---
title: "Hermotimus, or Concerning the Sects · Σκύθης ἢ πρόξενος"
author: "Lucian"
translator: "Kenneth Kilburn"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
url: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-hermotimus/
cite: "Lucian, tr. Kenneth Kilburn, Hermotimus, or Concerning the Sects · Σκύθης ἢ πρόξενος. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-hermotimus/"
---

# Hermotimus, or Concerning the Sects · Σκύθης ἢ πρόξενος

*Lucian, tr. Kenneth Kilburn*

An old Stoic student is shown that a lifetime may not be enough to find the right school of philosophy.

> Greek: ed. Kenneth Kilburn, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0062.tlg063, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Kenneth Kilburn, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0062.tlg063.perseus-eng3). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## Contents

1. [Sections 1–24](https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-hermotimus/1.md)
2. [Sections 25–42](https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-hermotimus/2.md)
3. [Sections 42–66](https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-hermotimus/3.md)
4. [Sections 66–86](https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-hermotimus/4.md)

## 1. Sections 1–24

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-hermotimus/1/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-hermotimus/1/#p-N

[¶0] 1. LYCINUS: To judge from your book, Hermotimus, and the speed of your walk, you seem to be hurrying to your teacher. You were certainly thinking something over as you went along; you were twitching your lips and muttering quietly, waving your hand this way and that as though you were arranging a speech to yourself, composing one of your crooked problems or thinking out some sophistical question; even when you are walking along you must not take it easy, but be always busy at some serious matter which is likely to help your studies.

> Greek: 1. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὅσον, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, τῷ βιβλίῳ καὶ τῇ τοῦ βαδίσματος σπουδῇ τεκμήρασθαι, παρὰ τὸν διδάσκαλον ἐπειγομένῳ ἔοικας. ἐνενόεις γοῦν τι μεταξὺ προϊὼν καὶ τὰ χείλη διεσάλευες ἠρέμα ὑποτονθορύζων καὶ τὸν χεῖρα ὧδε κἀκεῖσε μετέφερες ὥσπερ τινὰ ῥῆσιν ἐπὶ ἑαυτοῦ διατιθέμενος, ἐρώτημα δή τι τῶν ἀγκύλων συντιθεὶς ἢ σκέμμα σοφιστικόν ἀναφροντίζων, ὡς μηδὲ ὁδῷ βαδίζων σχολὴν ἄγοις, ἀλλ’ ἐνεργὸς εἴης ἀεὶ σπουδαῖόν τι πράττων καὶ ὃ πρὸ ὁδοῦ σοι γένοιτ' ἂν ἐς τὰ μαθήματα.

[¶1] HERMOTIMUS: Yes, certainly, that is about it, Lycinus; I was going over yesterday’s lecture and what he said to us, running through the points in my mind. We must, I think, never lose an opportunity, for we know the truth of what the Coan Doctor said: “Life is short, but Art is long.” He was speaking of medicine of course, which is easier to learn; philosophy is unattainable even over a long period, unless you are very much awake all the time and keep a stern glaring eye on her. The venture is for no mere trifle—whether to perish miserably in the vulgar rabble of the common herd or to find happiness through philosophy.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Νὴ Δί', ὦ Λυκῖνε, τοιοῦτό τι· τὴν γὰρ χθιζὴν συνουσίαν καὶ ἃ εἶπε πρὸς ἡμᾶς, ἀνεπεμπαζόμην ἐπιὼν τῇ μνήμῃ ἕκαστα. χρὴ δὲ μηδένα καιρὸν οἶμαι παριέναι εἰδότας ἀληθὲς ὂν τὸ ὑπὸ τοῦ Κῴου ἱατροῦ εἰρημένον, ὡς ἄρα “βραχὺς μὲν ὁ βίος, μακρὴ δὲ ἡ τέχνη.” καίτοι ἐκεῖνος ἰατρικῆς πέρι ταῦτ' ἔλεγεν, εὐμαθεστέρου πράγματος· φιλοσοφία δὲ καὶ μακρῷ τῷ χρόνῳ ἀνέφικτος, ἢν μὴ πάνυ τις ἐγρηγορὼς ἀτενὲς ἀεὶ καὶ γοργὸν ἀποβλέπῃ ἐς αὐτήν, καὶ τὸ κινδύνευμα οὐ περὶ μικρῶν—ἢ ἄθλιον εἶναι ἐν τῷ πολλῷ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν συρφετῷ παραπολόμενον ἢ εὐδαιμονῆσαι φιλοσοφήσαντα.

[¶2] 2. LYCINUS: That is a very wonderful prize, Hermotimus, and I fancy you are near winning it, to judge by the time you spend on your philosophical studies and also the considerable energy you seem to have devoted for so long. If I remember, it must be nigh on twenty years that I have seen you doing nothing but going to the teachers, and usually bent over a book and writing notes on the lectures, always pale and wasted with studying. I suppose even your dreams give you no rest, you are so wrapped up in it. So, when I consider this, I feel that you will not be long in reaching happiness, unless it has been your companion for years and we have missed seeing it.

> Greek: 2. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τὰ μὲν ἆθλα, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, θαυμάσια ἡλίκα εἴρηκας. οἶμαί γε μὴν οὐ πόρρω σε εἶναι αὐτῶν, εἴ γε χρὴ εἰκάζειν τῷ τε χρόνῳ ὁπόσον φιλοσοφεῖς καὶ προσέτι τῷ πόνῳ οἷόν μοι οὐ μέτριον ἐκ πολλοῦ ἤδη ἔχειν δοκεῖς. εἰ γάρ τι μέμνημαι, σχεδὸν εἴκοσιν ἔτη ταῦτά ἐστιν ἀφ' οὗ σε οὐδὲν ἄλλο ποιοῦντα ἑώρακα, ἢ παρὰ τοὺς διδασκάλους φοιτῶντα καὶ ὡς τὸ πολὺ ἐς βιβλίον ἐπικεκυφότα καὶ ὑπομνήματα τῶν συνουσιῶν ἀπογραφόμενον, ὠχρὸν ἀεὶ ὑπὸ φροντίδων καὶ τὸ σῶμα κατεσκληκότα. δοκεῖς δέ μοι ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ ὄναρ ποτὲ ἀνιέναι σεαυτόν, οὕτως ὅλος εἶ ἐν τῷ πράγματι. ταῦτ' οὖν σκοπουμένῳ μοι φαίνῃ οὐκ ἐς μακρὰν ἐπιλήψεσθαι τῆς εὐδαιμονίας, εἴ γε μὴ λέληθας ἡμᾶς καὶ πάλαι αὐτῇ συνών.

[¶3] HERMOTIMUS: How can that be, Lycinus? I am just beginning to get a glimpse of my way there. Virtue, says Hesiod, lives far away, and the path to her is long and steep and rough, with plenty of sweat for travellers.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Πόθεν, ὦ Λυκῖνε, ὃς νῦν ἄρχομαι παρακύπτειν ἐς τὴν ὁδόν; ἡ δ’ Ἀρετὴ πάνυ πόρρω κατὰ τὸν Ἡσίοδον οἰκεῖ καὶ ἔστιν ὁ οἶμος ἐπ' αὐτὴν μακρός τε καὶ ὄρθιος καὶ τρηχύς, ἱδρῶτα οὐκ ὀλίγον ἔχων τοῖς ὁδοιπόροις.

[¶4] LYCINUS: Have you not sweated and travelled enough, Hermotimus?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐχ ἱκανὰ οὖν ἵδρωταί σοι, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, καὶ ὡδοιπόρηται;

[¶5] HERMOTIMUS: No, I tell you. I couldn’t be other than perfectly happy if I were at the top. At this moment I am still beginning, Lycinus.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὔ, φημί· οὐδὲν γὰρ ἂν ἐκώλυέ με πανευδαίμονα εἶναι ἐπὶ τῷ ἄκρῳ γενόμενον. τὸ δὲ νῦν ἀρχόμεθα ἔτι, ὦ Λυκῖνε.

[¶6] 3. LYCINUS: But this same Hesiod says that the beginning is half-way there, so that we should not wrong you if we said that you were half-way up.

> Greek: 3. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἀλλὰ τήν γε ἀρχὴν ὁ αὐτὸς οὗτος Ἡσίοδος ἥμισυ τοῦ παντὸς ἔφη εἶναι, ὥστε κατὰ μέσην τὴν ἄνοδον ἤδη λέγοντες εἶναί σε οὐκ ἂν ἁμάρτοιμεν.

[¶7] HERMOTIMUS: No, not even that yet. That would be a great achievement.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐδέπω οὐδὲ τοῦτο. πάμπολυ γὰρ ἂν ἡμῖν ἤνυστο.

[¶8] LYCINUS: Well, where on the road may we put you?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἀλλὰ ποῦ γάρ σε φῶμεν τῆς ὁδοῦ τυγχάνειν ὄντα;

[¶9] HERMOTIMUS: Still down in the foothills, Lycinus, though lately struggling on. It is slippery and rough and needs a hand to help.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἐν τῇ ὑπωρείᾳ κάτω ἔτι, ὦ Λυκῖνε, ἄρτι προβαίνειν βιαζόμενον. ὀλισθηρὰ δὲ καὶ τραχεῖα καὶ δεῖ χεῖρα ὀρέγοντος.

[¶10] LYCINUS: Your teacher can do that: he can let down his own teaching from the top like Zeus’s golden rope in Homer, and clearly pull and lift you up to himself and Virtue. He made the climb long ago.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐκοῦν ὁ διδάσκαλός σοι τοῦτο ἱκανὸς ποιῆσαι ἄνωθεν ἐκ τοῦ ἄκρου καθάπερ ὁ τοῦ Ὁμήρου Ζεὺς χρυσῆν τινα σειρὰν καθιεὶς τοὺς αὑτοῦ λόγους, ὑφ' ὧν σε ἀνασπᾷ δηλαδὴ καὶ ἀνακουφίζει πρὸς αὑτόν τε καὶ τὴν ἀρετὴν αὐτὸς πρὸ πολλοῦ ἀναβεβηκώς.

[¶11] HERMOTIMUS: That is just what happens, Lycinus. As far as he is concerned I should have been pulled up long ago and been in their company. But my share still falls short.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Αὐτὸ ἔφησθα, ὦ Λυκῖνε, τὸ γιγνόμενον. ὅσον γοῦν ἐπ' ἐκείνῳ πάλαι ἀνεσπάσμην ἂν καὶ συνῆν αὐτοῖς. τὸ δ’ ἐμὸν ἔτι ἐνδεῖ.

[¶12] 4. LYCINUS: Be brave now and keep cheerful. Look to the end of the journey and the happiness up there, especially since he is as keen as you are. But when does he suggest you may hope to come up? Did he suggest next year to reach the top—after the other Mysteries, say, or the Panathenaea?

> Greek: 4. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἀλλὰ θαρρεῖν χρὴ καὶ θυμὸν ἔχειν ἀγαθὸν ἐς τὸ τέλος τῆς ὁδοῦ ὁρῶντα καὶ τὴν ἄνω εὐδαιμονίαν, καὶ μάλιστα ἐκείνου ξυμπροθυμουμένου. πλὴν ἀλλὰ τίνα σοι ἐλπίδα ὑποφαίνει ὡς δὴ πότε ἀναβησομένῳ; εἰς νέωτα εἴκαζεν ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον ἔσεσθαί σε, οἷον μετὰ τὰ μυστήρια τὰ ἄλλα ἢ Παναθήναια;

[¶13] HERMOTIMUS: Too soon, Lycinus.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ὀλίγον φής, ὦ Λυκῖνε.

[¶14] LYCINUS: Next Olympiad, then?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἀλλ' ἐς τὴν ἑξῆς ὀλυμπιάδα;

[¶15] HERMOTIMUS: Too soon again for a training in virtue and the winning of happiness.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Καὶ τοῦτο ὀλίγον ὡς πρὸς ἀρετῆς ἄσκησιν καὶ εὐδαιμονίας κτῆσιν.

[¶16] LYCINUS: After two Olympiads, surely? Or shall we accuse you of excessive sloth, if you cannot succeed even in all that time? You could easily make three journeys from Gibraltar to India and back in that time, even if you did not go straight without breaking your journey, but made excursions occasionally to visit the nations on the way. But this summit where your Virtue lives—how much higher and smoother are we to put it than Aornos which Alexander stormed in a few days?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Μετὰ δύο μὲν δὴ ὀλυμπιάδας πάντως; ἢ πολλήν γ' ἂν ὑμῶν ῥᾳθυμίαν καταγνοίη τις εἰ μηδ’ ἐν τοσούτῳ χρόνῳ δύνασθε, ὅσον τρὶς ἀπὸ Ἡρακλείων στηλῶν εἰς Ἰνδοὺς ἀπελθεῖν εἶτ' ἐπανελθεῖν ῥᾴδιον, εἰ καὶ μὴ εὐθεῖαν μηδ’ ἀεὶ βαδίζοι τις, ἀλλ’ ἐν τοῖς διὰ μέσου ἔθνεσι περιπλανώμενος. καίτοι πόσῳ τινὶ βούλει ὑψηλοτέραν καὶ λισσοτέραν θῶμεν εἶναι τὴν ἄκραν, ἐφ' ἧς ὑμῖν ἡ Ἀρετὴ οἰκεῖ, τῆς Ἀόρνου ἐκείνης, ἣν ἐντὸς ὀλίγων ἡμερῶν Ἀλέξανδρος κατὰ κράτος εἷλεν;

[¶17] 5. HERMOTIMUS: Nothing like, Lycinus, Your comparison is wrong; it cannot be won or captured in a short time, even if innumerable Alexanders attack it. Many would climb it, if it could. As it is, a fair number make a very strong beginning and travel part of the way, some very little, some more; but when they get halfway and meet plenty of difficulties and snags, they lose heart and turn back, gasping for breath and dripping with sweat; the hardships are too much for them. But only as many as endure to the end arrive at the top, and from then on are happy having a wonderful time for the rest of their life, from their heights seeing the rest of mankind as ants.

> Greek: 5. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐδὲν ὅμοιον, ὦ Λυκῖνε, οὐδ’ ἔστι τὸ πρᾶγμα τοιοῦτον οἷον σὺ εἰκάζεις, ὡς ὀλίγῳ χρόνῳ κατεργασθῆναι καὶ ἁλῶναι, οὐδ’ ἂν μυρίοι Ἀλέξανδροι προσβάλλωσιν. ἐπεὶ πολλοὶ ἂν οἱ ἀνιόντες ἦσαν. νῦν δὲ ἐνάρχονται μὲν οὐκ ὀλίγοι μάλα ἐρρωμένως καὶ προσέρχονται ἐπὶ ποσόν, οἱ μὲν ἐπὶ πάνυ ὀλίγον, οἱ δὲ ἐπὶ πλέον· ἐπειδὰν δὲ κατὰ μέσην τὴν ὁδὸν γένωνται πολλοῖς τοῖς ἀπόροις καὶ δυσχερέσιν ἐντυγχάνοντες ἀποδυσπετοῦσί τε καὶ ἀναστρέφουσιν ἀσθμαίνοντες καὶ ἱδρῶτι ῥεόμενοι, οὐ φέροντες τὸν κάματον. ὅσοι δ’ ἂν εἰς τέλος διακαρτερήσωσιν οὗτοι πρὸς τὸ ἄκρον ἀφικνοῦνται καὶ τὸ ἀπ' ἐκείνου εὐδαιμονοῦσιν θαυμάσιόν τινα βίον τὸν λοιπὸν βιοῦντες, οἷον μύρμηκας ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕψους ἐπισκοποῦντές τινας τοὺς ἄλλους.

[¶18] LYCINUS: Goodness, Hermotimus! How small you make us, not even as big as pygmies! Utter groundlings crawling over the earth’s surface. It’s not surprising—your mind is already away up above; and we, the whole trashy lot of us ground-crawlers, will pray to you along with the gods, when you get above the clouds and reach the heights to which you have been hastening for so long.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Παπαῖ, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, ἡλίκους ἡμᾶς ἀποφαίνεις οὐδὲ κατὰ τοὺς Πυγμαίους ἐκείνους, ἀλλὰ χαμαιπετεῖς παντάπασιν ἐν χρῷ τῆς γῆς. εἰκότως—ὑψηλὰ γὰρ ἤδη φρονεῖς καὶ ἄνωθεν· ἡμεῖς δὴ ὁ συρφετὸς καὶ ὅσοι χαμαὶ ἐρχόμενοι ἐσμέν, μετὰ τῶν θεῶν καὶ ὑμᾶς προσευξόμεθα ὑπερνεφέλους γενομένους καὶ ἀνελθόντας οἷ πάλαι σπεύδετε.

[¶19] HERMOTIMUS: Oh, may I really get up there, Lycinus! But a great deal remains to be done.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Εἰ γὰρ γένοιτο καὶ ἀνελθεῖν, ὦ Λυκῖνε. ἀλλὰ πάμπολυ τὸ λοιπόν.

[¶20] 6. LYCINUS: But you have not said how long, to give it a date.

> Greek: 6. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὅμως οὐκ ἔφησθα ὁπόσον, ὡς χρόνῳ περιλαβεῖν.

[¶21] HERMOTIMUS: I don’t know myself exactly, Lycinus. Not more than twenty years at a guess. After that I shall surely be on the top.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐδ’ αὐτὸς γὰρ οἶδα, ὦ Λυκῖνε, τἀκριβές. εἰκάζω μέντοι οὐ πλείω τῶν εἴκοσιν ἐτῶν ἔσεσθαι, μεθ' ἃ πάντως που ἐπὶ τῷ ἄκρῳ ἐσόμεθα.

[¶22] LYCINUS: Good Heavens! As long as that!

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἡράκλεις, πολὺ λέγεις.

[¶23] HERMOTIMUS: Yes, Lycinus; my struggles are for great prizes.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Καὶ γὰρ περὶ μεγάλων, ὦ Λυκῖνε, οἱ πόνοι.

[¶24] LYCINUS: Perhaps so. But those twenty years—has your teacher promised you that length of life? If he has he must be more than a wise man—a prophet, or an oracle-monger, or an expert in Chaldean lore, as well—they say that they know this sort of thing. For, if it is not certain that you will live to reach Virtue, it is quite unreasonable to take all this trouble and wear yourself out night and day, not knowing whether Fate as you near the top will come and pull you down by the foot with your hopes unfulfilled.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τοῦτο μὲν ἴσως ἀληθές. ὑπὲρ δὲ τῶν εἴκοσιν ἐτῶν ὅτι βιώσῃ τοσαῦτα πότερον ὁ διδάσκαλός σου καθυπέσχετο, οὐ μόνον σοφός, ἀλλὰ καὶ μαντικὸς ὢν ἢ χρησμολόγος τις ἢ ὅσοι τὰς Χαλδαίων μεθόδους ἐπίστανται; φασὶ γοῦν εἰδέναι τὰ τοιαῦτα. οὐ γὰρ δὴ σέ γε εἰκὸς ἐπὶ τῷ ἀδήλῳ, εἰ βιώσῃ μέχρι πρὸς τὴν ἀρετήν, τοσούτους πόνους ἀνέχεσθαι καὶ ταλαιπωρεῖν νύκτωρ καὶ μεθ' ἡμέραν οὐκ εἰδότα εἴ σε πλησίον ἤδη τοῦ ἄκρου γενόμενον τὸ χρεὼν ἐπιστὰν κατασπάσει λαβόμενον τοῦ ποδὸς ἐξ ἀτελοῦς τῆς ἐλπίδος.

[¶25] HERMOTIMUS: Away with you! That, Lycinus, is blasphemy. May I live to enjoy happiness through wisdom for just one day!

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἄπαγε. δύσφημα γὰρ ταῦτα, ὦ Λυκῖνε. ἀλλ’ εἴη βιῶναι ὡς μίαν γοῦν ἡμέραν εὐδαιμονήσω σοφὸς γενόμενος.

[¶26] LYCINUS: Would that repay you for all your labours—just one day?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Καὶ ἱκανή σοι ἀντὶ τῶν τοσούτων καμάτων ἡ μία ἡμέρα;

[¶27] HERMOTIMUS: For me even a moment is enough.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἐμοὶ μὲν καὶ ἀκαριαῖον ὁπόσον ἱκανόν.

[¶28] 7. LYCINUS: How can you know that up there there is a happiness and the like worth enduring everything to attain? You yourself have not yet been up there, I suppose?

> Greek: 7. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τὰ δὲ δὴ ἄνω ὅτι εὐδαίμονα καὶ τοιαῦτα ὡς πάντα χρῆν ὑπομεῖναι δι’ αὐτά πόθεν ἔχεις εἰδέναι; οὐ γὰρ δὴ αὐτός πω ἀνελήλυθας.

[¶29] HERMOTIMUS: I believe what my teacher says. He is already right at the top and knows very well.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἀλλὰ τῷ διδασκάλῳ πιστεύω λέγοντι. ὁ δὲ πάνυ οἶδεν ἅτε ἀκρότατος ἤδη ὤν.

[¶30] LYCINUS: What in Heaven’s name did he say about conditions there? What did he say this happiness there was? Some sort of riches, I suppose, and glory, and pleasures beyond compare?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἔλεγε δὲ πρὸς θεῶν ποῖα τὰ περὶ αὐτῶν ἢ τίνα τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν εἶναι τὴν ἐκεῖ; ἦ που τινὰ πλοῦτον καὶ δόξαν καὶ ἡδονὰς ἀνυπερβλήτους;

[¶31] HERMOTIMUS: Hush, friend! These have nothing to do with the life in Virtue.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Εὐφήμει, ὦ ἑταῖρε. οὐδὲν γάρ ἐστι ταῦτα πρὸς τὸν ἐν τῇ ἀρετῇ βίον.

[¶32] LYCINUS: If not these then, what does he say are the good things which those who complete their training will get?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἀλλὰ τίνα φησὶ τἀγαθά εἰ μὴ ταῦτα ἕξειν πρὸς τὸ τέλος τῆς ἀσκήσεως ἐλθόντας;

[¶33] HERMOTIMUS: Wisdom, courage, beauty itself, justice itself, the sure certainty of knowing everything as it really is. Riches and glories and pleasures and bodily things are all stripped off the climber and left down below before he makes his ascent. Think of the story of Heracles when he was burned and deified on Mount Oeta: he threw off the mortal part of him that came from his mother and flew up to heaven, taking the pure and unpolluted divine part with him, the part that the fire had separated off. So philosophy like a fire strips our climbers of all these things that the rest of mankind wrongly admires; they climb to the top and are happy; they never even remember wealth and glory and pleasures any more, and they laugh at those who believe them to be real.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Σοφίαν καὶ ἀνδρείαν καὶ τὸ καλὸν αὐτὸ καὶ τὸ δίκαιον καὶ τὸ πάντα ἐπίστασθαι βεβαίως πεπεισμένον ᾗ ἕκαστα ἔχει. πλούτους δὲ καὶ δόξας καὶ ἡδονὰς καὶ ὅσα τοῦ σώματος ταῦτα πάντα κάτω ἀφεῖκεν καὶ ἀποδυσάμενος ἀνέρχεται, ὥσπερ φασὶ τὸν Ἡρακλέα ἐν τῇ Οἴτῃ κατακαυθέντα θεὸν γενέσθαι· καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνος ἀποβαλὼν ὁπόσον ἀνθρώπειον εἶχε παρὰ τῆς μητρὸς καὶ καθαρόν τε καὶ ἀκήρατον φέρων τὸ θεῖον ἀνέπτατο ἐς τοὺς θεοὺς διευκρινηθὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρός. καὶ οὗτοι δὴ ὑπὸ φιλοσοφίας ὥσπερ ὑπό τινος πυρὸς ἅπαντα ταῦτα περιαιρεθέντες ἃ τοῖς ἄλλοις θαυμαστὰ εἶναι δοκεῖ οὐκ ὀρθῶς δοξάζουσιν, ἀνελθόντες ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον εὐδαιμονοῦσι πλούτου καὶ δόξης καὶ ἡδονῶν ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ μεμνημένοι ἔτι, καταγελῶντες δὲ τῶν οἰομένων ταῦτα εἶναι.

[¶34] 8. LYCINUS: By Heracles on Oeta, Hermotimus, you tell a brave and happy tale about them! But tell me this: do they ever come down from their hill-top (if that is their wish), to make use of what they have left down here below? Or must they stay there once they are up and live in Virtue’s company, laughing at wealth and glory and pleasures?

> Greek: 8. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Νὴ τὸν Ἡρακλέα, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, τὸν ἐν Οἴτῃ ἀνδρεῖα καὶ εὐδαίμονα λέγεις περὶ αὐτῶν. πλὴν ἀλλὰ τόδε μοι εἰπέ, καὶ κατέρχονταί ποτε ἐκ τῆς ἄκρας (ἢν ἐθελήσωσι) χρησόμενοι τοῖς κάτω ἃ καταλελοίπασιν; ἢ ἀνάγκη ἅπαξ ἀνελθόντας αὐτοὺς μένειν καὶ συνεῖναι τῇ ἀρετῇ πλούτου καὶ δόξης καὶ ἡδονῶν καταγελῶντας;

[¶35] HERMOTIMUS: That is not all, Lycinus. A man who is perfected in Virtue can never be a slave to anger or fear or lusts; he will not know grief and in short he will not experience feelings of this sort any longer.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐ μόνον τοῦτο, ὦ Λυκῖνε, ἀλλ’ ὃς ἂν ἀποτελεσθῇ πρὸς ἀρετήν οὔτε ὀργῇ οὔτε φόβῳ οὔτ' ἐπιθυμίαις ὁ τοιοῦτος ἂν δουλεύοι οὐδὲ λυποῖτο οὐδὲ ὅλως πάθος ἔτι τοιοῦτον πάθοι ἄν.

[¶36] LYCINUS: Well, if I must speak the truth without fear—but I had better keep quiet, I suppose; it would not be pious to question what wise men do.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Καὶ μὴν εἴ γέ με δεῖ μηδὲν ὀκνήσαντα εἰπεῖν τἀληθές—ἀλλ’ εὐφημεῖν χρὴ οἶμαι μηδὲ ὅσιον εἶναι ἐξετάζειν τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν σοφῶν γιγνόμενα.

[¶37] HERMOTIMUS: Not at all. Please say what you mean.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Μηδαμῶς, ἀλλ’ εἰπὲ ὅ τι καὶ λέγεις.

[¶38] LYCINUS: Look, friend, how afraid I am!

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὅρα, ὦ ἑταῖρε, ὡς ἔγωγε καὶ πάνυ ὀκνῶ.

[¶39] HERMOTIMUS: Don’t be afraid, good Lycinus. You are speaking to me alone.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἀλλὰ μὴ ὄκνει, ὦ γενναῖε, πρός γε μόνον ἐμὲ λέγων.

[¶40] 9. LYCINUS: Well, I followed and believed most of what you said, Hermotimus, that they become wise and brave and just and so on; in a way your description held me in a sort of spell. But when you said they despised riches and glory and pleasures and were not angry or grieved, there (we are alone) I came to a stop. I remembered something I saw a certain person doing the other day—shall I name him? Or is it enough to leave him anonymous?

> Greek: 9. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τὰ μὲν τοίνυν ἄλλα, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, διηγουμένῳ σοι παρειπόμην καὶ ἐπίστευον οὕτως ἔχειν, σοφούς τε γίγνεσθαι αὐτοὺς καὶ ἀνδρείους καὶ δικαίους καὶ τὰ ἄλλα· καί πως ἐκηλούμην πρὸς τὸν λόγον. ὁπότε δὲ καὶ πλούτου ἔφησθα καταφρονεῖν σφᾶς καὶ δόξης καὶ ἡδονῶν καὶ μήτε ὀργίζεσθαι μήτε λυπεῖσθαι, πάνυ ἐνταῦθα (μόνω γάρ ἐσμεν) ἐπέστην ἀναμνησθεὶς ἃ πρῴην εἶδον ποιοῦντα—βούλει φῶ τίνα; ἢ ἱκανὸν καὶ ἄνευ τοῦ ὀνόματος;

[¶41] HERMOTIMUS: Not at all. Please tell me who he was.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Μηδαμῶς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦτο εἰπὲ ὅστις ἦν.

[¶42] LYCINUS: This very teacher of yours—in general he deserves respect and is now quite old.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Διδάσκαλος αὐτὸς οὗτος ὁ σός—ἀνὴρ τά τε ἄλλα αἰδοῦς ἄξιος καὶ γέρων ἤδη ἐς τὸ ὕστατον.

[¶43] HERMOTIMUS: What was he doing?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Τί οὖν δὴ ἐποίει;

[¶44] LYCINUS: You know the stranger from Heraclea who has studied philosophy under him a long time, the one with yellow hair, a quarrelsome fellow?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τὸν ξένον οἶσθα τὸν Ἡρακλεώτην ὃς ἐκ πολλοῦ συνεφιλοσόφει αὐτῷ μαθητὴς ὤν, τὸν ξανθόν, τὸν ἐριστικόν;

[¶45] HERMOTIMUS: I know the man you mean. He’s called Dion.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οἶδα ὅν λέγεις· Δίων αὐτῷ τοὔνομα.

[¶46] LYCINUS: That is the man. Well! it seems he didn’t pay his fee on time, and the other day your teacher in a temper pulled the man’s cloak round his neck and shouted and dragged him off to the magistrate. If some friends of the young fellow had not come between them and pulled him from his grasp, the old man would certainly have taken hold of him and bitten his nose off, he was so angry.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἐκεῖνον αὐτόν, ἐπεὶ τὸν μισθὸν οἶμαι μὴ ἀπεδίδου κατὰ καιρόν, ἀπήγαγε παρὰ τὸν ἄρχοντα ἔναγχος περιθείς γε αὐτῷ θοἰμάτιον περὶ τὸν τράχηλον καὶ ἐβόα καὶ ὠργίζετο, καὶ εἰ μὴ τῶν συνήθων τινὲς ἐν μέσῳ γενόμενοι ἀφείλοντο τὸν νεανίσκον ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ, εὖ ἴσθι προσφὺς ἂν ἀπέτραγεν αὐτοῦ τὴν ῥῖνα ὁ γέρων, οὕτως ἠγανάκτει.

[¶47] 10. HERMOTIMUS: That fellow has always been a senseless rogue when it comes to paying his debts, Lycinus. My master has never yet treated any of the others to whom he lends money like that and there are many of them. But they pay the interest on time.

> Greek: 10. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Πονηρὸς γὰρ ἐκεῖνος ἀεὶ καὶ ἀγνώμων, ὦ Λυκῖνε, περὶ τὰς ἀποδόσεις· ἐπεὶ τούς γε ἄλλους οἷς δανείζει πολλοὺς ὄντας οὐδὲν τοιοῦτό πω διατέθεικεν. ἀποδιδόασι γὰρ αὐτῷ κατὰ καιρὸν τοὺς τόκους.

[¶48] LYCINUS: And if they don’t, my dear Hermotimus? Does it matter, when he is now already purified by philosophy and no longer needs what he has left behind on Oeta?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τί δε, ἂν μὴ ἀποδιδῶσιν, ὦ μακάριε, μέλει τι αὐτῷ καθαρθέντι ἤδη ὑπὸ φιλοσοφίας καὶ μηκέτι τῶν ἐν τῇ Οἴτῃ καταλελειμμένων δεομένῳ;

[¶49] HERMOTIMUS: Do you think it is for himself that he has made this fuss? No, he has young children and he is concerned lest they spend their lives in want.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οἴει γὰρ ὅτι ἑαυτοῦ χάριν ἐκεῖνος περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐσπούδακεν; ἀλλ’ ἔστιν αὐτῷ παιδία νεογνὰ ὧν κήδεται μὴ ἐν ἀπορίᾳ καταβιώσωσι.

[¶50] LYCINUS: He ought, Hermotimus, to lead them too up the path to Virtue, so that they can despise wealth and be happy with him.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Δέον, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, ἀναγαγεῖν κἀκεῖνα ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρετήν, ὡς συνευδαιμονοῖεν αὐτῷ πλούτου καταφρονοῦντες.

[¶51] 11. HERMOTIMUS: I haven’t time, Lycinus, to talk with you about this; I’m in a hurry to hear his lecture, or I may be left completely behind before I know it.

> Greek: 11. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐ σχολή μοι, ὦ Λυκῖνε, περὶ τούτων διαλέγεσθαί σοι· σπεύδω γὰρ ἤδη ἀκροάσασθαι αὐτοῦ, μὴ καὶ λάθω τελέως ἀπολειφθείς.

[¶52] LYCINUS: Cheer up, old man! A truce has been proclaimed today. I can save you what still remains of your journey.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Θάρρει, ὦγαθέ. τὸ τήμερον γὰρ ἐκεχειρία ἐπήγγελται. ὥστε ἐγὼ ἀφίημί σοι ὅσον ἔτι τὸ λοιπὸν τῆς ὁδοῦ.

[¶53] HERMOTIMUS: What do you mean?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Πῶς λέγεις;

[¶54] LYCINUS: That you won’t find him now, if we can believe the notice; a little board was hanging on the gate with “No Philosophy Lecture Today” on it in large letters. They said that he had dinner yesterday at the house of the great Eucrates, who was throwing a party for his daughter’s birthday. He talked a lot of philosophy during the party and grew cross with Euthydemus the Peripatetic, disputing their usual arguments against the Stoics. The party, they say, stretched out till midnight and the din brought on a wretched headache and made him sweat a good deal. At the same time he had drunk too much, I fancy, in the general toasting and had dined too well for his age; so when he got back home, it was said, he was very sick. He waited only to count carefully and lock up the pieces of meat he had given to the servant who had stood behind him at table, and has been sleeping ever since, having given orders to let no one in. I heard his servant Midas telling this to some of his pupils who were themselves just coming away, quite a crowd.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὅτι ἐν τῷ παρόντι οὐκ ἂν ἴδοις αὐτόν, εἴ γε χρὴ πιστεύειν τῷ προγράμματι. πινάκιον γάρ τι ἐκρέματο ὑπὲρ τοῦ πυλῶνος μεγάλοις γράμμασι λέγον “Τήμερον οὐ συμφιλοσοφεῖν.” ἐλέγετο δὲ παρ' Εὐκράτει τῷ πάνυ δειπνήσας χθὲς γενέθλια θυγατρὸς ἑστιῶντι πολλά τε συμφιλοσοφῆσαι ἐν τῷ συμποσίῳ καὶ πρὸς Εὐθύδημον τὸν ἐκ τοῦ Περιπάτου παροξυνθῆναί τι καὶ ἀμφισβητῆσαι αὐτῷ περὶ ὧν ἐκεῖνοι εἰώθασιν ἀντιλέγειν τοῖς ἀπὸ τῆς Στοᾶς. ὑπό τε οὖν τῆς κραυγῆς πονήρως τὴν κεφαλὴν διατεθῆναι καὶ ἱδρῶσαι μάλα πολλὰ ἐς μέσας νύκτας ἀποταθείσης, ὥς φασι, τῆς συνουσίας. ἅμα δὲ καὶ πεπώκει οἶμαι πλέον τοῦ ἱκανοῦ τῶν παρόντων ὡς εἰκός φιλοτησίας προπινόντων καὶ ἐδεδειπνήκει πλέον ἢ κατὰ γέροντα· ὥστε ἀναστρέψας ἤμεσέ τε ὡς ἔφασκον πολλὰ καὶ μόνον ἀριθμῷ παραλαβὼν τὰ κρέα ὁπόσα τῷ παιδὶ κατόπιν ἑστῶτι παραδεδώκει καὶ σημηνάμενος ἐπιμελῶς τὸ ἀπ' ἐκείνου καθεύδει μηδένα εἰσδέχεσθαι παραγγείλας. ταῦτα δὲ Μίδα ἤκουσα τοῦ οἰκέτου αὐτοῦ διηγουμένου τισὶ τῶν μαθητῶν, οἳ καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀνέστρεφον μάλα πολλοί.

[¶55] 12. HERMOTIMUS: Who won the argument, Lycinus, my teacher or Euthydemus? Did Midas say anything to this effect?

> Greek: 12. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἐκράτησε δὲ πότερος, ὦ Λυκῖνε, ὁ διδάσκαλος ἢ ὁ Εὐθύδημος; εἴ τι καὶ τοιοῦτον ἔλεγεν ὁ Μίδας.

[¶56] LYCINUS: At first, it seems, they were level, but in the end victory was on the side of you Stoics, and the old man was well in front. At any rate they say that Euthydemus didn’t get away unscathed: he was badly wounded in the head. You see he was pretentious and argumentative and wouldn’t be convinced and didn’t show himself ready to take criticism, so your excellent teacher hit him with a cup as big as Nestor’s which he had in his hand (he was lying quite near him), and so he won.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τὰ μὲν πρῶτά φασιν, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, ἀγχώμαλα σφίσι γενέσθαι, τὸ δ’ οὖν τέλος τῆς νίκης καθ' ὑμᾶς ἐγένετο καὶ παρὰ πολὺ ὁ πρεσβύτης ὑπερέσχε. τὸν γοῦν Εὐθύδημον οὐδὲ ἀναιμωτί φασιν ἀπελθεῖν, ἀλλὰ τραῦμα παμμέγεθες ἔχοντα ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ. ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἀλαζὼν ἦν καὶ ἐλεγκτικὸς καὶ πείθεσθαι οὐκ ἤθελεν οὐδὲ παρεῖχε ῥᾴδιον αὑτὸν ἐλέγχεσθαι, ὁ διδάσκαλός σου ὁ βέλτιστος ὃν εἶχε σκύφον Νεστόρειόν τινα καταφέρει αὐτοῦ πλησίον κατακειμένου, καὶ οὕτως ἐκράτησεν.

[¶57] HERMOTIMUS: Well done! That’s just how to treat those who won’t give way to their betters!

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Εὖ γε. οὐ γὰρ ἄλλως ἐχρῆν πρὸς τοὺς μὴ ἐθέλοντας εἴκειν τοῖς κρείττοσιν.

[¶58] LYCINUS: Very reasonable, Hermotimus. What possessed Euthydemus to irritate an old man so placid and a master of his temper, who had such a heavy cup in his hand?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ταυτὶ μέν, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, πάνυ εὔλογα. ἢ τί γὰρ παθὼν Εὐθύδημος ἄνδρα γέροντα παρώξυνεν ἀόργητον καὶ θυμοῦ κρείττονα, σκύφον οὕτω βαρὺν ἐν τῇ χειρὶ ἔχοντα;

[¶59] 13. But now we have time to spare why don’t you tell a friend how you first took up philosophy? I myself, if it is still possible, could then begin there and join you all on the road. You are my friends and of course won’t shut me out.
HERMOTIMUS: I wish you would, Lycinus! You will soon see how much better you will be than the rest of mankind. Children you will think them all, mere children compared with you with your intellect so superior.

> Greek: 13. ἀλλὰ, σχολὴν γὰρ ἄγομεν, τί οὐ διηγῇ μοι ἑταίρῳ ὄντι ὃν τρόπον ὡρμήθης τὸ πρῶτον φιλοσοφεῖν, ὡς καὶ αὐτός, εἰ δυνατὸν ἔτι, συνοδοιποροίην ὑμῖν τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦδε ἀρξάμενος. οὐ γὰρ ἀποκλείσετέ με δηλαδὴ φίλοι ὄντες.
ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Εἰ γὰρ ἐθελήσειας, ὦ Λυκῖνε· ὄψει ἐν βραχεῖ ὅσον διοίσεις τῶν ἄλλων. παῖδας εὖ ἴσθι οἰήσῃ ἅπαντας ὡς πρὸς σέ, τοσοῦτον ὑπερφρονήσεις αὐτός.

[¶60] LYCINUS: Good enough, if after twenty years I could be as you are now.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἱκανόν, εἰ μετὰ εἴκοσιν ἔτη γενέσθαι οἷός τε εἴην τοιοῦτος οἷος σὺ νῦν.

[¶61] HERMOTIMUS: Don’t worry. I myself was about your age when I began to study philosophy, about forty—as old as you are now I imagine.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἀμέλει. καὶ αὐτὸς κατὰ σὲ γεγονὼς ἠρξάμην φιλοσοφεῖν τετταρακοντούτης σχεδόν—ὁπόσα οἶμαι σὺ νῦν γέγονας.

[¶62] LYCINUS: Exactly that, Hermotimus. So take and lead me too along the same path—that would be only right. First of all tell me this: do you allow learners to argue if they disagree with something, or is this not allowed to the young?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τοσαῦτα γάρ, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε. ὥστε τὴν αὐτὴν ἄγε λαβὼν κἀμέ—δίκαιον γάρ. καὶ πρῶτόν γέ μοι τοῦτο εἰπέ· δίδοτε ἀντιλέγειν τοῖς μανθάνουσιν ἤν τι μὴ ὀρθῶς λέγεσθαι δοκῇ αὐτοῖς, ἢ οὐκ ἐφίετε τοῦτο τοῖς νεωτέροις;

[¶63] HERMOTIMUS: No, it is not allowed at all. But you, if you like, may ask questions and make criticisms as we go along. You will learn more easily that way.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐ πάνυ. σὺ δέ, ἤν τι βούλῃ, ἐρώτα μεταξὺ καὶ ἀντίλεγε. ῥᾷον γὰρ ἂν οὕτω μάθοις.

[¶64] LYCINUS: Good, Hermotimus—by Hermes who gives you your name.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Εὖ γε—νὴ τὸν Ἑρμῆν, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, αὐτόν οὗ ἐπώνυμος ὢν τυγχάνεις.

[¶65] 14. Now tell me, is there one way only to philosophy, the one you Stoics follow? I have heard there are many other schools as well. Is that right?
HERMOTIMUS: Very many—the Peripatetics, Epicureans, those who take Plato as their patron, others also, the devotees of Diogenes and Antisthenes, Pythagoreans, and more besides.

> Greek: 14. ἀτὰρ εἰπέ μοι, μία τις ὁδός ἐστιν ἡ ἐπὶ φιλοσοφίαν ἄγουσα ἡ τῶν Στωϊκῶν ὑμῶν; ἢ ἀληθῆ ἐγὼ ἤκουον ὡς καὶ ἄλλοι πολλοί τινές εἰσιν;
ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Μάλα πολλοί—Περιπατητικοὶ καὶ Ἐπικούρειοι καὶ οἱ τὸν Πλάτωνα ἐπιγραφόμενοι, καὶ αὖ Διογένους ἄλλοι τινὲς καὶ Ἀντισθένους ζηλωταὶ καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ τοῦ Πυθαγόρου καὶ ἔτι πλείους.

[¶66] LYCINUS: True, there are many. Is what they say the same, Hermotimus, or different?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἀληθῆ ταῦτα· πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσι. πότερον δή, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, τὰ αὐτὰ οὗτοι λέγουσιν ἢ διάφορα;

[¶67] HERMOTIMUS: Quite different.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Καὶ πάνυ διάφορα.

[¶68] LYCINUS: At all events, one of their systems, I suppose, is true? They can’t all be true if they differ.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τὸ δέ γε ἀληθὲς οἶμαι πάντως που ἓν ἦν αὐτῶν ἀλλ’ οὐ πάντα διάφορά γε ὄντα.

[¶69] HERMOTIMUS: No, they can’t.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Πάνυ μὲν οὖν.

[¶70] 15. LYCINUS: Now be a true friend and tell me this: when you first set out to study philosophy, many doors were open to you; you passed by the others and came to the Stoic door; you deigned to enter through that door on the way to Virtue, thinking it the only true one which revealed the straight path; the rest led into blind alleys. Now what was your reason for this? What at that time made you certain? Please do not think of yourself as you are now, for, half-wise or wise, you can now make better judgments than we who are many. Answer as the layman you then were and I am now.

> Greek: 15. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἴθι δή, ὦ φιλότης, ἀπόκριναί μοι· τῷ τότε πιστεύσας τὸ πρῶτον ὁπότε ᾔεις φιλοσοφήσων πολλῶν σοι θυρῶν ἀναπεπταμένων παρεὶς σὺ τὰς ἄλλας εἰς τὴν τῶν Στωϊκῶν ἧκες καὶ δι’ ἐκείνης ἠξίους ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρετὴν εἰσιέναι ὡς δὴ μόνης ἀληθοῦς οὔσης καὶ τὴν εὐθεῖαν ἐπιδεικνυούσης, τῶν δ’ ἄλλων εἰς τυφλὰ καὶ ἀνέξοδα φερουσῶν; τίνι ταῦτ' ἐτεκμαίρου τότε; καὶ μή μοι τὸν νῦν δὴ τοῦτον σεαυτὸν ἐννόει, τὸν εἴτε ἡμίσοφον εἴτε σοφὸν ἤδη τὰ βελτίω κρίνειν ὑπὲρ τοὺς πολλοὺς ἡμᾶς δυνάμενον, ἀλλὰ οὕτως ἀπόκριναι ὁποῖος τότε ἦσθα ἰδιώτης καὶ κατὰ τὸν νῦν ἐμέ.

[¶71] HERMOTIMUS: I don’t see your point, Lycinus.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐ συνίημι ὅ τι σοι τοῦτο βούλεται, ὦ Λυκῖνε.

[¶72] LYCINUS: My question was not very complicated really. There have been many philosophers—Plato, Aristotle, Antisthenes, and your own predecessors, Chrysippus, Zeno, and the rest. Now, what persuaded you to leave the rest alone and choose to base your studies on the particular one you did? Did Apollo send you back from Delphi, like Chaerephon, with his word that the Stoic school was best of all and you should go there? He has a habit of sending different people to different philosophies; he knows the one that suits each person best, I suppose.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Καὶ μὴν οὐ πάνυ ἀγκύλον ἠρόμην. πολλῶν γὰρ ὄντων φιλοσόφων, οἷον Πλάτωνος καὶ Ἀριστοτέλους καὶ Ἀντισθένους καὶ τῶν ὑμετέρων προγόνων, τοῦ Χρυσίππου καὶ Ζήνωνος καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὅσοι εἰσιν, τῷ σὺ πιστεύσας τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους εἴας, ἐξ ἁπάντων δὲ προελόμενος ἅπερ προῄρησαι, ἀξιοῖς κατὰ ταῦτα φιλοσοφεῖν; ἆρα καὶ σὲ ὥσπερ τὸν Χαιρεφῶντα ὁ Πύθιος ἐξέπεμψεν ἐπὶ τὰ Στωϊκῶν ἀρίστους ἐξ ἁπάντων προσειπών; ἔθος γὰρ αὐτῷ ἄλλον ἐπ' ἄλλο εἶδος φιλοσοφίας προτρέπειν τὴν ἁρμόττουσαν οἶμαι ἑκάστῳ εἰδότι.

[¶73] HERMOTIMUS: It wasn’t like that, Lycinus. I never even asked Apollo about it.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τοιοῦτον, ὦ Λυκῖνε, οὐδὲ ἠρόμην περί γε τούτων τὸν θεόν.

[¶74] LYCINUS: Did you think it not worth consulting the god about, or did you think you could make the better choice on your own without his help?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Πότερον οὐκ ἄξιον θείας συμβουλίας ἡγούμενος αὐτὸ ἢ ἱκανὸς ᾤου αὐτὸς εἶναι ἑλέσθαι τὸ βέλτιον κατὰ σαυτὸν ἄνευ τοῦ θεοῦ;

[¶75] HERMOTIMUS: I did think so.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ὤιμην γάρ.

[¶76] 16. LYCINUS: Well then, please teach me this first, how, right at the beginning, we can distinguish the best, the true philosophy, the one we must choose, leaving aside the others.

> Greek: 16. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐκοῦν καὶ ἡμᾶς διδάσκοις ἂν τοῦτο πρῶτον, ὅπως διαγνωστέον ἡμῖν εὐθὺς ἐν ἀρχῇ, τίς ἡ ἀρίστη φιλοσοφία ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ἀληθεύουσα καὶ ἣν ἄν τις ἕλοιτο παρεὶς τὰς ἄλλας.

[¶77] HERMOTIMUS: I will tell you. I saw that most people took to this one, so I guessed it was the best.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἐγώ σοι φράσω. ἑώρων τοὺς πλείστους ἐπ' αὐτὴν ὁρμῶντας ὥστε εἴκαζον ἀμείνω εἶναι αὐτήν.

[¶78] LYCINUS: How many more Stoics are there than Epicureans or Platonists or Peripatetics? You obviously took a count of them as in a show of hands.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Πόσῳ τινὶ πλείους τῶν Ἐπικουρείων ἢ Πλατωνικῶν ἢ Περιπατητικῶν; ἠρίθμησας γὰρ αὐτοὺς δηλαδὴ καθάπερ ἐν ταῖς χειροτονίαις.

[¶79] HERMOTIMUS: I didn’t count. I made an estimate.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἠρίθμησα ἔγωγε, εἴκαζον δέ.

[¶80] LYCINUS: So you are not prepared to teach me. You are cheating when you tell me you decide such a matter by guesswork and weight of numbers. You’re hiding the truth from me.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὡς οὐκ ἐθέλεις διδάξαι με ἀλλ’ ἐξαπατᾷς, ὂς περὶ τῶν τοιούτων εἰκασμῷ φὴς καὶ πλήθει κρῖναι ἀποκρυπτόμενος λέγειν πρός με τἀληθές.

[¶81] HERMOTIMUS: It wasn’t just that, Lycinus. I also heard everybody saying that the Epicureans were sensual and lovers of pleasure, that the Peripatetics loved riches and wrangling, and that the Platonists were puffed up and loved glory. But a lot of people said that the Stoics were manly and understood everything and that the man who went this way was the only king, the only rich man, the only wise man, and everything rolled into one.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐ μόνον τοῦτο, ὦ Λυκῖνε, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἤκουον ἁπάντων λεγόντων ὡς οἱ μὲν Ἐπικούρειοι γλυκύθυμοι καὶ φιλήδονοί εἰσιν, οἱ Περιπατητικοὶ δὲ φιλόπλουτοι καὶ ἐριστικοί τινες, οἱ Πλατωνικοὶ δὲ τετύφωνται καὶ φιλόδοξοί εἰσι, περὶ δὲ τῶν Στωϊκῶν πολλοὶ ἔφασκον ὅτι ἀνδρώδεις καὶ πάντα γιγνώσκουσιν καὶ ὅτι ὁ ταύτην ἰὼν τὴν ὁδὸν μόνος βασιλεύς, μόνος πλούσιος, μόνος σοφὸς καὶ συνόλως ἅπαντα.

[¶82] 17. LYCINUS: These were obviously other people’s opinions on the schools. You wouldn’t have simply believed the respective adherents when they praised their own schools.

> Greek: 17. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἔλεγον δὲ ταῦτα πρὸς σὲ ἄλλοι δηλαδὴ περὶ αὐτῶν. οὐ γὰρ δὴ ἐκείνοις ἂν αὐτοῖς ἐπίστευσας ἐπαινοῦσι τὰ αὐτῶν.

[¶83] HERMOTIMUS: Certainly not; these were other people’s opinions.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐδαμῶς, ἀλλὰ οἱ ἄλλοι ἔλεγον.

[¶84] LYCINUS: Not their rivals’ opinions, I suppose?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οἱ μὲν δὴ ἀντίδοξοι οὐκ ἔλεγον ὡς τὸ εἰκός.

[¶85] HERMOTIMUS: No.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐ γάρ.

[¶86] LYCINUS: Laymen’s opinions?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οἱ δ’ ἄρα ἰδιῶται ταῦτα ἔλεγον.

[¶87] HERMOTIMUS: Yes.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Καὶ μάλα.

[¶88] LYCINUS: You see how once again you are cheating me and not telling the truth. You think you are talking with some Margites who is ready to believe that Hermotimus, an intelligent man forty years of age, on philosophy and philosophers believed the opinions of laymen and made his choice of the better creed accordingly. I refuse to believe you when you say things like that.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὁρᾷς ὅπως αὖθις ἐξαπατᾷς με καὶ οὐ λέγεις τἀληθές. ἀλλ’ οἴει Μαργίτῃ διαλέγεσθαί τινι, ὡς πιστεῦσαι ὅτι Ἑρμότιμος, ἀνὴρ συνετός, ἔτη τότε γεγονὼς τετταράκοντα, περὶ φιλοσοφίας καὶ φιλοσόφων ἀνδρῶν τοῖς ἰδιώταις ἐπίστευσεν καὶ κατὰ τὰ ὑπ' ἐκείνων λεγόμενα ἐποιεῖτο τὴν αἵρεσιν τῶν κρειττόνων. οὐ γὰρ ἀξιῶ πιστεῦσαί σοι τοιαῦτα λέγοντι.

[¶89] 18. HERMOTIMUS: But you know, Lycinus, I did rely on myself as well as others. I used to see the Stoics walking with dignity, decently dressed, always thoughtful, manly in looks, most of them close-cropped; there was nothing effeminate, none of that exaggerated indifference which stamps the genuine crazy Cynic. They seemed in a state of moderation and everyone says that is best.

> Greek: 18. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἀλλ' οἶσθα, ὦ Λυκῖνε, οὐχὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις μόνον ἐπίστευον ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐμαυτῷ. ἑώρων γὰρ αὐτοὺς κοσμίως βαδίζοντας, ἀναβεβλημένους εὐσταλῶς, φροντίζοντας ἀεί, ἀρρενωπούς, ἐν χρῷ κουρίας τοὺς πλείστους, οὐδὲν ἁβρὸν οὐδ’ αὖ πάνυ ἐς τὸ ἀδιάφορον ὑπερεκπῖπτον ὡς ἔκπληκτον εἶναι καὶ κυνικὸν ἀτεχνῶς, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τοῦ μέσου καταστήματος, ὃ δὴ ἄριστον ἅπαντες εἶναί φασιν.

[¶90] LYCINUS: Did you see them behaving also as I said just now I saw your master behaving, Hermotimus? I mean lending money and making bitter demands to be repaid, quarrelsome and most contentious in conversations and generally showing off as they usually do? Or is this of little importance to you, so long as the dress is decent, the beard long, and the hair close-cropped? Then this is to be our strict rule and law for the future in these matters according to Hermotimus: we are to distinguish the best men by their appearance, their walk, and their hair, and whosoever has not these signs and does not look sulky and meditative is to be spurned and rejected!

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἆρ' οὖν κἀκεῖνα εἶδες ποιοῦντας αὐτοὺς ἃ μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἔλεγον αὐτὸς ἑωρακέναι τὸν σὸν διδάσκαλον, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, πράττοντα; οἷον δανείζοντας καὶ ἀπαιτοῦντας πικρῶς καὶ φιλονείκως πάνυ ἐρίζοντας ἐν ταῖς ξυνουσίαις καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ὅσα ἐπιδείκνυνται; ἢ τούτων ὀλίγον σοι μέλει, ἄχρι ἂν εὐσταλὴς ἡ ἀναβολὴ καὶ ὁ πώγων βαθὺς καὶ ἐν χρῷ ἡ κουρά; καὶ πρὸς τὸ λοιπὸν ἄρα ἔχωμεν τουτονὶ κανόνα καὶ στάθμην ἀκριβῆ τῶν τοιούτων, ὡς Ἑρμότιμός φησι, καὶ χρὴ ἀπὸ σχημάτων καὶ βαδισμάτων καὶ κουρᾶς διαγιγνώσκειν τοὺς ἀρίστους, ὃς δ’ ἂν μὴ ἔχῃ ταῦτα μηδὲ σκυθρωπὸς ᾖ καὶ φροντιστικὸς τὸ πρόσωπον, ἀποδοκιμαστέος καὶ ἀποβλητέος;

[¶91] 19. You’re surely making fun of me, Hermotimus; you’re trying to see if I can spot the catch.
HERMOTIMUS: Why do you say that?

> Greek: 19. ἀλλ’ ὅρα μὴ καὶ ταῦτα, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, παίζεις πρός με πειρώμενος εἰ ἐξαπατώμενος συνίημι.
ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Διὰ τί τοῦτ' ἔφησθα;

[¶92] LYCINUS: Because, my dear friend, this test of yours from appearances is for statues. They at any rate are much more prepossessing and comely in their dress, if a Phidias or Alcamenes or Myron has made them in the most handsome style. But if these are the surest, critical tests, what would a blind man do if he wanted to take up philosophy? How does he recognise the one who has made the better choice—he can see neither bearing nor gait?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὅτι, ὦγαθέ, ἀνδριάντων ταύτην ἐξέτασιν λέγεις τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν σχημάτων. παρὰ πολὺ γοῦν ἐκεῖνοι εὐσχημονέστεροι καὶ τὰς ἀναβολὰς κοσμιώτεροι, Φειδίου τινὸς ἢ Ἀλκαμένους ἢ Μύρωνος πρὸς τὸ εὐμορφότατον εἰκάσαντος. εἰ δὲ καὶ ὅτι μάλιστα χρὴ τεκμαίρεσθαι τοῖς τοιούτοις, τί ἂν πάθοι τις, εἰ τυφλὸς ὢν ἐπιθυμοίη φιλοσοφεῖν; τῷ διαγνῷ τὸν τὴν ἀμείνω προαίρεσιν προῃρημένον οὔτε σχῆμα οὔτε βάδισμα ὁρᾶν δυνάμενος;

[¶93] HERMOTIMUS: My argument is not addressed to the blind, Lycinus, and I have no interest in them.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἀλλ' ἔμοιγε οὐ πρὸς τυφλοὺς ὁ λόγος, ὦ Λυκῖνε, οὐδέ μοι μέλει τῶν τοιούτων.

[¶94] LYCINUS: But, my good sir, there should be some accepted criterion in matters so important and valuable to everyone. However, if you prefer, let the blind keep clear of philosophy since they cannot see—yet they of all people really should take up philosophy: then they would not be completely overwhelmed by their misfortune. Well then, those who can see: however sharp-sighted they may be, what can they detect of the qualities of the soul from this outer covering?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἐχρῆν μέν, ὦ χρηστέ, κοινόν τι τὸ γνώρισμα εἶναι τῶν οὕτω μεγάλων καὶ ἅπασι χρησίμων. πλὴν εἰ δοκεῖ, οἱ μὲν ἔξω ἡμῖν φιλοσοφίας μενέτωσαν οἱ τυφλοί, ἐπείπερ μηδὲ ὁρῶσι—καίτοι ἀναγκαῖον ἦν τοῖς τοιούτοις μάλιστα φιλοσοφεῖν ὡς μὴ πάνυ ἄχθοιντο ἐπὶ τῇ συμφορᾷ. οἱ δὲ δὴ βλέποντες κἂν πάνυ ὀξυδερκεῖς ὦσι τί ἂν δύναιντο συνιδεῖν τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς ἀπό γε τῆς ἔξωθεν ταύτης περιβολῆς;

[¶95] 20. What I wish to say is this: was it not love of the mind of these men that attracted you to them, and didn’t you expect to be improved in your mental powers?
HERMOTIMUS: Most certainly.

> Greek: 20. ὃ δὲ βούλομαι εἰπεῖν τοιόνδε ἐστίν· οὐχ ὅτι τῆς γνώμης τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἔρωτι προσῄεις αὐτοῖς καὶ ἠξίους ἀμείνων γίγνεσθαι ἐς τὰ τῆς γνώμης;
ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Καὶ μάλα.

[¶96] LYCINUS: Then how could you distinguish the true philosopher from the false by the marks you mentioned? Such things are not usually shown in that way; they are secret and not visible, showing themselves in conversation and discussion and corresponding action, and then only with difficulty and after a long period. You have heard, I suppose, what faults Momus found in Hephaestus; if not I’ll tell you. The story goes that Athena, Poseidon, and Hephaestus were quarrelling over which of them was the best artist. Poseidon modelled a bull, Athena designed a house, while Hephaestus, it seems, put together a man. When they came to Momus, whom they had appointed judge, he examined the work of each. What faults he found in the other two we need not say, but his criticism of the man and his reproof of the craftsman, Hephaestus, was this: he had not made windows in his chest which could be opened to let everyone see his desires and thoughts and if he were lying or telling the truth. Momus, of course, being shortsighted, held such notions about men, but you have better sight than Lynceus and, it seems, see through the chest to what is inside, and everything is revealed to you, and you know not only what each man wants and thinks, but also who is better or worse.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Πῶς οὖν οἷόν τέ σοι ἦν ἀφ' ὧν ἔφησθα ἐκείνων τῶν γνωρισμάτων διορᾶν τὸν ὀρθῶς φιλοσοφοῦντα ἢ μή; οὐ γὰρ φιλεῖ τὰ τοιαῦτα οὕτω διαφαίνεσθαι, ἀλλ’ ἔστιν ἀπόρρητα καὶ ἐν ἀφανεῖ κείμενα, λόγοις καὶ συνουσίαις ἀναδεικνύμενα καὶ ἔργοις τοῖς ὁμοίοις ὀψὲ μόλις. ὁ γοῦν Μῶμος ἀκήκοας οἶμαι ἅτινα ᾐτιάσατο τοῦ Ἡφαίστου· εἰ δὲ μή, ἀλλὰ νῦν ἄκουε. φησὶ γὰρ ὁ μῦθος ἐρίσαι Ἀθηνᾶν καὶ Ποσειδῶνα καὶ Ἥφαιστον εὐτεχνίας πέρι, καὶ τὸν μὲν Ποσειδῶ ταῦρον ἀναπλάσαι, τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν δὲ οἰκίαν ἐπινοῦσαι, ὁ Ἥφαιστος δὲ ἄνθρωπον ἄρα συνεστήσατο, καὶ ἐπείπερ ἐπὶ τὸν Μῶμον ἧκον ὅνπερ δικαστὴν προείλοντο, θεασάμενος ἐκεῖνος ἑκάστου τὸ ἔργον, τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ἅτινα ᾐτιάσατο περιττὸν ἂν εἴη λέγειν, ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου δὲ τοῦτο ἐμέμψατο καὶ τὸν ἀρχιτέκτονα ἐπέπληξε τὸν Ἥφαιστον διότι μὴ καὶ θυρίδας ἐποίησεν αὐτῷ κατὰ τὸ στέρνον, ὡς ἀναπετασθεισῶν γνώριμα γίγνεσθαι ἅπασιν ἃ βούλεται καὶ ἐπινοεῖ καὶ εἰ ψεύδεται ἢ ἀληθεύει. ἐκεῖνος μὲν οὖν ἅτε ἀμβλυώττων οὕτω περὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων διενοεῖτο, σὺ δὲ ὑπὲρ τὸν Λυγκέα ἡμῖν δέδορκας καὶ ὁρᾷς τὰ ἔνδον ὡς ἔοικε διὰ τοῦ στέρνου καὶ ἀνέῳκταί σοι τὰ πάντα, ὡς εἰδέναι μὴ μόνον ἃ βούλεται καὶ ἃ γιγνώσκει ἕκαστος ἀλλὰ καὶ πότερος ἀμείνων ἢ χείρων.

[¶97] HERMOTIMUS: You are joking, Lycinus. I chose with God’s help and I have no regrets.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Παίζεις, ὦ Λυκῖνε. ἐγὼ δὲ κατὰ θεὸν εἱλόμην καὶ οὐ μεταμέλει μοι τῆς αἱρέσεως.

[¶98] 21. I at any rate am satisfied.
LYCINUS: But will you not tell me too, my friend? Or will you leave me rotting among the vulgar rabble?

> Greek: 21. ἱκανὸν δὲ τοῦτο πρὸς γοῦν ἐμέ.
ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὅμως οὐκ ἂν εἴποις, ὦ ἑταῖρε, καὶ πρὸς ἐμέ, ἀλλὰ περιόψει με παραπολόμενον ἐν τῷ πολλῷ συρφετῷ;

[¶99] HERMOTIMUS: Nothing I say pleases you.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐδὲν γάρ σοι ἀρέσκει ὧν ἂν εἴπω.

[¶100] LYCINUS: Not so, my good sir; you refuse to say anything to please me. So, since you are deliberately keeping me in the dark and you grudge me the chance of becoming as good a philosopher as you are, I shall try as well as I can to find out for myself the true test for these matters and the safest choice to make. Now please listen to me.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὔκ, ὦγαθέ, ἀλλ’ οὐδὲν ἐθέλεις εἰπεῖν ὁποῖον ἄν μοι ἀρέσειεν. ἐπεὶ δ’ οὖν σὺ ἑκὼν ἀποκρύπτῃ καὶ φθονεῖς ἡμῖν ὡς μὴ ἐξ ἴσου γενοίμεθά σοι φιλοσοφήσαντες, ἐγὼ πειράσομαι ὅπως ἂν οἷός τε ὦ κατ' ἐμαυτὸν ἐξευρεῖν τὴν ἀκριβῆ περὶ τούτων κρίσιν καὶ τὴν ἀσφαλεστάτην αἵρεσιν. ἄκουε δὲ καὶ σύ, εἰ βούλει.

[¶101] HERMOTIMUS: I am willing, Lycinus. Perhaps you will say something important.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἀλλὰ βούλομαι, ὦ Λυκῖνε. ἴσως γάρ τι γνώριμον ἐρεῖς.

[¶102] LYCINUS: Then give me your attention and don’t mock me if my investigation is altogether that of a layman; it can’t be helped when you will not explain more precisely although you know better.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Σκόπει δὴ καὶ μὴ καταγελάσῃς, εἰ παντάπασιν ἰδιωτικῶς ἀναζητῶ αὐτό· ἀνάγκη γὰρ οὕτως, ἐπεὶ μὴ σὺ ἐθέλεις σαφέστερον εἰπεῖν εἰδὼς ἄμεινον.

[¶103] 22. Virtue then seems to me like a city whose inhabitants are happy (as your teacher, who has come from there, wherever it may be, would say), outstanding in their wisdom, all of them brave, just, prudent, almost gods. All those things that you find here—robbery, violence, cheating—they say you would find none of them ventured in that city; no, they live together in peace and harmony naturally enough; for what, I suppose, in other cities produces strife and discord, plot and counter-plot, is entirely absent. They do not any longer look on gold, pleasures, or glory as things to quarrel about—they drove them from the city long ago, thinking them unnecessary to their common life. So they live a calm and perfectly happy life with good government, equality, freedom, and the other blessings.

> Greek: 22. Ἔστω δή μοι ἡ μὲν ἀρετὴ τοιόνδε τι οἷον πόλις τις εὐδαίμονας ἔχουσα τοὺς ἐμπολιτευομένους (ὡς φαίη ἂν ὁ διδάσκαλος ὁ σὸς ἐκεῖθέν ποθεν ἀφιγμένος), σοφοὺς ἐς τὸ ἀκρότατον, ἀνδρείους ἅπαντας, δικαίους, σώφρονας, ὀλίγον θεῶν ἀποδέοντας. οἷα δὲ πολλὰ γίγνεται παρ' ἡμῖν—ἁρπαζόντων καὶ βιαζομένων καὶ πλεονεκτούντων—οὐδὲν ἂν ἴδοις, φασίν, ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ πόλει τολμώμενον, ἀλλὰ ἐν εἰρήνῃ καὶ ὁμονοίᾳ ζυμπολιτεύονται, μάλ' εἰκότως· ἃ γὰρ ἐν ταῖς ἄλλαις πόλεσιν οἶμαι τὰς στάσεις καὶ φιλονεικίας ἐγείρει καὶ ὧν ἕνεκα ἐπιβουλεύουσιν ἀλλήλοις, ταῦτα πάντα ἐκποδών ἐστιν ἐκείνοις. οὐ γὰρ οὔτε χρυσίον ἔτι οὔτε ἡδονὰς οὔτε δόξας ὁρῶσιν ὡς διαφέρεσθαι περὶ αὐτῶν, ἀλλὰ πάλαι τῆς πόλεως ἐξεληλάκασιν αὐτὰ οὐκ ἀναγκαῖα ἡγησάμενοι ξυμπολιτεύεσθαι. ὥστε γαληνόν τινα καὶ πανευδαίμονα βίον βιοῦσιν ξὺν εὐνομίᾳ καὶ ἰσότητι καὶ ἐλευθερίᾳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀγαθοῖς.

[¶104] 23. HERMOTIMUS: Well then, Lycinus, isn’t it right for everyone to long for citizenship of a city like that, and neither to think of the toils of the journey nor give up because of the time it takes, if once they get there they too are going to be enrolled as citizens and share in the city’s life?

> Greek: 23. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Τί οὖν, ὦ Λυκῖνε; οὐκ ἄξιον ἅπαντας ἐπιθυμεῖν πολίτας γίγνεσθαι τῆς τοιαύτης πόλεως μήτε κάματον ὑπολογιζομένους τὸν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ μήτε πρὸς τὸ μῆκος τοῦ χρόνου ἀπαγορεύοντας, εἰ μέλλουσιν ἀφικόμενοι ἐγγραφήσεσθαι καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ μεθέξειν τῆς πολιτείας;

[¶105] LYCINUS: Yes, indeed, Hermotimus, this we must strive for above everything, and all else we must ignore. If our native country here lays claim to us, we must take scant notice, and if any children or parents we may have cling to us weeping, we shall not give way. No, first and foremost we shall urge them to follow the same road. If they will not, or cannot, we must shake them off and make straight for that all-happy city, throwing off our very cloak should they hold on to it to drag us back as we hurry there—for there is no fear of being shut out, even if you come there naked.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Νὴ Δία, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, πάντων μάλιστα ἐπὶ τούτῳ σπουδαστέον, τῶν δὲ ἄλλων ἀμελητέον, καὶ μήτε πατρίδος τῆς ἐνταῦθα ἐπιλαμβανομένης πολὺν ποιεῖσθαι λόγον μήτε παίδων ἢ γονέων ὅτῳ εἰσίν ἐπικατεχόντων καὶ κλαυθμυριζομένων ἐπικλᾶσθαι, ἀλλὰ μάλιστα μὲν κἀκείνους παρακαλεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν αὐτὴν ὁδόν, εἰ δὲ μὴ ἐθέλοιεν ἢ μὴ δύναιντο, ἀποσεισάμενον αὐτοὺς χωρεῖν εὐθὺ τῆς πανευδαίμονος ἐκείνης πόλεως καὶ αὐτὸ ἀπορρίψαντα τὸ ἱμάτιον εἰ τούτου ἐπειλημμένοι κατερύκοιεν, ἐσσύμενον ἐκεῖσε—οὐ γὰρ δέος μή σέ τις ἀποκλείσῃ καὶ γυμνὸν ἐκεῖσε ἥκοντα.

[¶106] 24. On another occasion before this I have heard an old man telling how things were there and urging me to follow him to the city; he would guide me himself and enrol me on my arrival, make me a fellow-tribesman and let me share his clan, so that I might be happy with all the others. “But I would not listen” at that time through folly and youth (it was about fifteen years ago); perhaps by now I should have been in the very suburbs, even by the gates. He told me much about the city, if I remember, and in particular this, that all the inhabitants were aliens and foreigners, not one was a native; there were even many barbarians among the citizens, as well as slaves, cripples, dwarfs, and paupers—in a word anyone who wanted to take part in the city; for property, apparel, height, good looks, family, brilliant ancestry, were not required by law for enrolment; on the contrary, they gave no place in their customs to them; no, intelligence, a desire for what is good, industry, perseverance, a refusal to give in or be weakened by the many hardships encountered on the way, were enough for a man to become a citizen; whoever showed these qualities and kept on going all the way to the city was a citizen there and then equal to them all; inferior or superior, noble or common, bond or free, simply did not exist and were not mentioned in the city.

> Greek: 24. Ἤδη γάρ ποτε καὶ ἄλλοτε πρεσβύτου ἀνδρὸς ἤκουσα διεξιόντος ὅπως τὰ ἐκεῖ πράγματα ἔχοι, καί με προὔτρεπεν ἕπεσθαί οἱ πρὸς τὴν πόλιν· ἡγήσεσθαι γὰρ αὐτὸς καὶ ἐλθόντα ἐγγράψειν καὶ φυλέτην ποιήσεσθαι καὶ φρατρίας μεταδώσειν τῆς αὐτοῦ, ὡς μετὰ πάντων εὐδαιμονοίην. “ἀλλ’ ἐγὼ οὐ πιθόμην” ὑπ' ἀνοίας καὶ νεότητος τότε, πρὸ πεντεκαίδεκα σχεδὸν ἐτῶν· ἴσως γὰρ ἂν αὐτὰ ἤδη ἀμφὶ τὰ προάστεια καὶ πρὸς ταῖς πύλαις ἦν. ἔλεγε δ’ οὖν περὶ τῆς πόλεως, εἴ γε μέμνημαι, ἄλλα τε πολλὰ καὶ δὴ καὶ τάδε, ὡς ξύμπαντες μὲν ἐπήλυδες καὶ ξένοι εἶεν, αὐθιγενὴς δὲ οὐδὲ εἷς, ἀλλὰ καὶ βαρβάρους ἐμπολιτεύεσθαι πολλοὺς καὶ δούλους καὶ ἀμόρφους καὶ μικροὺς καὶ πένητας, καὶ ὅλως μετέχειν τῆς πόλεως τὸν βουλόμενον· τὸν γὰρ δὴ νόμον αὐτοῖς οὐκ ἀπὸ τιμημάτων ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἐγγραφὴν οὐδ’ ἀπὸ σχημάτων ἢ μεγέθους ἢ κάλλους οὐδ’ ἀπὸ γένους τοῦ τῶν λαμπρῶν ἐκ προγόνων, ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν οὐδὲ νομίζεσθαι παρ' αὐτοῖς, ἀποχρῆν δ’ ἑκάστῳ πρὸς τὸ πολίτην γενέσθαι σύνεσιν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν τῶν καλῶν καὶ πόνον καὶ τὸ λιπαρὲς καὶ τὸ μὴ ἐνδοῦναι μηδὲ μαλακισθῆναι πολλοῖς τοῖς δυσχερέσι κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ἐντυγχάνοντα, ὡς ὅστις ἂν ταῦτα ἐπιδείξηται καὶ διεξέλθῃ πορευόμενος ἄχρι πρὸς τὴν πόλιν, αὐτίκα μάλα πολίτην ὄντα τοῦτον ὅστις ἂν ᾖ καὶ ἰσότιμον ἅπασι· τὸ δὲ χείρων ἢ κρείττων ἢ εὐπατρίδης ἢ ἀγεννὴς ἢ δοῦλος ἢ ἐλεύθερος οὐδὲ ὅλως εἶναι ἢ λέγεσθαι ἐν τῇ πόλει.

## 2. Sections 25–42

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-hermotimus/2/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-hermotimus/2/#p-N

[¶0] 25. HERMOTIMUS: You see then, Lycinus, that my labour is not in vain or for trifles, if I desire to be myself a citizen of a city so fair and happy.

> Greek: 25. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ὁρᾷς, ὦ Λυκῖνε, ὡς οὐ μάτην οὐδὲ περὶ μικρῶν κάμων πολίτης ἐπιθυμῶν γενέσθαι καὶ αὐτὸς οὕτω καλῆς καὶ εὐδαίμονος πόλεως;

[¶1] LYCINUS: Yes, Hermotimus, and I myself am in love with the same things and there is nothing I would pray for more. If the city had been near at hand and visible to everyone, you can be sure that long since, without a moment’s hesitation, I myself should have entered in and been a citizen this long time, but, since, as you say, you and the poet Hesiod, it has been built at a very great distance, we must look for the path that leads there and the best guide to follow. Don’t you agree that we must do this?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Καὶ γὰρ αὐτός, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, τῶν αὐτῶν σοι ἐρῶ καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ὅ τι ἄν μοι πρὸ τούτων εὐξαίμην γενέσθαι. εἰ μὲν οὖν πλησίον ἦν ἡ πόλις καὶ φανερὰ ἰδεῖν ἅπασι, πάλαι ἄν, εὖ ἴσθι, μηδὲν ἐνδοιάσας αὐτὸς ᾔειν ἐς αὐτὴν καὶ ἐπολιτευόμην ἂν ἐκ πολλοῦ, ἐπεὶ δέ, ὡς ὑμεῖς φατε, σύ τε καὶ Ἡσίοδος ὁ ῥαψῳδός, πάνυ πόρρω ἀπῴκισται, ἀνάγκη ζητεῖν ὁδόν τε τὴν ἄγουσαν ἐπ' αὐτὴν καὶ ἡγεμόνα τὸν ἄριστον. ἢ οὐκ οἴει σὺ χρῆναι οὕτω ποιεῖν;

[¶2] HERMOTIMUS: How else could one go there?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Καὶ πῶς ἂν ἄλλως ἔλθοι τις;

[¶3] LYCINUS: Well, as regards making promises and saying that they know, there are plenty of would-be guides. Many are standing ready, each one saying he is a native of that city. But no one and the same road is to be seen. There are many different ones not at all like each other: one seems to lead to the west, another to the east, another to the north, a fourth straight towards the south; one goes through meadows and gardens and shady spots—a well-watered, pleasant road with nothing to block the way or make hard-going; another is rocky and rough, promising much sun and thirst and exhaustion. Nevertheless all these roads are said to lead to the city, although there is but one city, while they have their ends in the opposite parts of the globe.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐκοῦν ὅσον μὲν ἐπὶ τῷ ὑπισχνεῖσθαι καὶ φάσκειν εἰδέναι πολλὴ ἀφθονία τῶν ἡγησομένων. πολλοὶ γὰρ ἕτοιμοι παρεστᾶσιν αὐτόχθονες ἐκεῖθεν ἕκαστος εἶναι λέγοντες. ὁδός γε μὴν οὐ μία καὶ ἡ αὐτὴ φαίνεται ἀλλὰ πολλαὶ καὶ διάφοροι καὶ οὐδὲν ἀλλήλαις ὅμοιαι· ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἐπὶ τὰ ἑσπέρια, ἡ δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν ἕω φέρειν ἔοικεν, ἡ δέ τις ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους, καὶ ἄλλη εὐθὺ τῆς μεσημβρίας, καὶ ἡ μὲν διὰ λειμώνων καὶ φυτῶν καὶ σκιᾶς εὔυδρος καὶ ἡδεῖα οὐδὲν ἀντίτυπον ἢ δύσβατον ἔχουσα, ἡ δὲ πετρώδης καὶ τραχεῖα πολὺν ἥλιον καὶ δίψος καὶ κάματον προφαίνουσα. καὶ ὅμως αὗται πᾶσαι πρὸς τὴν πόλιν ἄγειν λέγονται μίαν οὖσαν ἐς τὰ ἐναντιώτατα τελευτῶσαι.

[¶4] 26. All my difficulty lies here. For, whichever of them I approach, a man who stands at the beginning of each path at the entrance, a very trustworthy person, stretches out his hand, and urges me to go off along his road, and each one of them says that he alone knows the direct route and that the others are astray, since they have neither gone there themselves nor followed others able to lead them. If I go to his neighbour, he makes similar promises about his own road and vilifies the others. The man next to him acts similarly, and so do they all in turn. The number of roads, then, and the differences between them, and especially the way the guides over-strain themselves, each sect praising its own, worries me immoderately and makes me uncertain. I don’t know which way to turn or which one to follow to reach the city.

> Greek: 26. Ἔνθα δή μοι καὶ ἡ πᾶσα ἀπορία ἐστίν. ἐφ' ἣν γὰρ ἂν ἔλθω αὐτῶν, ἀνὴρ κατὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς ἀτραποῦ ἑκάστης ἐφεστὼς ἐν τῇ εἰσόδῳ μάλα τις ἀξιόπιστος ὀρέγει τε τὴν χεῖρα καὶ προτρέπει κατὰ τὴν αὑτοῦ ἀπιέναι, λέγων ἕκαστος αὐτῶν μόνος τὴν εὐθεῖαν εἰδέναι τοὺς δ’ ἄλλους πλανᾶσθαι μήτε αὐτοὺς ἐληλυθότας μήτε ἄλλοις ἡγήσασθαι δυναμένοις ἀκολουθήσαντας. κἂν ἐπὶ τὸν πλησίον ἀφίκωμαι, κἀκεῖνος τὰ ὅμοια ὑπισχνεῖται περὶ τῆς αὑτοῦ ὁδοῦ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους κακίζει, καὶ ὁ παρ' αὐτὸν ὁμοίως καὶ ἑξῆς ἅπαντες. τό τε τοίνυν πλῆθος τῶν ὁδῶν καὶ τὸ ἀνόμοιον αὐτῶν οὐ μετρίως ταράττει με καὶ ἀπορεῖν ποιεῖ, καὶ μάλιστα οἱ ἡγεμόνες ὑπερδιατεινόμενοι καὶ τὰ ἑαυτῶν ἕκαστοι ἐπαινοῦντες. οὐ γὰρ οἶδα ἥντινα τραπόμενος ἢ τῷ μᾶλλον αὐτῶν ἀκολουθήσας ἀφικοίμην ἂν πρὸς τὴν πόλιν.

[¶5] 27. HERMOTIMUS: I will free you from your uncertainty. Trust those who have made the journey before, Lycinus, and you cannot go wrong.

> Greek: 27. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἀλλ' ἐγώ σε ἀπολύσω τῆς ἀπορίας. τοῖς γὰρ προωδοιπορηκόσιν, ὦ Λυκῖνε, πιστεύσας οὐκ ἂν σφαλείης.

[¶6] LYCINUS: Whom do you mean? Which road did they go? Which of the guides did they follow? The same uncertainty appears to us in another guise shifting from events to persons.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τίσι λέγεις; τοῖς κατὰ ποίαν ὁδὸν ἐλθοῦσιν; ἢ τίνι τῶν ἡγεμόνων ἀκολουθήσασιν; αὖθις γὰρ ἡμῖν τὸ αὐτὸ ἄπορον ἐν ἄλλῃ μορφῇ ἀναφαίνεται ἀπὸ τῶν πραγμάτων ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας μετεληλυθός.

[¶7] HERMOTIMUS: What do you mean?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Πῶς τοῦτο φής;

[¶8] LYCINUS: That the man who took Plato’s path and had him for travelling-companion will obviously praise Plato’s route, and so with Epicurus’s and the rest and you with yours. What about it, Hermotimus? Is that not so?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὅτι ὁ μὲν τὴν Πλάτωνος τραπόμενος καὶ συνοδοιπορήσας μετ' αὐτοῦ ἐκείνην ἐπαινέσεται δῆλον ὅτι, ὁ δὲ τὴν Ἐπικούρου, ἐκείνην, καὶ ἄλλος ἄλλην, σὺ δὲ τὴν ὑμετέραν. ἢ πῶς γάρ, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε; οὐχ οὕτως;

[¶9] HERMOTIMUS: Of course.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Πῶς γὰρ οὔ;

[¶10] LYCINUS: Then you have not freed me from my uncertainty. I am just as much in the dark which of the travellers to trust. For I see that each of them and the guide himself have tried only one way, and he praises that one and says that it alone leads to the city. But I cannot know whether he is speaking the truth. That he has reached some destination and has seen some city or other, I will perhaps grant him. But whether he has seen the one he should have seen (that in which you and I want to live) or whether, when he should have gone to Corinth, he has arrived at Babylon and thinks he has seen Corinth, I still do not know—certainly not everyone who has seen a city has seen Corinth, if Corinth is not the only city. What particularly makes me uncertain is this—my knowing that only one road can possibly be the right one. Only one road is the Corinth road, and the other roads lead anywhere except to Corinth, unless a man is so much out of his wits as to think that both the road to the Hyperboreans and the road to India lead to Corinth.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐ τοίνυν ἀπέλυσάς με τῆς ἀπορίας, ἀλλ’ ἔτι ὁμοίως ἀγνοῶ τῷ μᾶλλον χρὴ πιστεῦσαι τῶν ὁδοιπόρων. ὁρῶ γὰρ ἕκαστον αὐτῶν καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν ἡγεμόνα μιᾶς πεπειραμένον καὶ ἐκείνην ἐπαινοῦντα καὶ λέγοντα ὡς αὕτη μόνη ἄγει ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν. οὐ μέντοι ἔχω εἰδέναι εἰ ἀληθῆ φησιν. ἀλλ’ ὅτι μὲν ἀφῖκται πρός τι τέλος καὶ εἶδέ τινα πόλιν δώσω αὐτῷ ἴσως, εἰ δὲ ἐκείνην εἶδεν ἣν ἐχρῆν ἐν ᾗ ἐπιθυμοῦμεν ἐγώ τε καὶ σὺ πολιτεύσασθαι, ἢ δέον εἰς Κόρινθον ἐλθεῖν, ὁ δ’ εἰς Βαβυλῶνα ἀφικόμενος οἴεται Κόρινθον ἑωρακέναι, ἄδηλον ἐμοὶ γοῦν ἔτι—οὐ γὰρ πάντως ὁ τινὰ πόλιν ἰδὼν Κόρινθον εἶδεν, εἴ γε οὐ μόνη πόλις ἐστὶν ἡ Κόρινθος. ὃ δὲ δὴ μάλιστα εἰς ἀπορίαν με καθίστησιν, ἐκεῖνό ἐστιν—τὸ εἰδέναι ὅτι πᾶσα ἀνάγκη μίαν εἶναι τὴν ἀληθῆ ὁδόν· καὶ γὰρ ἡ Κόρινθος μία ἐστίν, αἱ δ’ ἄλλαι πανταχόσε μᾶλλον ἢ εἰς Κόρινθον ἄγουσιν, εἰ μή τις οὕτω σφόδρα παραπαίει ὡς οἴεσθαι καὶ τὴν εἰς Ὑπερβορέους καὶ τὴν εἰς Ἰνδοὺς ἄγουσαν εἰς Κόρινθον στέλλειν.

[¶11] HERMOTIMUS: How could that be, Lycinus? Different roads lead to different places.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Καὶ πῶς οἷόν τε, ὦ Λυκῖνε; ἄλλη γὰρ ἀλλαχόσε ἄγει.

[¶12] 28. LYCINUS: Well then, my dear Hermotimus, no little deliberation is needed when we choose roads and guides, and we shall not act according to the saying and go off wherever our feet take us; in that way we shall be going off on the road to Babylon or Bactra instead of the road to Corinth without realising it. It is by no means sound to trust to fortune and hope we shall perhaps take the best road, if we start out on one or the other without enquiry. It is possible for even that to happen, and perhaps at some period of time’s long history it has already happened; but in a matter of such importance I think we ought not to run such a reckless risk or confine hope entirely within narrow bounds, ready as the proverb says to sail the Aegean or Ionian seas on a mat; then we should have no right to accuse fortune, if with her arrows and spears she did not altogether hit the one thing that is true among the many that are not. Even Homer’s archer did not succeed in that—when he should have shot the dove he cut the string; Teucer I think it was. No, there was much more reason to expect one of the many others to be wounded and fall foul of the arrow than that particular one out of them all. The risk is not slight, if in ignorance we rush into one of the by-ways instead of the straight route in the hope that fortune will make a better choice on our behalf—I think you see that. For still to turn round and come back again in safety is no easy matter once a man casts off his mooring lines and surrenders himself to the wind; he must be tossed about on the sea, usually sick and frightened and with a bad head from the swell, whereas he ought in the first place, before he sailed out, to have climbed up to some look-out and seen whether the wind was fair and favourable for those who wanted to sail over to Corinth, and indeed he ought to have selected the very best navigator and a sound ship able to withstand such a heavy sea.

> Greek: 28. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐκοῦν, ὦ καλὲ Ἑρμότιμε, οὐ μικρᾶς δεῖ βουλῆς ἐπὶ τὴν αἵρεσιν τῶν ὁδῶν τε καὶ ἡγεμόνων, οὐδὲ τοῦτο δὴ τὸ τοῦ λόγου ποιήσομεν—ἔνθα ἂν ἡμᾶς οἱ πόδες φέρωσιν, ἐκεῖσε ἄπιμεν· ἐπεὶ λήσομεν οὕτως ἀντὶ τῆς εἰς Κόρινθον ἀγούσης τὴν ἐπὶ Βαβυλῶνος ἢ Βάκτρων ἀπιόντες. οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδ’ ἐκεῖνο καλῶς ἔχει τῇ τύχῃ ἐπιτρέπειν ὡς τάχα ἂν τὴν ἀρίστην ἑλομένους, εἰ καὶ ἄνευ ἐξετάσεως ὁρμήσαιμεν ἐπὶ μίαν τῶν ὁδῶν ἡντιναοῦν. δυνατὸν μὲν γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο γενέσθαι, καὶ ἴσως ποτὲ ἐγένετο καὶ ἐν τῷ μακρῷ χρόνῳ· ἡμᾶς δέ γε περὶ τῶν οὕτω μεγάλων οὐκ οἶμαι δεῖν παραβόλως ἀναρριπτεῖν οὐδὲ ἐς στενὸν κομιδῇ κατακλείειν τὴν ἐλπίδα ἐπὶ ῥιπός, ὡς ἡ παροιμία φησί, τὸν Αἰγαῖον ἢ τὸν Ἰόνιον διαπλεῦσαι θέλοντας, ὅτε οὐδὲ αἰτιασαίμεθ' ἂν εὐλόγως τὴν τύχην, εἰ τοξεύουσα καὶ ἀκοντίζουσα μὴ πάντως ἔτυχε τἀληθοῦς ἑνὸς ὄντος ἐν μυρίοις τοῖς ψεύδεσιν, ὅπερ οὐδὲ τῷ Ὁμηρικῷ τοξότῃ ὑπῆρξεν, ὃς δέον τὴν πελειάδα κατατοξεῦσαι, ὁ δὲ τὴν μήρινθον ἐνέτεμεν· ὁ Τεῦκρος οἶμαι. ἀλλὰ παρὰ πολὺ ἐκεῖνο εὐλογώτερον τῶν πολλῶν τρωθήσεσθαι καὶ περιπεσεῖσθαι τῷ τοξεύματι ἐλπίζειν ἢ πάντως ἐκεῖνο τὸ ἓν ἐξ ἁπάντων. ὁ δὲ κίνδυνος ὅτι οὐ μικρός, εἰ ἀντὶ τῆς ἐπ' εὐθὺ ἀγούσης ἐς τῶν πεπλανημένων μίαν ἀγνοοῦντες ἐμπέσοιμεν, ἐλπίζοντες ἄμεινον αἱρήσεσθαι τὴν τύχην ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, εἰκάζειν οἶμαι. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀναστρέψαι ἔτι καὶ ἀνασωθῆναι ὀπίσω ῥᾴδιον, ἢν ἅπαξ ἐπιδῷ τις αὑτον τῇ πνεούσῃ τὰ ἀπόγεια λυσάμενος, ἀλλὰ ἀνάγκη ἐν τῷ πελάγει διαφέρεσθαι ναυτιῶντα ὡς τὸ πολὺ καὶ δεδιότα καὶ καρηβαροῦντα ὑπὸ τοῦ σάλου, δέον ἐξ ἀρχῆς πρὶν ἐκπλεῦσαι ἀναβάντα ἐπὶ σκοπήν τινα σκέψασθαι εἰ ἐπίφορόν ἐστι καὶ οὔριον τὸ πνεῦμα τοῖς Κόρινθόνδε διαπλεῦσαι ἐθέλουσι, καὶ νὴ Δία κυβερνήτην ἕνα τὸν ἄριστον ἐκλέξασθαι καὶ ναῦν εὐπαγῆ οἵαν διαρκέσαι πρὸς τηλικοῦτον κλύδωνα.

[¶13] 29. HERMOTIMUS: That is the better way, Lycinus, by far. Yet I know that if you made a round tour of them all you would find no others who were better pilots or more experienced navigators than the Stoics; and, if you want to reach Corinth some day, you will follow them, treading the tracks of Chrysippus and Zeno. No other way is possible.

> Greek: 29. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὕτω γε ἄμεινον, ὦ Λυκῖνε, παρὰ πολύ. πλὴν οἶδά γε ὅτι ἅπαντας ἐν κύκλῳ περιελθὼν οὐκ ἄλλους ἂν εὕροις οὔτε ἡγεμόνας ἀμείνους οὔτε κυβερνήτας ἐμπειροτέρους τῶν Στωϊκῶν, καὶ ἢν ἐθελήσῃς γε ἀφικέσθαι ποτὲ εἰς τὴν Κόρινθον, ἐκείνοις ἕψῃ κατὰ τὰ Χρυσίππου καὶ Ζήνωνος ἴχνη προϊών. ἄλλως δὲ ἀδύνατον.

[¶14] LYCINUS: Do you see, Hermotimus, how universal is that assertion you have made? Plato’s fellow-traveller, Epicurus’s follower, and the rest of them, would say the same, every one of them, that I could not go to Corinth without his company. So I must either believe them all alike (which is ridiculous) or disbelieve them all alike. The latter is by far the safest course until we discover the true one.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὁρᾷς τοῦτο ὡς κοινόν, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, εἴρηκας; εἶποι γὰρ ἂν αὐτὸ καὶ ὁ τῷ Πλάτωνι ξυνοδοιπορῶν καὶ ὁ Ἐπικούρῳ ἑπόμενος καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι, μὴ ἂν ἐλθεῖν με εἰς τὴν Κόρινθον εἰ μὴ μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ, ἕκαστος. ὥστε ἢ πᾶσι πιστεύειν χρή (ὅπερ γελοιότατον), ἢ ἀπιστεῖν ὁμοίως. μακρῷ γὰρ ἀσφαλέστατον τὸ τοιοῦτον ἄχρι ἂν εὕρωμεν τὸν ἀληθῆ.

[¶15] 30. Come now, suppose that I, just as I am, still ignorant which of them all has the truth, should choose your way, putting my trust in you, a friend, but one who knows only the way of the Stoics and has travelled by this road alone; then suppose one of the gods brought Plato, Pythagoras, Aristotle, and the rest, back to life, and they stood round me and put questions to me, or even, by Zeus, brought me into court and sued me each and every one of them for maltreatment, saying: “My good Lycinus, what was the matter with you? Who persuaded you to give Chrysippus and Zeno preference over us, who are older by far than they? They were born only yesterday, or the day before, and you have given us no chance to speak, and you have put nothing of what we say to the test.” Supposing they said this, how could I answer them? Or will it be enough if I say that I was persuaded by Hermotimus, a friend of mine? Their answer I know would be: “We, Lycinus, do not know this Hermotimus, whoever he is, and he does not know us either. So you had no right to condemn us all and give a judgment in default against us through relying on a man who is acquainted with only one way in philosophy, and even that perhaps not fully. Lawgivers, Lycinus, do not instruct judges to adopt this procedure, or to give one party a hearing and not allow the other to speak on its own behalf what it thinks is to its own advantage. No, they say that both sides must be given an equal hearing, so that by comparing the opposing arguments they may be assisted in discovering the true and the false, and if they do not adopt this procedure the law allows an appeal to another court.”

> Greek: 30. Ἐπεὶ φέρε, εἰ καθάπερ νῦν ἔχω, ἀγνοῶν ἔτι ὅστις ἐξ ἁπάντων ἐστὶν ὁ ἀληθεύων, ἑλοίμην τὰ ὑμέτερα σοὶ πιστεύσας, ἀνδρὶ φίλῳ, ἀτὰρ μόνα γε τὰ τῶν Στωϊκῶν εἰδότι καὶ μίαν ὁδὸν ὁδοιπορήσαντι ταύτην· ἔπειτα θεῶν τις ἀναβιῶναι ποιήσειε Πλάτωνα καὶ Πυθαγόραν καὶ Ἀριστοτέλην καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους, οἱ δὲ περιστάντες ἐρωτῷέν με ἢ καὶ νὴ Δί' ἐς δικαστήριον ἀγαγόντες ὕβρεως ἕκαστος δικάζοιντο λέγοντες, Ὠ βέλτιστε Λυκῖνε, τί παθὼν ἢ τίνι ποτὲ πιστεύσας Χρύσιππον καὶ Ζήνωνα προετίμησας ἡμῶν, πρεσβυτέρων ὄντων παρὰ πολύ, χθὲς καὶ πρῴην γενομένους, μήτε λόγου μεταδοὺς ἡμῖν μήτε πειραθεὶς ὅλως ὧν φαμέν; εἰ ταῦτα λέγοιεν τί ἂν ἀποκριναίμην αὐτοῖς; ἢ ἐξαρκέσει μοι ἂν εἴπω ὅτι Ἑρμοτίμῳ ἐπείσθην φίλῳ ἀνδρί; ἀλλὰ φαῖεν ἄν, οἶδ’ ὅτι, Ἡμεῖς, ὦ Λυκῖνε, οὐκ ἴσμεν τὸν Ἑρμότιμον τοῦτον ὅστις ποτέ ἐστιν οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνος ἡμᾶς. ὥστε οὐκ ἐχρῆν ἁπάντων καταγιγνώσκειν οὐδὲ ἐρήμην ἡμῶν καταδιαιτᾶν ἀνδρὶ πιστεύσαντα μίαν ὁδὸν ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ καὶ οὐδὲ ταύτην ἴσως ἀκριβῶς κατανοήσαντι. οἱ δέ γε νομοθέται, ὦ Λυκῖνε, οὐχ οὕτω προστάττουσι τοῖς δικασταῖς ποιεῖν οὐδὲ τοῦ ἑτέρου μὲν ἀκούειν, τὸν δὲ ἕτερον οὐκ ἐᾶν λέγειν ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ ἃ οἴεται ξυμφέρειν, ἀλλ’ ὁμοίως ἀμφοῖν ἀκροᾶσθαι, ὡς ῥᾷον ἀντεξετάζοντες τοὺς λόγους εὑρίσκοιεν τἀληθῆ τε καὶ ψευδῆ, καὶ ἤν γε μὴ οὕτω ποιῶσιν ἐφιέναι δίδωσιν ὁ νόμος εἰς ἕτερον δικαστήριον.

[¶16] 31. Such or something like it is the argument they would use. Or one of them perhaps would even put an additional question to me: “Tell me this, Lycinus: suppose an Ethiopian, a man who had never seen other men like us, because he had never been abroad at all, should state and assert in some assembly of the Ethiopians that nowhere in the world were there any men white or yellow or of any other colour than black, would he be believed by them? Or would one of the older Ethiopians say to him: ‘Come now, you are very bold. How do you know this? You have never left us to go anywhere else, and indeed you have never seen what things are like among other peoples?’” I for my part would say that the old man had asked a fair question. Or what do you advise, Hermotimus?
HERMOTIMUS: I agree. His rebuke seems to me very just.

> Greek: 31. Τοιαῦτα ἄττα εἰκὸς ἐρεῖν αὐτούς. ἢ τάχ' ἄν τις αὐτῶν καὶ προσέροιτό με, Εἰπέ μοι, λέγων, ὦ Λυκῖνε, εἴ τις Αἰθίοψ μηδεπώποτε ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους ἰδών, οἷοι ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν, διὰ τὸ μὴ ἀποδεδημηκέναι τὸ παράπαν, ἔν τινι συλλόγῳ τῶν Αἰθιόπων διισχυρίζοιτο καὶ λέγοι μηδαμόθι τῆς γῆς ἀνθρώπους εἶναι λευκοὺς ἢ ξανθοὺς μηδὲ ἄλλο τι ἢ μέλανας, ἆρα πιστεύοιτ' ἂν ὑπ' αὐτῶν; ἢ εἴποι τις ἂν πρὸς αὐτὸν τῶν πρεσβυτέρων Αἰθιόπων, Σὺ δὲ δὴ πόθεν ταῦτα, ὦ θρασύτατε, οἶσθα; οὐ γὰρ ἀπεδήμησας παρ' ἡμῶν οὐδαμόσε οὐδὲ εἶδες νὴ Δία τὰ παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὁποῖά ἐστι. φαίην ἂν ἔγωγε δίκαια ἐρωτῆσαι τὸν πρεσβύτην. ἢ πῶς ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, συμβουλεύεις;
ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὕτω. δικαιότατα γὰρ ἐπιπλῆξαι δοκεῖ μοι.

[¶17] LYCINUS: To me as well, Hermotimus. But I do not know that you will similarly agree with what follows. To me this too seems to be very just.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Καὶ γὰρ ἔμοιγε, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε. ἀλλὰ τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο οὐκέτ' οἶδα εἰ ὁμοίως καὶ σοὶ δόξει. ἐμοὶ μὲν γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο πάνυ δοκεῖ.

[¶18] HERMOTIMUS: What?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Τὸ ποῖον;

[¶19] 32. LYCINUS: The fellow will certainly go on and say to me something like this: “Let us make a comparison, Lycinus, and posit a man who knows only the Stoic tenets, like this friend of yours, Hermotimus; he has never gone abroad to Plato’s country or stayed with Epicurus or in short with anyone else. Now, if he said that there was nothing in these many lands as beautiful or as true as the tenets and assertions of Stoicism, would you not with good reason think him bold in giving his opinion on all, and that when he knows only one, and has never put one foot outside Ethiopia?” What answer do you think I should give him?

> Greek: 32. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἐπάξει δηλαδὴ ὁ ἀνὴρ καὶ φήσει πρός με ὧδέ πως, Ἀνάλογον τοίνυν, ὦ Λυκῖνε, κείσθω τις ἡμῖν τὰ Στωϊκῶν μόνα εἰδώς, καθάπερ ὁ σὸς φίλος οὗτος ὁ Ἑρμότιμος, ἀποδημήσας δὲ μηδεπώποτε μήτε ἐς Πλάτωνος μήτε παρὰ τὸν Ἐπίκουρον μήτε ὅλως παρ' ἄλλον τινά. εἰ τοίνυν λέγοι μηδὲν οὕτω καλὸν εἶναι μηδ’ ἀληθὲς παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς, οἷα τὰ τῆς Στοᾶς ἐστι καὶ ἃ ἐκείνη φησίν, οὐκ ἂν εὐλόγως θρασὺς εἶναι δόξειεν σοι περὶ πάντων ἀποφαινόμενος, καὶ ταῦτα ἓν εἰδώς, οὐδεπώποτε ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας τὸν ἕτερον πόδα προελθών; τί βούλει ἀποκρίνωμαι αὐτῷ;

[¶20] HERMOTIMUS: This very true one, of course: that we do learn Stoicism very thoroughly indeed, since we think fit to pursue this branch of philosophy, but we are not unacquainted with what the others say. For our teacher explains all that to us as he goes along, and knocks it down with his own comments.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Τὸ ἀληθέστατον ἐκεῖνο δηλαδή, ὅτι ἡμεῖς τὰ μὲν Στωϊκῶν καὶ πάνυ ἐκμανθάνομεν ὡς ἂν κατὰ ταῦτα φιλοσοφεῖν ἀξιοῦντες, οὐκ ἀγνοοῦμεν δὲ καὶ τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν ἄλλων λεγόμενα. ὁ γὰρ διδάσκαλος κἀκεῖνα μεταξὺ διέξεισι πρὸς ἡμᾶς καὶ ἀνατρέπει γε αὐτὰ προσθεὶς αὐτός.

[¶21] 33. LYCINUS: Well, do you suppose that at this point the adherents of Plato and Pythagoras and Epicurus and the rest will keep quiet, and not laugh out loud and say to me: “What is your friend Hermotimus doing, Lycinus? He thinks it right to believe what our opponents say about us, and supposes our views to be whatever they say they are, although they either are ignorant of the truth or conceal it. So, if he sees some athlete training before his match, kicking into the air, or punching at empty space as though he were striking his opponent, he will, if he is referee, straightway proclaim him as unbeatable, will he? Or will he consider these romps easy and devoid of risk when he has no antagonist, and adjudge him the winner only when he has overcome and beaten his opponent in the flesh and the latter gives in, and not otherwise? So do not let Hermotimus suppose from the shadow-boxing his teachers practise against us in our absence that they are strong or that our tenets are such as can be easily overthrown. For such a fabrication would be like the houses which children make: they have built them weak in structure and knock them over at once; or again indeed like men practising archery who make bundles of twigs, then fix them up on a pole which they set up at no great distance in front of them, and taking aim let fly. If ever they score a hit and pierce the twigs, they at once give a shout as though they have done something great, because their shaft has gone right through their collection of sticks. But this is not what the Persians do nor the Scythian archers. No, in the first place they themselves are usually on moving horses when they shoot, and secondly, they think that the targets should be moving too, not stationary and waiting for the impact of the shafts, but running about as fast as possible. They generally use wild animals as their targets, and some of them hit birds. If ever they want to test the impact of the shot on the target, they set up a hard-wood board or a raw-hide shield to pierce, and in that way they gain confidence that their arrows can even penetrate armour. So tell Hermotimus from us, Lycinus, that his teachers are setting up collections of sticks to shoot at and then saying that they have bested armed men; and that they are sparring with painted dummies which look like us, and when, as is natural, they have had the better of them they think they have the better of us. To them each of us would quote the words of Achilles about Hector:
‘My helmet’s front they do not see.’”

> Greek: 33. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἢ νομίζεις ἐνταῦθα σιωπήσεσθαι ἡμῖν τοὺς ἀμφὶ τὸν Πλάτωνα καὶ Πυθαγόραν καὶ Ἐπίκουρον καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους, οὐχὶ δὲ ἀναγελάσαντας ἂν εἰπεῖν πρὸς ἐμέ, Οἷα ποιεῖ, ὦ Λυκῖνε, ὁ ἑταῖρός σου ὁ Ἑρμότιμος; ἀξιοῖ τοῖς ἀντιδίκοις περὶ ἡμῶν πιστεύειν καὶ οἴεται τοιαῦτα εἶναι τὰ ἡμέτερα ὁποῖα ἂν ἐκεῖνοι φῶσιν ἢ οὐκ εἰδότες ἢ κρυπτόμενοι τἀληθές; οὐκοῦν ἤν τινα καὶ τῶν ἀθλητῶν ἴδῃ ἀσκούμενον πρὸ τοῦ ἀγῶνος λακτίζοντα εἰς τὸν ἀέρα ἢ πὺξ κενὴν πληγήν τινα καταφέροντα ὡς τὸν ἀνταγωνιστὴν δῆθεν παίοντα, εὐθὺς ἀνακηρύξει αὐτὸν ἀγωνοθέτης ὢν ὡς ἄμαχόν τινα ἢ ἐκεῖνα μὲν οἰήσεται ῥᾴδια εἶναι καὶ ἀσφαλῆ τὰ νεανιεύματα οὐδενὸς ἀνταιρομένου αὐτῷ, τὴν δὲ νίκην τηνικαῦτα κρίνεσθαι ὁπόταν καταγωνίσηται τὸν ἀντίπαλον αὐτὸν καὶ κρατήσῃ ὁ δ’ ἀπαγορεύσῃ, ἄλλως δὲ οὔ; μὴ τοίνυν μηδὲ Ἑρμότιμος ἀφ' ὧν ἂν οἱ διδάσκαλοι αὐτοῦ σκιαμαχῶσι πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἀπόντας οἰέσθω κρατεῖν αὐτοὺς ἢ τὰ ἡμέτερα τοιαῦτα εἶναι ὡς ἀνατρέπεσθαι ῥᾳδίως. ἐπεὶ τὸ τοιοῦτον ὅμοιον ἂν εἴη τοῖς τῶν παιδίων οἰκοδομήμασιν ἃ κατασκευάσαντες ἐκεῖνοι ἀσθενῆ εὐθὺς ἀνατρέπουσιν, ἢ καὶ νὴ Δία τοῖς τοξεύειν μελετῶσιν, οἳ κάρφη τινὰ συνδήσαντες, ἔπειτα ἐπὶ κοντοῦ πήξαντες οὐ πόρρω προθέμενοι στοχάζονται ἀφιέντες, καὶ ἢν τύχωσί ποτε καὶ διαπείρωσι τὰ κάρφη ἀνέκραγον εὐθὺς ὥς τι μέγα ποιήσαντες, εἰ διεξελήλυθεν αὐτοῖς τὸ βέλος διὰ τῶν φρυγάνων. ἀλλ’ οὐ Πέρσαι γε οὕτω ποιοῦσιν οὐδὲ Σκυθῶν ὅσοι τοξόται, ἀλλὰ πρῶτον μὲν αὐτοὶ κινούμενοι ἀφ' ἵππων ὡς τὸ πολὺ τοξεύουσιν, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ τὰ τοξευόμενα κινεῖσθαι ἀξιοῦσιν οὐχ ἑστῶτα οὐδὲ περιμένοντα τὸ βέλος ἔστ' ἂν ἐμπέσῃ, ἀλλὰ διαδιδράσκοντα ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα. θηρία γέ τοι ὡς τὸ πολὺ κατατοξεύουσι, καὶ ὀρνίθων ἔνιοι τυγχάνουσιν. ἢν δέ ποτε καὶ ἐπὶ σκοποῦ δέῃ πειραθῆναι τοῦ τόνου τῆς πληγῆς, ξύλον ἀντίτυπον ἢ ἀσπίδα ὠμοβοΐνην προθέμενοι διελαύνουσιν, καὶ οὕτως πιστεύουσιν κἂν δι’ ὅπλων σφίσι χωρῆσαι τοὺς οἰστούς. εἰπὲ τοίνυν, ὦ Λυκῖνε, παρ' ἡμῶν Ἑρμοτίμῳ ὅτι οἱ διδάσκαλοι αὐτοῦ φρύγανα προθέμενοι κατατοξεύουσιν, εἶτά φασιν ἀνδρῶν ὡπλισμένων κεκρατηκέναι, καὶ εἰκόνας ἡμῶν γραψάμενοι πυκτεύουσι πρὸς ἐκείνας, καὶ κρατήσαντες ὡς τὸ εἰκός ἡμῶν κρατεῖν οἴονται. ἀλλὰ φαίημεν ἂν ἕκαστος πρὸς αὐτοὺς τὰ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως ἐκεῖνα, ἅ φησι περὶ τοῦ Ἕκτορος, ὅτι
οὐ γὰρ ἐμῆς κόρυθος λεύσσουσι μέτωπον.

[¶22] 34. This is what they all say, each in his turn, Plato, I fancy, would add one of those stories from Sicily (he knows most of them): Gelo of Syracuse is said to have had bad breath and to have been for a long time ignorant of the fact as no one dared to criticise a tyrant, until a certain foreign woman with whom he had to do dared to tell him how it was. He went to his wife in a rage because she had not told him, although she of all people knew of the bad odour. She begged him to pardon her, for, never having had experience of another man or having been at close quarters with one, she supposed that the mouths of all men had breath like that. “So, Hermotimus,” Plato might say, “since he mixes only with Stoics, naturally does not know what other people’s mouths are like.” Chrysippus could say the same or go even further, if I were to leave him unexamined and go over to Platonism, relying on one of those who had conversed with Plato alone. In short, then, I say that, as long as it is uncertain which creed of philosophy is true, choose none. For choice of one would be misconduct towards the others.

> Greek: 34. ταῦτα μὲν οἱ ξύμπαντες ἐν τῷ μέρει ἕκαστος. Ὁ Πλάτων δ’ ἄν μοι δοκεῖ καὶ διηγήσασθαί τι τῶν ἐκ Σικελίας ὡς ἂν εἰδὼς τὰ πλεῖστα· τῷ γὰρ Συρακουσίῳ Γέλωνί φασι δυσῶδες εἶναι τὸ στόμα καὶ τοῦτο ἐπὶ πολὺ διαλαθεῖν αὐτὸν οὐδενὸς τολμῶντος ἐλέγχειν τύραννον ἄνδρα, μέχρι δή τινα γυναῖκα ξένην συνενεχθεῖσαν αὐτῷ τολμῆσαι καὶ εἰπεῖν ὅπως ἔχοι. τὸν δὲ παρὰ τὴν γυναῖκα ἐλθόντα τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ὀργίζεσθαι ὅτι οὐκ ἐμήνυσε πρὸς αὐτὸν εἰδυῖα μάλιστα τὴν δυσωδίαν, τὴν δὲ παραιτεῖσθαι συγγνώμην ἔχειν αὐτῇ· ὑπὲρ γὰρ τοῦ μὴ πεπειρᾶσθαι ἄλλου ἀνδρὸς μηδὲ ὁμιλῆσαι πλησίον οἰηθῆναι ἅπασι τοῖς ἀνδράσι τοιοῦτό τι ἀποπνεῖν τοῦ στόματος. καὶ ὁ Ἑρμότιμος τοιγαροῦν ἅτε μόνοις τοῖς Στωϊκοῖς ξυνών, φαίη ἂν ὁ Πλάτων, εἰκότως ἀγνοεῖ ὁποῖα τῶν ἄλλων τὰ στόματά ἐστιν. ὅμοια δ’ ἂν καὶ Χρύσιππος εἴποι ἢ ἔτι πλείω τούτων, εἴπερ λιπὼν αὐτὸν ἄκριτον ἐπὶ τὰ Πλάτωνος ὁρμήσαιμι πιστεύσας τινὶ τῶν μόνῳ Πλάτωνι ὡμιληκότων. ἑνί τε λόγῳ ξυνελών φημι, ἄχρι ἂν ἄδηλον ᾖ τίς ἀληθής ἐστι προαίρεσις ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ, μηδεμίαν αἱρεῖσθαι. ὕβρις γὰρ ἐς τὰς ἄλλας τὸ τοιοῦτον.

[¶23] 35. HERMOTIMUS: In Hestia’s name, Lycinus, let us leave Plato and Aristotle and Epicurus and the others undisturbed, for I am no match for them. Let us, you and me, enquire into it by ourselves, whether the pursuit of philosophy is as I say it is. As for Ethiopians and Gelo’s wife, why did you have to call her from Syracuse into the discussion?

> Greek: 35. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ὦ Λυκῖνε, πρὸς τῆς Ἑστίας, Πλάτωνα μὲν καὶ Ἀριστοτέλην καὶ Ἐπίκουρον καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀτρεμεῖν ἐάσωμεν· οὐ γὰρ κατ' ἐμὲ ἀνταγωνίζεσθαι αὐτοῖς. νὼ δέ, ἐγώ τε καὶ σύ, ἐφ' ἡμῶν αὐτῶν ἐξετάσωμεν, εἰ τοιοῦτόν ἐστι τὸ φιλοσοφίας πρᾶγμα οἷον ἐγώ φημι αὐτὸ εἶναι. Αἰθίοπας δέ γε ἢ τὴν Γέλωνος γυναῖκα τί ἔδει καλεῖν ἐκ Συρακουσῶν ἐπὶ τὸν λόγον;

[¶24] LYCINUS: Why, let them take themselves off, if they seem to you to be superfluous to the discussion. You do the talking now. You look as though you are going to say something wonderful.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνοι μὲν ἀπίτωσαν ἐκποδών, εἴ σοι δοκοῦσι περιττοὶ εἶναι πρὸς τὸν λόγον. σὺ δὲ λέγε ἤδη. θαυμαστὸν γάρ τι ἐρεῖν ἔοικας.

[¶25] HERMOTIMUS: It seems to me quite possible, Lycinus, by thorough study of the Stoic doctrines alone, to know the truth from them, even if one does not pursue those of the others and make a thorough study of them in detail. Look at it this way: if someone tells you merely that two twos make the number four, will you have to go about questioning all the other mathematicians to see if there may not perhaps be one of them who makes it five or seven? Or would you know at once that this man is speaking the truth?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Δοκεῖ μοι, ὦ Λυκῖνε, καὶ πάνυ δυνατὸν εἶναι μόνα τὰ τῶν Στωϊκῶν ἐκμαθόντα εἰδέναι τἀληθὲς ἀπὸ τούτων, κἂν μὴ τὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἐπεξέλθῃ τις ἐκμανθάνων ἕκαστα. οὑτωσὶ δὲ σκόπει· ἤν τις λέγῃ πρός σέ μόνον τοῦτο ὡς αἱ δύο δυάδες τὸν τέτταρα ἀριθμὸν ἀποτελοῦσιν, ἆρα δεήσει περιιόντα σε πυνθάνεσθαι τῶν ἄλλων ὅσοι ἀριθμητικοὶ μή τις ἄρα εἴη πέντε ἢ ἑπτὰ λέγων αὐτὰς εἶναι; ἢ αὐτίκα εἰδείης ἂν ὅτι ὁ ἀνὴρ ἀληθῆ λέγει;

[¶26] LYCINUS: At once, Hermotimus.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Αὐτίκα, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε.

[¶27] HERMOTIMUS: Why then does it seem to you to be impossible for a man when he meets only Stoics who speak the truth to believe them and have no further need of the others in his knowledge that four could never be five, even if thousands of Platos and Pythagorases say so?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Τί ποτ' οὖν ἀδύνατον εἶναί σοι δοκεῖ, ἐντυγχάνοντά τινα μόνοις τοῖς Στωϊκοῖς λέγουσι τἀληθῆ πείθεσθαί τε αὐτοῖς καὶ μηκέτι δεῖσθαι τῶν ἄλλων εἰδότα ὡς οὐκ ἄν ποτε τὰ τέτταρα πέντε γένοιτο, οὐδ’ ἂν μυρίοι Πλάτωνες ἢ Πυθαγόραι λέγωσιν;

[¶28] 36. LYCINUS: That is not to the point at all, Hermotimus. You are comparing what is admitted to what is in dispute, although they differ enormously. Or what would you say? Have you met anyone who says that by putting together two twos he makes the number seven or eleven?

> Greek: 36. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐδὲν πρὸς ἔπος, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε. τὰ γὰρ ὁμολογούμενα τοῖς ἀμφισβητουμένοις εἰκάζεις, πάμπολυ αὐτῶν διαφέροντα. ἢ τί ἂν φαίης; ἔστιν ᾧτινι ἐντετύχηκας λέγοντι τὰς δύο δυάδας συντεθείσας τὸν ἑπτὰ ἢ ἕνδεκα ἀριθμὸν ἀποτελεῖν;

[¶29] HERMOTIMUS: Not But anyone would be mad who said the answer was not four.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐκ ἔγωγε. ἢ μαίνοιτ' ἂν ὁ μὴ τέτταρα ξυμβαίνειν λέγων.

[¶30] LYCINUS: Well then, have you ever met (and by the Graces try to be truthful) any Stoic and Epicurean who did not differ about principles and ends?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τί δὲ, ἐντετύχηκας πώποτε (καὶ πρὸς Χαρίτων πειρῶ ἀληθεύειν) Στωϊκῷ τινι καὶ Ἐπικουρείῳ μὴ διαφερομένοις περὶ ἀρχῆς ἢ τέλους;

[¶31] HERMOTIMUS: In no way.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐδαμῶς.

[¶32] LYCINUS: Make sure then that you are not somehow cheating me, my good sir, and that though I am your friend. For, while we are enquiring who has the truth in philosophy, you have prematurely seized on the answer and taken it and assigned it to the Stoics, when you say that they are the ones who make twice two equal four, although it is not clear that this is so. For the Epicureans and the Platonists would say that they get this result, while you Stoics call it five or seven. Or do you not think that this is what they are doing when you think that only the beautiful is good, while the Epicureans say it is pleasure? And when you say that all things are corporeal, while Plato thinks that there is an incorporeal element in what exists? No, as I said, you very arrogantly lay hold of the bone of contention as being the undisputed property of the Stoics, and give it to them to possess; and yet, when the others are asserting rival claims and saying that it is theirs, then, I think, there is every need for a judgment. If it becomes quite clear then that it is the privilege of the Stoics alone to think that twice two are four, it is time for the rest to be quiet. But as long as they contest this very claim, we must give a hearing to all alike, or realise that we shall be thought to be giving a biased judgment.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὅρα τοίνυν μή πώς με παραλογίζῃ, ὦ γενναῖε, καὶ ταῦτα φίλον ὄντα. ζητούντων γὰρ ἡμῶν οἵτινες ἀληθεύουσιν ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ, σὺ τοῦτο προαρπάσας ἔδωκας φέρων τοῖς Στωϊκοῖς λέγων ὡς οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ τὰ δὶς δύο τέτταρα τιθέντες, ὅπερ ἄδηλον εἰ οὕτως ἔχει. φαῖεν γὰρ ἂν οἱ Ἐπικούρειοι ἢ Πλατωνικοί σφᾶς μὲν οὕτω ξυντιθέναι, ὑμᾶς δὲ πέντε ἢ ἑπτὰ λέγειν αὐτά. ἢ οὐ δοκοῦσί σοι τοῦτο ποιεῖν ὁπόταν ὑμεῖς μὲν μόνον τὸ καλὸν ἀγαθὸν ἡγῆσθε εἶναι, οἱ Ἐπικούρειοι δὲ τὸ ἡδύ; καὶ ὅταν ὑμεῖς λέγητε σώματα εἶναι ἅπαντα, ὁ Πλάτων δὲ νομίζῃ καὶ ἀσώματόν τι ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν εἶναι; ἀλλ’ ὅπερ ἔφην, πλεονεκτικῶς πάνυ τὸ ἀμφισβητούμενον συλλαβὼν ὡς ἀναμφιλόγως ἴδιον τῶν Στωϊκῶν δίδως αὐτοῖς ἔχειν, καίτοι ἀντιλαμβανομένων τῶν ἄλλων καὶ λεγόντων αὐτῶν τοῦτο εἶναι, ἔνθα δὴ κρίσεως μάλιστα οἶμαι δεῖ. ἂν μὲν οὖν πρόδηλον γένηται τοῦτο ὡς Στωϊκῶν ἐστι μόνων τὰ δὶς δύο τέτταρα ἡγεῖσθαι, ὥρα σιωπᾶν τοῖς ἄλλοις. ἄχρι δ’ ἂν αὐτοῦ τούτου πέρι διαμάχωνται, πάντων ὁμοίως ἀκουστέον ἢ εἰδέναι ὅτι πρὸς χάριν δικάζειν δόξομεν.

[¶33] 37. HERMOTIMUS: It seems to me, Lycinus, that you do not understand what I mean.

> Greek: 37. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὔ μοι δοκεῖς, ὦ Λυκῖνε, ξυνιέναι πῶς βούλομαι εἰπεῖν.

[¶34] LYCINUS: Then you must speak more clearly, if your argument is to be different from what I say.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐκοῦν σαφέστερον χρὴ λέγειν εἰ ἑτεροῖόν τι ἀλλὰ μὴ τοιοῦτον φήσεις.

[¶35] HERMOTIMUS: You will learn at once what I mean. Let us suppose that two persons have entered the Asclepieum or the sanctuary of Dionysus, and that subsequently one of the sacred chalices is missing. It will without doubt be necessary to search both of them to find out which one of the two has the chalice in his clothing.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Εἴσῃ αὐτίκα οἷόν τι λέγω. θῶμεν γάρ τινας δύο ἐσεληλυθέναι ἐς τὸ Ἀσκληπιεῖον ἢ ἐς τοῦ Διονύσου τὸ ἱερόν, εἶτα μέντοι φιάλην τινὰ τῶν ἱερῶν ἀπολωλέναι. δεήσει δή που ἀμφοτέρους ἐρευνηθῆναι αὐτοὺς ὁπότερος ὑπὸ κόλπου ἔχει τὴν φιάλην.

[¶36] LYCINUS: Very true.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Καὶ μάλα.

[¶37] HERMOTIMUS: One of them surely has it.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἔχει δὲ πάντως ὁ ἕτερος.

[¶38] LYCINUS: Of course, if it has disappeared.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Πῶς γὰρ οὔ, εἴ γε ἀπόλωλεν;

[¶39] HERMOTIMUS: And if you discover it on the first, you will not strip the other. It will be quite clear that he has not got it.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐκοῦν ἂν παρὰ τῷ προτέρῳ εὕρῃς αὐτήν, οὐκέτι τὸν ἕτερον ἀποδύσεις. πρόδηλον γὰρ ὡς οὐκ ἔχει.

[¶40] LYCINUS: Quite clear.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Πρόδηλον γάρ.

[¶41] HERMOTIMUS: And if we were not to find it in the first one’s clothing, the second man surely has it, and there is in this case too no need of a search.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Καὶ εἴ γε μὴ εὕροιμεν ἐν τῷ τοῦ προτέρου κόλπῳ ὁ ἕτερος πάντως ἔχει, καὶ οὐδὲν ἐρεύνης οὐδὲ οὕτως δεῖ.

[¶42] LYCINUS: Yes, he has it.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἔχει γάρ.

[¶43] HERMOTIMUS: So too in our case. Suppose we find the chalice already in the hands of the Stoics, we shall not bother to search the others, since we have what we have been looking for for a long time. Why should we trouble further?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Καὶ ἡμεῖς τοίνυν εἰ εὕροιμεν ἤδη παρὰ τοῖς Στωϊκοῖς τὴν φιάλην, οὐκέτι ἐρευνᾶν τοὺς ἄλλους ἀξιώσομεν ἔχοντες ὃ πάλαι ἐζητοῦμεν. ἢ τίνος γὰρ ἂν ἕνεκα ἔτι κάμνοιμεν;

[¶44] 38. LYCINUS: There is no reason, if you really find it and once having found it you can know that that is what was missing, or if you can with certainty recognise the sacred object. But in this case, my friend, those first of all who go into the temple are not two, so that one of the two must have the loot, but very many; and secondly just what the missing object is is not clear—whether it is a chalice or a cup or a garland. All the priests give different accounts of it and do not agree even about the very stuff it is made of: some say it is of copper, others of silver, others of gold, yet others of tin. So you must strip all the visitors, if you want to find the missing article. For, if you find a golden chalice straightway on the first, you must nevertheless strip the others as well.

> Greek: 38. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐδενός, εἴ γε εὕροιτε καὶ εὑρόντες ἔχοιτε εἰδέναι ὡς ἐκεῖνο ἦν τὸ ἀπολωλός, ἢ ὅλως γνώριμον ὑμῖν εἴη τὸ ἀνάθημα. νῦν δέ, ὦ ἑταῖρε, πρῶτον μὲν οὐ δύο εἰσὶν οἱ παρελθόντες ἐς τὸν νεών, ὡς ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι τὸν ἕτερον αὐτοῖν τὰ φώρια ἔχειν, ἀλλὰ μάλα πολλοί τινες, εἶτα καὶ τὸ ἀπολόμενον αὐτὸ ἄδηλον ὅ τι ποτέ ἐστιν, εἴτε φιάλη τις ἢ σκύφος ἢ στέφανος. ὅσοι γοῦν ἱερεῖς, ἄλλος ἄλλο εἶναι λέγουσιν καὶ οὐδὲ περὶ τῆς ὕλης αὐτῆς ὁμολογοῦσιν, ἀλλ’ οἱ μὲν χαλκοῦ, οἱ δὲ ἀργύρου, οἱ δὲ χρυσοῦ, οἱ δὲ κασσιτέρου εἶναι αὐτὸ φάσκουσιν. ἀνάγκη τοίνυν ἅπαντας ἀποδῦσαι τοὺς εἰσελθόντας, εἰ βούλει εὑρεῖν τὸ ἀπολωλός. καὶ γὰρ ἂν παρὰ τῷ πρώτῳ εὐθὺς εὕρῃς φιάλην χρυσῆν, ἔτι καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους σοι ἀποδυτέον.

[¶45] HERMOTIMUS: Why, Lycinus?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Διὰ τί, ὦ Λυκῖνε;

[¶46] LYCINUS: Because it is not clear that it was a chalice that was missing. And even if this be admitted by everyone, then they do not all agree that the chalice is golden. And if it is well known that a gold cup is missing, and you find a gold cup on the first man, you would not even so refrain from searching the rest—it would not be clear I suppose whether that was the one belonging to the god. Or do you not think that there are many chalices made of gold?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὅτι ἄδηλον εἰ φιάλη τὸ ἀπολόμενον ἦν. εἰ δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ὑπὸ πάντων ὁμολογηθείη, ἀλλ’ οὔτι γε χρυσῆν ἅπαντές φασιν εἶναι τὴν φιάλην. εἰ δὲ καὶ μάλιστα γνώριμον γένοιτο ὡς φιάλη ἀπόλοιτο χρυσῆ, καὶ σὺ παρὰ τῷ πρώτῳ εὕροις φιάλην χρυσῆν, οὐδὲ οὕτω παύσῃ διερευνώμενος τοὺς ἄλλους· οὐ γὰρ δῆλόν που εἰ αὐτὴ ἦν ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ. ἢ οὐκ οἴει πολλὰς φιάλας εἶναι χρυσᾶς;

[¶47] HERMOTIMUS: Yes, of course.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἔγωγε.

[¶48] LYCINUS: You will have to go to everyone in your search, put together all that you find on each, and guess which one is likely to be the property of the god.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Δεήσει δὴ ἐπὶ πάντας ἰέναι ἐρευνῶντα καὶ τὰ παρ' ἑκάστῳ εὑρεθέντα πάντα εἰς μέσον καταθέντα εἰκάζειν ὅ τι ποτὲ αὐτῶν πρέποι ἂν θεῖον κτῆμα οἴεσθαι.

[¶49] 39. For this is where your great difficulty lies: each of those whom you will strip has surely something—one a cup, another a chalice, another a garland, and each of these may be of bronze, gold, or silver. And it is still not clear whether that which each man has is the holy object. So you have every reason to hesitate about whom to accuse of temple-robbery. In this case, even if all had similar objects, even so it would be uncertain who had stolen the property of the god—for these articles may be private property too. The sole reason for our ignorance, I suppose, is that the missing chalice has no inscription (assuming that it is a chalice), since if it had been inscribed with the name of the god or the person who had made the dedication we should have had less difficulty, and when we had found the inscribed chalice we should stop stripping and troubling the others. I think, Hermotimus, that you have often watched athletic contests?
HERMOTIMUS: You think rightly. Many a time, in many places.

> Greek: 39. Καὶ γὰρ αὖ τὸ τὴν πολλὴν ἀπορίαν παρεχόμενον τοῦτό ἐστιν, ὅτι ἕκαστος τῶν ἀποδυθησομένων ἔχει τι πάντως, ὁ μὲν σκύφον, ὁ δὲ φιάλην, ὁ δὲ στέφανον, καὶ ὁ μὲν ἐκ χαλκοῦ, ὁ δὲ ἐκ χρυσοῦ, ὁ δὲ ἀργύρου. εἰ δὲ ὃ ἔχει, τοῦτο ἱερόν ἐστιν, οὐδέπω δῆλον. πᾶσα τοίνυν ἀνάγκη ἀπορεῖν ὅντινα ἱερόσυλον εἴπῃς, ὅπου γε καὶ εἰ πάντες τὰ ὅμοια εἶχον ἄδηλον ἦν καὶ οὕτως ὅστις ὁ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ὑφῃρημένος—ἔστι γὰρ καὶ ἰδιωτικὰ ἔχειν. τὸ δ’ αἴτιον τῆς ἀγνοίας ἕν ἐστιν οἶμαι τὸ ἀνεπίγραφον εἶναι τὴν ἀπολομένην φιάλην (θῶμεν γὰρ φιάλην ἀπολωλέναι), ὡς εἴ γε ἐπεγέγραπτο τοῦ θεοῦ τὸ ὄνομα ἢ τοῦ ἀναθέντος ἧττον ἂν ἐκάμνομεν καὶ εὑρόντες τὴν ἐπιγεγραμμένην ἐπεπαύμεθ' ἂν ἀποδύοντες καὶ ἐνοχλοῦντες τοὺς ἄλλους. οἶμαι δέ σε, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, καὶ ἀγῶνας ἤδη γυμνικοὺς ἑωρακέναι πολλάκις.
ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Καὶ ὀρθῶς οἴει. πολλάκις γὰρ καὶ πολλαχόθι.

[¶50] LYCINUS: Now, have you ever sat near the judges themselves?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἦ οὖν ποτε καὶ παρὰ τοὺς ἀθλοθέτας αὐτοὺς ἐκαθέζου;

[¶51] HERMOTIMUS: Yes, indeed. Recently at Olympia I sat to the left of the National Judges. Euandridas of Elis reserved me a seat among his fellow-citizens, for I wanted to see everything that happened among the judges from near at hand.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Νὴ Δία, ἔναγχος Ὀλυμπίασιν ἐπὶ τὰ λαιὰ τῶν Ἑλλανοδικῶν, Εὐανδρίδου τοῦ Ἠλείου θέαν μοι προκαταλαβόντος ἐν τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ πολίταις· ἐπεθύμουν γὰρ ἐγγύθεν ἅπαντα ὁρᾶν τὰ παρὰ τοῖς Ἑλλανοδίκαις γιγνόμενα.

[¶52] LYCINUS: Well, do you know this too—how they draw lots for the pairs in the wrestling or the pancratium?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οἶσθα οὖν καὶ τοῦτο, πῶς κληροῦσιν ὅντινα ᾧτινι χρὴ παλαίειν ἢ παγκρατιάζειν;

[¶53] HERMOTIMUS: Yes, I know.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οἶδα γάρ.

[¶54] LYCINUS: Then, since you have seen it from near at hand, you could give a better account of it than HERMOTIMUS: In former times, when Heracles was judge, bay-leaves...

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐκοῦν ἂν ἄμεινον σὺ εἴποις ὡς ἐγγύθεν ἰδών.

[¶55] 40. LYCINUS: Don’t tell me about former times, Hermotimus, but what you saw from near at hand.

> Greek: 40. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Τὸ μὲν παλαιὸν ἐπὶ Ἡρακλέους ἀγωνοθετοῦντος φύλλα δάφνης...
ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Μή μοι τὰ πάλαι, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, ἃ δὲ εἶδες ἐγγύθεν, ἐκεῖνα λέγε.

[¶56] HERMOTIMUS: A silver urn dedicated to the god is placed before them. Into this are thrown small lots, the size of beans, with letters on them. Two are marked alpha, two beta, two gamma, and so on in the same way, if there are more competitors, two lots always having the same letter. Each of the competitors comes up, offers a prayer to Zeus, puts his hand into the urn, and picks up one of the lots. After him another does the same. A policeman stands by each one and holds his hand, not letting him read what the letter is which he has drawn. When all now have their own, the chief police officer, I think it is, or one of the National Judges themselves (I don’t remember now) goes round the competitors, who are standing in a circle, and inspects their lots. In this way he matches one who has alpha to the one who has drawn the other alpha for the wrestling or the pancratium. Similarly he matches the two betas, and the others with the same letter in the same way. This is what he does if the contestants are even in number—eight or four or twelve, for instance—but if they are odd—five or seven or nine—he throws in with the rest a lot marked with an odd letter which has no duplicate. Whoever draws this is given a bye and stands out until the rest have competed, for he has no corresponding letter. This is no small boon to the competitor—the opportunity to come fresh against tired opponents.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Κάλπις ἀργυρᾶ πρόκειται ἱερὰ τοῦ θεοῦ. ἐς ταύτην ἐμβάλλονται κλῆροι μικροί, ὅσον δὴ κυαμιαῖοι τὸ μέγεθος, ἐπιγεγραμμένοι. ἐγγράφεται δὲ ἐς δύο μὲν ἄλφα ἐν ἑκατέρῳ, ἐς δύο δὲ τὸ βῆτα, καὶ ἐς ἄλλους δύο τὸ γάμμα καὶ ἑξῆς κατὰ τὰ αὐτά, ἢν πλείους οἱ ἀθληταὶ ὦσι, δύο ἀεὶ κλῆροι τὸ αὐτὸ γράμμα ἔχοντες. προσελθὼν δὴ τῶν ἀθλητῶν ἕκαστος προσευξάμενος τῷ Διὶ καθεὶς τὴν χεῖρα ἐς τὴν κάλπιν ἀνασπᾷ τῶν κλήρων ἕνα καὶ μετ' ἐκεῖνον ἕτερος, καὶ παρεστὼς μαστιγοφόρος ἑκάστῳ ἀνέχει αὐτοῦ τὴν χεῖρα οὐ παρέχων ἀναγνῶναι ὅ τι τὸ γράμμα ἐστὶν ὃ ἀνέσπακεν. ἁπάντων δὲ ἤδη ἐχόντων ὁ ἀλυτάρχης οἶμαι ἢ τῶν Ἑλλανοδικῶν αὐτῶν εἷς (οὐκέτι γὰρ τοῦτο μέμνημαι) περιιὼν ἐπισκοπεῖ τοὺς κλήρους ἐν κύκλῳ ἑστώτων καὶ οὕτως τὸν μὲν τὸ ἄλφα ἔχοντα τῷ τὸ ἕτερον ἄλφα ἀνεσπακότι παλαίειν ἢ παγκρατιάζειν συνάπτει, τὸν δὲ τὸ βῆτα τῷ τὸ βῆτα ὁμοίως καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους τοὺς ὁμογράμμους κατὰ ταὐτά. οὕτω μὲν, ἢν ἄρτιοι ὦσιν οἱ ἀγωνισταί, οἷον ὀκτὼ ἢ τέτταρες ἢ δώδεκα, ἢν δὲ περιττοί, πέντε ἑπτὰ ἐννέα, γράμμα τι περιττὸν ἑνὶ κλήρῳ ἐγγραφὲν συμβάλλεται αὐτοῖς, ἀντίγραφον ἄλλο οὐκ ἔχον. ὃς δ’ ἂν τοῦτο ἀνασπάσῃ ἐφεδρεύει περιμένων ἔστ' ἂν ἐκεῖνοι ἀγωνίσωνται· οὐ γὰρ ἔχει τὸ ἀντίγραμμα. καὶ ἔστι τοῦτο οὐ μικρά τις εὐτυχία τοῦ ἀθλητοῦ, τὸ μέλλειν ἀκμῆτα τοῖς κεκμηκόσι συμπεσεῖσθαι.

[¶57] 41. LYCINUS: Stop there. This is just what I wanted. Now, suppose they are nine in number and they have all drawn and are holding their lots. You go round (I want to make you a National Judge instead of a spectator) and inspect the letters. I fancy you will not learn in advance who has been given a bye, unless you go to every one of them and pair them.

> Greek: 41. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἔχ' ἀτρέμας. τούτου γὰρ ἐδεόμην μάλιστα. οὐκοῦν ἐννέα ὄντες ἀνεσπάκασιν ἅπαντες καὶ ἔχουσι τοὺς κλήρους. περιιὼν δὴ (βούλομαι γάρ σε Ἑλλανοδίκην ἀντὶ θεατοῦ ποιῆσαι) ἐπισκοπεῖς τὰ γράμματα, καὶ οὐ πρότερον οἶμαι μάθοις ἂν ὅστις ὁ ἔφεδρός ἐστιν, ἢν μὴ ἐπὶ πάντας ἔλθῃς καὶ συζεύξῃς αὐτούς.

[¶58] HERMOTIMUS: What do you mean by this, Lycinus?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Πῶς, ὦ Λυκῖνε, τοῦτο φής;

[¶59] LYCINUS: It is impossible immediately to find that letter which gives you the bye, or perhaps you could find the letter, but you will certainly not know if it is that one, for there is no prior declaration of kappa or mu or iota as the letter which chooses the bye. When you find alpha, you look for the competitor who has the other alpha, and, when you find him, you have already paired them. Then again, when you come on beta, you look for the other beta, the counterpart of the one you have found, and so with all of them, until you are left with the competitor who has the only letter that has no counterpart.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἀδύνατόν ἐστιν εὐθὺς εὑρεῖν τὸ γράμμα ἐκεῖνο τὸ δηλοῦν τὸν ἔφεδρον, ἢ τὸ μὲν γράμμα ἴσως ἂν εὕροις, οὐ μὴν εἴσῃ γε εἰ ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν· οὐ γὰρ προείρηται ὅτι τὸ Κ ἢ τὸ Μ ἢ τὸ Ι ἐστὶν τὸ χειροτονοῦν τὸν ἔφεδρον. ἀλλ’ ἐπειδὰν τῷ Α ἐντύχῃς, ζητεῖς τὸν τὸ ἕτερον Α ἔχοντα καὶ εὑρὼν ἐκείνους μὲν ἤδη συνέζευξας, ἐντυχὼν δὲ αὖθις τῷ βῆτα τὸ ἕτερον βῆτα ὅπου ἐστὶν ζητεῖς, τὸ ἀντίπαλον τῷ εὑρεθέντι, καὶ ἐπὶ πάντων ὁμοίως, ἄχρι ἂν ἐκεῖνός σοι περιλειφθῇ ὁ τὸ μόνον γράμμα ἔχων τὸ ἀνανταγώνιστον.

[¶60] 42. HERMOTIMUS: What if you come on this one first or second, what will you do?

> Greek: 42. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Τί δ’ εἰ ἐκείνῳ πρώτῳ ἢ δευτέρῳ ἐντύχοις, τί ποιήσεις;

[¶61] LYCINUS: It is not what I shall do. You are the National Judge, and I want to know what you will do. Will you say at once that this man is given a bye, or will you have to go round them all, to see whether there is somewhere a corresponding letter? If you did not look at the lots of everyone, you would not discover who had the bye.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐ μὲν οὖν, ἀλλὰ σὺ ὁ Ἑλλανοδίκης ἐθέλω εἰδέναι ὅ τι καὶ πράξεις, πότερον αὐτίκα ἐρεῖς ὅτι οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἔφεδρος, ἢ δεήσει ἐπὶ πάντας ἐν κύκλῳ ἐλθόντα ἰδεῖν εἴ που αὐτῷ γράμμα ὅμοιόν ἐστιν; ὡς εἴ γε μὴ τοὺς πάντων κλήρους ἴδοις οὐκ ἂν μάθοις τὸν ἔφεδρον.

## 3. Sections 42–66

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-hermotimus/3/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-hermotimus/3/#p-N

[¶0] HERMOTIMUS: Oh, I should know quite easily, Lycinus. In the case of nine competitors, if I find epsilon first or second, I know that the one holding this lot is the one who has the bye.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Καὶ μήν, ὦ Λυκῖνε, ῥᾳδίως ἂν μάθοιμι. ἐπὶ γοῦν τῶν ἐννέα ἢν τὸ Ε εὕρω πρῶτον ἢ δεύτερον, οἶδα ὅτι ἔφεδρος ὁ τοῦτο ἔχων ἐστί.

[¶1] LYCINUS: How, Hermotimus?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Πῶς, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε;

[¶2] HERMOTIMUS: In this way: two have alpha, and similarly two have beta. Of the remaining four, two have surely drawn gamma and two delta, and four letters have already been used up for eight competitors. So it is clear that only the next letter, epsilon, could be odd, and he who has drawn this one gets the bye.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὕτως· τὸ Α δύο αὐτῶν ἔχουσιν καὶ τὸ Β ὁμοίως δύο, τῶν λοιπῶν δὲ τεττάρων ὄντων οἱ μὲν τὸ Γ, οἱ δὲ τὸ Δ πάντως ἀνεσπάκασιν καὶ ἀνήλωται ἤδη ἐς τοὺς ἀθλητὰς ὀκτὼ ὄντας τὰ τέτταρα γράμματα. δῆλον οὖν ὅτι μόνον ἂν οὕτω περιττὸν εἴη τὸ ἑξῆς γράμμα τὸ Ε, καὶ ὁ τοῦτο ἀνεσπακὼς ἔφεδρός ἐστι.

[¶3] LYCINUS: Shall I praise you for your intelligence, or would you like me to explain the different view I have of the matter?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Πότερον ἐπαινέσω σε, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, τῆς συνέσεως, ἢ θέλεις ἀντείπω τά γ' ἐμοὶ δοκοῦντα ὁποῖα ἂν ᾖ;

[¶4] HERMOTIMUS: Certainly. But I fail to see what reasonable answer you can give to such an argument.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Νὴ Δία. διαπορῶ μέντοι ὅ τι ἂν εὔλογον ἀντειπεῖν ἔχοις πρὸς τὸ τοιοῦτον.

[¶5] 43. LYCINUS: You have spoken as if the letters are definitely written in order—I mean alpha first, beta second, and so on through the alphabet, until the number of competitors is completed at one of them. I grant that this is so at Olympia. But suppose we choose five letters completely at random—chi, sigma, zeta, kappa, and theta—and we write four of these twice on eight lots, but the zeta only on the ninth, which is going to show us the bye. What will you do if you find the zeta first? How can you pick out the competitor who holds it as the man for the bye, without going to all the others and finding no letter to correspond to it? You cannot, as you were just now, be sure from the alphabetical order.

> Greek: 43. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Σὺ μὲν γὰρ ὡς ἑξῆς πάντων γραφομένων γραμμάτων εἴρηκας, οἷον πρώτου τοῦ Α, δευτέρου δὲ τοῦ Β καὶ κατὰ τὴν τάξιν, ἄχρι ἂν ἐς ἓν αὐτῶν τελευτήσῃ ὁ ἀριθμὸς τῶν ἀθλητῶν· καὶ δίδωμί σοι Ὀλυμπίασιν οὕτω γίγνεσθαι. τί δέ, εἰ ἐξελόντες ἀτάκτως πέντε γράμματα ἐξ ἁπάντων, τὸ Χ καὶ τὸ Σ καὶ τὸ Ζ καὶ τὸ Κ καὶ τὸ Θ, τὰ μὲν ἄλλα τέτταρα διπλᾶ ἐπὶ τῶν κλήρων τῶν ὀκτὼ γράφοιμεν, τὸ δὲ Ζ μόνον ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐνάτου, ὃ δὴ καὶ δηλοῦν ἔμελλεν ἡμῖν τὸν ἔφεδρον, τί ποιήσεις πρῶτον εὑρὼν τὸ Ζ; τῷ διαγνώσῃ ἔφεδρον ὄντα τὸν ἔχοντα αὐτό, ἢν μὴ ἐπὶ πάντας ἐλθὼν εὕρῃς οὐδὲν αὐτῷ συμφωνοῦν; οὐ γὰρ εἶχες ὥσπερ νῦν τῇ τάξει αὐτῶν τεκμαίρεσθαι.

[¶6] HERMOTIMUS: What you ask is difficult to answer.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Δυσαπόκριτον τοῦτο ἐρωτᾷς.

[¶7] 44. LYCINUS: Come now, look at the same question in another way. Suppose we wrote no letters on the lots, but signs and symbols, such as the many that the Egyptians use instead of letters—dog- and lion-headed men. What then? No, let us not use them, queer creatures that they are. No, let us write down simple, uniform symbols with as good a likeness as we can: human beings on two lots, two horses for another two, two cocks and two dogs, and for the ninth let the picture be a lion. Now, if at the beginning we find this lot with the picture of a lion, how will you be able to say that this is the one that gives the bye, unless you go to them all and compare whether another also has a lion?

> Greek: 44. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἰδοὺ δὴ καὶ ἑτέρως τὸ αὐτὸ ἐπισκόπησον. τί γάρ εἰ μηδὲ γράμματα γράφοιμεν ἐπὶ τῶν κλήρων ἀλλά τινα σημεῖα καὶ χαρακτῆρας, οἷα πολλὰ Αἰγύπτιοι γράφουσιν ἀντὶ τῶν γραμμάτων—κυνοκεφάλους τινὰς καὶ λεοντοκεφάλους ἀνθρώπους; ἢ ἐκεῖνα μὲν ἐάσωμεν, ἐπείπερ ἀλλόκοτά ἐστι. φέρε δὲ τὰ μονοειδῆ καὶ ἁπλᾶ ἐπιγράψωμεν ὡς οἷόν τε εἰκάσαντες ἀνθρώπους ἐπὶ δυοῖν κλήροιν, δύο ἵππους ἐπὶ δυοῖν καὶ ἀλεκτρυόνας δύο καὶ κύνας δύο, τῷ δὲ ἐνάτῳ λέων ἔστω τοὐπίσημον. ἢν τοίνυν τῷ λεοντοφόρῳ τούτῳ κλήρῳ ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐντύχῃς, πόθεν ἕξεις εἰπεῖν ὅτι οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τὸν ἔφεδρον ποιῶν, ἢν μὴ παραθεωρήσῃς ἅπαντας ἐπιὼν εἴ τις καὶ ἄλλος λέοντα ἔχει;

[¶8] HERMOTIMUS: I can give you no answer, Lycinus.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐκ ἔχω ὅ τι σοι ἀποκρίνωμαι, ὦ Λυκῖνε.

[¶9] 45. LYCINUS: Of course not; there is no plausible answer. So, if we wish to find either the man who has the sacred chalice or the bye or the man who will best lead us to that city of Corinth, we shall of necessity go to everyone and make our research, trying them carefully, and stripping and comparing. And it will be only with difficulty that we shall find the truth by this means, and if anyone is likely to give me trustworthy advice on which philosophy to pursue, only that man who knows what they all say will be he; the rest will fall short, and I would not put my trust in them, as long as they are unacquainted with even one philosophy—that one might be the best. If someone were to produce a handsome man and say that he was the most handsome of all men, we should certainly not believe him, unless we knew that he had seen all men. This man may well be handsome, but whether the most handsome of all he could not know, since he has not seen them all. And we are looking, not just for something beautiful, but for the most beautiful; and if we do not find it, we shall not think that we have made any progress. For we are not going to be content with any chance beauty. No, we are looking for the supreme beauty, and of that there can only be one.

> Greek: 45. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Εἰκότως· οὐδὲ γὰρ εὐπρόσωπον οὐδέν. ὥστε ἢν ἐθέλωμεν ἢ τὸν ἔχοντα τὴν ἱερὰν φιάλην εὑρεῖν ἢ τὸν ἔφεδρον ἢ τὸν ἄριστα ἡγησόμενον ἡμῖν ἐς τὴν πόλιν ἐκείνην τὴν Κόρινθον, ἐπὶ πάντας ἀναγκαίως ἀφιξόμεθα καὶ ἐξετάσομεν ἄκρως πειρώμενοι καὶ ἀποδύοντες καὶ παραθεωροῦντες. μόλις γὰρ ἂν οὕτω τἀληθὲς ἐκμάθοιμεν. καὶ εἴ γέ τις μέλλοι σύμβουλός μοι ἀξιόπιστος ἔσεσθαι φιλοσοφίας πέρι ἥντινα φιλοσοφητέον, οὗτος ἂν εἴη μόνος ὁ τὰ ὑπὸ πασῶν αὐτῶν λεγόμενα εἰδώς, οἱ δ’ ἄλλοι ἀτελεῖς, καὶ οὐκ ἂν πιστεύσαιμι αὐτοῖς, ἔστ' ἂν καὶ μιᾶς ἀπείρατοι ὦσι—τάχα γὰρ ἂν ἡ ἀρίστη ἐκείνη εἴη. οὐ γὰρ δὴ εἴ τις παραστησάμενος καλὸν ἄνθρωπον λέγοι τοῦτον εἶναι κάλλιστον ἀνθρώπων ἁπάντων, πιστεύσαιμεν ἂν αὐτῷ ἢν μὴ εἰδῶμεν ὅτι πάντας ἀνθρώπους ἑώρακεν. ἴσως μὲν γὰρ καὶ οὗτος καλός, εἰ δὲ πάντων κάλλιστος οὐκ ἂν ἔχοι εἰδέναι μὴ ἰδὼν ἅπαντας. ἡμεῖς δὲ οὐκ αὐτὸ μόνον καλοῦ, ἀλλὰ τοῦ καλλίστου δεόμεθα· καὶ ἢν μὴ τοῦτο εὕρωμεν, οὐδὲν ἡμῖν πλέον πεπρᾶχθαι ἡγησόμεθα. οὐ γὰρ ἀγαπήσομεν ὁποιῳδήποτε καλῷ ἐντυχόντες, ἀλλ’ ἐκεῖνο τὸ ἀκρότατον ζητοῦμεν κάλλος, ὅπερ ἀνάγκη ἓν εἶναι.

[¶10] 46. HERMOTIMUS: True.

> Greek: 46. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἀληθῆ.

[¶11] LYCINUS: Well then, can you name me a man who has tried every path in philosophy, who knows what Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, Chrysippus, Epicurus, and the rest, say, and, finally, has chosen one path out of them all, has proved it genuine, and has learnt by experience that it alone leads straight to happiness? If we found such a person we should stop worrying.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τί οὖν; ἔχεις μοί τινα εἰπεῖν ἁπάσης ὁδοῦ πεπειραμένον ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ καὶ ὃς τά τε ὑπὸ Πυθαγόρου καὶ Πλάτωνος καὶ Ἀριστοτέλους καὶ Χρυσίππου καὶ Ἐπικούρου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων λεγόμενα εἰδὼς τελευτῶν μίαν εἵλετο ἐξ ἁπασῶν ὁδῶν ἀληθῆ τε δοκιμάσας καὶ πείρᾳ μαθὼν ὡς μόνη ἄγει εὐθὺ τῆς εὐδαιμονίας; εἰ γάρ τινα τοιοῦτον εὕροιμεν, παυσόμεθα πράγματα ἔχοντες.

[¶12] HERMOTIMUS: It would not be easy to discover such a person.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐ ῥᾴδιον, ὦ Λυκῖνε, τοιοῦτον ἄνδρα εὑρεῖν.

[¶13] 47. LYCINUS: Then what shall we do, Hermotimus? I do not think that we ought to give up because we have no such guide at the moment. Is it not the best and safest plan for everyone at the beginning to make his own way through every system and examine carefully the doctrines of each?

> Greek: 47. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τί δὴ οὖν πράξομεν, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε; οὐ γὰρ ἀπαγορευτέον οἶμαι ἐπεὶ μηδενὸς ἡγεμόνος τοιούτου ἔς γε τὸ παρὸν εὐποροῦμεν. ἆρα τόδε πάντων κράτιστόν ἐστι καὶ ἀσφαλέστατον, αὐτὸν ἕκαστον ἀρξάμενον διὰ πάσης προαιρέσεως χωρῆσαι καὶ ἐπισκέψασθαι ἀκριβῶς τὰ ὑπὸ πάντων λεγόμενα;

[¶14] HERMOTIMUS: That seems to follow. But we must watch lest we meet this stumbling-block in what you said a little before. When we have once committed ourselves and spread the sail, it is not easy to return. How can we travel all the paths, if we are to be held fast in the first, as you say?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἔοικεν ἀπό γε τούτων. πλὴν ἐκεῖνο μὴ ἐναντίον ᾖ ὃ μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἔλεγες, ὡς οὐ ῥᾴδιον ἐπιδόντα ἑαυτὸν καὶ πετάσαντα τὴν ὀθόνην ἀναδραμεῖν αὖθις. πῶς γὰρ οἷόν τε πάσας ἐπελθεῖν τὰς ὁδοὺς ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ, ὡς φής, κατασχεθησομένῳ;

[¶15] LYCINUS: I will tell you. We will copy that stratagem of Theseus and take a thread from Ariadne in the play, and then enter every labyrinth. So, by winding it up we shall have no difficulty in getting out.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἐγώ σοι φράσω. τὸ τοῦ Θησέως ἐκεῖνο μιμησόμεθα καί τι λίνον παρὰ τῆς τραγικῆς Ἀριάδνης λαβόντες εἴσιμεν ἐς τὸν λαβύρινθον ἕκαστον, ὡς ἔχειν ἀπραγμόνως μηρυόμενοι αὐτὸ ἐξιέναι.

[¶16] HERMOTIMUS: Then who will be our Ariadne? And where shall we get our thread?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Τίς ἂν οὖν ἡμῖν Ἀριάδνη γένοιτ' ἂν ἢ πόθεν τοῦ λίνου εὐπορήσομεν;

[¶17] LYCINUS: Never fear, my friend. I think I have discovered what to hold on to, if we are to get out.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Θάρρει, ὦ ἑταῖρε. δοκῶ γάρ μοι εὑρηκέναι οὗτινος ἐχόμενοι ἐξέλθοιμεν ἄν.

[¶18] HERMOTIMUS: Well, what?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Τί οὖν τοῦτό ἐστιν;

[¶19] LYCINUS: I will tell you—it is not mine, it comes from one of the sages: “Keep sober, and remember to disbelieve.” For, if we are not prepared to believe everything we hear, but rather to act like judges and let the next man have his say, perhaps we may escape the labyrinths with ease.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐκ ἐμὸν ἐρῶ ἀλλά τινος τῶν σοφῶν, τὸ “νῆφε καὶ μέμνησο ἀπιστεῖν”· ἢν γὰρ μὴ ῥᾳδίως πιστεύωμεν ἀκούοντες ἀλλὰ δικαστικῶς αὐτὸ ποιῶμεν ἀπολιπόντες καὶ τοῖς ἑξῆς λόγον, ἴσως ἂν εὐμαρῶς τοὺς λαβυρίνθους ἐκφύγοιμεν.

[¶20] HERMOTIMUS: Good, let us do this.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Εὐ λέγεις, καὶ τοῦτο ποιῶμεν.

[¶21] 48. LYCINUS: Well then, which path should we travel first? Or will this make no difference? Let us begin anywhere—with Pythagoras, for instance. If we do this, how long do we suppose we shall spend in learning all the doctrines of Pythagoras? Please do not leave out those five years of silence. Including the five years I suppose thirty years will be enough, or certainly a minimum of twenty.

> Greek: 48. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Εἶεν. ἐπὶ τίνα δὴ αὐτῶν πρῶτον ἔλθοιμεν ἄν; ἢ τοῦτο μὲν οὐδὲν διοίσει; ἀρξάμενοι δὲ ἀφ' ὁτουοῦν οἷον ἀπὸ Πυθαγόρου ἢν οὕτω τύχῃ, πόσῳ ἂν χρόνῳ οἰόμεθα ἐκμαθεῖν τὰ Πυθαγόρου ἅπαντα; καὶ μή μοι ἐξαίρει καὶ τὰ πέντε ἔτη ἐκεῖνα τὰ τῆς σιωπῆς· σὺν δ’ οὖν τοῖς πέντε ἱκανὰ τριάκοντα οἶμαι, εἰ δὲ μή, ἀλλὰ πάντως γε εἴκοσι.

[¶22] HERMOTIMUS: Let us assume so.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Θῶμεν οὕτως.

[¶23] LYCINUS: Following that, we must obviously give the same number to Plato, and not less to Aristotle.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Εἶτα ἑξῆς τῷ Πλάτωνι θετέον δηλαδὴ τοσαῦτα ἕτερα, ἔτι μὴν καὶ Ἀριστοτέλει οὐκ ἐλάττω.

[¶24] HERMOTIMUS: No, not less.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐ γάρ.

[¶25] LYCINUS: For Chrysippus, I shall not ask you how many. I know from what I have heard you say that forty will hardly suffice.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Χρυσίππῳ δέ γε οὐκέτι ἐρήσομαί σε πόσα. οἶδα γὰρ παρὰ σοῦ ἀκούσας ὅτι τετταράκοντα μόγις ἱκανά.

[¶26] HERMOTIMUS: Just so.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὕτως.

[¶27] LYCINUS: Then Epicurus in his turn, and the rest. You can realise that I do not put these figures too high, when you consider the number of Stoics, Epicureans, and Platonists, who are octogenarians but who admit, each and every one, that they do not know all the teachings of their own sect, so as to have a thorough knowledge of its doctrines. If they did not admit it, then Chrysippus and Aristotle and Plato would, and even more would Socrates, a man not one whit their inferior: he used to shout out to the whole world not only that he did not know everything, but that he knew absolutely nothing, or only this one thing—that he did not know. Let us count them up from the beginning: we gave twenty to Pythagoras, the same to Plato, and to all the others the same. What would the total be if we assume only ten philosophical sects?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Εἶτα ἑξῆς Ἐπικούρῳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις. ὡς δὲ οὐ πολλὰ ταῦτα τίθημι, ἐκεῖθεν μάθοις ἄν, ἢν ἐννοήσῃς ὅσοι ὀγδοηκοντούτεις εἰσὶ Στωϊκοὶ ἢ Ἐπικούρειοι ἢ Πλατωνικοὶ ὁμολογοῦντες μὴ πάντα εἰδέναι τὰ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ αἱρέσεως ἕκαστος, ὡς μηδὲν ἐνδεῖν σφίσιν ἐς τὰ μαθήματα. εἰ δὲ μή, ἀλλὰ Χρύσιππός γε καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης καὶ Πλάτων φαῖεν ἄν, καὶ πρὸ τούτων ὁ Σωκράτης οὐδὲν φαυλότερος αὐτῶν, ὃς ἐκεκράγει πρὸς ἅπαντας οὐχ ὅπως μὴ πάντα, ἀλλὰ μηδ’ ὅλως εἰδέναι τι ἢ τοῦτο μόνον ὅτι οὐκ οἶδεν. λογισώμεθα οὖν ἐξ ἀρχῆς· εἴκοσι τῷ Πυθαγόρᾳ ἐτίθεμεν, εἶτα Πλάτωνι τοσαῦθ' ἕτερα, εἶτα ἑξῆς τοῖς ἄλλοις. πόσα δὴ οὖν ταῦτα συντεθέντα ἐν κεφαλαίῳ γένοιτ' ἄν, εἰ δέκα μόνας θεῖμεν τὰς αἱρέσεις ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ;

[¶28] HERMOTIMUS: More than two hundred years, Lycinus.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ὑπὲρ διακόσια, ὦ Λυκῖνε.

[¶29] LYCINUS: Shall we take off a quarter, and make a hundred and fifty years enough, or a whole half?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Βούλει οὖν ἀφαιρῶμεν τὸ τέταρτον, ὡς πεντήκοντα καὶ ἑκατὸν ἔτη ἱκανὰ εἶναι, ἢ τὸ ἥμισυ ὅλον;

[¶30] 49. HERMOTIMUS: You would know better than I see this: few would get through them all even on this reckoning, if they began right from the day they were born.

> Greek: 49. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Αὐτὸς ἂν εἰδείης ἄμεινον· ἐγὼ δὲ ὁρῶ τοῦτο, ὅτι ὀλίγοι ἂν καὶ οὕτω διὰ πασῶν ἐξέλθοιεν ἐκ γενετῆς εὐθὺς ἀρξάμενοι.

[¶31] LYCINUS: If that is the case, Hermotimus, what can we do? Must we go back on what we have already agreed—that no one can choose the best out of so many without trying them all? We agreed that to choose without putting to the test was to seek the truth more by divination than by judgment. Is that not what we said?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τί ἂν οὖν πάθοι τις, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, εἰ τοιοῦτόν ἐστι τὸ πρᾶγμα; ἢ ἀνατρεπτέον ἐκεῖνα τὰ ἤδη ὡμολογημένα—ὡς οὐκ ἄν τις ἕλοιτο ἐκ πολλῶν τὸ βέλτιστον μὴ οὐχὶ πειραθεὶς ἁπάντων; ὡς τόν γε ἄνευ πείρας αἱρούμενον μαντείᾳ μᾶλλον ἢ κρίσει τἀληθὲς ἀναζητοῦντα. οὐχ οὕτως ἐλέγομεν;

[¶32] HERMOTIMUS: Yes.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ναί.

[¶33] LYCINUS: Then there is every necessity for us to live all that time, if we are going first to make a good choice when we have made trial of them all, then to practise philosophy after we have made our choice, and finally to be happy after we have practised our philosophy. Until we do this we shall be dancing in the dark, as they say, and whatever we happen to stumble on, and whatever comes first into our hands, we shall assume to be what we are after because of our ignorance of the truth. In any case even if by some good fortune we happen to fall over the truth, we shall not be able to know for sure if it is what we are after. There are many things much alike, each claiming to be the real truth.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Πᾶσα τοίνυν ἀνάγκη ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον βιῶναι ἡμᾶς, εἰ μέλλοιμεν εὖ τε αἱρήσεσθαι ἁπάντων πειραθέντες καὶ ἑλόμενοι φιλοσοφήσειν καὶ φιλοσοφήσαντες εὐδαιμονήσειν. πρὶν δὲ οὕτω ποιῆσαι, ἐν σκότῳ φασὶν ὀρχοίμεθ' ἂν οἷς ἂν τύχωμεν προσπταίοντες καὶ ὅ τι ἂν πρῶτον ἐς τὰς χεῖρας ἔλθῃ, τοῦτο εἶναι τὸ ζητούμενον ὑπολαμβάνοντες διὰ τὸ μὴ εἰδέναι τἀληθές. εἰ δὲ καὶ εὕροιμεν ἄλλως κατά τινα ἀγαθὴν τύχην περιπεσόντες αὐτῷ, οὐχ ἕξομεν βεβαίως εἰδέναι εἰ ἐκεῖνό ἐστιν ὃ ζητοῦμεν. πολλὰ γάρ ἐστιν ὅμοια αὑτοῖς, λέγοντα ἕκαστον αὐτὸ εἶναι τἀληθέστατον.

[¶34] 50. HERMOTIMUS: I feel, Lycinus, that what you say is reasonable, but—and I shall be honest—you annoy me a great deal by this detailed examination and your unnecessary precision. It may be that it has done me no good in leaving home today and then meeting you. I was already near the fulfilment of my hopes, but you have thrown me into difficulties with your demonstration that the search for truth is impossible since it needs all those years.

> Greek: 50. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ὦ Λυκῖνε, οὐκ οἶδα ὅπως εὔλογα μὲν δοκεῖς μοι λέγειν, ἀτάρ—εἰρήσεται γὰρ τἀληθές—οὐ μετρίως ἀνιᾷς με διεξιὼν αὐτὰ καὶ ἀκριβολογούμενος οὐδὲν δέον. ἴσως δὲ καὶ ἔοικα οὐκ ἐπ' ἀγαθῷ ἐξεληλυθέναι τήμερον ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας καὶ ἐξελθὼν ἐντετυχηκέναι σοι, ὅς με πλησίον ἤδη τῆς ἐλπίδος ὄντα εἰς ἀπορίας φέρων ἐμβέβληκας ἀδύνατον ἀποφαίνων τῆς ἀληθείας τὴν εὕρεσιν ἐτῶν γε τοσούτων δεομένην.

[¶35] LYCINUS: Surely it would be much fairer, my friend, to blame your father, Menecrates, and your mother, whatever her name was (I do not know) or before them our human natures for having made you (unlike Tithonus) of few years and short life, and for decreeing a hundred years as the longest life for man All I did was with your help to consider and discover the conclusions of the argument.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐκοῦν, ὦ ἑταῖρε, πολὺ δικαιότερον μέμφοιο ἂν τῷ πατρί σου Μενεκράτει καὶ τῇ μητρὶ ἥτις ποτὲ ἐκαλεῖτο (οὐ γὰρ οἶδα), ἢ καὶ πολὺ πρότερον τῇ φύσει ἡμῶν ὅτι σε μὴ κατὰ τὸν Τιθωνὸν πολυετῆ καὶ μακρόβιον ἔθεσαν, ἀλλὰ περιέγραψαν μὴ πλείω βιῶναι τὸ μήκιστον ἐτῶν ἑκατὸν ἄνθρωπον ὄντα. ἐγὼ δὲ μετὰ σοῦ σκεπτόμενος εὗρον τὸ ἐκ τοῦ λόγου ἀποβάν.

[¶36] 51. HERMOTIMUS: That is not so. You always lord it over us. I don’t know what makes you hate philosophy and mock philosophers.

> Greek: 51. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὔκ, ἀλλὰ ὑβριστὴς ἀεὶ σύ, καὶ οὐκ οἶδ’ ὅ τι παθὼν μισεῖς φιλοσοφίαν καὶ ἐς τοὺς φιλοσοφοῦντας ἀποσκώπτεις.

[¶37] LYCINUS: What truth is, Hermotimus, you wise men can say better than I—you and your master I mean. For myself I know thus much: truth is not all pleasant to listen to; in estimation it is far outfamed by falsehood. Falsehood presents a fairer face, and is therefore more pleasant, while truth knows no deceit and speaks with freedom to men, and for this they take offence. Look at us: you now take offence with me for discovering the truth of these matters with your help and showing that what you and I are in love with is not easy at all. Suppose you had happened to be in love with a statue and, thinking it to be human, hoped to win it, and suppose I saw it was stone or bronze and told you out of friendship that your love was impossible, you would in that case too think that I was an enemy, because I had not let you be deceived when you hoped for what was monstrous and beyond your reach.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, ἥτις μὲν ἡ ἀλήθειά ἐστιν ὑμεῖς ἂν ἄμεινον εἴποιτε οἱ σοφοί, σύ τε καὶ ὁ διδάσκαλος. ἐγὼ δὲ τό γε τοσοῦτον οἶδα, ὡς οὐ πάνυ ἡδεῖά ἐστιν αὐτὴ τοῖς ἀκούουσιν, ἀλλὰ παρευδοκιμεῖται ὑπὸ τοῦ ψεύδους παρὰ πολύ. εὐπροσωπότερον γὰρ ἐκεῖνο καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἥδιον, ἡ δὲ ἅτε μηδὲν κίβδηλον ἑαυτῇ συνειδυῖα μετὰ παρρησίας διαλέγεται τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἄχθονται αὐτῇ. ἰδού γέ τοι, καὶ σὺ νῦν ἄχθῃ μοι τἀληθὲς ἐξευρόντι περὶ τούτων μετὰ σοῦ καὶ δηλώσαντι οἵων ἐρῶμεν ἐγώ τε καὶ σύ, ὡς οὐ πάνυ ῥᾳδίων. ὥσπερ εἰ ἀνδριάντος ἐρῶν ἐτύγχανες καὶ ᾤου τεύξεσθαι ὑπολαμβάνων ἄνθρωπον εἶναι, ἐγὼ δὲ κατιδὼν ὡς λίθος ἢ χαλκὸς εἴη ἐμήνυσα πρός σε ὑπ' εὐνοίας ὅτι ἀδυνάτων ἐρᾷς, καὶ τότε δύσνουν ἐμὲ εἶναι ᾤου ἂν σαυτῷ διότι σε οὐκ εἴων ἐξαπατᾶσθαι ἀλλόκοτα καὶ ἀνέλπιστα ἐλπίζοντα.

[¶38] 52. HERMOTIMUS: Then this is what you say, Lycinus, that we must not study philosophy, but give ourselves up to idleness and live out our lives as laymen?

> Greek: 52. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐκοῦν τοῦτο, ὦ Λυκῖνε, φής, ὡς οὐ φιλοσοφητέον ἡμῖν, ἀλλὰ χρὴ ἀργίᾳ παραδιδόντας αὑτοὺς ἰδιώτας καταβιῶναι;

[¶39] LYCINUS: When have you heard me say that? What I say is not that we must not study philosophy, but that since we must, and as there are many paths to philosophy and each one claims that it leads to virtue, and the true one is not clear, we must be careful in our choice. But with so many before us we saw it was impossible to choose the best unless we were to visit and test every path. Then the trial was seen to be somewhat lengthy. Now what do you think? I will ask you again—will you follow the first guide you light on and join him in his study while he takes you for a lucky gift from heaven?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Καὶ ποῦ τοῦτο ἤκουσας ἐμοῦ λέγοντος; ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ ὡς οὐ φιλοσοφητέον φημί, ἀλλ’ ἐπείπερ φιλοσοφητέον ὁδοί τε πολλαί εἰσιν ἐπὶ φιλοσοφίαν ἑκάστη καὶ ἀρετὴν ἄγειν φάσκουσαι, ἡ δ’ ἀληθὴς ἐν αὐταῖς ἄδηλος, ἀκριβῆ ποιήσασθαι τὴν διαίρεσιν. ἀδύνατον δέ γε ἡμῖν ἐφαίνετο πολλῶν προτεθέντων ἑλέσθαι τὸ ἄριστον εἰ μὴ ἐπὶ πάντα ἴοι τις πειρώμενος· εἶτά πως μακρὰ ἡ πεῖρα ὤφθη. σὺ δὲ πῶς ἀξιοῖς; αὖθις γὰρ ἐρήσομαι—ὅτῳ ἂν πρώτῳ ἐντύχῃς, τούτῳ ἕψῃ καὶ συμφιλοσοφήσεις κἀκεῖνος ἕρμαιον ποιήσεταί σε;

[¶40] 53. HERMOTIMUS: What answer could I give you now, when you say that no one can judge for himself, unless he lives as long as a phoenix and goes the full round testing all the philosophers, and when you do not see fit to trust those who have made the test before you or the many who give their praise and their testimony?

> Greek: 53. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Καὶ τί σοι ἀποκριναίμην ἄν ἔτι, ὃς οὔτε αὐτόν τινα κρίνειν οἷόν τε εἶναι φής, ἤν μὴ φοίνικος ἔτη βιώσῃ πάντας ἐν κύκλῳ περιιὼν καὶ πειρώμενος οὔτε τοῖς προπεπειραμένοις πιστεύειν ἀξιοῖς οὔτε τοῖς πολλοῖς ἐπαινοῦσιν καὶ μαρτυροῦσιν;

[¶41] LYCINUS: Who are these many who know and have tested them all? If any such person really exists, one is quite enough for me, and there will be no need of many. But if you mean those who do not know, the number of them will in no way induce me to trust them, as long as they make declarations about all the systems when they know nothing or only one.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τίνας φὴς τοὺς πολλοὺς εἰδότας καὶ πεπειραμένους ἁπάντων; εἰ γάρ τις τοιοῦτός ἐστιν, ἱκανὸς ἔμοιγε καὶ εἷς, καὶ οὐκέτι πολλῶν δεήσει. ἢν δὲ τοὺς οὐκ εἰδότας λέγῃς, οὐδέν τι τὸ πλῆθος αὐτῶν προσάξεταί με πιστεύειν ἄχρι ἂν ἢ μηδὲν ἢ ἓν εἰδότες περὶ ἁπάντων ἀποφαίνωνται.

[¶42] HERMOTIMUS: You alone have seen the truth, all the others who study philosophy are fools.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Μόνος δὲ σὺ τἀληθὲς κατεῖδες, οἱ δὲ ἄλλοι ἀνόητοι ἅπαντες ὅσοι φιλοσοφοῦσιν.

[¶43] LYCINUS: You wrong me, Hermotimus, when you say that I somehow put myself before other people or in general rank myself in some way with those who know. You do not remember what I said. I did not maintain that I knew the truth more than other people. No, I admitted that like all men I was ignorant of it.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Καταψεύδῃ μου, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, λέγων ὡς ἐγὼ προτίθημί πῃ ἐμαυτὸν τῶν ἄλλων ἢ τάττω ὅλως ἐν τοῖς εἰδόσι, καὶ οὐ μνημονεύεις ὧν ἔφην, οὐκ αὐτὸς εἰδέναι τἀληθὲς ὑπὲρ τοὺς ἄλλους διατεινόμενος ἀλλὰ μετὰ πάντων αὐτὸ ἀγνοεῖν ὁμολογῶν.

[¶44] 54. HERMOTIMUS: Well, Lycinus, the obligation to go round them all, making trial of what they say, and the superiority of this method of choosing are perhaps reasonable, but it is quite ridiculous to spend so many years on each test, as if it were not possible to get a thorough knowledge of the whole from a scrutiny of a small part. This sort of thing seems to me to be quite easy, needing little time. At least, they say that some sculptor (Phidias, I think) saw only the claw of a lion and from it estimated the size of the whole animal on the assumption that it was modelled on the same scale as the claw. You too, if you were shown only the hand of a man, the rest of the body being hidden, would, I suppose, know at once that the hidden figure was a human being, even though you did not see the whole body. So in a fraction of a day it is easy to acquire a good knowledge of the essential points of all the systems, and this precise enquiry which calls for lengthy research is quite unnecessary for choosing that which is preferable. No, you can make a judgment from samples.

> Greek: 54. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἀλλ', ὦ Λυκῖνε, τὸ μὲν ἐπὶ πάντας ἐλθεῖν χρῆναι καὶ πειραθῆναι ὧν φασι καὶ τὸ μὴ ἂν ἄλλως ἑλέσθαι τὸ βέλτιον ἢ οὕτως, εὔλογον ἴσως, τὸ δὲ τῇ πείρᾳ ἑκάστῃ τοσαῦτα ἔτη ἀποδιδόναι, παγγέλοιον, ὥσπερ οὐχ οἷόν τε ὂν ἀπ' ὀλίγων καταμαθεῖν τὰ πάντα. ἐμοὶ δὲ καὶ πάνυ ῥᾴδιον εἶναι δοκεῖ τὸ τοιοῦτον καὶ οὐ πολλῆς διατριβῆς δεόμενον. φασί γέ τοι τῶν πλαστῶν τινα, Φειδίαν οἶμαι, ὄνυχα μόνον λέοντος ἰδόντα ἀπ' ἐκείνου ἀναλελογίσθαι, ἡλίκος ἂν ὁ πᾶς λέων γένοιτο κατ' ἀξίαν τοῦ ὄνυχος ἀναπλασθείς. καὶ σὺ δέ, ἤν τίς σοι χεῖρα μόνην ἀνθρώπου δείξῃ τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα κατακαλύψας, εἴσῃ, οἶμαι, αὐτίκα ὅτι ἄνθρωπός ἐστι τὸ κεκαλυμμένον, κἂν μὴ τὸ πᾶν σῶμα ἴδῃς. καὶ τοίνυν τὰ μὲν κεφαλαιώδη ὧν ἅπαντες λέγουσι, ῥᾴδιον καταμαθεῖν ἐν ὀλίγῳ μορίῳ ἡμέρας, τὸ δὲ ὑπερακριβὲς τοῦτο καὶ μακρᾶς τῆς ἐξετάσεως δεόμενον οὐ πάνυ ἀναγκαῖον ἐς τὴν αἵρεσιν τοῦ βελτίονος, ἀλλ’ ἔστι κρῖναι καὶ ἀπ' ἐκείνων.

[¶45] 55. LYCINUS: Goodness, Hermotimus, how sure you sound when you affirm that you can know the whole from the parts! And yet I remember hearing just the opposite, that if you know the whole you know the part as well, while if you know only the part, it does not follow now that you know the whole. Tell me this: would Phidias when he saw the lion’s claw ever have known that it belonged to a lion, if he had never seen a whole lion? If you saw a human hand, could you have said that it belonged to a man if you had not previously known or seen a man? Why do you not answer? Am I to give the only possible answer for you, that you could not have said it? It looks as though Phidias has retired unsuccessful and has modelled his lion in vain; clearly he is saying what has nothing to do with Dionysus! Or what comparison is there? Both Phidias and you yourself had no other means of recognising the parts than your knowledge of the whole—I mean the whole man and lion; and in a philosophy (the Stoic, for instance) how can you by knowing a part see the rest as well? How can you prove the rest beautiful? You see, you do not know the whole of which they are parts.

> Greek: 55. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Παπαί, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, ὡς ἰσχυρὰ ταῦτα εἴρηκας ἀπὸ τῶν μερῶν ἀξιῶν τὰ ὅλα εἰδέναι. καίτοι ἐγὼ τὰ ἐναντία ἀκούσας μέμνημαι ὡς ὁ μὲν τὸ ὅλον εἰδὼς εἰδείη ἂν καὶ τὸ μέρος, ὁ δὲ μόνον τὸ μέρος οὐκέτι καὶ τὸ ὅλον. οὕτως καί μοι τόδε ἀπόκριναι· ὁ Φειδίας ἄν ποτε ἰδὼν ὄνυχα λέοντος ἔγνω ἄν ὅτι λέοντός ἐστιν, εἰ μὴ ἑωράκει ποτὲ λέοντα ὅλον; ἢ σὺ ἀνθρώπου χεῖρα ἰδὼν ἔσχες ἂν εἰπεῖν ὅτι ἀνθρώπου ἐστὶ μὴ πρότερον εἰδὼς μηδὲ ἑωρακὼς ἄνθρωπον; τί σιγᾷς; ἢ βούλει ἐγὼ ἀποκρίνωμαι ὑπὲρ σοῦ τά γε ἀναγκαῖα ὅτι οὐκ ἂν εἶχες; ὥστε κινδυνεύει ὁ Φειδίας ἄπρακτος ἀπεληλυθέναι μάτην ἀναπλάσας τὸν λέοντα· οὐδὲν γὰρ πρὸς τὸν Διόνυσον ὦπται λέγων. ἢ πῶς ταῦτα ἐκείνοις ὅμοια; τῷ μὲν γὰρ Φειδίᾳ καὶ σοὶ οὐδὲν ἄλλο τοῦ γνωρίζειν τὰ μέρη αἴτιον ἦν ἢ τὸ εἰδέναι τὸ ὅλον—ἄνθρωπον λέγω καὶ λέοντα· ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ δέ, οἷον τῇ Στωϊκῶν, πῶς ἂν ἀπὸ τοῦ μέρους καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἴδοις; ἢ πῶς ἂν ἀποφαίνοιο ὡς καλά; οὐ γὰρ οἶσθα τὸ ὅλον οὗ μέρη ἐκεῖνά ἐστιν.

[¶46] 56. As to your contention that it is easy in a small part of a day to hear the essentials of all philosophies (I suppose you mean their principles and ends, their views of the gods and the soul, who say that everything is corporeal, who assert that immaterial things also exist, the fact that some identify “pleasure,” others “the beautiful “with goodness and happiness, and so on), after a hearing of this sort it is easy and no trouble to state the facts; but to know which is the one that is telling the truth will surely require not part of a day but many days. If not, why on earth have they all written books by the hundreds and thousands on these very subjects, to prove the truth, I suppose, of these very parts, those few parts, which you think easy and soon learnt? Here too, I fancy, you will have need of a prophet to help you choose the best, unless you spend time on accurate selection and make a personal and detailed study of all and everything. It would certainly be a short cut with no complications or delays if you sent for a prophet, listened to the essentials of them all, and sacrificed for each one: the god will save you a great deal of trouble if he reveals in the victim’s liver the choice you must make..

> Greek: 56. Ὃ δὲ φής, ὅτι τὰ κεφάλαια ῥᾴδιον ἀκοῦσαι ἁπάσης φιλοσοφίας ἐν ὀλίγῳ μορίῳ ἡμέρας (οἷον ἀρχὰς αὐτῶν καὶ τέλη καὶ τί θεοὺς οἴονται εἶναι, τί ψυχήν, καὶ τίνες μὲν σώματα πάντα φασί, τίνες δὲ καὶ ἀσώματα εἶναι ἀξιοῦσι, καὶ ὅτι οἱ μὲν ἡδονήν, οἱ δὲ τὸ καλὸν ἀγαθὸν καὶ εὔδαιμον τίθενται καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα) οὑτωσὶ μὲν ἀκούσαντας ἀποφήνασθαι ῥᾴδιον καὶ ἔργον οὐδέν· εἰδέναι δὲ ὅστις ὁ τἀληθῆ λέγων ἐστίν, ὅρα μὴ οὐχὶ μορίου ἐστὶν ἡμέρας ἀλλὰ πολλῶν ἡμερῶν δέηται. ἢ τί γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι παθόντες ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν τούτων ἑκατοντάδας καὶ χιλιάδας βιβλίων ἕκαστοι συγγεγράφασιν, ὡς πείσαιεν οἶμαι ἀληθῆ εἶναι τὰ ὀλίγα ἐκεῖνα καὶ ἅ σοι δοκεῖ ῥᾴδια καὶ εὐμαθῆ; νῦν δὲ μάντεως οἶμαι δεήσει σοι κἀνταῦθα πρὸς τὴν αἵρεσιν τῶν κρειττόνων, εἰ μὴ ἀνέχῃ τὴν διατριβήν ὡς ἀκριβῶς ἑλέσθαι, αὐτὸς ἅπαντα καὶ ὅλον ἕκαστον κατανοήσας. ἐπίτομος γὰρ αὕτη γένοιτ' ἄν, οὐκ ἔχουσα περιπλοκὰς οὐδ’ ἀναβολάς, εἰ μεταστειλάμενος τὸν μάντιν ἀκούσας τῶν κεφαλαίων ἁπάντων σφαγιάζοιο ἐφ' ἑκάστοις· ἀπαλλάξει γάρ σε ὁ θεὸς μυρίων πραγμάτων δείξας ἐν τῷ τοῦ ἱερείου ἥπατι ἅτινά σοι αἱρετέον.

[¶47] 57. I will, if you like, suggest another, less troublesome way, without this slaughter of victims or sacrifice to anybody or calling in one of these expensive priests: put some tablets into a pitcher with the name of each of the philosophers on them, and tell a boy—a young lad with both parents living—to go to the pitcher and pick out whichever tablet he first touches with his hand; then all you have to do is to study the philosophy of the one whose lot he has picked.

> Greek: 57. Εἰ δὲ βούλει, καὶ ἄλλο τι ἀπραγμονέστερον ὑποθήσομαί σοι, ὡς μὴ ἱερεῖα καταθύῃς ταυτὶ καὶ θυσιάζῃς τῳ μηδὲ ἱερέα τινὰ τῶν μεγαλομίσθων παρακαλῇς, ἀλλὰ ἐς κάλπιν ἐμβαλὼν γραμμάτια ἔχοντα τῶν φιλοσόφων ἑκάστου τοὔνομα κέλευε παῖδα—τῶν ἀνήβων ἀμφιθαλῆ τινα—προσελθόντα πρὸς τὴν κάλπιν ἀνελέσθαι ὅ τι ἂν πρῶτον ὑπὸ τὴν χεῖρα ἔλθῃ τῶν γραμματίων, καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν κατὰ τὸν λαχόντα ἐκεῖνον ὅστις ἂν ᾖ φιλοσόφει.

[¶48] 58. HERMOTIMUS: This is mere burlesque and not like you. Now you tell me: have you ever bought wine yourself?

> Greek: 58. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ταυτὶ μέν, ὦ Λυκῖνε, βωμολοχικὰ καὶ οὐ κατά σε. σὺ δὲ εἰπέ μοι· ἤδη ποτὲ οἶνον ἐπρίω αὐτός;

[¶49] LYCINUS: Of course, many a time.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Καὶ μάλα πολλάκις.

[¶50] HERMOTIMUS: Then did you go round all the wine-merchants of the city in turn, tasting and comparing and judging the wines?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἆρ' οὖν περιῄεις ἅπαντας ἐν κύκλῳ τοὺς ἐν τῇ πόλει καπήλους ἀπογευόμενος καὶ παραβάλλων καὶ ἀντεξετάζων τοὺς οἴνους;

[¶51] LYCINUS: Not at all.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐδαμῶς.

[¶52] HERMOTIMUS: I think that you must take away the first wine you come to that is good and satisfactory.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Χρὴ γὰρ οἶμαί σοι τῷ πρώτῳ χρηστῷ καὶ ἀξίῳ ἐντυχόντι ἀποφέρεσθαι.

[¶53] LYCINUS: Certainly.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Νὴ Δία.

[¶54] HERMOTIMUS: Could you have said from that brief tasting what was the quality of the whole?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Καὶ ἀπό γε τοῦ ὀλίγου ἐκείνου γεύματος εἶχες ἂν εἰπεῖν ὁποῖος ἅπας ὁ οἶνός ἐστιν;

[¶55] LYCINUS: Yes.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Εἶχον γάρ.

[¶56] HERMOTIMUS: If you had approached the wine-merchants and said: “I wish to buy half a pint of wine; each of you give me, please, the whole jar to drink, so that when I have drained it all I may learn who has the better wine and who is to receive my custom”—if you had said this, do you not think that they would have laughed at you, and if you troubled them further, you might have had a jug of water poured on you?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Εἰ δὲ δὴ ἔλεγες προσελθὼν τοῖς καπήλοις, Ἐπειδὴ κοτύλην πρίασθαι βούλομαι, δότε μοι, ὦ οὗτοι, ἐκπιεῖν ὅλον ἕκαστος ὑμῶν τὸν πίθον, ὡς διὰ παντὸς ἐπεξελθὼν μάθοιμι ὅστις ἀμείνω τὸν οἶνον ἔχει καὶ ὅθεν μοι ὠνητέον. εἰ ταῦτα ἔλεγες, οὐκ ἂν οἴει καταγελάσαι σου αὐτούς, εἰ δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ πλέον ἐνοχλοίης τάχα ἂν καὶ προσχέαι τοῦ ὕδατος;

[¶57] LYCINUS: I do think so, and I should deserve it.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οἶμαι ἔγωγε καὶ δίκαιά γ' ἂν πάθοιμι.

[¶58] HERMOTIMUS: Apply the same consideration to philosophy. Why drain a butt when the tasting of a little can indicate the quality of the whole?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Κατὰ ταὐτὰ δὴ καὶ ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ. τί δεῖ ἐκπιεῖν τὸν πίθον δυναμένους γε ἀπ' ὀλίγου τοῦ γεύματος εἰδέναι ὁποῖον τὸ πᾶν ἔστιν;

[¶59] 59. LYCINUS: How slippery you are, Hermotimus! And how you glide through my fingers! But you have helped us: you thought you had got away, but you have fallen into the same net.

> Greek: 59. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὡς ὀλισθηρὸς εἶ, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, καὶ διαδιδράσκεις ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν. πλὴν ἀλλὰ ὤνησάς γε· οἰόμενος γὰρ ἐκπεφευγέναι ἐς τὸν αὐτὸν κύρτον ἐμπέπτωκας.

[¶60] HERMOTIMUS: What do you mean?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Πῶς τοῦτο ἔφης;

[¶61] LYCINUS: You take an object which is quite self-evident and which is known to everyone, wine, and you compare to it things that are unlike and the object of universal dispute, they are so uncertain. I certainly cannot say how in your view philosophy and wine are comparable, except perhaps at this one point that philosophers sell their lessons as wine-merchants their wines—most of them adulterating and cheating and giving false measure. Now let us examine your logic. You say that all the wine in a butt is the same, the whole measure; that is certainly not unreasonable. Now if you care to draw ever so little of it and take a taste, you say you would know at once the quality of the whole butt; this too follows and I would not deny it. Look at what comes next: do philosophy and these who, like your teacher, study philosophy say the same things to you on the same topics every day, or different things on different days? It is quite clear, my friend, that there are many different topics; you would not have stayed with him twenty years like an Odysseus in your wanderings and journeying, if he had said the same things all the time, but you would have been satisfied with one hearing.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὅτι αὐθομολογούμενον πρᾶγμα λαβὼν καὶ γνώριμον ἅπασι τὸν οἶνον εἰκάζεις αὐτῷ τὰ ἀνομοιότατα καὶ περὶ ὧν ἀμφισβητοῦσιν ἅπαντες ἀφανῶν ὄντων. ὥστε ἔγωγε οὐκ ἔχω εἰπεῖν καθ' ὅ τι σοι ὅμοιος φιλοσοφία καὶ οἶνος, εἰ μὴ ἄρα κατὰ τοῦτο μόνον, ὅτι καὶ οἱ φιλόσοφοι ἀποδίδονται τὰ μαθήματα ὥσπερ οἱ κάπηλοι—κερασάμενοί γε οἱ πολλοὶ καὶ δολώσαντες καὶ κακομετροῦντες. οὑτωσὶ δὲ ἐπισκοπήσωμεν ὅ τι καὶ λέγεις· τὸν οἶνον φὴς τὸν ἐν τῷ πίθῳ ὅλον αὐτὸν αὑτῷ ὅμοιον εἶναι, καὶ μὰ Δί' οὐδὲν ἄτοπον. ἀλλὰ καὶ εἴ τις γεύσαιτο ἀρυσάμενος ὀλίγον ὅσον αὐτοῦ, εἴσεσθαι αὐτίκα ὁποῖος ἅπας ὁ πίθος ἐστίν, ἀκόλουθον καὶ τοῦτο, καὶ οὐδὲν ἂν ἔγωγέ τι ἀντεῖπον. ὅρα δὴ καὶ τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο· φιλοσοφία καὶ οἱ φιλοσοφοῦντες οἷον ὁ διδάσκαλος ὁ σός, ἆρα ταὐτὰ πρὸς ὑμᾶς λέγει ὁσημέραι καὶ περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν ἢ ἄλλα ἄλλοτε; πολλὰ γάρ ἐστι, πρόδηλον, ὦ ἑταῖρε. ἢ οὐκ ἂν εἴκοσιν ἔτη παρέμενες αὐτῷ κατὰ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα περινοστῶν καὶ περιπλανώμενος, εἰ τὰ αὐτὰ ἔλεγεν, ἀλλὰ ἀπέχρη ἄν σοι καὶ ἅπαξ ἀκούσαντι.

[¶62] 60. HERMOTIMUS: Of course.

> Greek: 60. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Πῶς γὰρ οὔ;

[¶63] LYCINUS: Then how could you have known the whole from just the first taste? There were not the same, but always new things being said on new subjects, unlike wine, which is always the same. So, my friend, unless you drink the whole butt, your tipsiness has been to no purpose; god seems to me to have hidden the good of philosophy right down at the bottom beneath the very lees. You will have to drain it all to the end or you will never find that divine drink for which I think you have long thirsted. But you imagine it to be such that, if you were but to taste and draw just a drop, you would at once become all-wise, as, they say, the prophetess at Delphi becomes inspired as soon as she drinks of the sacred spring and gives her answers to those who consult the oracle. But it seems it is not so: you had drunk over half the butt, and you said that you were still at the beginning.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Πῶς οὖν οἷόν τέ σοι ἦν ἀπὸ τοῦ πρώτου γεύματος εἰδέναι τὰ πάντα; οὐ γὰρ τὰ αὐτά γε, ἀλλὰ ἀεὶ ἕτερα καινὰ ἐπὶ καινοῖς ἐλέγετο, οὐχ ὥσπερ ὁ οἶνος ὁ αὐτὸς ἦν. ὥστε, ὦ ἑταῖρε, ἢν μὴ ὅλον ἐκπίῃς τὸν πίθον, ἄλλως μεθύων περίει· ἀτεχνῶς γὰρ ἐν τῷ πυθμένι δοκεῖ μοι ὁ θεὸς κατακρύψαι τὸ φιλοσοφίας ἀγαθὸν ὑπὸ τὴν τρύγα αὐτήν. δεήσει οὖν ὅλον ἐξαντλῆσαι ἐς τέλος, ἢ οὔποτ' ἂν εὕροις τὸ νεκτάρεον ἐκεῖνο πόμα, οὗ πάλαι διψῆν μοι δοκεῖς. σὺ δὲ οἴει τὸ τοιοῦτον αὐτὸ εἶναι, ὡς εἰ μόνον γεύσαιο αὐτοῦ καὶ σπάσαις μικρὸν ὅσον, αὐτίκα σε πάνσοφον γενησόμενον ὥσπερ φασὶν ἐν Δελφοῖς τὴν πρόμαντιν, ἐπειδὰν πίῃ τοῦ ἱεροῦ νάματος, ἔνθεον εὐθὺς γίγνεσθαι καὶ χρᾶν τοῖς προσιοῦσιν. ἀλλ’ οὐχ οὕτως ἔχειν ἔοικε· σύ γ' οὖν ὑπὲρ ἥμισυ τοῦ πίθου ἐκπεπωκὼς ἐνάρχεσθαι ἔτι ἔλεγες.

[¶64] 61. Perhaps philosophy is more like this: still keep your butt and your dealer, but no wine; rather take an assortment of cereals—wheat on top, then beans, then barley, and, beneath the barley, lentils, then chickpeas, and other kinds of seeds as well. You come in wishing to buy some of the cereals. He has taken out a pinch of the wheat from where the wheat was and has given you a sample in your hand to examine. Now could you say by looking at that sample whether the peas were pure, the lentils tender, and the beans not completely empty?
HERMOTIMUS: Not at all.

> Greek: 61. ὅρα τοίνυν μὴ τῷδε μᾶλλον φιλοσοφία ἔοικεν· ὁ μὲν γὰρ πίθος ἔτι μενέτω σοι καὶ ὁ κάπηλος, ἐνέστω δὲ μὴ οἶνος, ἀλλὰ πανσπερμία τις, πυρὸς ὑπεράνω καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον κύαμοι, εἶτα κριθαὶ καὶ ὑπὸ ταύταις φακοί, εἶτα ἐρέβινθοι καὶ ἄλλα ποικίλα. πρόσει δὴ σὺ ὠνήσασθαι ἐθέλων τῶν σπερμάτων, καὶ ὃς ἀφελὼν τοῦ πυροῦ, οὗπερ ἦν, ἀνέδωκέ σοι δεῖγμα ἐς τὴν χεῖρα, ὡς ἴδοις, ἆρα οὖν ἔχοις ἂν εἰπεῖν εἰς ἐκεῖνο ἀποβλέπων εἰ καὶ οἱ ἐρέβινθοι καθαροὶ καὶ οἱ φακοὶ εὐτακεῖς καὶ οἱ κύαμοι οὐ διάκενοι;
ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐδαμῶς.

[¶65] LYCINUS: Then neither could you learn the nature of all philosophy from the first thing someone says. For it is not really one substance like the wine to which you compare it, claiming that it is like the sample. No, we have seen that there is variation in it, for which a cursory examination will not do. If you buy bad wine you risk a couple of pence, but to rot in the common herd oneself, as you said in the beginning, is very serious. Besides, to insist on drinking the whole butt in order to buy half a pint is to cause loss to the wine-merchant with your unbelieving tasting. But in philosophy there would be no such loss. No, however much you drink, the butt is just as full and the wine-merchant will not suffer loss. For, in the words of the proverb, the more you draw the fuller it becomes. The case is the reverse of the butt of the Danaïdes that would not hold what was put into it but let it run away at once. Take some away from philosophy, however, and what is left increases.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐ τοίνυν οὐδὲ φιλοσοφίαν ἀφ' ἑνὸς ὧν φήσει τις τοῦ πρώτου, μάθοι ἂν ἅπασαν ὁποία ἐστίν· οὐ γὰρ ἕν τι ἦν ὥσπερ ὁ οἶνος, ᾧπερ σὺ αὐτὴν ἀπεικάζεις ἀξιῶν ὁμοίαν εἶναι τῷ γεύματι, τὸ δὲ ἑτεροῖόν τι ὤφθη οὐ παρέργου τῆς ἐξετάσεως δεόμενον. οἶνον μὲν γὰρ φαῦλον πρίασθαι ἐν δυοῖν ὀβολοῖν ὁ κίνδυνος, αὐτὸν δέ τινα ἐν τῷ συρφετῷ παραπολεῖσθαι, ὡς καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν ἀρχῇ ἔφησθα, οὐ μικρὸν εἶναι κακόν. ἄλλως τε ὁ μὲν ὅλον ἀξιῶν ἐκπιεῖν τὸν πίθον, ὡς κοτύλην πρίαιτο, ζημιώσαι ἂν τὸν κάπηλον οὕτως ἀπίθανα γευόμενος, φιλοσοφία δὲ οὐδὲν ἂν τοιοῦτο πάθοι, ἀλλὰ κἂν ὅτι πάμπολλα πίῃς, οὐδέν τι ἐλάττων ὁ πίθος γίγνεται οὐδὲ ζημιώσεται ὁ κάπηλος. ἐπιρρεῖ γὰρ κατὰ τὴν παροιμίαν τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐξαντλούμενον ἐς τὸ ἔμπαλιν ἢ ὁ τῶν Δαναΐδων πίθος. ἐκεῖνος μὲν γὰρ τὸ ἐμβαλλόμενον οὐ συνεῖχεν, ἀλλὰ διέρρει εὐθύς. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἢν ἀφέλῃς τι, πλεῖον τὸ λοιπὸν γίγνεται.

[¶66] 62. But I want to tell you another, similar thing, about sampling philosophy, and do not think that I am being blasphemous about it if I say that it is like a deadly poison—hemlock, for example, or aconite, or some other such. Not even they, deadly though they are, will kill, if you scrape off a tiny piece with the tip of your nail and taste that. No, if the quantity, method of consumption, and mixture are wrong, you can take it and not die. You claimed, however, that the tiniest piece was quite enough to give you a complete knowledge of what the whole was like.

> Greek: 62. Ἐθέλω δέ σοι καὶ ἄλλο ὅμοιον εἰπεῖν φιλοσοφίας περὶ γεύματος, καὶ μή με νομίσῃς βλασφημεῖν περὶ αὐτῆς ἢν εἴπω ὅτι φαρμάκῳ ὀλεθρίῳ ἔοικεν, οἷον κωνείῳ ἢ ἀκονίτῳ ἢ ἄλλῳ τῶν τοιούτων. οὐδὲ γὰρ ταῦτα, ἐπείπερ θανατηφόρα ἐστίν, ἀποκτείνειεν ἄν, εἴ τις ὀλίγον ὅσον ἀκαριαῖον ἀποξύσας αὐτῶν ἄκρῳ τῷ ὄνυχι ἀπογεύσαιτο· ἀλλὰ ἢν μὴ τοσοῦτον ὅσον χρή, καὶ ὅπως καὶ ξὺν οἷς, οὐκ ἂν ἀποθάνοι ὁ προσενεγκάμενος· σὺ δὲ ἠξίους τοὐλάχιστον ἐξαρεκεῖν, ὡς ἀποτελέσαι τὴν τοῦ ὅλου γνῶσιν.

[¶67] 63. HERMOTIMUS: Granted, Lycinus. What next? Must we live a hundred years and have all that trouble? Is there no other way of studying philosophy?

> Greek: 63. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἔστω ταῦτα ὡς βούλει, Λυκῖνε. τί οὖν; ἑκατὸν χρὴ ἔτη βιῶναι καὶ τοσαῦτα ὑπομεῖναι πράγματα; ἢ οὐκ ἂν ἄλλως φιλοσοφήσαιμεν;

[¶68] LYCINUS: No, Hermotimus. Nor need we complain if what you said at first is true: that life is short and art is long. And now I don’t understand why you are distressed if you cannot become a Chrysippus or a Plato or a Pythagoras today before sunset.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐ γάρ, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε· καὶ δεινὸν οὐδέν, εἴ γε ἀληθῆ ἔλεγες ἐν ἀρχῇ, ὡς ὁ μὲν βίος βραχύς, ἡ δὲ τέχνη μακρή. νῦν δὲ οὐκ οἶδ’ ὅ τι παθὼν ἀγανακτεῖς, εἰ μὴ αὐθημερὸν ἡμῖν πρὶν δῦναι ἥλιον Χρύσιππος ἢ Πλάτων ἢ Πυθαγόρας γένοιο.

[¶69] HERMOTIMUS: You hedge me round, Lycinus, and drive me into a corner, although I have done you no harm. Clearly you are doing this from spite, because I have made progress in my studies while you have neglected yourself—at your age too.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Περιέρχῃ με, ὦ Λυκῖνε, καὶ συνελαύνεις ἐς στενὸν οὐδὲν ὑπ' ἐμοῦ δεινὸν παθών, ὑπὸ φθόνου δηλαδή, ὅτι ἐγὼ μὲν προὔκοπτον ἐν τοῖς μαθήμασι, σὺ δὲ ὠλιγώρησας ἑαυτοῦ τηλικοῦτος ὤν.

[¶70] LYCINUS: Do you know what? Take no notice of my ravings, but leave me to my silly chatter, and you go on your way as you are and finish what you decided to do in the first place.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οἶσθ' οὖν ὃ δράσεις; ἐμοὶ μὲν ὥσπερ κορυβαντιῶντι μὴ πρόσεχε τὸν νοῦν, ἀλλ’ ἔα ληρεῖν, σὺ δὲ ὡς ἔχεις προχώρει ἐς τὸ πρόσθε τῆς ὁδοῦ καὶ πέραινε κατὰ τὰ ἐξ ἀρχῆς σοι δεδογμένα περὶ τούτων.

[¶71] HERMOTIMUS: You are so compulsive that you do not let me make any choice unless I try them all.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐᾷς σὺ βίαιος ὢν αἱρεῖσθαί τι, ἢν μὴ πειραθῶ ἁπάντων.

[¶72] LYCINUS: Well, you may be sure that I shall never say anything else. When you call me compulsive you seem to me to be blaming the innocent, as the poet says; for I myself, as long as no other argument comes to your aid to release you from the compulsion, am at present a helpless captive. But look, the argument is going to bring much greater pressure to bear on you, but perhaps you will ignore that and blame me.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Καὶ μὴν εὖ εἰδέναι χρὴ ὡς οὐκ ἄν ποτε ἄλλο εἴποιμι. βίαιον δὲ λέγων ἐμὲ ἀναίτιον δοκεῖς μοι κατὰ τὸν ποιητὴν αἰτιάασθαι, αὐτόν, ἔστ' ἂν μὴ ἕτερός σοι λόγος συμμαχήσας ἀφέληται τῆς βίας, ἤδη ἀγόμενον· ἰδού γέ τοι καὶ τάδε πολλῷ βιαιότερα φαίη ἄν σοι ὁ λόγος· σὺ δὲ ἐκεῖνον παρεὶς ἐμὲ ἴσως αἰτιάσῃ.

[¶73] HERMOTIMUS: How? I should be surprised if it had anything left to say.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Τὰ ποῖα; θαυμάζω γάρ, εἴ τι ἄρρητον καταλέλειπται αὐτῷ.

[¶74] 64. LYCINUS: It says that to inspect and to investigate everything is not sufficient to give you the power to choose the best. No, the most important thing is still lacking.

> Greek: 64. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐχ ἱκανὸν εἶναί φησι τὸ πάντα ἰδεῖν καὶ διεξελθεῖν δι’ αὐτῶν, ὡς ἔχειν ἤδη ἑλέσθαι τὸ βέλτιστον, ἀλλ’ ἔτι τοῦ μεγίστου ἐνδεῖν.

[¶75] HERMOTIMUS: What is that?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Τίνος τούτου;

[¶76] LYCINUS: My dear sir, a critical, examining faculty, a quick wit, and a keen and impartial intellect. You must have this to make a judgment on matters of this kind, or you will have looked at everything in vain. The argument says that not a little time is to be allowed in a matter like this and everything put before you; you are not to rush ahead, but go slowly and make frequent inspections before you choose, having no regard for the age of each speaker, nor for his dress, nor for his reputation for wisdom. No, you must imitate the court of the Areopagus, which sits in judgment at night in the dark, so that it has no regard for who is speaking, but only for what is said. Then it is that you will be able to make a sound choice and practise philosophy.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Κριτικῆς τινος, ὦ θαυμάσιε, καὶ ἐξεταστικῆς παρασκευῆς καὶ νοῦ ὀξέος καὶ διανοίας ἀκριβοῦς καὶ ἀδεκάστου, οἵαν χρὴ εἶναι τὴν περὶ τῶν τηλικούτων δικάσουσαν, ἢ μάτην ἂν ἅπαντα ἑωραμένα εἴη. ἀποδοτέον οὖν φησι καὶ τῷ τοιούτῳ χρόνον οὐκ ὀλίγον καὶ προθέμενον ἅπαντα εἰς μέσον αἱρεῖσθαι διαμέλλοντα καὶ βραδύνοντα καὶ πολλάκις ἐπισκοποῦντα, μήτε ἡλικίαν τοῦ λέγοντος ἑκάστου μήτε σχῆμα ἢ δόξαν ἐπὶ σοφίᾳ αἰδούμενον, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τοὺς Ἀρεοπαγίτας αὐτὸ ποιοῦντα, οἳ ἐν νυκτὶ καὶ σκότῳ δικάζουσιν, ὡς μὴ ἐς τοὺς λέγοντας, ἀλλ’ ἐς τὰ λεγόμενα ἀποβλέποιεν. καὶ τότ' ἤδη ἐξέσται σοι βεβαίως ἑλομένῳ φιλοσοφεῖν.

[¶77] HERMOTIMUS: You mean after death. From what you have said no man would live long enough to study everything and observe accurately every detail, and then, after observation, judge, and, after judging, choose, and after choosing practise philosophy; for this is the only way, you say, in which the truth could be discovered.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Μετὰ τὸν βίον φής· ἐκ γὰρ τούτων οὐδενὸς ἀνθρώπων βίος ἐξαρκέσειεν ἂν ὡς ἐπὶ πάντα ἐλθεῖν καὶ ἕκαστον ἀκριβῶς ἐπιδεῖν καὶ ἐπιδόντα κρῖναι καὶ κρίναντα ἑλέσθαι καὶ ἑλόμενον φιλοσοφῆσαι, μόνως γὰρ ἂν οὕτως εὑρεθῆναι φὴς τἀληθές, ἄλλως δὲ οὔ.

[¶78] 65. LYCINUS: I hesitate to tell you, Hermotimus, that even this is not enough. No, I think we deceived ourselves when we thought we had found safety: we have found no safety at all. We are like fishermen who often when they have let down their nets feel something heavy, and so haul in expecting a huge catch of fish; then when they are tired with their pulling they see a stone or a jar packed with sand. I am afraid we have hauled up something like that.

> Greek: 65. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὀκνῶ γάρ σοι εἰπεῖν, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, ὅτι οὐδὲ τοῦτό πω ἱκανόν, ἀλλ’ ἔτι μοι δοκοῦμεν λεληθέναι ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς οἰόμενοι μέν τι εὑρηκέναι βέβαιον, εὑρόντες δὲ οὐδέν, ὥσπερ οἱ ἁλιεύοντες πολλάκις καθέντες τὰ δίκτυα καὶ βάρους τινὸς αἰσθόμενοι ἀνέλκουσιν ἰχθῦς παμπόλλους γε περιβεβληκέναι ἐλπίζοντες, εἶτα ἐπειδὰν κάμωσιν ἀνασπῶντες, ἢ λίθος τις ἀναφαίνεται αὐτοῖς ἢ κεράμιον ψάμμῳ σεσαγμένον. σκόπει μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τι τοιοῦτον ἀνεσπάκαμεν.

[¶79] HERMOTIMUS: I don’t know what these nets of yours mean: you have certainly caught me in them.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐ μανθάνω τί σοι τὰ δίκτυα ταῦτα βούλεται· ἀτεχνῶς γὰρ με περιβάλλεις αὐτοῖς.

[¶80] LYCINUS: Then try to get out. If anybody knows how to swim, you do—thanks to god’s help. Now, even if we go round all the sects making our tests, and eventually complete our enquiry, I don’t think it will even yet be certain whether any one of them has what we are looking for, or whether all alike are ignorant of it.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐκοῦν πειρῶ διεκδῦναι· σὺν θεῷ γὰρ οἶσθα νεῖν, εἰ καί τις ἄλλος· ἐγὼ γὰρ κἂν ἐφ' ἅπαντας ἔλθωμεν πειρώμενοι καὶ τοῦτο ἐργασώμεθά ποτε, οὐδέπω οὐδὲ τοῦτο δῆλον ἔσεσθαι νομίζω, εἴ τις ἐξ αὐτῶν ἔχει τὸ ζητούμενον ἢ πάντες ὁμοίως ἀγνοοῦσιν.

[¶81] HERMOTIMUS: What do you mean? Not one of them?

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Τί φής; οὐδὲ τούτων τις πάντως ἔχει;

[¶82] LYCINUS: It is debatable. Do you think it impossible that all are wrong, and that the truth may be something different, something which none of them has yet found?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἄδηλον. ἤ σοι ἀδύνατον δοκεῖ ἅπαντας ψεύδεσθαι, τὸ δ’ ἀληθὲς ἄλλο τι εἶναι πρὸς μηδενὸς αὐτῶν πω εὑρημένον;

[¶83] 66. HERMOTIMUS: How could that be possible?

> Greek: 66. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Πῶς οἷόν τε;

[¶84] LYCINUS: In this way. Suppose our true number to be twenty. Now let someone take twenty beans in his hand, and then close it and ask any ten people how many beans he has in his hand. Suppose one man guesses seven, another five, another thirty, some other ten or fifteen, in short every one differently; nevertheless it is possible for someone by some chance to guess the truth, isn’t it?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὕτως· ἔστω γὰρ ὁ μὲν ἀληθὴς ἀριθμὸς ἡμῖν εἴκοσιν, οἷον, κυάμους τις εἴκοσιν ἐς τὴν χεῖρα λαβών, ἐπικλεισάμενος ἐρωτάτω δέκα τινάς, ὁπόσοι εἰσὶν οἱ κύαμοι ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ, οἱ δὲ εἰκάζοντες ὁ μὲν ἑπτά, ὁ δὲ πέντε, ὁ δὲ τριάκοντα λεγέτωσαν, ὁ δὲ τις δέκα ἢ πεντεκαίδεκα, καὶ ὅλως ἄλλος ἄλλον τινὰ ἀριθμόν· ἐνδέχεται μέντοι καὶ κατὰ τύχην τινὰ ἀληθεῦσαι, ἦ γάρ;

## 4. Sections 66–86

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-hermotimus/4/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-hermotimus/4/#p-N

[¶0] HERMOTIMUS: Yes.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ναί.

[¶1] LYCINUS: Yet it is not at all impossible for everyone to guess different numbers and for all these numbers to be wrong and untrue, and for not one of them to say that the man has twenty beans. Do you agree?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἀδύνατον, ἅπαντας ἄλλον ἄλλους ἀριθμοὺς εἰπεῖν, τοὺς ψευδεῖς καὶ οὐκ ὄντας, μηδένα δὲ αὐτῶν φάναι ὅτι εἴκοσιν ὁ ἀνὴρ κυάμους ἔχει. ἢ τί φής;

[¶2] HERMOTIMUS: It is not impossible.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐκ ἀδύνατον.

[¶3] LYCINUS: In the same way, then, all those who study philosophy are trying to find out what happiness is, and each one says it is something different—pleasure, beauty, and all the other things they say about it. Very likely one of these things is happiness, but it is not unlikely that it is something quite different from every one of them. We seem to have gone in the wrong direction, hastening to the end before we have found the beginning. We should first, I think, have ascertained that the truth has been discovered, and that one or other of the philosophers really has knowledge of it. Then the next step would be to find out whom to believe.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Κατὰ ταὐτὰ τοίνυν ἅπαντες μὲν οἱ φιλοσοφοῦντες τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν ζητοῦσιν ὁποῖόν τί ἐστι, καὶ λέγουσιν ἄλλος ἄλλο τι αὐτὴν εἶναι, ὁ μὲν ἡδονήν, ὁ δὲ τὸ καλόν, ὁ δὲ ὅσα ἕτερά φασι περὶ αὐτῆς. εἰκὸς μὲν οὖν καὶ τούτων ἕν τι εἶναι τὸ εὔδαιμον, οὐκ ἀπεικὸς δὲ καὶ ἄλλο τι παρ' αὐτὰ πάντα. καὶ ἐοίκαμεν ἡμεῖς ἀνάπαλιν ἢ ἐχρῆν, πρὶν τὴν ἀρχὴν εὑρεῖν, ἐπείγεσθαι πρὸς τὸ τέλος. ἔδει δ’ οἶμαι πρότερον φανερὸν γενέσθαι ὅτι ἔγνωσται τἀληθὲς καὶ πάντως ἔχει τις αὐτὸ εἰδὼς τῶν φιλοσοφούντων. εἶτα μετὰ τοῦτο τὸ ἑξῆς ἂν ἦν ζητῆσαι, ᾧ πειστέον ἐστίν.

[¶4] HERMOTIMUS: This is what you are saying, then, Lycinus, that even if we go through all philosophy, we shall not even then really be able to discover the truth.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ὥστε, ὦ Λυκῖνε, τοῦτο φής, ὅτι οὐδ’ ἂν διὰ πάσης φιλοσοφίας χωρήσωμεν, οὐδὲ τότε πάντως ἕξομεν τἀληθὲς εὑρεῖν.

[¶5] LYCINUS: Don’t ask me, my good sir. Again, ask the argument. Perhaps it would answer you that we cannot as yet discover the truth, as long as it is uncertain whether truth is one of the things they say it is.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Μὴ ἐμέ, ὦγαθέ, ἐρώτα, ἀλλὰ τὸν λόγον αὖθις αὐτόν· καὶ ἴσως ἂν ἀποκρίναιτό σοι ὅτι οὐδέπω, ἔστ' ἂν ἄδηλον ᾖ εἰ ἕν τι τούτων ἐστὶν ὧν οὗτοι λέγουσιν.

[¶6] 67. HERMOTIMUS: From what you say we shall never find it or be philosophers. We shall have to give up philosophy and live a layman’s life. At least it follows from what you say that philosophy for a human being is impossible and unattainable. For you say that whoever is going to practise philosophy must first choose the best philosophy, and the choice would be correct in your view only if the truest were chosen after going through the whole field. Then you calculated the number of years required for each and went beyond all bounds, stretching it to cover several generations, so that the search for truth exceeded any man’s lifetime. Finally you show that even this is not beyond doubt when you say it is not certain whether any of the old philosophers found the truth or not.

> Greek: 67. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐδέποτε ἄρα ἐξ ὧν σὺ φὴς εὑρήσομεν οὐδὲ φιλοσοφήσομεν, ἀλλὰ δεήσει ἡμᾶς ἰδιώτην τινὰ βίον ζῆν ἀποστάντας τοῦ φιλοσοφεῖν. τοῦτο ξυμβαίνει γε ἐξ ὧν φής, ἀδύνατον εἶναι φιλοσοφῆσαι καὶ ἀνέφικτον ἀνθρώπῳ γε ὄντι. ἀξιοῖς γὰρ τὸν φιλοσοφήσειν μέλλοντα ἑλέσθαι πρῶτον φιλοσοφίαν τὴν ἀρίστην, ἡ δὲ αἵρεσις οὕτως σοι ἐδόκει μόνως ἀκριβὴς ἂν γενέσθαι, εἰ διὰ πάσης φιλοσοφίας χωρήσαντες ἑλοίμεθα τὴν ἀληθεστάτην. εἶτα λογιζόμενος ἐτῶν ἀριθμόν, ὁπόσος ἑκάστῃ ἱκανός, ὑπερεξέπιπτες ἀπομηκύνων τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐς γενεὰς ἄλλας, ὡς ὑπερήμερον γίγνεσθαι τἀληθὲς τοῦ ἑκάστου βίου. τελευτῶν δὲ καὶ τοῦτο αὐτὸ οὐκ ἀνενδοίαστον ἀποφαίνεις, ἄδηλον εἶναι λέγων εἴτε εὕρηται πρὸς τῶν φιλοσοφούντων πάλαι τἀληθὲς εἴτε καὶ μή.

[¶7] LYCINUS: Could you, Hermotimus, guarantee on oath that they have found it?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Σὺ δὲ πῶς, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, δύναιο ἂν ἐπομοσάμενος εἰπεῖν ὅτι εὕρηται πρὸς αὐτῶν;

[¶8] HERMOTIMUS: No, I could not.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἐγὼ μὲν οὐκ ἂν ὀμόσαιμι.

[¶9] LYCINUS: Yet how many other things have I purposely omitted which call for long examination!

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Καίτοι πόσα ἄλλα παρεῖδον ἑκών σοι ἐξετάσεως μακρᾶς καὶ αὐτὰ δεόμενα;

[¶10] 68. HERMOTIMUS: What sort of things?

> Greek: 68. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Τὰ ποῖα;

[¶11] LYCINUS: Don’t you hear some of the Stoics or Epicureans or Platonists say that, while some of them know all the doctrines, others do not, although in other respects they are quite reliable?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Οὐκ ἀκούεις τῶν Στωϊκῶν ἢ Ἐπικουρείων ἢ Πλατωνικῶν εἶναι φασκόντων τοὺς μὲν εἰδέναι τοὺς λόγους ἑκάστους, τοὺς δὲ μή, καίτοι τά γε ἄλλα πάνυ ἀξιοπίστους ὄντας;

[¶12] HERMOTIMUS: True enough.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Ἀληθῆ ταῦτα.

[¶13] LYCINUS: Then do you not think it a very laborious business to separate and differentiate those who know from those who do not know but say they know?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Τὸ τοίνυν διακρῖναι τοὺς εἰδότας καὶ διαγνῶναι ἀπὸ τῶν οὐκ εἰδότων μέν, φασκόντων δέ, οὔ σοι δοκεῖ πάνυ ἐργῶδες εἶναι;

[¶14] HERMOTIMUS: Very.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Καὶ μάλα.

[¶15] LYCINUS: Then if you are going to know the best Stoic you must go and make trial of most of them if not all, and take the best as your teacher, first training yourself and acquiring the power of criticism in such matters, to prevent your preferring inadvertently an inferior one. Just think how much time it needs! I left this out on purpose not to annoy you, and yet in matters of this sort I think it is the one most important requirement in such matters—I mean where there is uncertainty and doubt. And this is the only sure and firm hope you have for truth and its discovery. There is no hope whatsoever apart from the ability to judge and separate the false from the true, and like assayers of silver to distinguish the sound and genuine metal from the counterfeit. Were you to come to your examination of the doctrines with some such power and skill, all would be well; if not, you can be sure that nothing will save you from being dragged by the nose by them all or from following a leafy branch in front of you as sheep do; you will be like water spilt on a table, running whithersoever someone pulls you by the tip of his finger, or indeed like a reed growing on a river bank, bending to every breath of wind, however slight the breeze that blows and shakes it.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Δεήσει τοίνυν σέ, εἰ μέλλεις Στωϊκῶν τὸν ἄριστον εἴσεσθαι, εἰ καὶ μὴ ἐπὶ πάντας, ἀλλ’ οὖν ἐπὶ τοὺς πλείστους αὐτῶν ἐλθεῖν καὶ πειραθῆναι καὶ τὸν ἀμείνω προστήσασθαι διδάσκαλον, γυμνασάμενόν γε πρότερον καὶ κριτικὴν τῶν τοιούτων δύναμιν πορισάμενον, ὡς μή σε λάθῃ ὁ χείρων προκριθείς. καὶ σὺ καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο ὅρα ὅσου δεῖ τοῦ χρόνου, οὗ ἑκὼν παρῆκα δεδιὼς μὴ σὺ ἀγανακτήσῃς, καίτοι τό γε μέγιστόν τε ἅμα καὶ ἀναγκαιότατον ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις, λέγω δὴ τοῖς ἀδήλοις τε καὶ ἀμφιβόλοις, ἓν τοῦτό ἐστιν οἶμαι. καὶ μόνη σοι αὕτη πιστὴ καὶ βέβαιος ἐλπὶς ἐπὶ τὴν ἀλήθειάν τε καὶ εὕρεσιν αὐτῆς, ἄλλη δὲ οὐδ’ ἡτισοῦν ἢ τὸ κρίνειν δύνασθαι καὶ χωρίζειν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀληθῶν τὰ ψευδῆ ὑπάρχειν σοι καὶ κατὰ τοὺς ἀργυρογνώμονας διαγιγνώσκειν ἅ τε δόκιμα καὶ ἀκίβδηλα καὶ ἃ παρακεκομμένα, καὶ εἴ ποτε τοιαύτην τινὰ δύναμιν καὶ τέχνην πορισάμενος ᾔεις ἐπὶ τὴν ἐξέτασιν τῶν λεγομένων· εἰ δὲ μή, εὖ ἴσθι ὡς οὐδὲν κωλύσει σε τῆς ῥινὸς ἕλκεσθαι ὑφ' ἑκάστων ἢ θαλλῷ προδειχθέντι ἀκολουθεῖν ὥσπερ τὰ πρόβατα· μᾶλλον δὲ τῷ ἐπιτραπεζίῳ ὕδατι ἐοικὼς ἔσῃ, ἐφ' ὅ τι ἂν μέρος ἑλκύσῃ σέ τις ἄκρῳ τῷ δακτύλῳ ἀγόμενος, ἢ καὶ νὴ Δία καλάμῳ τινὶ ἐπ' ὄχθῃ παραποταμίᾳ πεφυκότι καὶ πρὸς πᾶν τὸ πνέον καμπτομένῳ, κἂν μικρά τις αὔρα διαφυσήσασα διασαλεύσῃ αὐτόν.

[¶16] 69. So find a competent teacher to give you instruction in demonstration and the art of distinguishing matters in dispute, and you will certainly find an end to your difficulties. At once the best will be clear to you, truth and falsehood will be proved under the scrutiny of this art of demonstration, and you will make a sound choice, and having made your judgment you will practise philosophy, and you will have won your thrice-desired happiness and live with her, possessing all good things in one package.
HERMOTIMUS: Well done, Lycinus! What you say is far better and full of great hopes. We must look for a man, it seems, who will make us able to judge and to distinguish and able in the highest degree to prove a case. What follows will be easy now and no trouble, and it will not need much time. Now I am indeed grateful to you for finding this excellent short-cut for us.

> Greek: 69. Ὡς εἴ γέ τινα εὕροις διδάσκαλον, ὃς ἀποδείξεως πέρι καὶ τῆς τῶν ἀμφισβητουμένων διακρίσεως τέχνην τινὰ εἰδὼς διδάξειέ σε, παύσῃ δηλαδὴ πράγματα ἔχων. αὐτίκα γὰρ σοι τὸ βέλτιστον φανεῖται καὶ τἀληθὲς ὑπαχθὲν τῇ ἀποδεικτικῇ ταύτῃ τέχνῃ καὶ τὸ ψεῦδος ἐλεγχθήσεται, καὶ σὺ βεβαίως ἑλόμενος καὶ κρίνας φιλοσοφήσεις καὶ τὴν τριπόθητον εὐδαιμονίαν κτησάμενος βιώσῃ μετ' αὐτῆς ἅπαντα συλλήβδην ἔχων τἀγαθά.
ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Εὖ γε, ὦ Λυκῖνε. παρὰ πολὺ γὰρ ταῦτα ἀμείνω καὶ ἐλπίδος οὐ μικρᾶς ἐχόμενα λέγεις, καὶ ζητητέος, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἡμῖν ἀνήρ τις τοιοῦτος, διαγνωστικούς τε καὶ διακριτικοὺς ποιήσων ἡμᾶς καὶ τὸ μέγιστον ἀποδεικτικούς· ὡς τά γε μετὰ ταῦτα ῥᾴδια ἤδη καὶ ἀπράγμονα καὶ οὐ πολλῆς διατριβῆς δεόμενα. καὶ ἔγωγε ἤδη χάριν οἶδά σοι ἐξευρόντι σύντομόν τινα ταύτην ἡμῖν καὶ ἀρίστην ὁδόν.

[¶17] LYCINUS: No, you certainly have no reason to be grateful to me yet. I have discovered and told you nothing to bring you nearer to your hope. In fact we are much farther away than we were before, and as the proverb has it “a deal of toil and we’re where we were.”

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Καὶ μὴν οὐδέπω χάριν ἄν μοι εἰδείης εἰκότως· οὐδὲν γάρ σοι ἐξευρηκὼς ἔδειξα, ὡς ἐγγυτέρω σε ποιήσειν τῆς ἐλπίδος, τὸ δὲ πολὺ πορρωτέρω γεγόναμεν ἢ πρότερον ἦμεν καὶ κατὰ τοὺς παροιμιαζομένους “πολλὰ μοχθήσαντες ὁμοίως ἐσμέν.”

[¶18] HERMOTIMUS: What do you mean? This seems to me a hurtful and pessimistic statement.

> Greek: ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Πῶς τοῦτο φής; πάνυ γὰρ λυπηρόν τι καὶ δύσελπι ἐρεῖν ἔοικας.

[¶19] 70. LYCINUS: Because, my good friend, even if we find someone who professes knowledge of the art of demonstration and the ability to teach it to another, we shall not, I fancy, believe him at once, but look for someone else who can determine if the first man is speaking the truth. And even if we find this one, we are still not clear whether our arbiter knows how to distinguish the man whose judgment is correct or not, and for him too I fancy we shall need another arbiter. For how could we ourselves know how to choose the one able to judge best? Do you see how this goes on to infinity and cannot stop and be arrested? For you will see that all the proofs you can find are disputable and have no certainty. Most of them try to compel our belief on a basis of assumptions equally open to dispute, while the rest tack the most obscure and quite unrelated speculations on to self-evident truths and then say that the latter prove the former, as if a man thought to prove the existence of gods because we see their altars. So, Hermotimus, we seem to have run round in a circle and come back to our starting-point and the self-same difficulty.

> Greek: 70. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ὅτι, ὦ ἑταῖρε, κἂν εὕρωμεν ὑπισχνούμενόν τινα εἰδέναι τε ἀπόδειξιν καὶ ἄλλον διδάξειν, οὐκ αὐτίκα, οἶμαι, πιστεύσομεν αὐτῷ, ἀλλά τινα ζητήσομεν τὸν κρῖναι δυνάμενον, εἰ ἀληθῆ ὁ ἀνὴρ λέγει. κἂν τούτου εὐπορήσωμεν, ἄδηλον ἔτι ἡμῖν εἰ ὁ ἐπιγνώμων οὗτος οἶδε διαγιγνώσκειν τὸν ὀρθῶς κρινοῦντα ἢ μή, καὶ ἐπ' αὐτὸν αὖθις τοῦτον ἄλλου ἐπιγνώμονος, οἶμαι, δεῖ. ἡμεῖς γὰρ πόθεν ἂν εἰδείημεν διακρίνειν τὸν ἄριστα κρῖναι δυνάμενον; ὁρᾷς ὅποι τοῦτο ἀποτείνεται καὶ ὡς ἀπέραντον γίγνεται, στῆναί ποτε καὶ καταληφθῆναι μὴ δυνάμενον; ἐπεὶ καὶ τὰς ἀποδείξεις αὐτάς, ὁπόσας οἷόν τε εὑρίσκειν, ἀμφισβητουμένας ὄψει καὶ μηδὲν ἐχούσας βέβαιον. αἱ γοῦν πλεῖσται αὐτῶν δι’ ἄλλων ἀμφισβητουμένων πείθειν ἡμᾶς βιάζονται εἰδέναι, αἱ δὲ τοῖς πάνυ προδήλοις τὰ ἀφανέστατα συνάπτουσαι οὐδὲν αὐτοῖς κοινωνοῦντα ἀποδείξεις ὅμως αὐτῶν εἶναι φάσκουσιν, ὥσπερ εἴ τις οἴοιτο ἀποδείξειν εἶναι θεούς, διότι βωμοὶ αὐτῶν ὄντες φαίνονται. ὥστε, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, οὐκ οἶδ’ ὅπως καθάπερ οἱ ἐν κύκλῳ θέοντες ἐπὶ τὴν αὐτὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ ἀπορίαν ἐπανεληλύθαμεν.

[¶20] 71. HERMOTIMUS: Look at what you have done to me, Lycinus. You have shown my treasure to be nothing more than ashes, and all these years and heavy toil are lost in all likelihood.

> Greek: 71. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οἷά με εἰργάσω, ὦ Λυκῖνε, ἄνθρακάς μοι τὸν θησαυρὸν ἀποφήνας, καὶ ὡς ἔοικεν ἀπολεῖταί μοι τὰ τοσαῦτα ἔτη καὶ ὁ κάματος ὁ πολύς.

[¶21] LYCINUS: Well, Hermotimus, you will not be nearly so hurt if you remember that you are not the only one left outside the hoped-for blessings. No, all those who study philosophy are, as it were, wrangling over the shadow of an ass. Who could go through all that process I described? Even you yourself say that it is impossible. And now you seem to me to be acting like a man who wept and blamed fortune because he could not go up to heaven or dive deep into the sea off Sicily and come up at Cyprus, or fly like a bird from Greece to India in one day. His disappointment was due, I fancy, to expectations following a dream on some such subject or an invention of his imagination without prior enquiry whether his wishes could be fulfilled and were humanly possible. You too, my friend, have had many wonderful dreams, and the argument has poked you in the ribs and made you jump up out of your sleep. Then while your eyes are scarcely open you are angry with it, and you cannot easily shake off sleep for delight in what you have seen. Those who fabricate an unreal blessedness for themselves have just the same experience, surrounded by wealth, digging up treasure, kings, heaven-blest for some other reason—all this the goddess Wishing easily manages, great in her gifts and never saying “no,” whether you want to fly, to be as big as a Colossus, to discover whole mountains of gold; and if a slave interrupts their reverie with a question on day-to-day necessities—with what he is to buy bread, what he is to say to the landlord who has been waiting ever so long with a demand for the rent—they are so angry with him for taking all those good things away with his troublesome questions that they come near to biting off his nose.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἀλλ', ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, πολὺ ἔλαττον ἀνιάσῃ, ἢν ἐννοήσῃς ὅτι οὐ μόνος ἔξω μένεις τῶν ἐλπισθέντων ἀγαθῶν, ἀλλὰ πάντες ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν περὶ ὄνου σκιᾶς μάχονται οἱ φιλοσοφοῦντες. ἢ τίς ἄρα δύναιτο δι’ ἐκείνων ἁπάντων χωρῆσαι ὧν ἔφην; ὅπερ ἀδύνατον καὶ αὐτὸς λέγεις εἶναι. νῦν δὲ ὅμοιόν μοι δοκεῖς ποιεῖν ὥσπερ εἴ τις δακρύοι καὶ αἰτιῷτο τὴν τύχην, ὅτι μὴ δύναιτο ἀνελθεῖν ἐς τὸν οὐρανόν, ἢ ὅτι μὴ βύθιος ὑποδὺς εἰς τὴν θάλατταν ἀπὸ Σικελίας ἐς Κύπρον ἀναδύσεται, ἢ ὅτι μὴ ἀρθεὶς πτηνὸς αὐθημερὸν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος εἰς Ἰνδοὺς τελεῖ. τὸ δ’ αἴτιον τῆς λύπης, ὅτι ἠλπίκει, οἶμαι, ἢ ὄναρ ποτὲ ἰδὼν τοιοῦτον ἢ αὐτὸς αὑτῷ ἀναπλάσας, οὐ πρότερον ἐξετάσας εἰ ἐφικτὰ εὔχεται καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἀνθρώπου φύσιν. καὶ δὴ καὶ σέ, ὦ ἑταῖρε, πολλὰ καὶ θαυμαστὰ ὀνειροπολοῦντα νύξας ὁ λόγος ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕπνου ἐκθορεῖν ἐποίησεν· εἶτα ὀργίζῃ αὐτῷ ἔτι μόλις τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἀνοίγων καὶ τὸν ὕπνον οὐ ῥᾳδίως ἀποσειόμενος ὑφ' ἡδονῆς ὧν ἑώρας. πάσχουσι δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ οἱ τὴν κενὴν μακαρίαν ἑαυτοῖς ἀναπλάττοντες, ἢν μεταξὺ πλουτοῦσιν αὐτοῖς καὶ θησαυροὺς ἀνορύττουσιν καὶ βασιλεύουσιν καὶ τὰ ἄλλα εὐδαιμονοῦσιν—οἷα πολλὰ ἡ θεὸς ἐκείνη ῥᾳδιουργεῖ, ἡ Εὐχή, μεγαλόδωρος οὖσα καὶ πρὸς οὐδὲν ἀντιλέγουσα, κἂν πτηνὸς θέλῃ τις γενέσθαι, κἂν κολοσσιαῖος τὸ μέγεθος, κἂν ὄρη ὅλα χρυσᾶ εὑρίσκειν· ἢν τοίνυν ταῦτα ἐννοοῦσιν αὐτοῖς ὁ παῖς προσελθὼν ἔρηταί τι τῶν ἀναγκαίων, οἷον ὅθεν ἄρτους ὠνητέον ἢ ὅ τι φατέον πρὸς τὸν ἀπαιτοῦντα τοὐνοίκιον ἐκ πολλοῦ περιμένοντα, οὕτως ἀγανακτοῦσιν ὡς ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐρομένου καὶ παρενοχλήσαντος ἀφαιρεθέντες ἅπαντα ἐκεῖνα τἀγαθὰ καὶ ὀλίγου δέουσι τὴν ῥῖνα τοῦ παιδὸς ἀποτραγεῖν.

[¶22] 72. But, my dear friend, do not feel like that towards me, if I, a friend, did not let you spend all your life in a dream, albeit a sweet one, digging up treasure, flying, inventing extravagant visions, and hoping for what was beyond reach, or if again I tell you to get up and carry out your daily tasks and adopt a course that will keep your mind in future on the trivalities of the common life. For what you have recently been working at and planning is no different from Hippocentaurs and Chimaeras and Gorgons and all the other images that belong to dreams and to poets and painters with their artistic licence—fancies that have never existed and can never exist. Nevertheless the vast majority of mankind believe them and they are enchanted when they see or hear things of this sort, because they are strange and monstrous.

> Greek: 72. Ἀλλὰ σύ, ὦ φιλότης, μὴ πάθῃς αὐτὸ πρὸς ἐμέ, εἴ σε θησαυροὺς ἀνορύττοντα καὶ πετόμενον καί τινας ἐννοίας ὑπερφυεῖς ἐννοοῦντα καί τινας ἐλπίδας ἀνεφίκτους ἐλπίζοντα φίλος ὢν οὐ περιεῖδον διὰ παντὸς τοῦ βίου ὀνείρῳ ἡδεῖ μὲν ἴσως, ἀτὰρ ὀνείρῳ γε συνόντα, διαναστάντα δὲ ἀξιῶ πράττειν τι τῶν ἀναγκαίων καὶ ὅ σε παραπέμψει ἐς τὸ λοιπὸν τοῦ βίου τὰ κοινὰ ταῦτα φρονοῦντα. ἐπεὶ ὅ γε νῦν ἔπραττες καὶ ἐπενόεις, οὐδὲν τῶν Ἱπποκενταύρων καὶ Χιμαιρῶν καὶ Γοργόνων διαφέρει, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα ὄνειροι καὶ ποιηταὶ καὶ γραφεῖς ἐλεύθεροι ὄντες ἀναπλάττουσιν οὔτε γενόμενα πώποτε οὔτε γενέσθαι δυνάμενα. καὶ ὅμως ὁ πολὺς λεὼς πιστεύουσιν αὐτοῖς καὶ κηλοῦνται ὁρῶντες ἢ ἀκούοντες τὰ τοιαῦτα διὰ τὸ ξένα καὶ ἀλλόκοτα εἶναι.

[¶23] 73. You too have heard from some storyteller of a woman of surpassing beauty, beyond the Graces themselves or Heavenly Aphrodite; and, although you had not first asked whether he was telling the truth and whether this woman existed anywhere in the world, you fell in love with her at once, as they say Medea fell in love with Jason from a dream. But what above all brought you to this love—and has brought all who are in love with the same vision as you—was, I should guess, this: when he had told you about the woman and his first sketch had won your belief, he proceeded to fill in the details. You looked at nothing else, and so, when once you had let him get the first grip, he dragged you all by the nose and led you to the beloved by what he said was a straight path. The rest, I fancy, was easy: not one of you turned back to the entrance and enquired whether it was the true one and whether he had made a mistake and should not have entered; no, you followed in the steps of those who had made the journey before you, like sheep following their leader, although you should have considered at the entrance right at the beginning whether you ought to enter in there.

> Greek: 73. Καὶ σὺ δὴ μυθοποιοῦ τινος ἀκούσας ὡς ἔστιν τις γυνὴ ὑπερφυὴς τὸ κάλλος, ὑπὲρ τὰς Χάριτας αὐτὰς ἢ τὴν Οὐρανίαν, μὴ πρότερον ἐξετάσας εἰ ἀληθῆ λέγει καὶ εἰ ἔστι που τῆς γῆς ἡ ἄνθρωπος αὕτη, ἤρας εὐθύς, ὥσπερ φασὶ τὴν Μήδειαν ἐξ ὀνείρατος ἐρασθῆναι τοῦ Ἰάσονος. ὃ δὲ δὴ μάλιστά σε πρὸς τὸν ἔρωτα ἐπηγάγετο καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους δέ, ὁπόσοι τοῦ αὐτοῦ σοι εἰδώλου ἐρῶσι, τοῦτο ἦν, ὥς γέ μοι εἰκάζοντι φαίνεται, τὸ τὸν λέγοντα ἐκεῖνον περὶ τῆς γυναικός, ἐπείπερ ἐπιστεύθη τὸ πρῶτον ὅτι ἀληθῆ λέγει, ἀκόλουθα ἐπάγειν· εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ ἑωρᾶτε μόνον, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο εἷλκεν ὑμᾶς τῆς ῥινός, ἐπείπερ ἅπαξ τὴν πρώτην λαβὴν ἐνεδώκατε αὐτῷ, καὶ ἦγεν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀγαπωμένην δι’ ἧς ἔλεγεν εὐθείας ὁδοῦ. ῥᾴδια γάρ, οἶμαι, τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ οὐδεὶς ὑμῶν ἔτι ἐπιστρεφόμενος εἰς τὴν εἴσοδον ἐξήταζεν εἰ ἀληθής ἐστιν καὶ εἰ μὴ ἔλαθεν καθ' ἣν οὐκ ἐχρῆν εἰσελθών, ἀλλ’ ἠκολούθει τοῖς τῶν προωδευκότων ἴχνεσι, καθάπερ τὰ πρόβατα πρὸς τὸν ἡγούμενον, δέον ἐπὶ τῇ εἰσόδῳ καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν εὐθὺς σκέψασθαι, εἴπερ εἰσιτητέον.

[¶24] 74. You will see better what I mean if you consider this analogy: suppose one of these daring poets were to say that there was once a man with three heads and six hands, and suppose that you facilely accepted this without asking if it were possible, just believing, he would at once follow it up by filling in the details appropriately—six eyes, six ears, three voices coming from three mouths, each taking food, and thirty fingers, unlike us with our ten on two hands; and, if he had to go to war, three hands held three shields—light, oblong, or round—, and three brandished axe, spear, and sword. Who would disbelieve these details now—details which are consistent with the first outline? It was there that you ought to have seen whether it was credible or acceptable thus. Once you admit the premises the rest comes flooding in; you will never stay its course, and disbelief is difficult now, for what follows is consistent in the way it follows the agreed premises. This has happened to you all. Because of your love and enthusiasm you made no enquiry into the conditions at each entrance. You go forward led by the consistency of what came after, not considering that things may be consistent and false. Suppose for instance you were to believe someone who said that twice five is seven and did not count for yourself, he will clearly go on to say that four times five is certainly fourteen, and so on, as long as he likes. This is what that marvellous geometry does—in the beginning it presents certain monstrous postulates and demands that we consent to them though they cannot exist—for instance points without parts, lines without breadth, and so on—and on these rotten foundations it erects its structure and claims to demonstrate truths, in spite of the fact that it starts from a false beginning.

> Greek: 74. Ὃ δέ φημι, σαφέστερον ἂν μάθοις, ἤν τι τοιοῦτον ὅμοιον παραθεωρήσῃς αὐτῷ· λέγοντος γάρ τινος τῶν μεγαλοτόλμων τούτων ποιητῶν, ὡς γένοιτό ποτε τρικέφαλος καὶ ἑξάχειρ ἄνθρωπος, ἂν τὸ πρῶτον ταῦτα ἀπραγμόνως ἀποδέξῃ μὴ ἐξετάσας εἰ δυνατόν, ἀλλὰ πιστεύσας, εὐθὺς ἀκολούθως ἂν ἐπάγοι τὰ λοιπά, ὡς καὶ ὀφθαλμοὺς ὁ αὐτὸς εἶχεν ἓξ καὶ ὦτα ἓξ καὶ φωνὰς τρεῖς ἅμα ἠφίει καὶ ἤσθιεν διὰ τριῶν στομάτων καὶ δακτύλους τριάκοντα εἶχεν, οὐχ ὥσπερ ἕκαστος ἡμῶν δέκα ἐν ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς χερσί· καὶ εἰ πολεμεῖν δέοι, αἱ τρεῖς μὲν χεῖρες ἑκάστη πέλτην ἢ γέρρον ἢ ἀσπίδα εἶχον, αἱ τρεῖς δὲ ἡ μὲν πέλεκυν κατέφερεν, ἡ δὲ λόγχην ἠφίει, ἡ δὲ τῷ ξίφει ἐχρῆτο. καὶ τίς ἔτι ἂν ἀπιστήσειε ταῦτα λέγοντι αὐτῷ; ἀκόλουθα γὰρ τῇ ἀρχῇ, περὶ ᾗς ἐχρῆν εὐθὺς σκοπεῖν εἴπερ παραδεκτέα καὶ εἰ συγχωρητέα οὕτως ἔχειν. ἢν δὲ ἅπαξ ἐκεῖνα δῷς, ἐπιρρεῖ τὰ λοιπὰ καὶ οὔποτε στήσεται καὶ τὸ ἀπιστεῖν αὐτοῖς οὐκέτι ῥᾴδιον, ἐπείπερ ἀκόλουθα καὶ ὅμοιά ἐστιν τῇ συγχωρηθείσῃ ἀρχῇ· ἅπερ καὶ ὑμεῖς πάσχετε. ὑπὸ γὰρ δὴ ἔρωτος καὶ προθυμίας οὐκ ἐξετάσαντες τὰ κατὰ τὴν εἴσοδον ἑκάστην ὅπως ὑμῖν ἔχει, προχωρεῖτε ὑπὸ τῆς ἀκολουθίας ἑλκόμενοι, οὐκ ἐννοοῦντες εἴ τι γένοιτο ἂν ἀκόλουθόν τι αὑτῷ καὶ ψεῦδος ὄν· οἷον, εἴ τις λέγοι τὰ δὶς πέντε ἑπτὰ εἶναι καὶ σὺ πιστεύσειας αὐτῷ μὴ ἀριθμήσας ἐπὶ σαυτοῦ, ἐπάξει δηλαδὴ ὅτι καὶ τετράκις πέντε τετταρεσκαίδεκα πάντως ἐστὶ καὶ μέχρι ἂν ὅτου ἐθελήσῃ. οἷα καὶ ἡ θαυμαστὴ γεωμετρία ποιεῖ—κἀκείνη γὰρ τοὺς ἐν ἀρχῇ ἀλλόκοτά τινα αἰτήματα αἰτήσασα καὶ συγχωρηθῆναι αὐτῇ ἀξιώσασα οὐδὲ συστῆναι δυνάμενα—σημεῖά τινα ἀμερῆ καὶ γραμμὰς ἀπλατεῖς καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα, ἐπὶ σαθροῖς τοῖς θεμελίοις τούτοις οἰκοδομεῖ τὰ τοιαῦτα καὶ ἀξιοῖ εἰς ἀπόδειξιν ἀληθῆ λέγειν ἀπὸ ψευδοῦς τῆς ἀρχῆς ὁρμωμένη.

[¶25] 75. Draw the comparison: you philosophers grant the premises of the various systems and then believe everything that follows, supposing that the consistency you find, false though it is, is a proof of its essential truth. Then some of you die in your hopes before they perceive the truth and condemn their deceivers, while others, even if they see too late that they have been deceived, are old men already, and hesitate to turn back out of shame, for fear that in their old age they have to acknowledge that they did not know that they were playing children’s games; so they stick to it out of shame, and praise their lot and turn as many as they can into the same course so that they may not be the only ones who are swindled, but that a multitude of others in the same state as themselves may be a consolation to them. They realise moreover this, that if they speak the truth they will no longer be revered above the many as now, nor receive the same honour. No, they would not be ready to speak the truth, knowing as they do the heights from which they will fall to the state of ordinary mortals. You will certainly find very few brave enough to admit that they have been deceived and to turn away others from a similar attempt. If, then, you meet such a one, call him a lover of truth, honest, and just, and, if you like, a philosopher; for to him alone I would not begrudge the name. As for the rest, either they have no knowledge of the truth, though they think they have, or they know it and hide it from cowardice and shame and the wish to be highly honoured.

> Greek: 75. Κατὰ ταὐτὰ τοίνυν καὶ ὑμεῖς δόντες τὰς ἀρχὰς τῆς προαιρέσεως ἑκάστης πιστεύετε τοῖς ἑξῆς καὶ γνώρισμα τῆς ἀληθείας αὐτῶν τὴν ἀκολουθίαν ἡγεῖσθε εἶναι ψευδῆ οὖσαν. εἶτα οἱ μὲν ὑμῶν ἐναποθνήσκουσιν ταῖς ἐλπίσι, πρὶν ἰδεῖν τἀληθὲς καὶ καταγνῶναι τῶν ἐξαπατησάντων ἐκείνων, οἱ δὲ κἂν αἴσθωνται ἐξηπατημένοι ὀψέ ποτε γέροντες ἤδη γενόμενοι, ὀκνοῦσιν ἀναστρέφειν αἰδούμενοι εἰ δεήσει τηλικούτους αὐτοὺς ὄντας ἐξομολογήσασθαι ὅτι παίδων πράγματα ἔχοντες οὐ συνίεσαν· ὥστε ἐμμένουσιν τοῖς αὐτοῖς ὑπ' αἰσχύνης καὶ ἐπαινοῦσι τὰ παρόντα καὶ ὁπόσους ἂν δύνωνται προτρέπουσιν ἐπὶ τὰ αὐτά, ὡς ἂν μὴ μόνοι ἐξηπατημένοι ὦσιν ἀλλὰ ἔχωσι παραμυθίαν τὸ καὶ πολλοὺς καὶ ἄλλους τὰ ὅμοια παθεῖν αὐτοῖς. καὶ γὰρ αὖ κἀκεῖνο ὁρῶσιν, ὅτι ἢν τἀληθὲς εἴπωσιν οὐκέτι σεμνοὶ ὥσπερ νῦν καὶ ὑπὲρ τοὺς πολλοὺς δόξουσιν οὐδὲ τιμήσονται ὁμοίως. οὐκ ἂν οὖν ἑκόντες εἴποιεν εἰδότες, ἀφ' οἵων ἐκπεσόντες ὅμοιοι τοῖς ἄλλοις δόξουσιν. ὀλίγοις δ’ ἂν πάνυ ἐντύχοις ὑπ' ἀνδρείας τολμῶσι λέγειν ὅτι ἐξηπάτηνται καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀποτρέπειν τῶν ὁμοίων πειρωμένους. εἰ δ’ οὖν τινι τοιούτῳ ἐντύχοις, φιλαλήθη τε κάλει τὸν τοιοῦτον καὶ χρηστὸν καὶ δίκαιον καί, εἰ βούλει, φιλόσοφον· οὐ γὰρ ἂν φθονήσαιμι τούτῳ μόνῳ τοῦ ὀνόματος. οἱ δ’ ἄλλοι ἢ οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς ἴσασιν οἰόμενοι εἰδέναι ἢ εἰδότες ἀποκρύπτονται ὑπὸ δειλίας καὶ αἰσχύνης καὶ τοῦ προτιμᾶσθαι βούλεσθαι.

[¶26] 76. However, in Athena’s name let us forget all that I have said and let it drop, let it pass into oblivion like all history before Euclid’s archonship. Let us assume that this philosophy of the Stoics and no other is right, and see whether it is attainable and possible, or if those who desire it labour in vain. For I hear that it makes wonderful promises of the happiness in store for those who attain its height, for they alone will take and possess every true good. You may know the answer to the next question better than I—have you ever met a Stoic, one of the top men, of a type that feels no pain, one who is not dragged down by pleasure, who is never angry, but rises above envy, despises wealth, and is perfectly happy? Our canon and measure of the virtuous life must be like that—for if he fall short in the least thing he is imperfect, even if he has more of everything—and if he is not like that, he is not yet happy.

> Greek: 76. Καίτοι πρὸς τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ἅπαντα μὲν ἃ ἔφην, ἐάσωμεν αὐτοῦ καταβαλόντες καὶ λήθη τις ἔστω αὐτῶν ὥσπερ τῶν πρὸ Εὐκλείδου ἄρχοντος πραχθέντων. ὑποθέμενοι δὲ ταύτην φιλοσοφίαν ὀρθὴν εἶναι τὴν τῶν Στωϊκῶν, ἄλλην δὲ μηδ’ ἡντιναοῦν, ἴδωμεν εἰ ἐφικτὴ αὕτη καὶ δυνατή ἐστιν, ἢ μάτην κάμνουσιν ὁπόσοι ἐφίενται αὐτῆς. τὰς μὲν γὰρ ὑποσχέσεις ἀκούω θαυμαστάς τινας, ἡλίκα εὐδαιμονήσουσιν οἱ ἐς τὸ ἀκρότατον ἐλθόντες, μόνους γὰρ τούτους πάντα συλλαβόντας ἕξειν τὰ τῷ ὄντι ἀγαθά. τὸ μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ σὺ ἂν ἄμεινον εἰδείης, εἴ τινι ἐντετύχηκας τοιούτῳ Στωϊκῷ τῶν ἄκρων, οἵῳ μήτε λυπεῖσθαι μήθ' ὑφ' ἡδονῆς κατασπᾶσθαι μήτε ὀργίζεσθαι, φθόνου δὲ κρείττονι καὶ πλούτου καταφρονοῦντι καὶ συνόλως εὐδαίμονι. ὁποῖον χρὴ τὸν κανόνα εἶναι καὶ γνώμονα τοῦ κατὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν βίου—ὁ γὰρ καὶ κατὰ μικρότατον ἐνδέων ἀτελής, κἂν πάντα πλείω ἔχῃ—εἰ δὲ τοῦτο οὐχί, οὐδέπω εὐδαίμων.

[¶27] 77. HERMOTIMUS: I have never seen such a man.

> Greek: 77. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὐδένα τοιοῦτον εἶδον.

[¶28] LYCINUS: Good for you, Hermotimus! You do not tell deliberate lies. Then what have you in view as a philosopher, when you see neither your teacher nor his teacher nor his predecessor even back to the tenth generation truly wise and therefore happy? For it would not be right for you to say that it is enough if you come near to happiness—that is of no use: a man standing by the door is as much outside the threshold and in the open as one a long way off, the difference being that the former will be more annoyed because he has a near view of what he cannot have. Then just to get near happiness (this I will grant you) you take all that trouble, wearing yourself out, and so much of your life has slipped away in torpor and weariness, slumped in sleeplessness; and you will labour on, as you say, for at least another twenty years, so that when you are eighty (have you a guarantee of living so long?) you may be one of those who are not yet happy—unless you think that you alone will reach and grasp in your pursuit that which very many good and far swifter men have pursued before you and failed to catch.

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Εὖ γε, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, ὅτι οὐ ψεύδῃ ἑκών. εἰς τί δ’ οὖν ἀποβλέπων φιλοσοφεῖς, ὅταν ὁρᾷς μήτε τὸν διδάσκαλον τὸν σὸν μήτε τὸν ἐκείνου μήτε τὸν πρὸ αὐτοῦ μηδ’ ἂν εἰς δεκαγονίαν ἀναγάγῃς μηδένα αὐτῶν σοφὸν ἀκριβῶς καὶ διὰ τοῦτο εὐδαίμονα γεγενημένον; οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν ἐκεῖνο ὀρθῶς εἴποις ὡς ἀπόχρη κἂν πλησίον γένῃ τῆς εὐδαιμονίας, ἐπεὶ οὐδὲν ὄφελος· ὁμοίως γὰρ ἔξω τοῦ ὀδοῦ ἐστιν καὶ ἐν τῷ ὑπαίθρῳ ὅ τε παρὰ τὴν θύραν ἔξω ἑστὼς καὶ ὁ πόρρω· διαλλάττοιεν δ’ ἄν, ὅτι μᾶλλον οὗτος ἀνιάσεται ὁρῶν ἐγγύθεν οἵων ἐστέρηται. εἶτα ἵνα πλησίον γένῃ τῆς εὐδαιμονίας (δώσω γὰρ τοῦτό σοι) τοσαῦτα πονεῖς κατατρύχων σεαυτόν, καὶ παραδεδράμηκέ σε ὁ βίος ὁ τοσοῦτος ἐν ἀκηδίᾳ καὶ καμάτῳ καὶ ἀγρυπνίαις κάτω νενευκότα· καὶ εἰσαῦθις πονήσεις, ὡς φής, ἄλλα εἴκοσιν ἔτη τοὐλάχιστον, ἵνα ὀγδοηκοντούτης γενόμενος (εἴ τις ἐγγυητής ἐστί σοι ὅτι βιώσῃ τοσαῦτα) ὅμως ᾖς ἐν τοῖς μηδέπω εὐδαιμονοῦσιν—εἰ μὴ μόνος οἴει τεύξεσθαι τούτου καὶ αἱρήσειν διώκων ὃ πρὸ σοῦ μάλα πολλοὶ καὶ ἀγαθοὶ καὶ ὠκύτεροι παρὰ πολὺ διώκοντες οὐ κατέλαβον.

[¶29] 78. Well, catch it then, if you wish: grasp and hold all of it; but in the first place I do not see what good could ever be supposed to compensate for all these efforts. Then what time will you have left to enjoy it, old man as you will be, too far gone for pleasure, and with one foot in the grave, as they say? Unless, my noble friend, you are putting in training for a future life, so that you can live it better when you get there, knowing how to live like a man preparing and training himself for a better dinner for such a long time that before he knows it he is dead of hunger.

> Greek: 78. Ἀλλὰ καὶ κατάλαβε, εἰ δοκεῖ, καὶ ἔχε ὅλον συλλαβών· τὸ μὲν δὴ πρῶτον οὐχ ὁρῶ ὅ τι ποτ' ἂν εἴη τἀγαθόν, ὡς ἀντάξιον δοκεῖν τῶν πόνων τῶν τοσούτων. ἔπειτα ἐς πόσον ἔτι τὸν λοιπὸν χρόνον ἀπολαύσεις αὐτοῦ γέρων ἤδη καὶ παντὸς ἡδέος ἔξωρος ὢν καὶ τὸν ἕτερον πόδα φασὶν ἐν τῇ σορῷ ἔχων; εἰ μή τι ἐς ἄλλον, ὦ γενναῖε, βίον προγυμνάζεις ἑαυτόν, ὡς ἐς ἐκεῖνον ἐλθὼν ἄμεινον διαγάγοις, εἰδὼς ὅντινα τρόπον χρὴ βιοῦν ὅμοιον ὡς εἴ τις ἐς τοσοῦτον σκευάζοι τε καὶ εὐτρεπίζοι ὡς δειπνήσων ἄμεινον ἄχρι ἂν λάθῃ ὑπὸ λιμοῦ διαφθαρείς.

[¶30] 79. Moreover, you have never realised, I suppose, that virtue lies in action, in acting justly and wisely and bravely. While all of you (by “you” I mean the philosophers at the top) neglect these things, and are studying how to find and compose your wretched texts and syllogisms and problems. You spend most of your lives on this, and whoever wins in this race is your Conquering Hero. That, I fancy, is why you admire this teacher of yours, the old man, because he reduces his pupils to perplexity and knows how to question and quibble and cheat and throw into inextricable confusion. So you just throw away the fruit—which has to do with works—and busy yourselves with the husk, in your discussions throwing the leaves over each other. Isn’t that what you all do, Hermotimus, from dawn till dusk?
HERMOTIMUS: Yes, just that.

> Greek: 79. Ἀλλὰ μὴν οὐδ’ ἐκεῖνό πω κατανενόηκας οἶμαι ὡς ἡ μὲν ἀρετὴ ἐν ἔργοις δήπου ἐστίν, οἷον ἐν τῷ δίκαια πράττειν καὶ σοφὰ καὶ ἀνδρεῖα, ὑμεῖς δὲ (τὸ δὲ ὑμεῖς ὅταν εἴπω, τοὺς ἄκρους τῶν φιλοσοφούντων φημί) ἀφέντες ταῦτα ζητεῖν καὶ ποιεῖν ῥημάτια δύστηνα μελετᾶτε καὶ συλλογισμοὺς καὶ ἀπορίας καὶ τὸ πλεῖστον τοῦ βίου ἐπὶ τούτοις διατρίβετε, καὶ ὃς ἂν κρατῇ ἐν αὐτοῖς καλλίνικος ὑμῖν δοκεῖ. ἀφ' ὧν οἶμαι καὶ τὸν διδάσκαλον τουτονὶ θαυμάζετε γέροντα ἄνδρα, ὅτι τοὺς προσομιλοῦντας ἐς ἀπορίαν καθίστησιν καὶ οἶδεν ὡς χρὴ ἐρέσθαι καὶ σοφίσασθαι καὶ πανουργῆσαι καὶ ἐς ἄφυκτα ἐμβαλεῖν, καὶ τὸν καρπὸν ἀτεχνῶς ἀφέντες—οὗτος δὲ ἦν περὶ τὰ ἔργα—περὶ τὸν φλοιὸν ἀσχολεῖσθε τὰ φύλλα καταχέοντες ἀλλήλων ἐν ταῖς ὁμιλίαις. ἢ γὰρ ἄλλα ἐστὶν ἃ πράττετε, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, πάντες ἕωθεν εἰς ἑσπέραν;
ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Οὔκ, ἀλλὰ ταῦτα.

[¶31] LYCINUS: Then wouldn’t it be right to say that you forget the substance and hunt the shadow, or ignore the crawling serpent and hunt the slough? Yes, and that you are like a man pouring water into a mortar and braying it with an iron pestle who thinks that he is doing essential and productive work, not knowing that although you bray your arms off, as they say, water is still water?

> Greek: ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Ἢ οὖν οὐχὶ καὶ ὀρθῶς τις φαίη τὴν σκιὰν ὑμᾶς θηρεύειν ἐάσαντας τὸ σῶμα ἢ τοῦ ὄφεως τὸ σύφαρ ἀμελήσαντας τοῦ ὁλκοῦ; μᾶλλον δὲ τὸ ὅμοιον ποιεῖν ὥσπερ εἴ τις ἐς ὅλμον ὕδωρ ἐκχέας ὑπέρῳ σιδηρῷ πτίττοι πράττειν ἀναγκαῖόν τι καὶ προὔργου οἰόμενος, οὐκ εἰδὼς ὅτι ἂν ἀποβάλῃ φασὶ τοὺς ὤμους πτίττων, ὕδωρ ὁμοίως τὸ ὕδωρ μένει;

[¶32] 80. Now here let me ask you if, leaving aside his talk, you would care to be like your teacher. Would you care to be so irritable, so mean, so quarrelsome, yes, and so fond of pleasure, even if people don’t think it? Why don’t you speak, Hermotimus? Shall I tell you what I heard the other day from a very old man who spoke in defence of some philosophy or other? Quite a number of young men keep him company to learn his wisdom, and he was in a temper as he demanded payment from one of his pupils, saying that it was overdue and that the day had gone by: the debt ought to have been paid sixteen days before on the last day of the month, according to the agreement.

> Greek: 80. Καί μοι δὸς ἐνταῦθα ἤδη ἐρέσθαι σε εἰ ἐθέλοις ἂν ἔξω τῶν λόγων τὰ ἄλλα ἐοικέναι τῷ διδασκάλῳ, οὕτω μὲν ὀργίλος, οὕτω δὲ μικρολόγος, οὕτω δὲ φιλόνεικος ὢν καὶ φιλήδονος νὴ Δί', εἰ καὶ μὴ τοῖς πολλοῖς δοκεῖ. τί σιγᾷς, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε; θέλεις διηγήσομαι ἃ πρῴην ἤκουσα ὑπὲρ φιλοσοφίας τινὸς λέγοντος ἀνδρὸς πάνυ γεγηρακότος, ᾧ πάμπολλοι τῶν νέων ἐπὶ σοφίᾳ πλησιάζουσιν; ἀπαιτῶν γὰρ παρά τινος τῶν μαθητῶν τὸν μισθὸν ἠγανάκτει, λέγων ὑπερήμερον εἶναι καὶ ἐκπρόθεσμον τοῦ ὀφλήματος, ὃν ἔδει πρὸ ἑκκαίδεκα ἡμερῶν ἐκτετικέναι τῇ ἕνῃ καὶ νέᾳ· οὕτω γὰρ συνθέσθαι.

[¶33] 81. During this show of temper, the young man’s uncle came up to him. He was a countryman—a mere layman to you philosophers. “Good heavens! Stop saying you’ve been cheated of a fortune because we bought some pretty talk from you and haven’t paid you the balance yet. In any case you still have what you sold to us: your capital of knowledge is not reduced. And what about my hopes in sending the young man to you in the first place? You’ve made him no better—he carried off my neighbour Echecrates’ daughter, a virgin, and raped her. He only just missed a summons for assault, but I paid a talent to Echecrates, who is a poor man, in recompense for his crime. The other day he thrashed his mother because she caught him carrying off the wine jar under his coat—his contribution, I suppose, to the wine-feast. As for passion and anger and shamelessness and recklessness and lying, he was far better last year than he is now. Yet I would have liked him to be helped by you in this sort of thing, rather than have all that knowledge which every day at dinner he parades at us, though we’ve no need of it: how a crocodile carried off a young lad, and promised to give him back if his father answered some question or other; or how when it’s day it can’t be night. Sometimes our fine gentleman even makes horns grow out of our heads, he twists our words so. We laugh at all this, especially when he stops up his ears and does his practice and says over to himself his ‘states’ and “conditions’ and ‘comprehensions’ and ‘images,’ and a string of other names like these. We hear him say that God is not in heaven but pervades everything—sticks and stones and beasts right down to the meanest. And when his mother asks him why he talks such nonsense, he laughs at her and says: ‘If I learn this “nonsense” properly, there will be nothing to stop me being the only rich man, the only king, and the rest slaves and scum compared with me.’”

> Greek: 81. Καὶ ἐπεὶ ταῦτα ἠγανάκτει, παρεστὼς ὁ θεῖος τοῦ νεανίσκου, ἄγροικος ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἰδιώτης ὡς πρὸς τὰ ὑμέτερα, Πέπαυσο, εἶπεν, ὦ θαυμάσιε, τὰ μέγιστ' ἠδικῆσθαι λέγων, εἰ ῥημάτια παρὰ σοῦ πριάμενοι μηδέπω ἐκτετίκαμεν διάφορον. καίτοι ἃ μὲν ἡμῖν πέπρακας, ἔχεις ἔτι καὶ αὐτὸς καὶ οὐδὲν ἔλαττον γέγονέ σοι τῶν μαθημάτων. τὰ δ’ ἄλλα ὧν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐπιθυμῶν συνέστησά σοι τὸν νεανίσκον, ὁ δ’ οὐδὲν ἀμείνων γεγένηται διὰ σέ, ὃς τοὐμοῦ γείτονος Ἐχεκράτους τὴν θυγατέρα συναρπάσας παρθένον οὖσαν διέφθειρεν καὶ ὀλίγου δίκην ἔφυγε βιαίων, εἰ μὴ ἐγὼ ταλάντου ὠνησάμην τὸ πλημμέλημα παρὰ πένητος ἀνδρὸς τοῦ Ἐχεκράτους. τὴν μητέρα δὲ πρῴην ἐρράπισεν, ὅτι αὐτοῦ ἐλάβετο ὑπὸ κόλπου ἐκκομίζοντος τὸν κάδον, ὡς ἔχοι συμβολὰς οἶμαι καταθεῖναι. τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἐς ὀργὴν καὶ θυμὸν καὶ ἀναισχυντίαν καὶ ἐς τόλμαν καὶ ψεῦδος μακρῷ τινι ἄμεινον εἶχε πέρυσιν ἢ νῦν. καίτοι ἐβουλόμην ἂν αὐτὸν ἐς ταῦτα ὠφελῆσθαι ὑπὸ σοῦ μᾶλλον ἤπερ ἐκεῖνα εἰδέναι, ἃ καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν πρὸς ἡμᾶς οὐδὲν δεομένους ἐπὶ τὸ δεῖπνον διεξέρχεται, ὡς κροκόδειλος ἥρπασε παιδίον, καὶ ὑπέσχηται ἀποδώσειν αὐτό, ἂν ἀποκρίνηται ὁ πατὴρ οὐκ οἶδ’ ὅ τι, ἢ ὡς ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστιν ἡμέρας οὔσης μὴ νύκτα εἶναι. ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ κέρατα ἡμῖν ὁ γενναῖος ἀναφύει οὐκ οἶδ’ ὅπως περιπλέκων τὸν λόγον. ἡμεῖς δὲ γελῶμεν ἐπὶ τούτοις, καὶ μάλιστα ὅταν ἐπιβυσάμενος τὰ ὦτα μελετᾷ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἕξεις τινὰς καὶ σχέσεις καὶ καταλήψεις καὶ φαντασίας καὶ τοιαῦτα πολλὰ ὀνόματα διεξιών. ἀκούομεν δὲ αὐτοῦ λέγοντος ὡς καὶ ὁ θεὸς οὐκ ἐν οὐρανῷ ἐστιν ἀλλὰ διὰ πάντων πεφοίτηκεν, οἷον ξύλων καὶ λίθων καὶ ζῴων ἄχρι καὶ τῶν ἀτιμοτάτων. καὶ τῆς γε μητρὸς ἐρομένης αὐτὸν τί ταῦτα ληρεῖ, καταγελάσας αὐτῆς, Ἀλλὰ ἢν τὸν λῆρον τοῦτον, ἔφη, ἐκμάθω ἀκριβῶς, οὐδὲν κωλύσει με μόνον πλούσιον μόνον βασιλέα εἶναι, τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους ἀνδράποδα καὶ καθάρματα νομίζεσθαι ὡς πρὸς ἐμέ.

[¶34] 82. This is what the man said. Now hear the philosopher’s reply, Hermotimus, the answer of experience: “If he had not come to me, don’t you think he would have done much worse, and even perhaps have faced the public executioner? As it is, philosophy and his regard for philosophy have put a bit in his mouth, and so he is more moderate and still tolerable. For it brings some shame on him if he shows himself unworthy of that dress and name, things which accompany him and serve as a tutor. So I deserve my pay from you, if not for any improvement I have made, at any rate for what out of respect for philosophy he has not done. Nurses too say as much, that little children must go to school: if they are still too young to learn anything good, at any rate they will be out of mischief while they are there. No, in general I think I have done what I had to do. Come tomorrow and bring along anyone you like who knows our teaching, and you will see how he asks questions and gives answers, how much he has learnt and how many books he has read already on axioms, syllogisms, comprehensions, properties, and all sorts of things. If he has beaten his mother or carried off girls, what is that to me?

> Greek: 82. Τοιαῦτα τοῦ ἀνδρὸς εἰπόντος, ὁ φιλόσοφος ὅρα οἵαν ἀπόκρισιν ἀπεκρίνατο, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, ὡς πρεσβυτικήν· ἔφη γάρ, Ἀλλ' εἴ γε μὴ ἐμοὶ ἐπλησίαζεν οὗτος, οὐκ οἴει μακρῷ χείρω ἂν αὐτὸν ἐξεργάσασθαι ἢ καὶ νὴ Δία ἴσως τῷ δημίῳ παραδεδόσθαι; ὡς νῦν γε χαλινόν τινα ἐμβέβληκεν αὐτῷ ἡ φιλοσοφία καὶ ἡ πρὸς ταύτην αἰδώς, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο μετριώτερός ἐστιν ὑμῖν καὶ φορητὸς ἔτι. φέρει γάρ τινα αἰσχύνην αὐτῷ, εἰ ἀνάξιος φαίνοιτο τοῦ σχήματος καὶ τοῦ ὀνόματος, ἃ δὴ παρακολουθοῦντα παιδαγωγεῖ αὐτόν. ὥστε δίκαιος ἂν εἴην, εἰ καὶ μὴ ὦν βελτίω ἀπέφηνα, μισθὸν παρ' ὑμῶν λαβεῖν, ἀλλ’ οὖν ἐκείνων γε ἃ μὴ δέδρακεν αἰδούμενος φιλοσοφίαν. ἐπεὶ καὶ αἱ τίτθαι τοιάδε λέγουσι περὶ τῶν παιδίων, ὡς ἀπιτητέον αὐτοῖς ἐς διδασκάλου· καὶ γὰρ ἂν μηδέπω μαθεῖν ἀγαθόν τι δύνωνται, ἀλλ’ οὖν φαῦλον οὐδὲν ποιήσουσιν ἐκεῖ μένοντες. ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν τὰ ἄλλα πάντα ἀποπλῆσαί μοι δοκῶ, καὶ ὅντινα ἂν ἐθέλῃς τῶν εἰδότων τὰ ἡμέτερα, ἧκέ μοι ἐς αὔριον παραλαβὼν ὄψει τε ὅπως ἐρωτᾷ καὶ πῶς ἀποκρίνεται καὶ ὅσα μεμάθηκεν καὶ ὅσα ἤδη ἀνέγνωκε βιβλία περὶ ἀξιωμάτων, περὶ συλλογισμῶν, περὶ καταλήψεως, περὶ καθηκόντων καὶ ἄλλα ποικίλα. εἰ δὲ ἢ τὴν μητέρα ἔτυπτεν ἢ παρθένους συνήρπαζε, τί ταῦτα πρὸς ἐμέ;

[¶35] 83. You didn’t make me his chaperon.” This was the defence of philosophy that the old man gave. Would you too agree, Hermotimus, that it is enough that we study philosophy in order to keep out of mischief? Or was it with other hopes that we thought it worth while to study philosophy in the first place, not so that in our goings and comings we should present a fairer face than the layman? Why do you not answer this as well? HERMOTIMUS: Only because I could almost weep. Your argument is true, and I’m driven to this: I’m in anguish at the time I’ve wasted like a fool, and at all the money I’ve paid for my labours, too. I was drunk and now I am sober and am seeing just what it was that I loved and what I have gone through for it.

> Greek: 83. οὐ γὰρ παιδαγωγόν με ἐπεστήσατε αὐτῷ. Τοιαῦτα γέρων ἄνθρωπος ὑπὲρ φιλοσοφίας ἔλεγε. σὺ δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ἂν φαίης, ὦ Ἑρμότιμε, ἱκανὸν εἶναι ὡς διὰ τοῦτο φιλοσοφοίημεν, ὡς μηδὲν τῶν φαυλοτέρων πράττοιμεν; ἢ ἐπ' ἄλλαις ἐλπίσιν ἐξ ἀρχῆς φιλοσοφεῖν ἠξιοῦμεν, οὐχ ὡς τῶν ἰδιωτῶν κοσμιώτεροι εἴημεν περινοστοῦντες; τί οὖν οὐκ ἀποκρίνῃ καὶ τοῦτο; ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Τί δὲ ἄλλο ἢ ὅτι καὶ δακρῦσαι ὀλίγου δέω; ἐς τοσοῦτό μου καθίκετο ὁ λόγος ἀληθὴς ὤν, καὶ ὀδύρομαι, ὅσον ἄθλιος χρόνον ἀνάλωκα καὶ προσέτι μισθοὺς οὐκ ὀλίγους τελῶν ἀντὶ τῶν πόνων. νυνὶ γὰρ ὥσπερ ἐκ μέθης ἀνανήφων ὁρῶ οἷα μέν ἐστιν ὧν ἤρων, ὁπόσα δὲ πέπονθα διὰ ταῦτα.

[¶36] 84. LYCINUS: Why tears, honest friend? There’s a deal of sense, I think, in that fable of Aesop’s where a man sits on the shore by the water’s edge to count the waves. When he fails he is hurt and takes it badly, until the Fox comes up to him and says: “Why are you worrying about those that have gone, my noble sir? Let them go and begin your count from here.” And so with you; since that is your view, you will do better in the future to make up your mind to join in the common life. Share in the city life of everyday, and give up your hopes of the strange and puffed-up. You will not be ashamed, if you are wise, to learn afresh in your old age and make a change for the better.

> Greek: 84. ΛΥΚΙΝΟΣ: Καὶ τί δεῖ δακρύων, ὦ χρηστέ; τὸ γὰρ τοῦ μύθου ἐκεῖνο πάνυ συνετόν, οἶμαι, ὃν Αἴσωπος διηγεῖτο· ἔφη γὰρ ἄνθρωπόν τινα ἐπὶ τῇ ἠϊόνι καθεζόμενον ἐπὶ τὴν κυματωγὴν ἀριθμεῖν τὰ κύματα, σφαλέντα δὲ καὶ ἄχθεσθαι καὶ ἀνιᾶσθαι, ἄχρι δὴ τὴν κερδὼ παραστᾶσαν εἰπεῖν αὐτῷ, Τί, ὦ γενναῖε, ἀνιᾷ τῶν παρελθόντων ἕνεκα, δέον τὰ ἐντεῦθεν ἀρξάμενον ἀριθμεῖν ἀμελήσαντα ἐκείνων; Καὶ σὺ τοίνυν, ἐπείπερ οὕτω σοι δοκεῖ, ἐς τὸ λοιπὸν ἂν ἄμεινον ποιήσαις βίον τε κοινὸν ἅπασι βιοῦν ἀξιῶν καὶ συμπολιτεύσῃ τοῖς πολλοῖς οὐδὲν ἀλλόκοτον καὶ τετυφωμένον ἐλπίζων, καὶ οὐκ αἰσχυνῇ, ἤνπερ εὖ φρονῇς, εἰ γέρων ἄνθρωπος μεταμαθήσῃ καὶ μεταχωρήσεις πρὸς τὸ βέλτιον.

[¶37] 85. In all that I have said, my dear friend, do not think that I have directed my argument against the Stoa, or that I have some special hatred for the Stoics. No, it applied to all alike. I should have said the same to you if you had chosen the school of Plato or Aristotle and condemned the rest without a trial. As it is, you have given pride of place to the Stoics, and so the argument has seemed to be directed against the Stoa, although it had no particular grudge against it.

> Greek: 85. ταῦτα πάντα, ὦ φιλότης, ὁπόσα εἶπον, μή με νομίσῃς κατὰ τῆς Στοᾶς παρεσκευασμένον ἢ ἔχθραν τινὰ ἐξαίρετον πρὸς Στωϊκοὺς ἐπανῃρημένον εἰρηκέναι, ἀλλὰ κοινὸς ἐπὶ πάντας ὁ λόγος. τὰ γὰρ αὐτὰ πρὸς σὲ εἶπον ἄν, εἰ τὰ Πλάτωνος ἢ Ἀριστοτέλους ᾕρησο τῶν ἄλλων ἀκρίτων ἐρήμην καταγνούς. νῦν δὲ ἐπεὶ τὰ Στωϊκῶν προετίμησας, πρὸς τὴν Στοὰν ἀποτετάσθαι ὁ λόγος ἔδοξεν οὐδὲν ἐξαίρετον πρὸς αὐτὴν ἔχων.

[¶38] 86. HERMOTIMUS: You are right. I am going away to do just that—to make a change—of dress as well. You will soon see me without this big, shaggy beard. I shall not punish my daily life, but all will be liberty and freedom. Perhaps I shall even put on purple, to show everybody that I’ve no part in that nonsense now. Could I but spew out all that I have heard from them! I can tell you that I would not flinch from drinking hellebore, for the opposite reason to Chrysippus—to remember their doctrines no more. So it is no small favour that I owe you, Lycinus: you came and pulled me out when I was being carried away by a rough, turbid torrent, giving myself to it and going with the stream. You were a “God from the machine,” as in the play. I think I might well shave my head like free men who are saved from shipwreck, to give thanks for salvation today now that I have had so heavy a mist shaken off my eyes. If in the future I ever meet a philosopher while I am walking on the road, even by chance, I will turn round and get out of his way as if he were a mad dog.

> Greek: 86. ΕΡΜΟΤΙΜΟΣ: Εὖ λέγεις· ἄπειμι γοῦν ἐπ' αὐτὸ τοῦτο, ὡς μεταβαλοίμην καὶ αὐτὸ δὴ τὸ σχῆμα. ὄψει γοῦν οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν οὔτε πώγωνα ὥσπερ νῦν λάσιον καὶ βαθὺν οὔτε δίαιταν κεκολασμένην, ἀλλ’ ἄνετα πάντα καὶ ἐλεύθερα. τάχα δὲ καὶ πορφυρίδα μεταμφιάσομαι, ὡς εἰδεῖεν ἅπαντες ὅτι μηκέτι μοι τῶν λήρων ἐκείνων μέτεστιν. ὡς εἴθε γε καὶ ἐξεμέσαι δυνατὸν ἦν ἅπαντα ἐκεῖνα, ὁπόσα ἤκουσα παρ' αὐτῶν, καὶ εὖ ἴσθι, οὐκ ἂν ὤκνησα καὶ ἐλλέβορον πιεῖν διὰ τοῦτο ἐς τὸ ἔμπαλιν ἢ ὁ Χρύσιππος, ὅπως μηδὲν ἔτι νοήσαιμι ὧν φασιν. σοὶ δ’ οὖν οὐ μικρὰν χάριν οἶδα, ὦ Λυκῖνε, ὅτι με παραφερόμενον ὑπὸ θολεροῦ τινος χειμάρρου καὶ τραχέος, ἐπιδιδόντα ἐμαυτὸν καὶ κατὰ ῥοῦν συρρέοντα τῷ ὕδατι, ἀνέσπασας ἐπιστάς, τὸ τῶν τραγῳδῶν τοῦτο, θεὸς ἐκ μηχανῆς ἐπιφανείς. δοκῶ δέ μοι οὐκ ἀλόγως ἂν καὶ ξυρήσασθαι τὴν κεφαλὴν ὥσπερ οἱ ἐκ τῶν ναυαγίων ἀποσωθέντες ἐλεύθεροι, ἅτε καὶ σωτήρια τήμερον ἄξων τοσαύτην ἀχλὺν ἀποσεισάμενος τῶν ὀμμάτων. φιλοσόφῳ δὲ εἰς τὸ λοιπὸν κἂν ἄκων ποτὲ ὁδῷ βαδίζων ἐντύχω, οὕτως ἐκτραπήσομαι καὶ περιστήσομαι ὥσπερ τοὺς λυττῶντας τῶν κυνῶν.