---
title: "Nigrinus · Νιγρίνου Φιλοσοφία"
author: "Lucian"
translator: "Henry Watson Fowler"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
section: 2 of 2
url: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-nigrinus/2/
cite: "Lucian, tr. Henry Watson Fowler, Nigrinus · Νιγρίνου Φιλοσοφία, section 2. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-nigrinus/2/"
---

# Nigrinus · Νιγρίνου Φιλοσοφία

*Lucian, tr. Henry Watson Fowler*

A man returns from Rome converted to philosophy by a Platonist who mocks the vanity of the capital.

> Greek: ed. Austin Morris Harmon, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0062.tlg007, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Henry Watson Fowler, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0062.tlg007.perseus-eng4). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 2. Sections 20–38

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-nigrinus/2/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/lucian-nigrinus/2/#p-N

[¶0] 20. Well may that man conceive an admiration of philosophy, who is a spectator of so much folly; well may he despise the gifts of Fortune, who views this stage, and its multitudinous actors. The slave grows to be master, the rich man is poor, the pauper becomes a prince, a king; and one is His Majesty’s friend, and another is his enemy, and a third he banishes. And here is the strangest thing of all: the affairs of mankind are confessedly the playthings of Fortune, they have no pretence to security; yet, with instances of this daily before their eyes, men will reach after wealth and power;—not one of them but carries his load of hopes unrealized.

> Greek: 20. ἔνεστι δὲ καὶ φιλοσοφίαν θαυμάσαι παραθεωροῦντα τὴν τοσαύτην ἄνοιαν, καὶ τῶν τῆς τύχης ἀγαθῶν καταφρονεῖν ὁρῶντα ὥσπερ ἐν σκηνῇ καὶ πολυπροσώπῳ δράματι τὸν μὲν ἐξ οἰκέτου δεσπότην προϊόντα, τὸν δʼ ἀντὶ πλουσίου πένητα, τὸν δὲ σατράπην ἐκ πένητος ἢ βασιλέα, τὸν δὲ φίλον τούτου, τὸν δὲ ἐχθρόν, τὸν δὲ φυγάδα· τοῦτο γάρ τοι καὶ τὸ δεινότατόν ἐστιν, ὅτι καίτοι μαρτυρομένης τῆς Τύχης παίζειν τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πράγματα καὶ ὁμολογούσης μηδὲν αὐτῶν εἶναι βέβαιον, ὅμως ταῦθʼ ὁσημέραι βλέποντες ὀρέγονται καὶ πλούτου καὶ δυναστείας καὶ μεστοὶ περιίασι πάντες οὐ γινομένων ἐλπίδων.

[¶1] 21. ‘But I said that there was entertainment also to be derived from the scene; and I will maintain it. Our rich men are an entertainment in themselves, with their purple and theis rings always in evidence, and their thousand vulgarities. The latest development is the salutation by proxy; they favour us with a glance, and that must be happiness enough. By the more ambitious spirits, an obeisance is expected; this is not performed at a distance, after the Persian fashion—you go right up, and make a profound bow, testifying with the angle of your body to the self-abasement of your soul; you then kiss his hand or breast—and happy and tnviable is he who may do so muchrlp And there stands the great man, protracting the illusion as leng as may be. (I heartily acquiesce, by the way, in the churlish sentence which excludes us from a nearer acquaintance with their lips.)

> Greek: 21. ὃ δὲ δὴ ἔφην, ὅτι καὶ γελᾶν ἐν τοῖς γιγνομένοις ἔνεστι καὶ ψυχαγωγεῖσθαι, τοῦτο ἤδη σοι φράσω. πῶς γὰρ οὐ γελοῖοι μὲν πλουτοῦντες αὐτοὶ καὶ τὰς πορφυρίδας προφαίνοντες καὶ τοὺς δακτυλίους προτείνοντες καὶ πολλὴν κατηγοροῦντες ἀπειροκαλίαν, τὸ δὲ καινότατον, τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας ἀλλοτρίᾳ φωνῇ προσαγορεύοντες, ἀγαπᾶν ἀξιοῦντες, ὅτι μόνον αὐτοὺς προσέβλεψαν, οἱ δὲ σεμνότεροι καὶ προσκυνεῖσθαι περιμένοντες, οὐ πόρρωθεν οὐδʼ ὡς Πέρσαις νόμος, ἀλλὰ δεῖ προσελθόντα καὶ ὑποκύψαντα, τὴν ψυχὴν ταπεινώσαντα καὶ τὸ πάθος αὐτῆς ἐμφανίσαντα τῇ τοῦ σώματος ὁμοιότητι, τὸ στῆθος ἢ τὴν δεξιὰν καταφιλεῖν, ζηλωτὸν καὶ περίβλεπτον τοῖς μηδὲ τούτου τυγχάνουσιν· ὁ δʼ ἕστηκεν παρέχων ἑαυτὸν εἰς πλείω χρόνον ἐξαπατώμενον. ἐπαινῶ δέ γε ταύτης αὐτοὺς τῆς ἀπανθρωπίας, ὅτι μὴ καὶ τοῖς στόμασιν ἡμᾶς προσίενται.

[¶2] 22. ‘But if these men a¥e amusing their courtiers and flatterers are doubly so. They rise in the small hours of the night, to go their round of the city, to have doors slammed in their faces by slaves, to swallow as best they may the compliments of “Dog,” “Toadeater,” and the like. And the guerdon of their painful circumambulations? A vulgarly magnificent dinner, the source of many woes! They eat too much, they drink more than they want, they talk more than they should; and then they go away, angry and disappointed, grumbling at their fare, and protesting against the scant courtesy shown them by their insolent patron. You may see them vomiting in every alley, squabbling at every brothel. The daylight most of them spend in bed, furnishing employment for the doctors. Most of them, I say; for with some it has come to this, that they actually have no time to be ill.

> Greek: 22. πολὺ δὲ τούτων οἱ προσιόντες αὐτοὶ καὶ θεραπεύοντες γελοιότεροι, νυκτὸς μὲν ἐξανιστάμενοι μέσης, περιθέοντες δὲ ἐν κύκλῳ τὴν πόλιν καὶ πρὸς τῶν οἰκετῶν ἀποκλειόμενοι, κύνες καὶ κόλακες καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἀκούειν ὑπομένοντες. γέρας δὲ τῆς πικρᾶς ταύτης αὐτοῖς περιόδου τὸ φορτικὸν ἐκεῖνο δεῖπνον καὶ πολλῶν αἴτιον συμφορῶν, ἐν ᾧ πόσα μὲν ἐμφαγόντες, πόσα δὲ παρὰ γνώμην ἐμπιόντες, πόσα δὲ ὧν οὐκ ἐχρῆν ἀπολαλήσαντες ἢ μεμφόμενοι τὸ τελευταῖον ἢ δυσφοροῦντες ἀπίασιν ἢ διαβάλλοντες τὸ δεῖπνον ἢ ὕβριν ἢ μικρολογίαν ἐγκαλοῦντες. πλήρεις δὲ αὐτῶν ἐμούντων οἱ στενωποὶ καὶ πρὸς τοῖς χαμαιτυπείοις μαχομένων· καὶ μεθʼ ἡμέραν οἱ πλείονες αὐτῶν κατακλιθέντες ἰατροῖς παρέχουσιν ἀφορμὰς περιόδων· ἔνιοι μὲν γάρ, τὸ καινότατον, οὐδὲ νοσεῖν σχολάζουσιν.

[¶3] 23. My own opinion is that, of the two parties, the toadies are more to blame, and have only themselves to thank for their patron’s insolence. What can they expect him to think, after their commendations of his wealth, their panegyrics on money, their early attendance at his doors, their servile salutations? If by common consent they would abstain, were it only for a few days, from this voluntary servitude, the tables must surely be turned, and the rich come to the doors of the paupers, imploring them not to leave such blessedness as theirs without a witness, their fine houses and elegant furniture lying idle for want of some one to use them. Not wealth, but the envy that waits on wealth, is the object of their desire. The truth is, gold and ivory and noble mansions are of little avail to their owner, if there is no one to admire them. If we would break the power of the rich, and bring down their pretensions, we must raise up within their borders a stronghold of Indifference.

> Greek: 23. ἐγὼ μέντοι γε πολὺ τῶν κολακευομένων ἐξωλεστέρους τοὺς κόλακας ὑπείληφα, καὶ σχεδὸν αὐτοὺς ἐκείνοις καθίστασθαι τῆς ὑπερηφανίας αἰτίους· ὅταν γὰρ αὐτῶν τὴν περιουσίαν θαυμάσωσιν καὶ τὸν χρυσὸν ἐπαινέσωσιν καὶ τοὺς πυλῶνας ἕωθεν ἐμπλήσωσιν καὶ προσελθόντες ὥσπερ δεσπότας προσείπωσιν, τί καὶ φρονήσειν ἐκείνους εἰκός ἐστιν; εἰ δέ γε κοινῷ δόγματι κἂν πρὸς ὀλίγον ἀπέσχοντο τῆσδε τῆς ἐθελοδουλείας, οὐκ ἂν οἴει τοὐναντίον αὐτοὺς ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας τῶν πτωχῶν δεομένους τοὺς πλουσίους, μὴ ἀθέατον αὐτῶν μηδʼ ἀμάρτυρον τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν καταλιπεῖν μηδʼ ἀνόνητόν τε καὶ ἄχρηστον τῶν τραπεζῶν τὸ κάλλος καὶ τῶν οἴκων τὸ μέγεθος; οὐ γὰρ οὕτω τοῦ πλουτεῖν ἐρῶσιν ὡς τοῦ διὰ τὸ πλουτεῖν εὐδαιμονίζεσθαι. καὶ οὕτω δὴ ἔχει, μηδὲν ὄφελος εἶναι περικαλλοῦς οἰκίας τῷ οἰκοῦντι μηδὲ χρυσοῦ καὶ ἐλέφαντος, εἰ μή τις αὐτὰ θαυμάζοι. ἐχρῆν οὖν ταύτῃ καθαιρεῖν αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπευωνίζειν τὴν δυναστείαν ἐπιτειχίσαντας τῷ πλούτῳ τὴν ὑπεροψίαν· νῦν δὲ λατρεύοντες εἰς ἀπόνοιαν ἄγουσιν.

[¶4] 24. As it is, their vanity is fostered by the court that is paid to them. In ordinary men, who have no pretence to education, this conduct, no doubt, is less to be blamed. But that men who call themselves philosophers should actually outdo the rest in degradation,—this, indeed, is the climax. Imagine my feelings, when I see a brother philosopher, an old man, perhaps, mingling in the herd of sycophants; dancing attendance on some great man; adapting himself to the conversational level of a possible host! One thing, indeed, serves to distinguish him from his company, and to accentuate his disgrace;—he wears the garb of philosophy. It is much to be regretted that actors of uniform excellence in other respects will not dress conformably to their part.

> Greek: 24. καὶ τὸ μὲν ἄνδρας ἰδιώτας καὶ ἀναφανδὸν τὴν ἀπαιδευσίαν ὁμολογοῦντας τὰ τοιαῦτα ποιεῖν, μετριώτερον ἂν εἰκότως νομισθείη· τὸ δὲ καὶ τῶν φιλοσοφεῖν προσποιουμένων πολλοὺς πολλῷ ἔτι τούτων γελοιότερα δρᾶν, τοῦτʼ ἤδη τὸ δεινότατόν ἐστι. πῶς γὰρ οἴει τὴν ψυχὴν διατεθεῖσθαί μοι, ὅταν ἴδω τούτων τινά, μάλιστα τῶν προβεβηκότων, ἀναμεμιγμένον κολάκων ὄχλῳ καὶ τῶν ἐπʼ ἀξίας τινὰ δορυφοροῦντα καὶ τοῖς ἐπὶ τὰ δεῖπνα παραγγέλλουσι κοινολογούμενον, ἐπισημότερον δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἀπὸ τοῦ σχήματος ὄντα καὶ φανερώτερον; καὶ ὃ μάλιστα ἀγανακτῶ, ὅτι μὴ καὶ τὴν σκευὴν μεταλαμβάνουσι, τὰ ἄλλα γε ὁμοίως ὑποκρινόμενοι τοῦ δράματος.

[¶5] 25. For in the achievements of the table, what toadeater besides can be compared with them? There is an artlessness in their manner of stuffing themselves, a frankness in their tippling, which defy competition; they sponge with more spirit than other men, and sit on with greater persistency. It is not an uncommon thing for the more courtly sages to oblige the company with a song.’ All this he treated as a jest. But he had much to say on the subject of those paid philosophers, who hawk about virtue like any other marketable commodity. ‘Hucksters’ and ‘petty traders’ were his words for them. A man who proposes to teach the contempt of wealth, should begin (he maintained) by showing a soul above fees.

> Greek: 25. ἃ μὲν γὰρ ἐν τοῖς συμποσίοις ἐργάζονται, τίνι τῶν καλῶν εἰκάσομεν; οὐκ ἐμφοροῦνται μὲν ἀπειροκαλώτερον, μεθύσκονται δὲ φανερώτερον, ἐξανίστανται δὲ πάντων ὕστατοι, πλείω δὲ ἀποφέρειν τῶν ἄλλων ἀξιοῦσιν; οἱ δὲ ἀστειότεροι πολλάκις αὐτῶν καὶ ᾆσαι προήχθησαν. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν οὖν γελοῖα ἡγεῖτο· μάλιστα δὲ ἐμέμνητο τῶν ἐπὶ μισθῷ φιλοσοφούντων καὶ τὴν ἀρετὴν ὤνιον ὥσπερ ἐξ ἀγορᾶς προτιθέντων· ἐργαστήρια γοῦν ἐκάλει καὶ καπηλεῖα τὰς τούτων διατριβάς· ἠξίου γὰρ τὸν πλούτου καταφρονεῖν διδάξοντα πρῶτον αὑτὸν παρέχειν ὑψηλότερον λημμάτων.

[¶6] 26. And certainly he has always acted on this principle himself. He is not content with giving his services gratis to all comers, but lends a helping hand to all who are in difficulties, and shows an absolute disregard for riches. So far is he from grasping at other men’s goods, that he could anticipate without concern the deterioration of his own property. He possessed an estate at no great distance from the city, on whfch for many years he had never even set foot. Nay, he disclaimed all right of property in it; meaning, I suppose, that we have no natural claim to such things; law, and the rights of inheritance, give us the use of them for an indefinite period, and for that time we are styled ‘owners’; presently our term lapses, and another succeeds to the enjoyment of a name. There are other points in which he sets an admirable example to the serious followers of philosophy: his frugal life, his systematic habits of bodily exercise, his modest bearing, his simplicity of dress, but above all, gentle manners and a constant mind.

> Greek: 26. ἀμέλει καὶ πράττων ταῦτα διετέλει, οὐ μόνον προῖκα τοῖς ἀξιοῦσι συνδιατρίβων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς δεομένοις ἐπαρκῶν καὶ πάσης περιουσίας καταφρονῶν, τοσούτου δέων ὀρέγεσθαι τῶν οὐδὲν προσηκόντων, ὥστε μηδὲ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ φθειρομένων ποιεῖσθαι πρόνοιαν, ὅς γε καὶ ἀγρὸν οὐ πόρρω τῆς πόλεως κεκτημένος οὐδὲ ἐπιβῆναι αὐτοῦ πολλῶν ἐτῶν ἠξίωσεν, ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν αὑτοῦ εἶναι διωμολόγει, ταῦτʼ οἶμαι ὑπειληφώς, ὅτι τούτων φύσει μὲν οὐδενός ἐσμεν κύριοι, νόμῳ δὲ καὶ διαδοχῇ τὴν χρῆσιν αὐτῶν εἰς ἀόριστον παραλαμβάνοντες ὀλιγοχρόνιοι δεσπόται νομιζόμεθα, κἀπειδὰν ἡ προθεσμία παρέλθῃ, τηνικαῦτα παραλαβὼν ἄλλος ἀπολαύει τοῦ ὀνόματος. οὐ μικρὰ δὲ οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνα παρέχει τοῖς ζηλοῦν ἐθέλουσι παραδείγματα, τῆς τροφῆς τὸ ἀπέριττον καὶ τῶν γυμνασίων τὸ σύμμετρον καὶ τοῦ προσώπου τὸ αἰδέσιμον καὶ τῆς ἐσθῆτος τὸ μέτριον, ἐφʼ ἅπασι δὲ τούτοις τῆς διανοίας τὸ ἡρμοσμένον καὶ τὸ ἥμερον τοῦ τρόπου.

[¶7] 27. He urges his followers not to postpone the pursuit of good, as so many do, who allow themselves a period of grace till the next great festival, after which they propose to eschew deceit and lead a righteous life; there must be no shillyshallying, when virtue is the goal for which we start. On the other hand, there are philosophers whose idea of inculcating virtue in their youthful disciples is to subject them to various tests of physical endurance; whose favourite prescription is the strait waistcoat, varied with flagellations, or the enlightened process of scarification.

> Greek: 27. παρῄνει δὲ τοῖς συνοῦσι μήτʼ ἀναβάλλεσθαι τὸ ἀγαθόν, ὅπερ τοὺς πολλοὺς ποιεῖν προθεσμίας ὁριζομένους ἑορτὰς ἢ πανηγύρεις, ὡς ἀπʼ ἐκείνων ἀρξομένους τοῦ μὴ ψεύσασθαι καὶ τοῦ τὰ δέοντα ποιῆσαι· ἠξίου γὰρ ἀμέλλητον εἶναι τὴν πρὸς τὸ καλὸν ὁρμήν. δῆλος δὲ ἦν καὶ τῶν τοιούτων κατεγνωκὼς φιλοσόφων, οἳ ταύτην ἄσκησιν ἀρετῆς ὑπελάμβανον, ἢν πολλαῖς ἀνάγκαις καὶ πόνοις τοὺς νέους ἀντέχειν καταγυμνάσωσιν, τοῦτο μὲν ψυχρολουτεῖν οἱ πολλοὶ κελεύοντες, ἄλλοι δὲ μαστιγοῦντες, οἱ δὲ χαριέστεροι καὶ σιδήρῳ τὰς ἐπιφανείας αὐτῶν καταξύοντες.

[¶8] 28. Of these Nigrinus evidently had no opinion. According to him, our first care should be to inure the soul to pain and hardship; he who aspired to educate men aright must reckon with soul as well as body, with the age of his pupils, and with their previous training; he would then escape the palpable blunder of overtasking them. Many a one (he affirmed) had succumbed under the unreasonable strain put upon him; and I met with an instance myself, of a man who had tasted the hardships of those schools, but no sooner heard the words of true wisdom, than he fled incontinently to Nigrinus, and was manifestly the better for the change.

> Greek: 28. ἡγεῖτο γὰρ χρῆναι πολὺ πρότερον ἐν ταῖς ψυχαῖς τὸ στέρρον τοῦτο καὶ ἀπαθὲς κατασκευάσαι, καὶ τὸν ἄριστα παιδεύειν ἀνθρώπους προαιρούμενον τοῦτο μὲν ψυχῆς, τοῦτο δὲ σώματος, τοῦτο δὲ ἡλικίας τε καὶ τῆς πρότερον ἀγωγῆς ἐστοχάσθαι, ἵνα μὴ τὰ παρὰ δύναμιν ἐπιτάττων ἐλέγχηται· πολλοὺς γοῦν καὶ τελευτᾶν ἔφασκεν οὕτως ἀλόγως ἐπιταθέντας· ἕνα δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς εἶδον, ὃς καὶ γευσάμενος τῶν παρʼ ἐκείνοις κακῶν, ἐπειδὴ τάχιστα λόγων ἀληθῶν ἐπήκουσεν, ἀμεταστρεπτὶ φεύγων ὡς αὐτὸν ἀφίκετο καὶ δῆλος ἦν ῥᾷον διακείμενος.

[¶9] 29. Leaving the philosophers to themselves, he reverted to more general subjects: the din and bustle of the city, the theatres, the race-course, the statues of charioteers, the nomenclature of horses, the horse-talk in every side-street. The rage for horses has become a positive epidemic; many persons are infected with it whom one would have credited with more sense.

> Greek: 29. ἤδη δὲ τούτων ἀποστὰς τῶν ἄλλων αὖθις ἀνθρώπων ἐμέμνητο καὶ τὰς ἐν τῇ πόλει ταραχὰς διεξῄει καὶ τὸν ὠθισμὸν αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ θέατρα καὶ τὸν ἱππόδρομον καὶ τὰς τῶν ἡνιόχων εἰκόνας καὶ τὰ τῶν ἵππων ὀνόματα καὶ τοὺς ἐν τοῖς στενωποῖς περὶ τούτων διαλόγους· πολλὴ γὰρ ὡς ἀληθῶς ἡ ἱππομανία καὶ πολλῶν ἤδη σπουδαίων εἶναι δοκούντων ἐπείληπται.

[¶10] 30. Then the scene changed to the pomp and circumstance attendant upon funerals and testamentary dispositions. ‘Only once in his life’ (he observed) ‘does your thoroughbred Roman say what he means; and then,’ meaning, in his will, ‘it comes too late for him to enjoy the credit of it.’ I could not help laughing when he told me how they thought it necessary to carry their follies with them to the grave, and to leave the record of their inanity behind them in black and white; some stipulating that their clothes or other treasures should be burnt with them, others that their graves should be watched by particular servants, or their monuments crowned with flowers;—sapient end to a life of sapience!

> Greek: 30. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἑτέρου δράματος ἥπτετο τῶν ἀμφὶ τὴν νέκυιάν τε καὶ διαθήκας καλινδουμένων, προστιθεὶς ὅτι μίαν φωνὴν οἱ Ῥωμαίων παῖδες ἀληθῆ παρʼ ὅλον τὸν βίον προΐενται, τὴν ἐν ταῖς διαθήκαις λέγων, ἵνα μὴ ἀπολαύσωσι τῆς σφετέρας ἀληθείας. ἃ δὲ καὶ μεταξὺ λέγοντος αὐτοῦ γελᾶν προήχθην, ὅτι καὶ συγκατορύττειν ἑαυτοῖς ἀξιοῦσι τὰς ἀμαθίας καὶ τὴν ἀναλγησίαν ἔγγραφον ὁμολογοῦσιν, οἱ μὲν ἐσθῆτας ἑαυτοῖς κελεύοντες συγκαταφλέγεσθαι τῶν παρὰ τὸν βίον τιμίων, οἱ δὲ καὶ παραμένειν τινὰς οἰκέτας τοῖς τάφοις, ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ στέφειν τὰς στήλας ἄνθεσιν, εὐήθεις ἔτι καὶ παρὰ τὴν τελευτὴν διαμένοντες.

[¶11] 31. ‘Of their doings in this world,’ said he, ‘you may form some idea from their injunctions with reference to the next. These are they who will pay a long price for an entrée; whose floors are sprinkled with wine and saffron and spices; who in midwinter smother themselves in roses, ay, for roses are scarce, and out of season, and altogether desirable; but let a thing come in its due course, and oh,’tis vile,’tis contemptible. These are they whose drink is of costly essences.’ He had no mercy on them here. ‘Very bunglers in sensuality, who know not her laws, and confound her ordinances, flinging down their souls to be trampled beneath the heels of luxury! As the play has it, door or window, all is one to them.

> Greek: 31. εἰκάζειν οὖν ἠξίου, τί πέπρακται τούτοις παρὰ τὸν βίον, εἰ τοιαῦτα περὶ τῶν μετὰ τὸν βίον ἐπισκήπτουσι· τούτους γὰρ εἶναι τοὺς τὸ πολυτελὲς ὄψον ὠνουμένους καὶ τὸν οἶνον ἐν τοῖς συμποσίοις μετὰ κρόκων τε καὶ ἀρομάτων ἐκχέοντας, τοὺς μέσου χειμῶνος ἐμπιπλαμένους ῥόδων καὶ τὸ σπάνιον αὐτῶν καὶ παρὰ καιρὸν ἀγαπῶντος, τῶν δʼ ἐν καιρῷ καὶ κατὰ φύσιν ὡς εὐτελῶν ὑπερηφανοῦντας, τούτους εἶναι τοὺς καὶ τὰ μύρα πίνοντας· ὃ καὶ μάλιστα διέσυρεν αὐτῶν, ὅτι μηδὲ χρῆσθαι ἴσασιν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις, ἀλλὰ κἀν ταύταις παρανομοῦσι καὶ τοὺς ὅρους συγχέουσι, πάντοθεν τῇ τρυφῇ παραδόντες αὑτῶν τὰς ψυχὰς πατεῖν, καὶ τοῦτο δὴ τὸ ἐν ταῖς τραγῳδίαις τε καὶ κωμῳδίαις λεγόμενον, ἤδη καὶ παρὰ θύραν εἰσβιαζόμενοι. σολοικισμὸν οὖν ἐκάλει τοῦτο τῶν ἡδονῶν.

[¶12] 32. Such pleasures are rank solecism.’ One observation of his in the same spirit fairly caps the famous censure of Momus. Momus found fault with the divine artificer for not putting his bull’s horns in front of the eyes. Similarly, Nigrinus complained that when these men crown themselves in their banquets, they put the garlands in the wrong place; if they are so fond of the smell of violets and roses, they should tie on their garlands as close as may be under their nostrils; they could then snuff up the smell to their hearts’ content.

> Greek: 32. ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς αὐτῆς γνώμης κἀκεῖνα ἔλεγεν, ἀτεχνῶς τοῦ Μώμου τὸν λόγον μιμησάμενος· ὡς γὰρ ἐκεῖνος ἐμέμφετο τοῦ ταύρου τὸν δημιουργὸν θεὸν οὐ προθέντα τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τὰ κέρατα, οὕτω δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς ᾐτιᾶτο τῶν στεφανουμένων, ὅτι μὴ ἴσασι τοῦ στεφάνου τὸν τόπον· εἰ γάρ τοι, ἔφη, τῇ πνοῇ τῶν ἴων τε καὶ ῥόδων χαίρουσιν, ὑπὸ τῇ ῥινὶ μάλιστα ἐχρῆν αὐτοὺς στέφεσθαι παρʼ αὐτὴν ὡς οἷόν τε τὴν ἀναπνοήν, ἵνʼ ὡς πλεῖστον ἀνέσπων τῆς ἡδονῆς.

[¶13] 33. Proceeding to the gentlemen who make such a serious work of their dinner, he was exceedingly merry over their painful elaborations of sauce and seasoning. ‘Here again,’ he cried, ‘these men are sore put to it, to procure the most fleeting of enjoyments. Grant them four inches of palate apiece—’tis the utmost we can allow any man—and I will prove to you that they have four inches of gratification for their trouble. Thus: there is no satisfaction to be got out of the costliest viands before consumption; and after it a full stomach is none the betteg for the price it has cost to fill it. Ergo, the money is paid for the pleasure snatched in transitu. But what are we to expect? These men are too grossly ignorant to discern those truer pleasures with which Philosophy rewards our resolute endeavours.’

> Greek: 33. καὶ μὴν κἀκείνους διεγέλα τοὺς θαυμάσιόν τινα τὴν σπουδὴν περὶ τὰ δεῖπνα ποιουμένους χυμῶν τε ποικιλίαις καὶ πεμμάτων περιεργίαις· καὶ γὰρ αὖ καὶ τούτους ἔφασκεν ὀλιγοχρονίου τε καὶ βραχείας ἡδονῆς ἔρωτι πολλὰς πραγματείας ὑπομένειν· ἀπέφαινε γοῦν τεσσάρων δακτύλων αὐτοῖς ἕνεκα πάντα πονεῖσθαι τὸν πόνον, ἐφʼ ὅσους ὁ μήκιστος ἀνθρώπου λαιμός ἐστιν· οὔτε γὰρ πρὶν ἐμφαγεῖν, ἀπολαύειν τι τῶν ἐωνημένων, οὔτε βρωθέντων ἡδίω γενέσθαι τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν πολυτελεστέρων πλησμονήν· λοιπὸν οὖν εἶναι τὴν ἐν τῇ παρόδῳ γιγνομένην ἡδονὴν τοσούτων ὠνεῖσθαι χρημάτων. εἰκότα δὲ πάσχειν ἔλεγεν αὐτοὺς ὑπʼ ἀπαιδευσίας τὰς ἀληθεστέρας ἡδονὰς ἀγνοοῦντας, ὧν ἁπασῶν φιλοσοφία χορηγός ἐστιν τοῖς πονεῖν προαιρουμένοις.

[¶14] 34. The Baths proved a fertile topic, what with the insolence of the masters and the jostlings of their men;—‘they will not stand without the support of a slave; it is much that they retain enough vitality to get away on their own legs at all.’ One practice which obtains in the streets and Baths of Rome seemed to arouse his particular resentment. Slaves have to walk on ahead of their masters, and call out to them to ‘look to their feet,’ whenever there is a hole or a lump in their way; it has come to this, that men must be reminded that they are walking. ‘It is too much,’ he cried; ‘these men can get through their dinner with the help of their own teeth and fingers; they can hear with their own ears: yet they must have other men’s eyes to see for them! They are in possession of all their faculties: yet they are content to be spoken to in language which should only be addressed to poor maimed wretches! And this goes on in broad daylight, in our public places; and among the sufferers are men who are responsible for the welfare of cities!’

> Greek: 34. περὶ δὲ τῶν ἐν τοῖς βαλανείοις δρωμένων πολλὰ μὲν διεξῄει, τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἑπομένων, τὰς ὕβρεις, τοὺς ἐπικειμένους τοῖς οἰκέταις καὶ μικροῦ δεῖν ἐκφερομένους. ἓν δέ τι καὶ μάλιστα μισεῖν ἐῴκει, πολὺ δʼ ἐν τῇ πόλει τοῦτο καὶ τοῖς βαλανείοις ἐπιχωριάζον προϊόντας γάρ τινας τῶν οἰκετῶν δεῖ βοᾶν καὶ παραγγέλλειν προορᾶσθαι τοῖν ποδοῖν, ἢν ὑψηλόν τι ἢ κοῖλον μέλλωσιν ὑπερβαίνειν, καὶ ὑπομιμνήσκειν αὐτούς, τὸ καινότατον, ὅτι βαδίζουσιν. δεινὸν οὖν ἐποιεῖτο, εἰ στόματος μὲν ἀλλοτρίου δειπνοῦντες μὴ δέονται μηδὲ χειρῶν, μηδὲ τῶν ὤτων ἀκούοντες, ὀφθαλμῶν δὲ ὑγιαίνοντες ἀλλοτρίων δέονται προοψομένων καὶ ἀνέχονται φωνὰς ἀκούοντες δυστυχέσιν ἀνθρώποις πρεπούσας καὶ πεπηρωμένοις· ταῦτα γὰρ αὐτὰ πάσχουσιν ἐν ταῖς ἀγοραῖς ἡμέρας μέσης καὶ οἱ τὰς πόλεις ἐπιτετραμμένοι.

[¶15] 35. This he said, and much more to the same effect. At length he was silent. All the time I had listened in awestruck attention, dreading the moment when he should cease. And when it was all over, my condition was like that of the Phaeacians. For a long time I gazed upon him, spellbound; then I was seized with a violent attack of giddiness; I was bathed in perspiration, and when I attempted to speak, I broke down; my voice failed, my tongue stammered, and at last I was reduced to tears. Mine was no surface wound from a random shaft. The words had sunk deep into a vital part; had come with true aim, and cleft my soul asunder. For (if I may venture to philosophize on my own account) I conceive the case thus:— A well-conditioned human soul is like a target of some soft material.

> Greek: 35. ταῦτά τε καὶ πολλὰ ἕτερα τοιαῦτα διελθὼν κατέπαυσε τὸν λόγον. ἐγὼ δὲ τέως μὲν ἤκουον αὐτοῦ τεθηπώς, μὴ σιωπήσῃ πεφοβημένος· ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐπαύσατο, τοῦτο δὴ τὸ τῶν Φαιάκων πάθος ἐπεπόνθειν· πολὺν γὰρ δὴ χρόνον ἐς αὐτὸν ἀπέβλεπον κεκηλημένος· εἶτα πολλῇ συγχύσει καὶ ἰλίγγῳ κατειλημμένος τοῦτο μὲν ἱδρῶτι κατερρεόμην, τοῦτο δὲ φθέγξασθαι βουλόμενος ἐξέπιπτόν τε καὶ ἀνεκοπτόμην, καὶ ἥ τε φωνὴ ἐξέλειπε καὶ ἡ γλῶττα διημάρτανε, καὶ τέλος ἐδάκρυον ἀπορούμενος· οὐ γὰρ ἐξ ἐπιπολῆς οὐδʼ ὡς ἔτυχεν ἡμῶν ὁ λόγος καθίκετο, βαθεῖα δὲ καὶ καίριος ἡ πληγὴ ἐγένετο, καὶ μάλα εὐστόχως ἐνεχθεὶς ὁ λόγος αὐτήν, εἰ οἷόν τε εἰπεῖν, διέκοψε τὴν ψυχήν· εἰ γάρ τι δεῖ κἀμὲ ἤδη φιλοσόφων προσάψασθαι λόγων, ὧδε περὶ τούτων ὑπείληφα·

[¶16] 36. As life goes on, many archers take aim thereat; and every man’s quiver is full of subtle and varied arguments, but not every man shoots aright. Some draw the bow too tight, and let fly with undue violence. These hit the true direction, but their shafts do not lodge in the mark; their impetus carries them right through the soul, and they pass on their way, leaving only a gaping wound behind them. Others make the contrary mistake: their bows are too slack, and their shafts never reach their destination; as often as not their force is spent at half distance, and they drop to earth. Or if they reach the mark, they do but graze its surface; there can be no deep wound, where the archer lacks strength.

> Greek: 36. δοκεῖ μοι ἀνδρὸς εὐφυοῦς ψυχὴ μάλα σκοπῷ τινι ἁπαλῷ προσεοικέναι. τοξόται δὲ πολλοὶ μὲν ἀνὰ τὸν βίον καὶ μεστοὶ τὰς φαρέτρας ποικίλων τε καὶ παντοδαπῶν λόγων, οὐ μὴν πάντες εὔστοχα τοξεύουσιν, ἀλλʼ οἱ μὲν αὐτῶν σφόδρα τὰς νευρὰς ἐπιτείναντες ἐντονώτερον τοῦ δέοντος ἀφιᾶσιν· καὶ ἅπτονται μὲν καὶ οὗτοι, τὰ δὲ βέλη αὐτῶν οὐ μένει ἐν τῷ σκοπῷ, ἀλλʼ ὑπὸ τῆς σφοδρότητος διελθόντα καὶ παροδεύσαντα κεχηνυῖαν μόνον τῷ τραύματι τὴν ψυχὴν ἀπέλιπεν. ἄλλοι δὲ πάλιν τούτοις ὑπεναντίως· ὑπὸ γὰρ ἀσθενείας τε καὶ ἀτονίας οὐδὲ ἐφικνεῖται τὰ βέλη αὐτοῖς ἄχρι πρὸς τὸν σκοπόν, ἀλλʼ ἐκλυθέντα καταπίπτει πολλάκις ἐκ μέσης τῆς ὁδοῦ· ἢν δέ ποτε καὶ ἐφίκηται, ἄκρον μὲν ἐπιλίγδην ἅπτεται, βαθεῖαν δὲ οὐκ ἐργάζεται πληγήν· οὐ γὰρ ἀπʼ ἰσχυρᾶς ἐμβολῆς ἀπεστέλλετο.

[¶17] 37. But a good marksman, a Nigrinus, begins with a careful examination of the mark, in case it should be particularly soft,—or again too hard; for there are marks which will take no impression from an arrow. Satisfied on this point, he dips his shaft, not in the poisons of Scythia or Crete, but in a certain ointment of his own, which is sweet in flavour and gentle in operation; then, without more ado, he lets fly. The shaft speeds with well-judged swiftness, cleaves the mark right through, and remains lodged in it; and the drug works its way through every part. Thus it is that men hear his words with mingled joy and grief; and this was my own case, while the drug was gently diffusing itself through my soul. Hence I was moved to apostrophize him in the words of Homer: So aim; and thou shalt bring (to some) salvation. For as it is not every man that is maddened by the sound of the Phrygian flute, but only those who are inspired of Cybele, and by those strains are recalled to their frenzy,—so too not every man who hears the words of the philosophers will go away possessed, and stricken at heart, but only those in whose nature is something akin to philosophy.

> Greek: 37. ὅστις δὲ ἀγαθὸς τοξότης καὶ τούτῳ ὅμοιος, πρῶτον μὲν ἀκριβῶς ὄψεται τὸν σκοπόν, εἰ μὴ σφόδρα μαλακός, εἰ μὴ στερρότερος τοῦ βέλους. γίγνονται γὰρ δὴ καὶ ἄτρωτοι σκοποί. ἐπειδὰν δὲ ταῦτα ἴδῃ, τηνικαῦτα χρίσας τὸ βέλος οὔτε ἰῷ, καθάπερ τὰ Σκυθῶν χρίεται, οὔτε ὀπῷ, καθάπερ τὰ Κουρήτων, ἀλλʼ ἠρέμα δηκτικῷ τε καὶ γλυκεῖ φαρμάκῳ, τούτῳ χρίσας εὐτέχνως ἐτόξευσε· τὸ δὲ ἐνεχθὲν εὖ μάλα ἐντόνως καὶ διακόψαν ἄχρι τοῦ διελθεῖν μένει τε καὶ πολὺ τοῦ φαρμάκου ἀφίησιν, ὃ δὴ σκιδνάμενον ὅλην ἐν κύκλῳ τὴν ψυχὴν περιέρχεται. τοῦτό τοι καὶ ἥδονται καὶ δακρύουσι μεταξὺ ἀκούοντες, ὅπερ καὶ αὐτὸς ἔπασχον, ἡσυχῇ ἄρα τοῦ φαρμάκου τὴν ψυχὴν περιθέοντος. ἐπῄει δʼ οὖν μοι πρὸς αὐτὸν τὸ ἔπος ἐκεῖνο λέγειν· βάλλʼ οὕτως, αἴ κέν τι φόως γένηαι. ὥσπερ γὰρ οἱ τοῦ Φρυγίου αὐλοῦ ἀκούοντες οὐ πάντες μαίνονται, ἀλλʼ ὁπόσοι αὐτῶν τῇ Ῥέᾳ λαμβάνονται, οὗτοι δὲ πρὸς τὸ μέλος ὑπομιμνήσκονται τοῦ πάθους, οὕτω δὴ καὶ φιλοσόφων ἀκούοντες οὐ πάντες ἔνθεοι καὶ τραυματίαι ἀπίασιν, ἀλλʼ οἷς ὑπῆν τι ἐν τῇ φύσει φιλοσοφίας συγγενές.

[¶18] 38. Friend These are fearful and wonderful words; nay, they are divine. All that you said of ambrosia and lotus is true; I little knew how sumptuous had been your feast. I have listened to you with strange emotion, and now that you have ceased, I feel oppressed, nay, in your own language, ‘sore stricken.’ This need not surprise you. A person who has been bitten by a mad dog not only goes mad himself, you know, but communicates his madness to any one whom he bites whilst he is in that state, so that the infection may be carried on by this means through a long succession of persons. Lucian Ah, then you confess to a tenderness? Friend I do; and beg that you will think upon some medicine for both our wounded breasts. Lucian We must take a hint from Telephus. Friend What is that? Lucian We want a hair of the dog that bit us. Francis George Fowler

> Greek: 38. ὡς σεμνὰ καὶ θαυμάσια καὶ θεῖά γε, ὦ ἑταῖρε, διελήλυθας, ἐλελήθεις δέ με πολλῆς ὡς ἀληθῶς τῆς ἀμβροσίας καὶ τοῦ λωτοῦ κεκορεσμένος· ὥστε καὶ μεταξὺ σοῦ λέγοντος ἔπασχόν τι ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ, καὶ παυσαμένου ἄχθομαι καὶ ἵνα δὴ καὶ κατὰ σὲ εἴπω, τέτρωμαι· καὶ μὴ θαυμάσῃς· οἶσθα γὰρ ὅτι καὶ οἱ πρὸς τῶν κυνῶν τῶν λυσσώντων δηχθέντες οὐκ αὐτοὶ μόνοι λυσσῶσιν, ἀλλὰ κἄν τινας ἑτέρους ἐν τῇ μανίᾳ τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο διαθῶσιν, καὶ αὐτοὶ ἔκφρονες γίγνονται· συμμεταβαίνει γάρ τι τοῦ πάθους ἅμα τῷ δήγματι καὶ πολυγονεῖται ἡ νόσος καὶ πολλὴ γίγνεται τῆς μανίας διαδοχή. οὐκοῦν καὶ αὐτὸς ἡμῖν μανίαν ὁμολογεῖς; πάνυ μὲν οὖν, καὶ προσέτι δέομαί γέ σου κοινήν τινα τὴν θεραπείαν ἐπινοεῖν. τὸ τοῦ ἄρα Τηλέφου ἀνάγκη ποιεῖν. ποῖον αὖ λέγεις; ἐπὶ τὸν τρώσαντα ἐλθόντας ἰᾶσθαι παρακαλεῖν.