Lucian to Nigrinus. Health. There is a proverb about carrying ‘owls to Athens’—an absurd undertaking, considering the excellent supply already on the spot. Had it been my intention, in presenting Nigrinus with a volume of my composition, to indulge him of all people with a display of literary skill, I should indeed have been an arrant ‘owl-fancier in Athens.’ As however my object is merely to communicate to you my present sentiments, and the profound impression produced upon me by your eloquence, I may fairly plead Not Guilty, even to the charge of Thucydides, that ‘Men are bold from ignorance, where mature consideration would render them cautious.’ For I need not say that devotion to my subject is partly responsible for my present hardihood; it is not all the work of ignorance. Farewell.
Λουκιανὸς Νιγρίνῳ εὖ πράττειν. ἡ μὲν παροιμία φησίν, Γλαῦκα εἰς Ἀθήνας, ὡς γελοῖον ὂν εἴ τις ἐκεῖ κομίζοι γλαῦκας, ὅτι πολλαὶ παρʼ αὐτοῖς εἰσιν. ἐγὼ δʼ εἰ μὲν δύναμιν λόγων ἐπιδείξασθαι βουλόμενος ἔπειτα Νιγρίνῳ γράψας βιβλίον ἔπεμπον, εἰχόμην ἂν τῷ γελοίῳ γλαῦκας ὡς ἀληθῶς ἐμπορευόμενος· ἐπεὶ δὲ μόνην σοι δηλῶσαι τὴν ἐμὴν γνώμην ἐθέλω, ὅπως τε νῦν ἔχω καὶ ὅτι μὴ παρέργως εἴλημμαι πρὸς τῶν σῶν λόγων, ἀποφεύγοιμʼ ἂν εἰκότως καὶ τὸ τοῦ Θουκυδίδου λέγοντος, ὅτι ἡ ἀμαθία μὲν θράσος, ὀκνηροὺς δὲ τὸ λελογισμένον ἀπεργάζεται· δῆλον γὰρ ὡς οὐχ ἡ ἀμαθία μοι μόνη τῆς τοιαύτης τόλμης, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ πρὸς τοὺς λόγους ἔρως αἴτιος. ἔρρωσο.
1. Friend What a haughty and dignified Lucian returns to us from his journey! He will not vouchsafe us a glance; he stands aloof, and will hold no further communion with us. Altogether a supercilious Lucian! The change is sudden. Might one inquire the cause of this altered demeanour? Lucian ’Tis the work of Fortune. Friend Of Fortune! Lucian As an incidental result of my journey, you see in me a happy man; ‘thrice-blest,’ as the tragedians have it. Friend Dear me. What, in this short time? Lucian Even so. Friend But what does it all mean? What is the secret of your elation? I decline to rejoice with you in this abridged fashion; I must have details. Tell me all about it. Lucian What should you think, if I told you that I had exchanged servitude for freedom; poverty for true wealth; folly and presumption for good sense?
1. ὡς σεμνὸς ἡμῖν σφόδρα καὶ μετέωρος ἐπανελήλυθας. οὐ τοίνυν προσβλέπειν ἡμᾶς ἔτι ἀξιοῖς οὔθ’ ὁμιλίας μεταδίδως οὔτε κοινωνεῖς τῶν ὁμοίων λόγων, ἀλλʼ ἄφνω μεταβέβλησαι καὶ ὅλως ὑπεροπτικῷ τινι ἔοικας. ἡδέως δʼ ἂν παρὰ σοῦ πυθοίμην, ὅθεν οὕτως ἀτόπως ἔχεις καὶ τί τούτων αἴτιον. Τί γὰρ ἄλλο γε, ὦ ἑταῖρε, ἢ εὐτυχία; πῶς λέγεις; ὁδοῦ πάρεργον ἥκω σοι εὐδαίμων τε καὶ μακάριος γεγενημένος καὶ τοῦτο δὴ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς σκηνῆς ὄνομα, τρισόλβιος. Ἡράκλεις, οὕτως ἐν βραχεῖ; καὶ μάλα. τί δέ, τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο, ἐστὶν ἐφʼ ὅτῳ καὶ κομᾷς; ἵνα μὴ ἐν κεφαλαίῳ μόνῳ εὐφραινώμεθα, ἔχωμεν δέ τι καὶ ἀκριβὲς εἰδέναι τὸ πᾶν ἀκούσαντες. οὐ θαυμαστὸν εἶναί σοι δοκεῖ πρὸς Διός, ἀντὶ μὲν δούλου με ἐλεύθερον, ἀντὶ δὲ πένητος ὡς ἀληθῶς πλούσιον, ἀντὶ δὲ ἀνοήτου τε καὶ τετυφωμένου γενέσθαι μετριώτερον;
2. Friend Extraordinary! But I am not quite clear of your meaning yet. Lucian Why, I went off to Rome to see an oculist—my eyes had been getting worse— Friend Yes, I know about that. I have been hoping that you would light on a good man. Lucian Well, I got up early one morning with the intention of paying a long-deferred visit to Nigrinus, the Platonic philosopher. On reaching his house, I knocked, and was duly announced and admitted to his presence. I found him with a book in his hand, surrounded by various statues of the ancient philosophers. Before him lay a tablet, with geometrical figures described on it, and a globe of reeds, designed apparently to represent the universe.
2. μέγιστον μὲν οὖν· ἀτὰρ οὔπω μανθάνω σαφῶς ὅ τι καὶ λέγεις. ἐστάλην μὲν εὐθὺ τῆς πόλεως βουλόμενος ἰατρὸν ὀφθαλμῶν θεάσασθαί τινα· τὸ γάρ μοι πάθος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ μᾶλλον ἐπετείνετο. οἶδα τούτων ἕκαστα, καὶ ηὐξάμην σέ τινι σπουδαίῳ ἐπιτυχεῖν. δόξαν οὖν μοι διὰ πολλοῦ προσειπεῖν Νιγρῖνον τὸν Πλατωνικὸν φιλόσοφον, ἕωθεν ἐξαναστὰς ὡς αὐτὸν ἀφικόμην καὶ κόψας τὴν θύραν τοῦ παιδὸς εἰσαγγείλαντος ἐκλήθην· καὶ παρελθὼν εἴσω καταλαμβάνω τὸν μὲν ἐν χερσὶ βιβλίον ἔχοντα, πολλὰς δὲ εἰκόνας παλαιῶν φιλοσόφων ἐν κύκλῳ κειμένας. προὔκειτο δὲ ἐν μέσῳ καὶ πινάκιόν τισι τῶν ἀπὸ γεωμετρίας σχημάτων καταγεγραμμένον καὶ σφαῖρα καλάμου πρὸς τὸ τοῦ παντὸς μίμημα ὡς ἐδόκει πεποιημένη.
3. He greeted me cordially, and asked after my welfare. I satisfied his inquiries, and demanded, in my turn, how he did, and whether he had decided on another trip to Greece. Once on that subject, he gave free expression to his sentiments; and, I assure you,’twas a veritable feast of ambrosia to me. The spells of the Sirens (if ever there were Sirens), of the Pindaric ‘Charmers,’ of the Homeric lotus, are things to be forgotten, after his truly divine eloquence.
3. σφόδρα οὖν με φιλοφρόνως ἀσπασάμενος ἠρώτα ὅ τι πράττοιμι. κἀγὼ πάντα διηγησάμην αὐτῷ, καὶ δῆτα ἐν μέρει καὶ αὐτὸς ἠξίουν εἰδέναι ὅ τι τε πράττοι καὶ εἰ αὖθις αὐτῷ ἐγνωσμένον εἴη στέλλεσθαι τὴν ἐπὶ τῆς Ἑλλάδος. ὁ δὲ ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς ἀρξάμενος, ὦ ἑταῖρε, περὶ τούτων λέγειν καὶ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γνώμην διηγεῖσθαι τοσαύτην τινά μου λόγων ἀμβροσίαν κατεσκέδασεν, ὥστε καὶ τὰς Σειρῆνας ἐκείνας, εἴ τινες ἄρα ἐγένοντο, καὶ τὰς ἀηδόνας καὶ τὸν Ὁμήρου λωτὸν ἀρχαῖον ἀποδεῖξαι· οὕτω θεσπέσια ἐφθέγξατο.
4. Led on by his theme, he spoke the praises of philosophy, and of the freedom which philosophy confers; and expressed his contempt for the vulgar error which sets a value upon wealth and renown and dominion and power, upon gold and purple, and all that dazzles the eyes of the world,—and once attracted my own! I listened with rapt attention, and with a swelling heart. At the time, I knew not what had come over me; my feelings were indescribable. My dearest idols, riches and renown, lay shattered; one moment I was ready to shed bitter tears over the disillusionment, the next, I could have laughed for scorn of these very things, and was exulting in my escape from the murky atmosphere of my past life into the brightness of the upper air. The result was curious: I forgot all about my ophthalmic troubles, in the gradual improvement of my spiritual vision; for till that day I had grovelled in spiritual blindness.
4. προήχθη γὰρ αὐτήν τε φιλοσοφίαν ἐπαινέσαι καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ ταύτης ἐλευθερίαν καὶ τῶν δημοσίᾳ νομιζομένων ἀγαθῶν καταγελάσαι, πλούτου καὶ δόξης καὶ βασιλείας καὶ τιμῆς, ἔτι τε χρυσοῦ καὶ πορφύρας, τῶν πάνυ περιβλέπτων τοῖς πολλοῖς, τέως δὲ κἀμοὶ δοκούντων. ἅπερ ἔγωγε ἀτενεῖ καὶ ἀναπεπταμένῃ τῇ ψυχῇ δεξάμενος αὐτίκα μὲν οὐδὲ εἶχον εἰκάσαι ὅπερ ἐπεπόνθειν, ἀλλὰ παντοῖος ἐγιγνόμην·· καὶ ἄρτι μὲν ἐλυπούμην, ἐληλεγμένων μοι τῶν φιλτάτων, πλούτου τε καὶ ἀργυρίου καὶ δόξης, καὶ μόνον οὐκ ἐδάκρυον ἐπʼ αὐτοῖς καθῃρημένοις, ἄρτι δὲ αὐτὰ μὲν ἐδόκει μοι ταπεινὰ καὶ καταγέλαστα· ἔχαιρον δʼ αὖ ὥσπερ ἐκ ζοφεροῦ τινος ἀέρος τοῦ βίου τοῦ πρόσθεν ἐς αἰθρίαν τε καὶ μέγα φῶς ἀναβλέπων· ὥστε δή, τὸ καινότατον, τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ μὲν καὶ τῆς περὶ αὐτὸν ἀσθενείας ἐπελανθανόμην, τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν ὀξυδερκέστερος κατὰ μικρὸν ἐγιγνόμην· ἐλελήθειν γὰρ τέως αὐτὴν τυφλώττουσαν περιφέρων.
5. Little by little I came into the condition with which you were twitting me just now. Nigrinus’s words have raised in me a joyous exaltation of spirit which precludes every meaner thought. Philosophy seems to have produced the same effect on me as wine is said to have produced on the Indians the first time they drank it. The mere taste of such potent liquor threw them into a state of absolute frenzy, the intoxicating power of the wine being doubled in men so warm-blooded by nature. This is my case. I go about like one possessed; I am drunk with the words of wisdom.
5. προϊὼν δὲ ἐς τόδε περιήχθην, ὅπερ ἀρτίως ἡμῖν ἐπεκάλεις· γαῦρός τε γὰρ ὑπὸ τοῦ λόγου καὶ μετέωρός εἰμι καὶ ὅλως μικρὸν οὐκέτι οὐδὲν ἐπινοῶ· δοκῶ γάρ μοι ὅμοιόν τι πεπονθέναι πρὸς φιλοσοφίαν, οἷόνπερ καὶ οἱ Ἰνδοὶ πρὸς τὸν οἶνον λέγονται παθεῖν, ὅτε πρῶτον ἔπιον αὐτοῦ· θερμότεροι γὰρ ὄντες φύσει πιόντες ἰσχυρὸν οὕτω ποτὸν αὐτίκα μάλα ἐξεβακχεύθησαν καὶ διπλασίως ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀκράτου ἐξεμάνησαν. οὕτω σοι καὶ αὐτὸς ἔνθεος καὶ μεθύων ὑπὸ τῶν λόγων περιέρχομαι.
6. Friend This is not drunkenness, but sobriety and temperance. But I should like to hear what Nigrinus actually said, if that may be. It is only right that you should take that trouble for me; I am your friend, and share your interests. Lucian Enough! You urge a willing steed. I was about to bespeak your attention. You must be my witness to the world, that there is reason in my madness. Indeed, apart from this, the work of recollection is a pleasure, and has become a constant practice with me; twice, thrice in a day I repeat over his words, though there is none to hear.
6. καὶ μὴν τοῦτό γε οὐ μεθύειν, ἀλλὰ νήφειν τε καὶ σωφρονεῖν ἐστιν. ἐγὼ δὲ βουλοίμην ἄν, εἰ οἷόν τε, αὐτῶν ἀκοῦσαι τῶν λόγων· οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδὲ φθονεῖν αὐτῶν οἶμαι θέμις, ἄλλως τε εἰ καὶ φίλος καὶ περὶ τὰ ὅμοια ἐσπουδακὼς ὁ βουλόμενος ἀκούειν εἴη. θάρρει, ὦγαθέ· τοῦτο γάρ τοι τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου, σπεύδοντα καὶ αὐτὸν παρακαλεῖς, καὶ εἴ γε μὴ ἔφθης, αὐτὸς ἂν ἐδεήθην ἀκοῦσαί μου διηγουμένου· μάρτυρα γάρ σε παραστήσασθαι πρὸς τοὺς πολλοὺς ἐθέλω, ὅτι οὐκ ἀλόγως μαίνομαι· ἄλλως τε καὶ ἡδύ μοι τὸ μεμνῆσθαι αὐτῶν πολλάκις, καὶ ταύτην ἤδη μελέτην ἐποιησάμην· ἐπεὶ κἄν τις μὴ παρὼν τύχῃ, καὶ οὕτω δὶς ἢ τρὶς τῆς ἡμέρας ἀνακυκλῶ πρὸς ἐμαυτὸν τὰ εἰρημένα.
7. A lover, in the absence of his mistress, remembers some word, some act of hers, dwells on it, and beguiles hours of sickness with her feigned presence. Sometimes he thinks he is face to face with her; words, heard long since, come again from her lips; he rejoices; his soul cleaves to the memory of the past, and has no time for present vexations. It is so with me. Philosophy is far away, but I have heard a philosopher’s words. I piece them together, and revolve them in my heart, and am comforted. Nigrinus is the beacon-fire on which, far out in mid-ocean, in the darkness of night, I fix my gaze; I fancy him present with me in all my doings; I hear ever the same words. At times, in moments of concentration, I see his very face, his voice rings in my ears. Of him it may truly be said, as of Pericles,In every heart he left his sting. Friend Stay, gentle enthusiast. Take a good breath, and start again; I am waiting to hear what Nigrinus said.
7. καὶ ὥσπερ οἱ ἐρασταὶ τῶν παιδικῶν οὐ παρόντων ἔργʼ ἄττα καὶ λόγους εἰρημένους αὐτοῖς διαμνημονεύουσι καὶ τούτοις ἐνδιατρίβοντες ἐξαπατῶσι τὴν νόσον, ὡς παρόντων σφίσι τῶν ἀγαπωμένων — ἔνιοι γοῦν αὐτοῖς καὶ προσλαλεῖν οἴονται καὶ ὡς ἄρτι λεγομένων πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὧν τότε ἤκουσαν, ἥδονται καὶ προσάψαντες τὴν ψυχὴν τῇ μνήμῃ τῶν παρεληλυθότων σχολὴν οὐκ ἄγουσιν τοῖς ἐν ποσὶν ἀνιᾶσθαι — οὕτω δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς φιλοσοφίας οὐ παρούσης τοὺς λόγους, οὓς τότε ἤκουσα, συναγείρων καὶ πρὸς ἐμαυτὸν ἀνατυλίττων οὐ μικρὰν ἔχω παραμυθίαν, καὶ ὅλως καθάπερ ἐν πελάγει καὶ νυκτὶ πολλῇ φερόμενος, ἐς πυρσόν τινα τοῦτον ἀποβλέπω, πᾶσι μὲν παρεῖναι τοῖς ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ πραττομένοις τὸν ἄνδρα ἐκεῖνον οἰόμενος, ἀεὶ δὲ ὥσπερ ἀκούων αὐτοῦ τὰ αὐτὰ πρός με λέγοντος· ἐνίοτε δέ, καὶ μάλιστα ὅταν ἐνερείσω τὴν ψυχήν, καὶ τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ μοι φαίνεται καὶ τῆς φωνῆς ὁ ἦχος ἐν ταῖς ἀκοαῖς παραμένει· καὶ γάρ τοι κατὰ τὸν κωμικὸν ὡς ἀληθῶς ἐγκατέλιπέν τι κέντρον τοῖς ἀκούουσιν.
8. You beat about the bush in a manner truly exasperating. Lucian True, I must make a start, as you say. And yet... Tell me, did you never see a tragedy (nay, the comedies fare no better) murdered by bad acting, and the culprits finally hissed off the stage for their pains? As often as not the play is a perfectly good one, and has scored a success, Friend I know the sort of thing; and what about it? Lucian I am afraid that before I have done you will find that I make as sad work of it as they do,—jumbling things together pell-mell, spoiling the whole point sometimes by inadequate expression; and you will end by damning the play instead of the actor. I could put up with my own share of the disgrace; but it would vex me indeed, that my subject should be involved in my downfall; I cannot have it discredited for my shortcomings.
8. παῦε, ὦ θαυμάσιε, μακρὸν ἀνακρουόμενος καὶ λέγε ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀναλαβὼν ἤδη τὰ εἰρημένα· ὡς οὐ μετρίως με ἀποκναίεις περιάγων. εὖ λέγεις, καὶ οὕτω χρὴ ποιεῖν. ἀλλʼ ἐκεῖνο, ὦ ἑταῖρε — ἤδη τραγικοὺς ἢ καὶ νὴ Δία κωμικοὺς φαύλους ἑώρακας ὑποκριτάς, τῶν συριττομένων λέγω τούτων καὶ διαφθειρόντων τὰ ποιήματα καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον ἐκβαλλομένων, καίτοι τῶν δραμάτων πολλάκις εὖ ἐχόντων τε καὶ νενικηκότων; πολλοὺς οἶδα τοιούτους. ἀλλὰ τί τοῦτο; δέδοικα μή σοι μεταξὺ δόξω γελοίως αὐτὰ μιμεῖσθαι, τὰ μὲν ἀτάκτως συνείρων, ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ αὐτὸν ὑπʼ ἀσθενείας τὸν νοῦν διαφθείρων, κᾆτα προαχθῇς ἠρέμα καὶ αὐτοῦ καταγνῶναι τοῦ δράματος. καὶ τὸ μὲν ἐμόν, οὐ πάνυ ἄχθομαι, ἡ δὲ ὑπόθεσις οὐ μετρίως με λυπήσειν ἔοικε συνεκπίπτουσα καὶ τὸ ἐμὸν μέρος ἀσχημονοῦσα.
9. Remember, then: whatever the imperfections in my speech, the author is not to be called to account; he sits far aloof from the stage, and knows nothing of what is going forward. The memory of the actor is all that you are invited to criticize; I am neither more nor less than the ‘Messenger’ in a tragedy. At each flaw in the argument, be this your first thought, that the author probably said something quite different, and much more to the point;—and then you may hiss me off if you will.
9. τοῦτʼ οὖν παρʼ ὅλον μέμνησό μοι τὸν λόγον, ὡς ὁ μὲν ποιητὴς ἡμῖν τῶν τοιούτων ἁμαρτημάτων ἀνεύθυνος καὶ τῆς σκηνῆς πόρρω ποι κάθηται, οὐδὲν αὐτῷ μέλον τῶν ἐν θεάτρῳ πραγμάτων. ἐγὼ δʼ ἐμαυτοῦ σοι πεῖραν παρέχω, ὁποῖός τίς εἰμι τὴν μνήμην ὑποκριτής, οὐδὲν ἀγγέλου τὰ ἄλλα τραγικοῦ διαφέρων. ὥστε κἂν ἐνδεέστερόν τι δοκῶ λέγειν, ἐκεῖνο μὲν ἔστω πρόχειρον, ὡς ἄμεινον ἦν, καὶ ἄλλως ὁ ποιητὴς ἴσως διεξῄει· ἐμὲ δὲ κἂν ἐκσυρίττῃς, οὐ πάνυ τι λυπήσομαι.
10. Friend Bless me; here is quite a professional exordium! You are about to add, I think, that ‘your consultation with your client has been but brief’; that you ‘come into court imperfectly instructed’; that ‘it were to be desired that your client were here to plead his own cause; as it is, you are reduced to such a meagre and inadequate statement of the case, as memory will supply” Am I right? Well then, spare yourself the trouble, as far as I am concerned. Imagine all these preliminaries settled. I stand prepared to applaud: but if you keep me waiting, I shall harbour resentment all through the case, and hiss you accordingly.
10. ὡς εὖ γε νὴ τὸν Ἑρμῆν καὶ κατὰ τὸν τῶν ῥητόρων νόμον πεπροοιμίασταί σοι· ἔοικας γοῦν κἀκεῖνα προσθήσειν, ὡς διʼ ὀλίγου τε ὑμῖν ἡ συνουσία ἐγένετο καὶ ὡς οὐδʼ αὐτὸς ἧκες πρὸς τὸν λόγον παρεσκευασμένος καὶ ὡς ἄμεινον εἶχεν αὐτοῦ ταῦτα λέγοντος ἀκούειν· σὺ γὰρ ὀλίγα καὶ ὅσα οἷόν τε ἦν, τυγχάνεις τῇ μνήμῃ συγκεκομισμένος. οὐ ταῦτʼ ἐρεῖν ἔμελλες; οὐδὲν οὖν αὐτῶν ἔτι σοι δεῖ πρὸς ἐμέ· νόμισον δὲ τούτου γε ἕνεκα πάντα σοι προειρῆσθαι· ὡς ἐγὼ καὶ βοᾶν καὶ κροτεῖν ἕτοιμος. ἢν δὲ διαμέλλῃς, μνησικακήσω γε παρὰ τὸν ἀγῶνα καὶ ὀξύτατα συρίξομαι.
11. Lucian I should, indeed, have been glad to avail myself of the arguments you mention, and of others too. I might have said, that mine would be no set speech, no orderly statement such as that I heard; that is wholly beyond me. Nor can I speak in the person of Nigrinus. There again I should be like a bad actor, taking the part of Agamemnon, or Creon, or Heracles’ self; he is arrayed in cloth of gold, and looks very formidable, and his mouth opens tremendously wide; and what comes out of it? A little, shrill, womanish pipe of a voice that would disgrace Polyxena or Hecuba! I for my part have no intention of exposing myself in a mask several sizes too large for me, or of wearing a robe to which I cannot do credit. Rather than play the hero’s part, and involve him in my discomfiture, I will speak in my own person.
11. καὶ ταῦτα μέν, ἃ σὺ διῆλθες, ἐβουλόμην ἂν εἰρῆσθαί μοι, κἀκεῖνα δέ, ὅτι οὐχ ἑξῆς οὐδὲ ὡς ἐκεῖνος ἔλεγε, ῥῆσίν τινα περὶ πάντων ἐρῶ· πάνυ γὰρ τοῦθʼ ἡμῖν ἀδύνατον· οὐδʼ αὖ ἐκείνῳ περιθεὶς τοὺς λόγους, μὴ καὶ κατʼ ἄλλο τι γένωμαι τοῖς ὑποκριταῖς ἐκείνοις ὅμοιος, οἳ πολλάκις ἢ Ἀγαμέμνονος ἢ Κρέοντος ἢ καὶ Ἡρακλέους αὐτοῦ πρόσωπον ἀνειληφότες, χρυσίδας ἠμφιεσμένοι καὶ δεινὸν βλέποντες καὶ μέγα κεχηνότες μικρὸν φθέγγονται καὶ ἰσχνὸν καὶ γυναικῶδες καὶ τῆς Ἑκάβης ἢ Πολυξένης πολὺ ταπεινότερον. ἵνʼ οὖν μὴ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐλέγχωμαι πάνυ μεῖζον τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ κεφαλῆς προσωπεῖον περικείμενος καὶ τὴν σκευὴν καταισχύνων, ἀπὸ γυμνοῦ σοι βούλομαι τοὐμοῦ προσώπου προσλαλεῖν, ἵνα μὴ συγκατασπάσω που πεσὼν τὸν ἥρωα ὃν ὑποκρίνομαι.
12. Friend Will the man never have done with his masks and his stages? Lucian Nay, that is all. And now to my subject. Nigrinus’s first words were in praise of Greece, and in particular of the Athenians. They are brought up, he said, to poverty and to philosophy. The endeavours, whether of foreigners or of their own countrymen, to introduce luxury into their midst, find no favour with them. When a man comes among them with this view, they quietly set about to correct his tendency, and by gentle degrees to bring him to a better course of life.
12. οὗτος ἁνὴρ οὐ παύσεται τήμερον πρός με πολλῇ τῇ σκηνῇ καὶ τῇ τραγῳδίᾳ χρώμενος. Καὶ μὴν παύσομαί γε· πρὸς ἐκεῖνα δὲ ἤδη τρέψομαι. ἡ μὲν ἀρχὴ τῶν λόγων ἔπαινος ἦν Ἑλλάδος καὶ τῶν Ἀθήνησιν ἀνθρώπων, ὅτι φιλοσοφίᾳ καὶ πενίᾳ σύντροφοί εἰσιν καὶ οὔτε τῶν ἀστῶν οὔτε τῶν ξένων οὐδένα τέρπονται ὁρῶντες, ὃς ἂν τρυφὴν εἰσάγειν εἰς αὐτοὺς βιάζηται, ἀλλὰ κἄν τις ἀφίκηται παρʼ αὐτοὺς οὕτω διακείμενος, ἠρέμα τε μεθαρμόττουσι καὶ παραπαιδαγωγοῦσι καὶ πρὸς τὸ καθαρὸν τῆς διαίτης μεθιστᾶσιν.
13. He mentioned the case of a wealthy man who arrived at Athens in all the vulgar pomp of retinue and gold and gorgeous raiment, expecting that every eye would be turned upon him in envy of his lot; instead of which, they heartily pitied the poor worm, and proceeded to take his education in hand. Not an ill-natured word, not an attempt at direct interference: it was a free city; he was at liberty to live in it as he thought fit. But when he made a public nuisance of himself in the baths or gymnasiums, crowding in with his attendants, and taking up all the room, some one would whisper, in a sly aside, as if the words were not meant to reach his ears: ‘He is afraid he will never come out from here alive; yet all is peace; there is no need of such an army.’ The remark would be overheard, and would have its educational effect. They soon eased him of his embroidery and purple, by playful allusions to flower and colour. ‘Spring is early.’ — ‘How did that peacock get here?’ — ‘His mother must have lent him that shawl,’—and so on. The same with the rest, his rings, his elaborate coiffure, and his table excesses. Little by little he came to his senses, and left Athens very much the better for the public education he had received.
13. ἐμέμνητο γοῦν τινος τῶν πολυχρύσων, ὃς ἐλθὼν Ἀθήναζε μάλʼ ἐπίσημος καὶ φορτικὸς ἀκολούθων ὄχλῳ καὶ ποικίλῃ ἐσθῆτι καὶ χρυσῷ αὐτὸς μὲν ᾤετο ζηλωτὸς εἶναι πᾶσι τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις καὶ ὡς ἂν εὐδαίμων ἀποβλέπεσθαι· τοῖς δʼ ἄρα δυστυχεῖν ἐδόκει τὸ ἀνθρώπιον, καὶ παιδεύειν ἐπεχείρουν αὐτὸν οὐ πικρῶς οὐδʼ ἄντικρυς ἀπαγορεύοντες ἐν ἐλευθέρᾳ τῇ πόλει καθʼ ὅντινα τρόπον βούλεται μὴ βιοῦν· ἀλλʼ ἐπεὶ κἀν τοῖς γυμνασίοις καὶ λουτροῖς ὀχληρὸς ἦν θλίβων τοῖς οἰκέταις καὶ στενοχωρῶν τοὺς ἀπαντῶντας, ἡσυχῆ τις ἂν ὑπεφθέγξατο προσποιούμενος λανθάνειν, ὥσπερ οὐ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνον ἀποτείνων, Δέδοικε μὴ παραπόληται μεταξὺ λουόμενος· καὶ μὴν εἰρήνη γε μακρὰ κατέχει τὸ βαλανεῖον· οὐδὲν οὖν δεῖ στρατοπέδου. ὁ δὲ ἀκούων ἀεί, μεταξὺ ἐπαιδεύετο. τὴν δὲ ἐσθῆτα τὴν ποικίλην καὶ τὰς πορφυρίδας ἐκείνας ἀπέδυσαν αὐτὸν ἀστείως πάνυ τὸ ἀνθηρὸν ἐπισκώπτοντες τῶν χρωμάτων, Ἔαρ ἤδη, λέγοντες, καί, Πόθεν ὁ ταὼς οὗτος; καί, Τάχα τῆς μητρός ἐστιν αὐτοῦ· καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα. καὶ τὰ ἄλλα δὲ οὕτως ἀπέσκωπτον, ἢ τῶν δακτυλίων τὸ πλῆθος ἢ τῆς κόμης τὸ περίεργον ἢ τῆς διαίτης τὸ ἀκόλαστον· ὥστε κατὰ μικρὸν ἐσωφρονίσθη καὶ παρὰ πολὺ βελτίων ἀπῆλθε δημοσίᾳ πεπαιδευμένος.
14. Nor do they scruple to confess their poverty. He mentioned a sentence which he heard pronounced unanimously by the assembled people at the Panathenaic festival. A citizen had been arrested and brought before the Steward for making his appearance in coloured clothes. The onlookers felt for him, and took his part; and when the herald declared that he had violated the law by attending the festival in that attire, they all exclaimed with one voice, as if they had been in consultation, ‘that he must be pardoned for wearing those clothes, as he had no others.’ He further commended the Athenian liberty, and unpretentious style of living; the peace and learned leisure which they so abundantly enjoy. To dwell among such men, he declared, is to dwell with philosophy; a single-hearted man, who has been taught to despise wealth, may here preserve a pure morality; no life could be more in harmony with the determined pursuit of all that is truly beautiful.
14. ὅτι δʼ οὐκ αἰσχύνονται πενίαν ὁμολογοῦντες, ἐμέμνητο πρός με φωνῆς τινος, ἣν ἀκοῦσαι πάντων ἔφη κοινῇ προεμένων ἐν τῷ ἀγῶνι τῶν Παναθηναίων· ληφθέντα μὲν γάρ τινα τῶν πολιτῶν ἄγεσθαι παρὰ τὸν ἀγωνοθέτην, ὅτι βαπτὸν ἔχων ἱμάτιον ἐθεώρει, τοὺς δὲ ἰδόντας ἐλεῆσαί τε καὶ παραιτεῖσθαι καὶ τοῦ κήρυκος ἀνειπόντος, ὅτι παρὰ τὸν νόμον ἐποίησεν ἐν τοιαύτῃ ἐσθῆτι θεώμενος, ἀναβοῆσαι μιᾷ φωνῇ πάντας ὥσπερ ἐσκεμμένους, συγγνώμην ἀπονέμειν αὐτῷ τοιαῦτά γε ἀμπεχομένῳ· μὴ γὰρ ἔχειν αὐτὸν ἕτερα. Ταῦτά τε οὖν ἐπῄνει καὶ προσέτι τὴν ἐλευθερίαν τὴν ἐκεῖ καὶ τῆς διαίτης τὸ ἀνεπίφθονον, ἡσυχίαν τε καὶ ἀπραγμοσύνην, ἃ δὴ ἄφθονα παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἐστιν. ἀπέφαινε γοῦν φιλοσοφίᾳ συνῳδὸν τὴν παρὰ τοῖς τοιούτοις διατριβὴν καὶ καθαρὸν ἦθος φυλάξαι δυναμένην, σπουδαίῳ τε ἀνδρὶ καὶ πλούτου καταφρονεῖν πεπαιδευμένῳ καὶ τῷ πρὸς τὰ φύσει καλὰ ζῆν προαιρουμένῳ τὸν ἐκεῖ βίον ὡς μάλιστα ἡρμοσμένον.
15. But the man over whom gold has cast its spell, who is in love with riches, and measures happiness by purple raiment and dominion, who, living his life among flatterers and slaves, knows not the sweets of freedom, the blessings of candour, the beauty of truth; he who has given up his soul to Pleasure, and will serve no other mistress, whose heart is set on gluttony and wine and women, on whose tongue are deceit and hypocrisy; he again whose ears must be tickled with lascivious songs, and the voluptuous notes of flute and lyre;— let all such (he cried) dwell here in Rome; the life will suit them.
15. ὅστις δὲ πλούτου ἐρᾷ καὶ χρυσῷ κεκήληται καὶ πορφύρᾳ καὶ δυναστείᾳ μετρεῖ τὸ εὔδαιμον, ἄγευστος μὲν ἐλευθερίας, ἀπείρατος δὲ παρρησίας, ἀθέατος δὲ ἀληθείας, κολακείᾳ τὰ πάντα καὶ δουλείᾳ σύντροφος, ἢ ὅστις ἡδονῇ πᾶσαν τὴν ψυχὴν ἐπιτρέψας ταύτῃ μόνῃ λατρεύειν διέγνωκε, φίλος μὲν περιέργων τραπεζῶν, φίλος δὲ πότων καὶ ἀφροδισίων, ἀνάπλεως γοητείας καὶ ἀπάτης καὶ ψευδολογίας, ἢ ὅστις ἀκούων τέρπεται κρουμάτων τε καὶ τερετισμάτων καὶ διεφθορότων ᾀσμάτων, τοῖς δὴ τοιούτοις πρέπειν τὴν ἐνταῦθα διατριβήν·
16. Our streets and market-places are filled with the things they love best. They may take in pleasure through every aperture, through eye and ear, nostril and palate; nor are the claims of Aphrodite forgotten. The turbid stream surges everlastingly through our streets; avarice, perjury, adultery,—all tastes are represented. Under that rush of waters, modesty, virtue, uprightness, are torn from the soul; and in their stead grows the tree of perpetual thirst, whose flowers are many strange desires. Such was Rome; such were the blessings she taught men to enjoy.
16. μεσταὶ γὰρ αὐτοῖς τῶν φιλτάτων πᾶσαι μὲν ἀγυιαί, πᾶσαι δὲ ἀγοραί· πάρεστι δὲ πάσαις πύλαις τὴν ἡδονὴν καταδέχεσθαι, τοῦτο μὲν διʼ ὀφθαλμῶν, τοῦτο δὲ διʼ ὤτων τε καὶ ῥινῶν, τοῦτο δὲ καὶ διὰ λαιμοῦ καὶ διʼ ἀφροδισίων· ὑφʼ ἧς δὴ ῥεούσης ἀενάῳ τε καὶ θολερῷ ῥεύματι πᾶσαι μὲν ἀνευρύνονται ὁδοί· συνεισέρχεται γὰρ μοιχεία καὶ φιλαργυρία καὶ ἐπιορκία καὶ τὸ τοιοῦτο φῦλον τῶν ἡδονῶν, παρασύρεται δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς ὑποκλυζομένης πάντοθεν αἰδὼς καὶ ἀρετὴ καὶ δικαιοσύνη· τῶν δὲ ἔρημος ὁ χῶρος γενόμενος δίψης ἀεὶ πιμπράμενος ἀνθεῖ πολλαῖς τε καὶ ἀγρίαις ἐπιθυμίαις. τοιαύτην ἀπέφαινε τὴν πόλιν καὶ τοσούτων διδάσκαλον ἀγαθῶν.
17. ‘As for me,’ he continued, ‘on returning from my first voyage to Greece, I stopped short a little way from the city, and called myself to account, in the words of Homer, for my return.Ah, wretch! and leav’st thou then the light of day—the joyous freedom of Greece,And wouldst behold—the turmoil of Rome? slander and insolence and gluttony, flatterers and false friends, legacy-hunters and murderers? And what wilt thou do here? thou canst not endure these things, neither canst thou escape them!
17. ἐγὼ γοῦν, ἔφη, ὅτε τὸ πρῶτον ἐπανῄειν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος, πλησίον που γενόμενος ἐπιστήσας ἐμαυτὸν λόγον ἀπῄτουν τῆς δεῦρο ἀφίξεως, ἐκεῖνα δὴ τὰ τοῦ Ὁμήρου λέγων· τίπτʼ αὖτʼ, ὦ δύστηνε, λιπὼν φάος ἠελίοιο, τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ τὴν εὐτυχίαν ἐκείνην καὶ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν, ἤλυθες, ὄφρα ἴδῃς τὸν ἐνταῦθα θόρυβον, συκοφάντας καὶ προσαγορεύσεις ὑπερηφάνους καὶ δεῖπνα καὶ κόλακας καὶ μιαιφονίας καὶ διαθηκῶν προσδοκίας καὶ φιλίας ἐπιπλάστους; ἢ τί καὶ πράξειν διέγνωκας μήτʼ ἀπαλλάττεσθαι μήτε χρῆσθαι τοῖς καθεστῶσι δυνάμενος;
18. Thus reasoning, I withdrew myself out of range, as Zeus did Hector,Far from the scene of slaughter, blood and strife,and resolved henceforth to keep my house. I lead the life you see—a spiritless, womanish life, most men would account it— holding converse with Philosophy, with Plato, with Truth. From my high seat in this vast theatre, I look down on the scene beneath me; a scene calculated to afford much entertainment; calculated also to try a man’s resolution to the utmost.
18. οὕτω δὴ βουλευσάμενος καὶ καθάπερ ὁ Ζεὺς τὸν Ἕκτορα ὑπεξαγαγὼν ἐμαυτὸν ἐκ βελέων, φασίν, ἔκ τʼ ἀνδροκτασίης ἔκ θʼ αἵματος ἔκ τε κυδοιμοῦ τὸ λοιπὸν οἰκουρεῖν εἱλόμην καὶ βίον τινὰ τοῦτον γυναικώδη καὶ ἄτολμον τοῖς πολλοῖς δοκοῦντα προτιθέμενος αὐτῇ φιλοσοφίᾳ καὶ Πλάτωνι καὶ ἀληθείᾳ προσλαλῶ, καὶ καθίσας ἐμαυτὸν ὥσπερ ἐν θεάτρῳ μυριάνδρῳ σφόδρα που μετέωρος ἐπισκοπῶ τὰ γιγνόμενα, τοῦτο μὲν πολλὴν ψυχαγωγίαν καὶ γέλωτα παρέχειν δυνάμενα, τοῦτο δὲ καὶ πεῖραν ἀνδρὸς ὡς ἀληθῶς βεβαίου λαβεῖν.
19. For, to give evil its due, believe me, there is no better school for virtue, no truer test of moral strength, than life in this same city of Rome. It is no easy thing, to withstand so many temptations, so many allurements and distractions of sight and sound. There is no help for it: like Odysseus, we must sail past them all; and there must be no binding of hands, no stopping of our ears with wax; that would be but sorry courage: our ears must hear, our hands must be free,—and our contempt must be genuine.
19. εἰ γὰρ χρὴ καὶ κακῶν ἔπαινον εἰπεῖν, μὴ ὑπολάβῃς μεῖζόν τι γυμνάσιον ἀρετῆς ἢ τῆς ψυχῆς δοκιμασίαν ἀληθεστέραν τῆσδε τῆς πόλεως καὶ τῆς ἐνταῦθα διατριβῆς· οὐ γὰρ μικρὸν ἀντισχεῖν τοσαύταις μὲν ἐπιθυμίαις, τοσούτοις δὲ θεάμασί τε καὶ ἀκούσμασι πάντοθεν ἕλκουσι καὶ ἀντιλαμβανομένοις, ἀλλὰ ἀτεχνῶς δεῖ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα μιμησάμενον παραπλεῖν αὐτὰ μὴ δεδεμένον τὼ χεῖρε — δειλὸν γάρ — μηδὲ τὰ ὦτα κηρῷ φραξάμενον, ἀλλʼ ἀκούοντα καὶ λελυμένον καὶ ἀληθῶς ὑπερήφανον.