ἄλλων αὗται ὑπερφυσώμεναι ἐς μέγιστον ὄγκον αἴρονται, ἔπειτα μέντοι κἀκεῖναι πάντως ἐξερράγησάν ποτε· οὐ γὰρ οἷόν τε ἄλλως γενέσθαι. τοῦτό ἐστιν ὁ ἀνθρώπου βίος· ἅπαντες ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἐμπεφυσημένοι οἱ μὲν μείζους, οἱ δὲ ἐλάττους· καὶ οἱ μὲν ὀλιγοχρόνιον ἔχουσι καὶ ὠκύμορον τὸ φύσημα, οἱ δὲ ἅμα τῷ συστῆναι ἐπαύσαντο· πᾶσι δʼ οὖν ἀπορραγῆναι ἀναγκαῖον.

[¶17] HERMES: Charon, your simile is every bit as good as Homer's, who compares the race of man to leaves.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: οὐδὲν χεῖρον σὺ τοῦ Ὁμήρου εἴκασας, ὦ Χάρων, ὃς φύλλοις τὸ γένος αὐτῶν ὁμοιοῖ.

[¶18] 20. CHARON: And although they are like that, Hermes, you see what they do and how ambitious they are, vying with each other for offices, honours, and possessions, all of which they must leave behind them and come down to us with but a single obol. As we are ina high place, would you like me to call out in a great voice and urge them to desist from their vain labours and live always with death before their eyes, saying: “Vain creatures, why have you set your hearts on these things? Cease toiling, for your lives will not endure forever. Nothing that is in honour here is eternal, nor can a man take anything with him when he dies; nay, it is inevitable that he depart naked, and that his house and his land and his money go first to one and then to another, changing their owners.” If I should call to them out of a commanding place and say all this and more, do you not think that they would be greatly assisted in life and made saner by far?

> Greek: 20. Χάρων: καὶ τοιοῦτοι ὄντες, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, ὁρᾷς οἷα ποιοῦσι καὶ ὡς φιλοτιμοῦνται πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀρχῶν πέρι καὶ τιμῶν καὶ κτήσεων ἁμιλλώμενοι, ἅπερ ἅπαντα καταλιπόντας αὐτοὺς δεήσει ἕνα ὀβολὸν ἔχοντας ἥκειν παρʼ ἡμᾶς. βούλει οὖν, ἐπείπερ ἐφʼ ὑψηλοῦ ἐσμέν, ἀναβοήσας παμμέγεθες παραινέσω αὐτοῖς ἀπέχεσθαι μὲν τῶν ματαίων πόνων, ζῆν δὲ ἀεὶ τὸν θάνατον πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν ἔχοντας, λέγων, ὦ μάταιοι, τί ἐσπουδάκατε περὶ ταῦτα; παύσασθε κάμνοντες· οὐ γὰρ εἰς ἀεὶ βιώσεσθε· οὐδὲν τῶν ἐνταῦθα σεμνῶν ἀΐδιόν ἐστιν, οὐδʼ ἂν ἀπαγάγοι τις αὐτῶν τι σὺν αὑτῷ ἀποθανών, ἀλλʼ ἀνάγκη τὸν μὲν γυμνὸν οἴχεσθαι, τὴν οἰκίαν δὲ καὶ τὸν ἀγρὸν καὶ τὸ χρυσίον ἀεὶ ἄλλων εἶναι καὶ μεταβάλλειν τοὺς δεσπότας. εἰ ταῦτα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐξ ἐπηκόου ἐμβοήσαιμι αὐτοῖς, οὐκ ἂν οἴει μεγάλα ὠφεληθῆναι τὸν βίον καὶ σωφρονεστέρους ἂν γενέσθαι παρὰ πολύ;

[¶19] 21. HERMES: My dear fellow, you do not know how Ignorance and Error have served them. Even a drill could not penetrate their ears now, because these dames have stopped them with such quantities of wax, like Odysseus, who did this to his comrades for fear that they might hear the Sirens. How could they hear, then, even if you should crack your lungs with bawling? What lies in the power of Lethe down below is done by Ignorance here. However, there are a few of them who have not admitted the wax into their ears, who are devoted to truth, who look keenly into things and know them for what they are.

> Greek: 21. Ἑρμῆς: ὦ μακάριε, οὐκ οἶσθα ὅπως αὐτοὺς ἡ ἄγνοια καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη διατεθείκασιν, ὡς μηδʼ ἂν τρυπάνῳ ἔτι διανοιχθῆναι αὐτοῖς τὰ ὦτα, τοσούτῳ κηρῷ ἔβυσαν αὐτά, οἷόν περ ὁ Ὀδυσσεὺς τοὺς ἑταίρους ἔδρασε δέει τῆς Σειρήνων ἀκροάσεως. πόθεν οὖν ἂν ἐκεῖνοι δυνηθεῖεν ἀκοῦσαι, ἢν καὶ σὺ κεκραγὼς διαρραγῇς; ὅπερ γὰρ παρʼ ὑμῖν ἡ Λήθη δύναται, τοῦτο ἐνταῦθα ἡ ἄγνοια ἐργάζεται. πλὴν ἀλλὰ εἰσὶν αὐτῶν ὀλίγοι οὐ παραδεδεγμένοι τὸν κηρὸν ἐς τὰ ὦτα, πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἀποκλίνοντες, ὀξὺ δεδορκότες ἐς τὰ πράγματα καὶ κατεγνωκότες οἷά ἐστιν.

[¶20] CHARON: Then let us call to them at least.

> Greek: Χάρων: οὐκοῦν ἐκείνοις γοῦν ἐμβοήσωμεν.

[¶21] HERMES: It would be superfluous to tell them what they know. You see how they stand aloof from the masses and laugh at what goes on; they are not in the least satisfied with it all, but are clearly planning to make their escape from life to your own regions. Indeed, they have reason, for they are disliked because they expose the follies of man. ¢ CHARON: Well done, staunch souls! But they are very few, Hermes.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: περιττὸν καὶ τοῦτο, λέγειν πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἃ ἴσασιν. ὁρᾷς ὅπως ἀποσπάσαντες τῶν πολλῶν καταγελῶσι τῶν γιγνομένων καὶ οὐδαμῆ οὐδαμῶς ἀρέσκονται αὐτοῖς, ἀλλὰ δῆλοί εἰσι δρασμὸν ἤδη βουλεύοντες παρʼ ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ βίου. καὶ γὰρ καὶ μισοῦνται ἐλέγχοντες αὐτῶν τὰς ἀμαθίας.
Χάρων: εὖ γε, ὦ γεννάδαι· πλὴν πάνυ ὀλίγοι εἰσίν, ὦ Ἑρμῆ.

[¶22] HERMES: Even these are enough. But let us go down now.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: ἱκανοὶ καὶ οὗτοι. ἀλλὰ κατίωμεν ἤδη.

[¶23] 22. CHARON: There is one thing more that I wanted to know about, Hermes, and when you point it out to me you will have done your full duty as guide; it is to see the places where they stow the bodies, where they bury them, I mean.

> Greek: 22. Χάρων: Ἓν ἔτι ἐπόθουν, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, εἰδέναι, καί μοι δείξας αὐτὸ ἐντελῆ ἔσῃ τὴν περιήγησιν πεποιημένος, τὰς ἀποθήκας τῶν σωμάτων, ἵνα κατορύττουσι, θεάσασθαι.

[¶24] HERMES: They call such places vaults, tombs and graves. Do you see those heaps of earth and slabs of stone and pyramids in front of the cities? All those are for the reception of corpses and the storage of bodies.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: ἠρία, ὦ Χάρων, καὶ τύμβους καὶ τάφους καλοῦσι τὰ τοιαῦτα. πλὴν τὰ πρὸ τῶν πόλεων ἐκεῖνα τὰ χώματα ὁρᾷς καὶ τὰς στήλας καὶ πυραμίδας; ἐκεῖνα πάντα νεκροδοχεῖα καὶ σωματοφυλάκιά ἐστιν.

[¶25] CHARON: Why is it, then, that those people are putting garlands on the stones and anointing them with perfume? There are others also who have built pyres in front of the mounds and have dug trenches, and now they are burning up those fine dinners and pouring wine and mead, as far as one may judge, into the ditches.

> Greek: Χάρων: τί οὖν ἐκεῖνοι στεφανοῦσι τοὺς λίθους καὶ χρίουσι μύρῳ; οἱ δὲ καὶ πυρὰν νήσαντες πρὸ τῶν χωμάτων καὶ βόθρον τινὰ ὀρύξαντες καίουσί τε ταυτὶ τὰ πολυτελῆ δεῖπνα καὶ εἰς τὰ ὀρύγματα οἶνον καὶ μελίκρατον, ὡς γοῦν εἰκάσαι, ἐγχέουσιν;

[¶26] HERMES: I don’t know what good these things are to men in Hades, ferryman; they are convinced, however, that the souls, allowed to come up from below, get their dinner as best they may by flitting about the smoke and steam and drink the mead out of the trench.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: οὐκ οἶδα, ὦ πορθμεῦ, τί ταῦτα πρὸς τοὺς ἐν Ἅιδου· πεπιστεύκασι δʼ οὖν τὰς ψυχὰς ἀναπεμπομένας κάτωθεν δειπνεῖν μὲν ὡς οἷόν τε περιπετομένας τὴν κνῖσαν καὶ τὸν καπνόν, πίνειν δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ βόθρου τὸ μελίκρατον.

[¶27] CHARON: What, they eat and drink, when their skulls are dry as tinder? But it is silly for me to tell that to you, who bring them down below every day; you know whether they can come back to earth when they have once gone under ground! I should be in a fine predicament, Hermes, and should have no end of trouble if I were obliged not only to bring them down but to bring them up to drink! What folly, the idiots! They do not know what an impassable frontier divides the world of the dead from the world of the living, and what it is like among us; that
Death maketh mortals alike, be they buried or lying unburied.
Equal is lrus the beggar in honour to King Agamemnon;
Fair-haired Thetis’ son is no better a man than Thersites,
Aye, they are all of them nothing but skeleton relics of dead men,
Bare, dry bones that are scattered about in the asphodel meadow.

> Greek: Χάρων: ἐκείνους ἔτι πίνειν ἢ ἐσθίειν, ὧν τὰ κρανία ξηρότατα; καίτοι γελοῖός εἰμι σοὶ λέγων ταῦτα ὁσημέραι κατάγοντι αὐτούς. οἶσθα οὖν εἰ δύναιντʼ ἂν ἔτι ἀνελθεῖν ἅπαξ ὑποχθόνιοι γενόμενοι. ἐπεί τοι καὶ παγγέλοια ἄν, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, ἔπασχον, οὐκ ὀλίγα πράγματα ἔχων, εἰ ἔδει μὴ κατάγειν μόνον αὐτούς, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὖθις ἀνάγειν πιομένους. ὦ μάταιοι, τῆς ἀνοίας, οὐκ εἰδότες ἡλίκοις ὅροις διακέκριται τὰ νεκρῶν καὶ τὰ ζώντων πράγματα καὶ οἷα τὰ παρʼ ἡμῖν ἐστι καὶ ὅτι
κάτθανʼ ὁμῶς ὅ τʼ ἄτυμβος ἀνὴρ ὅς τʼ ἔλλαχε τύμβου,
ἐν δὲ ἰῇ τιμῇ Ἶρος κρείων τʼ Ἀγαμέμνων·
Θερσίτῃ δʼ ἶσος Θέτιδος παῖς ἠϋκόμοιο
πάντες δʼ εἰσὶν ὁμῶς νεκύων ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα,
γυμνοί τε ξηροί τε κατʼ ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα.

[¶28] 23. HERMES: Heracles! What a lot of Homer you are baling out! Now you have put me in mind of him, I want to show you the tomb of Achilles. Do you see it, there by the seaside?_ Sigeum in Troy is over there, and opposite to it Ajax lies buried on Rhoeteum.

> Greek: 23. Ἑρμῆς: Ἡράκλεις, ὡς πολὺν τὸν Ὅμηρον ἐπαντλεῖς. ἀλλʼ ἐπείπερ ἀνέμνησας, ἐθέλω σοι δεῖξαι τὸν τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως τάφον. ὁρᾷς τὸν ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ; Σίγειον μὲν ἐκεῖθέν ἐστι τὸ Τρωϊκόν· ἀντικρὺ δὲ ὁ Αἴας τέθαπται ἐν τῷ Ῥοιτείῳ.

[¶29] CHARON: The tombs are not large, Hermes. But now show me the prominent cities that we hear of down below, Nineveh, the city of Sardanapalus, Babylon, Mycenae, Cleonae, and Troy itself; I remember that I set a great many from that place across the ferry, so that for ten whole years I couldn’t dock my boat or dry her out.

> Greek: Χάρων: οὐ μεγάλοι, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, οἱ τάφοι. τὰς πόλεις δὲ τὰς ἐπισήμους δεῖξόν μοι ἤδη, ἃς κάτω ἀκούομεν, τὴν Νίνον τὴν Σαρδαναπάλλου καὶ Βαβυλῶνα καὶ Μυκήνας καὶ Κλεωνὰς καὶ τὴν Ἴλιον αὐτήν· πολλοὺς γοῦν μέμνημαι διαπορθμεύσας ἐκεῖθεν, ὡς δέκα ὅλων ἐτῶν μὴ νεωλκῆσαι μηδὲ διαψῦξαι τὸ σκαφίδιον.

[¶30] HERMES: As for Nineveh, ferryman, it is already gone and there is nota trace of it left now; you couldn't even say where it was. But there you have Babylon, the city of the beautiful towers and the great wall, which will itself soon have to be searched for like Nineveh. I am ashamed to show you Mycenae and Cleonae, and Troy above all; for I know right well that when you go down-you will throttle Homer for the boastfulness of his poems. Yet they were once flourishing, though now they too are dead; cities die as well as men, ferryman, and, what is more, even whole rivers. In fact, even the grave of Inachus no longer survives in Argos.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: ἡ Νίνος μέν, ὦ πορθμεῦ, ἀπόλωλεν ἤδη καὶ οὐδὲ ἴχνος ἔτι λοιπὸν αὐτῆς, οὐδʼ ἂν εἴποις ὅπου ποτὲ ἦν· ἡ Βαβυλὼν δέ σοι ἐκείνη ἐστὶν ἡ εὔπυργος, ἡ τὸν μέγαν περίβολον, οὐ μετὰ πολὺ καὶ αὐτὴ ζητηθησομένη ὥσπερ ἡ Νίνος· Μυκήνας δὲ καὶ Κλεωνὰς αἰσχύνομαι δεῖξαί σοι, καὶ μάλιστα τὸ Ἴλιον. ἀποπνίξεις γὰρ εὖ οἶδʼ ὅτι τὸν Ὅμηρον κατελθὼν ἐπὶ τῇ μεγαληγορίᾳ τῶν ἐπῶν. πλὴν ἀλλὰ πάλαι μὲν ἦσαν εὐδαίμονες, νῦν δὲ τεθνᾶσι καὶ αὗται· ἀποθνήσκουσι γάρ, ὦ πορθμεῦ, καὶ πόλεις ὥσπερ ἄνθρωποι, καὶ τὸ παραδοξότατον, καὶ ποταμοὶ ὅλοι· Ἰνάχου γοῦν οὐδὲ τάφος ἔτι ἐν Ἄργει καταλείπεται.

[¶31] CHARON: That for your praises, Homer, and your adjectives — “hallowed,” “wide-wayed”” Troy and “well-built” Cleonae!

> Greek: Χάρων: παπαὶ τῶν ἐπαίνων, Ὅμηρε, καὶ τῶν ὀνομάτων, Ἴλιος ἱρὴ καὶ εὐρυάγυια καὶ ἐϋκτίμεναι Κλεωναί.

[¶32] 24. CHARON: But while we are talking, who are those people at war yonder, and why are they killing each other?

> Greek: 24. Χάρων: ἀλλὰ μεταξὺ λόγων, τίνες ἐκεῖνοί εἰσιν οἱ πολεμοῦντες ἢ ὑπὲρ τίνος ἀλλήλους φονεύουσιν;

[¶33] HERMES: You are looking at the Argives and Spartans, Charon, and over there is the dying general Othryadas, the one who is writing on the trophy in his own blood.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: Ἀργείους ὁρᾷς, ὦ Χάρων, καὶ Λακεδαιμονίους καὶ τὸν ἡμιθνῆτα ἐκεῖνον στρατηγὸν Ὀθρυάδαν τὸν ἐπιγράφοντα τὸ τρόπαιον τῷ αὑτοῦ αἵματι.

[¶34] CHARON: What is their war about, Hermes?

> Greek: Χάρων: ὑπὲρ τίνος δʼ αὐτοῖς, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, ὁ πόλεμος;

[¶35] HERMES: About the very plain in which they are fighting.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: ὑπὲρ τοῦ πεδίου αὐτοῦ, ἐν ᾧ μάχονται.

[¶36] CHARON: What folly! They do not know that even if any one of them should acquire the whole Peloponnese, he could hardly get Aeacus to give him a foot of space. And as for this plain, it will be tilled by one race after another, and many a time they will turn the trophy up out of the depths with the plough.

> Greek: Χάρων: ὢ τῆς ἀνοίας, οἵ γε οὐκ ἴσασιν ὅτι, κἂν ὅλην τὴν Πελοπόννησον ἕκαστος αὐτῶν κτήσωνται, μόγις ἂν ποδιαῖον λάβοιεν τόπον παρὰ τοῦ Αἰακοῦ· τὸ δὲ πεδίον τοῦτο ἄλλοτε ἄλλοι γεωργήσουσι πολλάκις ἐκ βάθρων τὸ τρόπαιον ἀνασπάσαντες τῷ ἀρότρῳ.

[¶37] HERMES: True. But now let’s get down and replace the mountains, and then go our ways, I on my crrand and you to your ferry. I will follow vou soon with a convoy of dead.

> Greek: Ἑρμῆς: οὕτω μὲν ταῦτα ἔσται· ἡμεῖς δὲ καταβάντες ἤδη καὶ κατὰ χώραν εὐθετήσαντες αὖθις τὰ ὄρη ἀπαλλαττώμεθα, ἐγὼ μὲν καθʼ ἃ ἐστάλην, σὺ δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ πορθμεῖον· ἥξω δέ σοι καὶ αὐτὸς μετʼ ὀλίγον νεκροστολῶν.

[¶38] CHARON: I am much obliged to you, Hermes; you shall be written down for ever as a benefactor. ‘Thanks to you, I have had some profit from my journey. How silly are the ways of unhappy mankind, with their kings, golden ingots, funeral rites and battles—but never a thought of Charon!

> Greek: Χάρων: εὖ γε ἐποίησας, ὦ Ἑρμῆ· εὐεργέτης εἰς ἀεὶ ἀναγεγράψῃ, ὠνάμην γάρ τι διὰ σὲ τῆς ἀποδημίας. — οἷά ἐστι τὰ τῶν κακοδαιμόνων ἀνθρώπων πράγματα — βασιλεῖς, πλίνθοι χρυσαῖ, ἐπιτύμβια, μάχαι· Χάρωνος δὲ οὐδεὶς λόγος.