1. HERMES: Well, Hephaestus, here is the Caucasus, where this poor Titan will have to be nailed up. Now then let us look about for a suitable rock, if there is a place anywhere that has no snow on it, so that the irons may be riveted in more firmly and he may be in full sight of everybody as he hangs there. HEPHAESTUS: Yes, let’s look about, Hermes: we mustn't crucify him low and close to the ground for fear that men, his own handiwork, may come to his aid, nor yet on the summit, either, for he would be out of sight from below. Suppose we crucify him half way up, somewhere hereabouts over the ravine, with his hands outstretched from this rock to that one?
1. Ἑρμῆς: ὁ μὲν Καύκασος, ὦ Ἥφαιστε, οὗτος, ᾧ τὸν ἄθλιον τουτονὶ Τιτᾶνα προσηλῶσθαι δεήσει· περισκοπῶμεν δὲ ἤδη κρημνόν τινα ἐπιτήδειον, εἴ που τῆς χιόνος τι γυμνόν ἐστιν, ὡς βεβαιότερον καταπαγείη τὰ δεσμὰ καὶ οὗτος ἅπασι περιφανὴς εἴη κρεμάμενος. Ἥφαιστος: περισκοπῶμεν, ὦ Ἑρμῆ· οὔτε γὰρ ταπεινὸν καὶ πρόσγειον ἐσταυρῶσθαι χρή, ὡς μὴ ἐπαμύνοιεν αὐτῷ τὰ πλάσματα αὐτοῦ οἱ ἄνθρωποι, οὔτε μὴν κατὰ τὸ ἄκρον, — ἀφανὴς γὰρ ἂν εἴη τοῖς κάτω — ἀλλʼ εἰ δοκεῖ κατὰ μέσον ἐνταῦθά που ὑπὲρ τῆς φάραγγος ἀνεσταυρώσθω ἐκπετασθεὶς τὼ χεῖρε ἀπὸ τουτουὶ τοῦ κρημνοῦ πρὸς τὸν ἐναντίον.
HERMES: Right you are; the cliffs are sheer and inaccessible on every side, and overhang slightly, and the rock has only this narrow foothold, so that one can barely stand on tip toe; in short, it will make a very handy cross. Well, Prometheus, don’t hang back: climb up and let yourself be riveted to the mountain.
Ἑρμῆς: εὖ λέγεις· ἀπόξυροί τε γὰρ αἱ πέτραι καὶ ἀπρόσβατοι πανταχόθεν, ἠρέμα ἐπινενευκυῖαι, καὶ τῷ ποδὶ στενὴν ταύτην ὁ κρημνὸς ἔχει τὴν ἐπίβασιν, ὡς ἀκροποδητὶ μόλις ἑστάναι, καὶ ὅλως ἐπικαιρότατος ἂν ὁ σταυρὸς γένοιτο. μὴ μέλλε οὖν, ὦ Προμηθεῦ, ἀλλʼ ἀνάβαινε καὶ πάρεχε σεαυτὸν καταπαγησόμενον πρὸς τὸ ὄρος.
2. PROMETHEUS: Come, Hephaestus and Hermes, at any rate you might pity me in my undeserved misfortune.
2. Προμηθεύς: ἀλλὰ κἂν ὑμεῖς γε, ὦ Ἥφαιστε καὶ Ἑρμῆ, κατελεησατέ με παρὰ τὴν ἀξίαν δυστυχοῦντα.
HERMES: You mean, be crucified in your stead the instant we disobey the order! Don’t you suppose the Caucasus has room enough to hold two more pegged up? Come, hold out your right hand. Secure it, Hephaestus, and nail it up, and bring your hammer down with a will. Give me the other hand too. Let that be well secured also. That’s good. The eagle will soon fly down to eat away your liver, so that you may have full return for your beautiful and clever handiwork in clay.
Ἑρμῆς: τοῦτο φής, ὦ Προμηθεῦ, ἀντὶ σοῦ ἀνασκολοπισθῆναι αὐτίκα μάλα παρακούσαντας τοῦ ἐπιτάγματος· ἢ οὐχ ἱκανὸς εἶναί σοι δοκεῖ ὁ Καύκασος καὶ ἄλλους χωρῆσαι δύο προσπατταλευθέντας; ἀλλʼ ὄρεγε τὴν δεξιάν· σὺ δέ, ὦ Ἥφαιστε, κατάκλειε καὶ προσήλου καὶ τὴν σφῦραν ἐρρωμένως κατάφερε. δὸς καὶ τὴν ἑτέραν· κατειλήφθω εὖ μάλα καὶ αὕτη. εὖ ἔχει. καταπτήσεται δὲ ἤδη καὶ ὁ ἀετὸς ἀποκερῶν τὸ ἧπαρ, ὡς πάντα ἔχοις ἀντὶ τῆς καλῆς καὶ εὐμηχάνου πλαστικῆς.
3. PROMETHEUS: O Cronus and Iapetus and you, O mother (Earth)! What a fate I suffer, luckless that I am, when I have done no harm.
3. Προμηθεύς: ὦ Κρόνε καὶ Ἰαπετὲ καὶ σὺ ὦ μῆτερ, οἷα πέπονθα ὁ κακοδαίμων οὐδὲν δεινὸν εἰργασμένος.
HERMES: No harm, Prometheus? In the first place you undertook to serve out our meat and did it so unfairly and trickily that you abstracted all the best of it for yourself and cheated Zeus by wrapping “bones in glistening fat”: for I remember that Hesiod says so. Then you made human beings, thoroughly unprincipled creatures, particularly the women; and to top all, you stole fire, the most valued possession of the gods, and actually gave that to men. When you have done so much harm, do you say that you have been put in irons without having done any wrong?
Ἑρμῆς: οὐδέν, ὦ Προμηθεῦ, δεινὸν εἰργάσω, ὃς πρῶτα μὲν τὴν νομὴν τῶν κρεῶν ἐγχειρισθεὶς οὕτως ἄδικον ἐποιήσω καὶ ἀπατηλήν, ὡς σαυτῷ μὲν τὰ κάλλιστα ὑπεξελέσθαι, τὸν Δία δὲ παραλογίσασθαι ὀστᾶ καλύψας ἄργετι δημῷ; μέμνημαι γὰρ Ἡσιόδου νὴ Δίʼ οὕτως εἰπόντος· ἔπειτα δὲ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἀνέπλασας, πανουργότατα ζῷα, καὶ μάλιστά γε τὰς γυναῖκας· ἐπὶ πᾶσι δὲ τὸ τιμιώτατον κτῆμα τῶν θεῶν τὸ πῦρ κλέψας, καὶ τοῦτο ἔδωκας τοῖς ἀνθρώποις; τοσαῦτα δεινὰ εἰργασμένος φὴς μηδὲν ἀδικήσας δεδέσθαι;
4. PROMETHEUS: Hermes, you seem to be “blaming a man who is blameless,” to speak with the poet, for you reproach me with things for which I should have sentenced myself to maintenance in the Prytaneum if justice were being done. At any rate, if you have time, I should be glad to stand trial on the charges, so that I might prove that Zeus has passed an unjust sentence on me. As you are ready-tongued and litigious, suppose you plead in his behalf that he was just in his decision that I be crucified near the Caspian gates here in the Caucasus, a most piteous spectacle for all the Scythians.
4. Προμηθεύς: ἔοικας, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, καὶ σὺ κατὰ τὸν ποιητὴν ἀναίτιον αἰτιάασθαι ὃς τὰ τοιαῦτά μοι προφέρεις, ἐφʼ οἷς ἔγωγε τῆς ἐν πρυτανείῳ σιτήσεως, εἰ τὰ δίκαια ἐγίγνετο, ἐτιμησάμην ἂν ἐμαυτῷ. εἰ γοῦν σχολή σοι, ἡδέως ἂν καὶ δικαιολογησαίμην ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐγκλημάτων, ὡς δείξαιμι ἄδικα ἐγνωκότα περὶ ἡμῶν τὸν Δία· σὺ δὲ — στωμύλος γὰρ εἶ καὶ δικανικός — ἀπολόγησαι ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ ὡς δικαίαν τὴν ψῆφον ἔθετο, ἀνεσταυρῶσθαί με πλησίον τῶν Κασπίων τούτων πυλῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ Καυκάσου, οἴκτιστον θέαμα πᾶσι Σκύθαις.
HERMES: Your appeal, Prometheus, will be tardy and of no avail, but say your say just the same; for in any case we must remain here until the eagle flies down to attend to your liver. This interval of leisure may as well be employed in listening to a sophistic speech, as you are a very clever scoundrel at speech-making.
Ἑρμῆς: ἕωλον μέν, ὦ Προμηθεῦ, τὴν ἔφεσιν ἀγωνιῇ καὶ ἐς οὐδὲν δέον· ὅμως δʼ οὖν λέγε· καὶ γὰρ ἄλλως περιμένειν ἀναγκαῖον, ἔστʼ ἂν ὁ ἀετὸς καταπτῇ ἐπιμελησόμενός σου τοῦ ἥπατος. τὴν ἐν τῷ μέσῳ δὴ ταύτην σχολὴν καλῶς ἂν ἔχον εἴη εἰς ἀκρόασιν καταχρήσασθαι σοφιστικήν, οἷος εἶ σὺ πανουργότατος ἐν τοῖς λόγοις.
5. PROMETHEUS: Speak first, then, Hermes, and see that you accuse me as eloquently as you can and that you don’t neglect any of your father’s claims. Hephaestus, I make you judge. HEPHAESTUS: No, by Heaven; you will find me an accuser instead of a judge, I promise you, for you abstracted my fire and left my forge cold.
5. Προμηθεύς: πρότερος οὖν, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, λέγε, καὶ ὅπως μου ὡς δεινότατα κατηγορήσῃς μηδὲ καθυφῇς τι τῶν δικαίων τοῦ πατρός. σὲ δέ, ὦ Ἥφαιστε, δικαστὴν ποιοῦμαι ἔγωγε. Ἥφαιστος: μὰ Δίʼ, ἀλλὰ κατήγορον ἀντὶ δικαστοῦ ἴσθι με ἕξων, ὃς τὸ πῦρ ὑφελόμενος ψυχράν μοι τὴν κάμινον ἀπολέλοιπας.
PROMETHEUS: Well, then, divide the accusation; you can accuse me of the theft now, and then Hermes will criticize the serving of the meat and the making of men. You both belong to trades-unions and are likely to be good at speaking. HEPHAESTUS: Hermes shall speak for me too, for I am no hand at court specches but stick by my forge for the most part, while he is an orator and has taken uncommon interest in such matters.
Προμηθεύς: οὐκοῦν διελόμενοι τὴν κατηγορίαν, σὺ μὲν περὶ τῆς κλοπῆς ἤδη σύνειρε, ὁ Ἑρμῆς δὲ τὴν κρεανομίαν καὶ τὴν ἀνθρωποποιίαν αἰτιάσεται· ἄμφω δὲ τεχνῖται καὶ εἰπεῖν δεινοὶ ἐοίκατε εἶναι. Ἥφαιστος: ὁ Ἑρμῆς καὶ ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ ἐρεῖ· ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐ πρὸς λόγοις τοῖς δικανικοῖς εἰμι, ἀλλʼ ἀμφὶ τὴν κάμινον ἔχω τὰ πολλά· ὁ δὲ ῥήτωρ τέ ἐστι καὶ τῶν τοιούτων οὐ παρέργως μεμέληκεν αὐτῷ.
PROMETHEUS: I should never have thought that Hermes would care to speak about the theft or to reproach me with anything like that, when I follow his own trade! However, if you agree to this, son of Maea, it is high time you were getting on with your accusation.
Προμηθεύς: ἐγὼ μὲν οὐκ ἄν ποτε ᾤμην καὶ περὶ τῆς κλοπῆς τὸν Ἑρμῆν ἐθελῆσαι ἂν εἰπεῖν οὐδὲ ὀνειδιεῖν μοι τὸ τοιοῦτον ὁμοτέχνῳ ὄντι. πλὴν ἀλλʼ εἰ καὶ τοῦτο, ὦ Μαίας παῖ, ὑφίστασαι, καιρὸς ἤδη περαίνειν τὴν κατηγορίαν.
6. HERMES: Just as if long speeches and adequate preparation were necessary, Prometheus, and it were not enough simply to summarize your wrong-doings and say that when you were commissioned to divide the meat you tried to keep the best for yourself “and cheat the king, and that you made men when you should not, and that you stole fire from us and took it to them! You do not seem to realize, my excellent friend, that you have found Zeus very humane in view of such actions. Now if you deny that you have committed them, I shall have to have it out with you and make a long speech and try my best to bring out the truth; but if you admit that you served the meat in that way and made the innovations in regard to men and stole fire, my accusation is sufficient and I don’t care to say any more; to do so would be a mere waste of words.
6. Ἑρμῆς: πάνυ γοῦν, ὦ Προμηθεῦ, μακρῶν δεῖ λόγων καὶ ἱκανῆς τινος παρασκευῆς ἐπὶ τὰ σοὶ πεπραγμένα, οὐχὶ δὲ ἀπόχρη μόνα τὰ κεφάλαια εἰπεῖν τῶν ἀδικημάτων, ὅτι ἐπιτραπέν σοι μοιρᾶσαι τὰ κρέα σαυτῷ μὲν τὰ κάλλιστα ἐφύλαττες, ἐξηπάτας δὲ τὸν βασιλέα, καὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἀνέπλασας, οὐδὲν δέον, καὶ τὸ πῦρ κλέψας παρʼ ἡμῶν ἐκόμισας ἐς αὐτούς· καί μοι δοκεῖς, ὦ βέλτιστε, μὴ συνιέναι ἐπὶ τοῖς τηλικούτοις πάνυ φιλανθρώπου τοῦ Διὸς πεπειραμένος. εἰ μὲν οὖν ἔξαρνος εἶ μὴ εἰργάσθαι αὐτά, δεήσει καὶ διελέγχειν καὶ ῥῆσίν τινα μακρὰν ἀποτείνειν καὶ πειρᾶσθαι ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα ἐμφανίζειν τὴν ἀλήθειαν· εἰ δὲ φὴς τοιαύτην πεποιῆσθαι τὴν νομὴν τῶν κρεῶν καὶ τὰ περὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καινουργῆσαι καὶ τὸ πῦρ κεκλοφέναι, ἱκανῶς κατηγόρηταί μοι, καὶ μακρότερα οὐκ ἂν εἴποιμι· λῆρος γὰρ ἄλλως τὸ τοιοῦτον.
7. PROMETHEUS: Perhaps what you have said is also a waste of words; we shall see a little later! But as you say your accusation is sufficient, I shall try as best I can to dissipate the charges. And first let me tell you about the meat. By Heaven, even now as I speak of it I blush for Zeus, if he is so mean and fault-finding as to send a prehistoric god like me to be crucified just because he found a small bone in his portion, without remembering how we fought side by side or thinking how slight the ground for his anger is and how. childish it is to “be angry and enraged unless he gets the lion’s share himself.
7. Προμηθεύς: εἰ μὲν καὶ ταῦτα λῆρός ἐστιν ἃ εἴρηκας, εἰσόμεθα μικρὸν ὕστερον· ἐγὼ δέ, ἐπείπερ ἱκανὰ φὴς εἶναι τὰ κατηγορημένα, πειράσομαι ὡς ἂν οἷός τε ὦ διαλύσασθαι τὰ ἐγκλήματα. καὶ πρῶτόν γε ἄκουσον τὰ περὶ τῶν κρεῶν. καίτοι, νὴ τὸν Οὐρανόν, καὶ νῦν λέγων αὐτὰ αἰσχύνομαι ὑπὲρ τοῦ Διός, εἰ οὕτω μικρολόγος καὶ μεμψίμοιρός ἐστιν, ὡς διότι μικρὸν ὀστοῦν ἐν τῇ μερίδι εὗρε, ἀνασκολοπισθησόμενον πέμπειν παλαιὸν οὕτω θεόν, μήτε τῆς συμμαχίας μνημονεύσαντα μήτε αὖ τὸ τῆς ὀργῆς κεφάλαιον ἡλίκον ἐστὶν ἐννοήσαντα καὶ ὡς μειρακίου τὸ τοιοῦτον, ὀργίζεσθαι καὶ ἀγανακτεῖν εἰ μὴ τὸ μεῖζον αὐτὸς λήψεται.
8. PROMETHEUS: Deceptions of that sort, Hermes, occurring at table, should not be remembered, but if a mistake is made among people who are having a good time, it should be considered a practical joke and one’s anger should be left behind there in the dining room. To store up one’s hatred against the morrow, to hold spite and to cherish a stale grudge—come, it is not seemly for gods and in any case not kingly. Anyhow, if dinners are deprived of these attractions, of trickery, jokes, mockery and ridicule, all that is left is drunkenness, repletion and silence; gloomy, joyless things, all of them, not in the least appropriate to a dinner. So I should not have thought that Zeus would even remember the affair until the next day, to say nothing of taking on so about it and considering he had been horribly treated if someone in serving meat played a joke to see if the chooser could tell which was the better portion.
8. Προμηθεύς: καίτοι τάς γε ἀπάτας, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, τὰς τοιαύτας συμποτικὰς οὔσας οὐ χρή, οἶμαι, ἀπομνημονεύειν, ἀλλʼ εἰ καί τι ἡμάρτηται μεταξὺ εὐωχουμένων, παιδιὰν ἡγεῖσθαι καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ συμποσίῳ καταλιπεῖν τὴν ὀργήν· ἐς δὲ τὴν αὔριον ταμιεύεσθαι τὸ μῖσος καὶ μνησικακεῖν καὶ ἕωλόν τινα μῆνιν διαφυλάττειν, ἄπαγε, οὔτε θεοῖς πρέπον οὔτε ἄλλως βασιλικόν· ἢν γοῦν ἀφέλῃ τις τῶν συμποσίων τὰς κομψείας ταύτας, ἀπάτην καὶ σκώμματα καὶ τὸ διασιλλαίνειν καὶ ἐπιγελᾶν, τὸ καταλειπόμενόν ἐστι μέθη καὶ κόρος καὶ σιωπή, σκυθρωπὰ καὶ ἀτερπῆ πράγματα καὶ ἥκιστα συμποσίῳ πρέποντα. ὥστε ἔγωγε οὐδὲ μνημονεύσειν εἰς τὴν ὑστεραίαν ἔτι ᾤμην τούτων τὸν Δία, οὐχ ὅπως τηλικαῦτα ἐπʼ αὐτοῖς ἀγανακτήσειν καὶ πάνδεινα ἡγήσεσθαι πεπονθέναι, εἰ διανέμων τις κρέα παιδιάν τινα ἔπαιζε πειρώμενος εἰ διαγνώσεται τὸ βέλτιον ὁ αἱρούμενος.
9. PROMETHEUS: Suppose, however, Hermes, that it was more serious—that instead of giving Zeus the smaller portion I had abstracted the whole of it—what then? Just because of that ought he to have mingled earth with heaven, as the saying goes, and ought he to conjure up irons and crosses and a whole Caucasus and send down eagles and pick out my liver? Doesn’t all this accuse the angered man himself of great pettiness and meanness of disposition and readiness to get angry? What would he have done in ease he had been choused out of a whole ox, if he wreaks such mighty deeds about a little meat?
9. Προμηθεύς: τίθει δʼ ὅμως, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, τὸ χαλεπώτερον, μὴ τὴν ἐλάττω μοῖραν ἀπονενεμηκέναι τῷ Διί, τὴν δʼ ὅλην ὑφῃρῆσθαι· τί οὖν; διὰ τοῦτο ἐχρῆν, τὸ τοῦ λόγου, τῇ γῇ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀναμεμῖχθαι καὶ δεσμὰ καὶ σταυροὺς καὶ Καύκασον ὅλον ἐπινοεῖν καὶ ἀετοὺς καταπέμπειν καὶ τὸ ἧπαρ ἐκκολάπτειν; ὅρα γὰρ μὴ πολλήν τινα ταῦτα κατηγορῇ τοῦ ἀγανακτοῦντος αὐτοῦ μικροψυχίαν καὶ ἀγένειαν τῆς γνώμης καὶ πρὸς ὀργὴν εὐχέρειαν. ἢ τί γὰρ ἂν ἐποίησεν οὗτος ὅλον βοῦν ἀπολέσας, εἰ κρεῶν ὀλίγων ἕνεκα τηλικαῦτα ἐργάζεται;
10. PROMETHEUS: How much more good-natured human beings are about such things! One would expect them to be more quick to wrath than the gods, but in spite of that there is not one among them who would propose to crucify his cook if “he dipped his finger into the broth while the meat was boiling and licked off a little, or if he pulled off a bit of the roast and gobbled it up. No, they pardon them. To be sure, if they are extremely angry, they give them a slap or hit them over the head; but among them nobody was ever crucified on so trivial a ground. So much for the meat—an unseemly plea for me to make, but a far more unseemly accusation for him to bring;
10. Προμηθεύς: καίτοι πόσῳ οἱ ἄνθρωποι εὐγνωμονέστερον διάκεινται πρὸς τὰ τοιαῦτα, οὓς εἰκὸς ἦν καὶ τὰ ἐς τὴν ὀργὴν ὀξυτέρους εἶναι τῶν θεῶν; ἀλλʼ ὅμως ἐκείνων οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις τῷ μαγείρῳ σταυροῦ ἂν τιμήσαιτο, εἰ τὰ κρέα ἕψων καθεὶς τὸν δάκτυλον τοῦ ζωμοῦ τι περιελιχμήσατο ἢ ὀπτωμένων ἀποσπάσας τι κατεβρόχθισεν, ἀλλὰ συγγνώμην ἀπονέμουσιν αὐτοῖς· εἰ δὲ καὶ πάνυ ὀργισθεῖεν, ἢ κονδύλους ἐνέτριψαν ἢ κατὰ κόρρης ἐπάταξαν, ἀνεσκολοπίσθη δὲ οὐδεὶς παρʼ αὐτοῖς τῶν τηλικούτων ἕνεκα. καὶ περὶ μὲν τῶν κρεῶν τοσαῦτα, αἰσχρὰ μὲν κἀμοὶ ἀπολογεῖσθαι, πολὺ δὲ αἰσχίω κατηγορεῖν ἐκείνῳ.
11. PROMETHEUS: and now it is time to speak of my handiwork and the fact that I made men. This embodies a twofold accusation, Hermes, and I don’t know which charge you bring against me—that men should not have been created at all but would better have been left alone as mere clay, or that they should have been made, as far as that goes, but fashioned after some other pattern than this. However, I shall speak to both charges. In the first place I shall try to show that it has done the gods no harm to bring men into the world, and then that this is actually advantageous, far better for them than if the earth had happened to remain deserted and unpeopled.
11. Προμηθεύς: περὶ δὲ τῆς πλαστικῆς καὶ ὅτι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐποίησα, καιρὸς ἤδη λέγειν. τοῦτο δέ, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, διττὴν ἔχον τὴν κατηγορίαν, οὐκ οἶδα καθʼ ὁπότερον αἰτιᾶσθέ μου, πότερα ὡς οὐδὲ ὅλως ἐχρῆν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους γεγονέναι, ἀλλʼ ἄμεινον ἦν ἀτρεμεῖν αὐτοὺς γῆν ἄλλως ὄντας, ἢ ὡς πεπλάσθαι μὲν ἐχρῆν, ἄλλον δέ τινα καὶ μὴ τοῦτον διεσχηματίσθαι τὸν τρόπον; ἐγὼ δὲ ὅμως ὑπὲρ ἀμφοῖν ἐρῶ· καὶ πρῶτόν γε, ὡς οὐδεμία τοῖς θεοῖς ἀπὸ τούτου βλάβη γεγένηται, τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐς τὸν βίον παραχθέντων, πειράσομαι δεικνύειν· ἔπειτα δέ, ὡς καὶ συμφέροντα καὶ ἀμείνω ταῦτα αὐτοῖς παρὰ πολὺ ἢ εἰ ἐρήμην καὶ ἀπάνθρωπον συνέβαινε τὴν γῆν μένειν.
12. PROMETHEUS: There existed, then, in time gone by (for if I begin there it will be easier to see whether I have done any wrong in my alterations and innovations with regard to men) there existed, as I say, only the divine, the heavenly race. The earth was a rude and ugly thing all shaggy with woods, and wild woods at that, and there were no divine altars or temples—how could there be?—or images or anything else of the sort, though they are now to be seen in great numbers everywhere, honoured with every form of observance. But as I am always planning something for the common good and considering how the condition of the gods may be improved and everything else may increase in order and in beauty, it occurred to me that it would be a good idea to take a little bit of clay and create a few living things, making them like us in appearance; for I thought that divinity was not quite complete in the absence of its counterpart, comparison with which would show divinity to be the happier state. This should be mortal, I thought, but highly inventive and intelligent and able to appreciate what was better.
12. Προμηθεύς: ἦν τοίνυν πάλαι — ῥᾷον γὰρ οὕτω δῆλον ἂν γένοιτο, εἴ τι ἠδίκηκα ἐγὼ μετακοσμήσας καὶ νεωτερίσας τὰ περὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους — ἦν οὖν τὸ θεῖον μόνον καὶ τὸ ἐπουράνιον γένος, ἡ γῆ δὲ ἄγριόν τι χρῆμα καὶ ἄμορφον, ὕλαις ἅπασα καὶ ταύταις ἀνημέροις λάσιος, οὔτε δὲ βωμοὶ θεῶν ἢ νέως, — πόθεν γάρ; — ἢ ξόανα ἤ τι ἄλλο τοιοῦτον, οἷα πολλὰ νῦν ἁπανταχόθι φαίνεται μετὰ πάσης ἐπιμελείας τιμώμενα· ἐγὼ δὲ — ἀεὶ γάρ τι προβουλεύω ἐς τὸ κοινὸν καὶ σκοπῶ ὅπως αὐξηθήσεται μὲν τὰ τῶν θεῶν, ἐπιδώσει δὲ καὶ τἆλλα πάντα ἐς κόσμον καὶ κάλλος — ἐνενόησα ὡς ἄμεινον εἴη ὀλίγον ὅσον τοῦ πηλοῦ λαβόντα ζῷά τινα συστήσασθαι καὶ ἀναπλάσαι τὰς μορφὰς μὲν ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς προσεοικότα· καὶ γὰρ ἐνδεῖν τι ᾤμην τῷ θείῳ, μὴ ὄντος τοῦ ἐναντίου αὐτῷ καὶ πρὸς ὃ ἔμελλεν ἡ ἐξέτασις γιγνομένη εὐδαιμονέστερον ἀποφαίνειν αὐτό· θνητὸν μέντοι εἶναι τοῦτο, εὐμηχανώτατον δʼ ἄλλως καὶ συνετώτατον καὶ τοῦ βελτίονος αἰσθανόμενον.
13. PROMETHEUS: And then, “water and earth intermingling,” in the words of the poet, and kneading them, I moulded men, inviting Athena, moreover, to give me a hand in the task. Therein lies the great wrong I have done the gods, and you see what the penalty is for making creatures out of mud and imparting motion to that which was formerly motionless. From that time on, it would seem, the gods are less of gods because on earth a few mortal creatures have come into being! Indeed, Zeus is actually as angry as though the gods were losing caste through the creation of men. Surely he doesn’t’ fear that they will plot an insurrection against him and make war on the gods as the Giants did? No, Hermes, that you gods have suffered no wrong through me and my works is self-evident; come, show me even one wrong of the smallest sort, and I will hold my tongue and own that I have had the treatment that I deserved at your hahds.
13. Προμηθεύς: καὶ δὴ κατὰ τὸν ποιητικὸν λόγον γαῖαν ὕδει φύρας καὶ διαμαλάξας ἀνέπλασα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἔτι καὶ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν παρακαλέσας συνεπιλαβέσθαι μοι τοῦ ἔργου. ταῦτά ἐστιν ἃ μεγάλα ἐγὼ τοὺς θεοὺς ἠδίκηκα. καὶ τὸ ζημίωμα ὁρᾷς ἡλίκον, εἰ ἐκ πηλοῦ ζῷα ἐποίησα καὶ τὸ τέως ἀκίνητον εἰς κίνησιν ἤγαγον· καί, ὡς ἔοικε, τὸ ἀπʼ ἐκείνου ἧττον θεοί εἰσιν οἱ θεοί, διότι καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς τινα θνητὰ ζῷα γεγένηται· οὕτω γὰρ δὴ καὶ ἀγανακτεῖ νῦν ὁ Ζεὺς ὥσπερ ἐλαττουμένων τῶν θεῶν ἐκ τῆς τῶν ἀνθρώπων γενέσεως, εἰ μὴ ἄρα τοῦτο δέδιε, μὴ καὶ οὗτοι ἐπανάστασιν ἐπʼ αὐτὸν βουλεύσωσι καὶ πόλεμον ἐξενέγκωσι πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς ὥσπερ οἱ Γίγαντες. ἀλλʼ ὅτι μὲν δὴ οὐδὲν ἠδίκησθε, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, πρὸς ἐμοῦ καὶ τῶν ἔργων τῶν ἐμῶν, δῆλον· ἢ σὺ δεῖξον κἂν ἕν τι μικρότατον, κἀγὼ σιωπήσομαι καὶ δίκαια ἔσομαι πεπονθὼς πρὸς ὑμῶν.
14. PROMETHEUS: On the contrary, that my creation has been actually of service to the gods you will learn if you notice that the whole earth is no longer barren and unbeautiful but adorned with cities and tilled lands and cultivated plants, that the sea is sailed and the islands are inhabited, and that everywhere there are altars and sacrifices, temples and festivals,and full of God are all the streetsAnd all the marts of men.If I had made men to keep just for myself, I should be selfish, no doubt; but as the case stands I have contributed them to the general fund for your benefit. In fact, there are temples to Zeus, to Apollo, to Hera and to you, Hermes, in sight everywhere, but nowhere any to Prometheus. You see how I look out for my own interests, but betray and injure those of the community!
14. Προμηθεύς: ὅτι δὲ καὶ χρήσιμα ταῦτα γεγένηται τοῖς θεοῖς, οὕτως ἂν μάθοις, εἰ ἐπιβλέψειας ἅπασαν τὴν γῆν οὐκέτʼ αὐχμηρὰν καὶ ἀκαλλῆ οὖσαν, ἀλλὰ πόλεσι καὶ γεωργίαις καὶ φυτοῖς ἡμέροις διακεκοσμημένην καὶ τὴν θάλατταν πλεομένην καὶ τὰς νήσους κατοικουμένας, ἁπανταχοῦ δὲ βωμοὺς καὶ θυσίας καὶ ναοὺς καὶ πανηγύρεις· μεσταὶ δὲ Διὸς πᾶσαι μὲν ἀγυιαί, πᾶσαι δʼ ἀνθρώπων ἀγοραί. καὶ γὰρ εἰ μὲν ἐμαυτῷ μόνῳ κτῆμα τοῦτο ἐπλασάμην, ἐπλεονέκτουν ἂν ἴσως, νυνὶ δὲ εἰς τὸ κοινὸν φέρων κατέθηκα ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς· μᾶλλον δὲ Διὸς μὲν καὶ Ἀπόλλωνος καὶ Ἥρας καὶ σοῦ δέ, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, νεὼς ἰδεῖν ἁπανταχοῦ ἐστι, Προμηθέως δὲ οὐδαμοῦ. ὁρᾷς ὅπως τὰ ἐμαυτοῦ μόνα σκοπῶ, τὰ κοινὰ δὲ καταπροδίδωμι καὶ ἐλάττω ποιῶ;
15. PROMETHEUS: Moreover, Hermes, please consider this point too— do you think that any choice thing unattested, something that you get or make, for instance, which nobody is going to see or to praise, will give quite as much joy and pleasure to its owner? Why did I ask that question? Because if men had not been created, it would follow that the beauty of the universe would be unattested and it would be our lot to possess wealth, so to speak, which no one else would admire and we ourselves would not prize so highly; for we should have nothing else to compare it with, and we should not realise how happy we were if we did not see others who did not have what we have. What is great, you know, can only seem great if it is gauged by something small. You should have honoured me for that stroke of policy, but you have crucified me and have given me this return for my plan.
15. Προμηθεύς: ἔτι δέ μοι, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, καὶ τόδε ἐννόησον, εἴ τι σοι δοκεῖ ἀγαθὸν ἀμάρτυρον, οἷον κτῆμα ἢ ποίημα ὃ μηδεὶς ὄψεται μηδὲ ἐπαινέσεται, ὁμοίως ἡδὺ καὶ τερπνὸν ἔσεσθαι τῷ ἔχοντι. πρὸς δὴ τί τοῦτʼ ἔφην; ὅτι μὴ γενομένων τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀμάρτυρον συνέβαινε τὸ κάλλος εἶναι τῶν ὅλων, καὶ πλοῦτόν τινα πλουτήσειν ἐμέλλομεν οὔτε ὑπʼ ἄλλου τινὸς θαυμασθησόμενον οὔτε ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς ὁμοίως τίμιον· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν εἴχομεν πρὸς ὅ τι ἔλαττον παραθεωρῶμεν αὐτόν, οὐδʼ ἂν συνίεμεν ἡλίκα εὐδαιμονοῦμεν οὐχ ὁρῶντες ἀμοίρους τῶν ἡμετέρων τινάς· οὕτω γὰρ δὴ καὶ τὸ μέγα δόξειεν ἂν μέγα, εἰ τῷ μικρῷ παραμετροῖτο. ὑμεῖς δέ, τιμᾶν ἐπὶ τῷ πολιτεύματι τούτῳ δέον, ἀνεσταυρώκατέ με καὶ ταύτην μοι τὴν ἀμοιβὴν ἀποδεδώκατε τοῦ βουλεύματος.
16. PROMETHEUS: But there are rascals, you say, among them, and they commit adultery and make war and mar ry their sisters and plot against their fathers. Why, are there not plenty of them among us? Yet, of course, fone could not on this account blame Heaven and Earth for creating us. Again, you may perhaps say that we have to undergo a great deal of annoyance in taking care of them. Well, then, on that principle the herdsman ought to be vexed over having his herd because he has to take care of it. But this toilsome task is also sweet, and, in general, business is not devoid of pleasure, for it affords occupation. Why, what should we do if we had not them to provide for?
16. Προμηθεύς: ἀλλὰ κακοῦργοί τινες, φής, ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ μοιχεύουσι καὶ πολεμοῦσι καὶ ἀδελφὰς γαμοῦσι καὶ πατράσιν ἐπιβουλεύουσι. παρʼ ἡμῖν γὰρ οὐχὶ πολλὴ τούτων ἀφθονία; καὶ οὐ δήπου διὰ τοῦτο αἰτιάσαιτʼ ἄν τις τὸν Οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν Γῆν, ὅτι ἡμᾶς συνεστήσαντο. ἔτι καὶ τοῦτο ἴσως φαίης ἄν, ὅτι ἀνάγκη πολλὰ ἡμᾶς ἔχειν πράγματα ἐπιμελουμένους αὐτῶν. οὐκοῦν διά γε τοῦτο καὶ ὁ νομεὺς ἀχθέσθω ἐπὶ τῷ ἔχειν τὴν ἀγέλην, διότι ἀναγκαῖον αὐτῷ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι αὐτῆς. καίτοι τό γε ἐργῶδες τοῦτο καὶ ἡδύ· ἄλλως καὶ ἡ φροντὶς οὐκ ἀτερπὴς ἔχουσά τινα διατριβήν. ἢ τί γὰρ ἂν ἐπράττομεν οὐκ ἔχοντες ὧν προνοοῦμεν τούτων; ἠργοῦμεν ἂν καὶ τὸ νέκταρ ἐπίνομεν καὶ τῆς ἀμβροσίας ἐνεφορούμεθα οὐδὲν ποιοῦντες.
17. PROMETHEUS: Be idle and drink our nectar and eat our ambrosia without doing anything! But what sticks in my throat most is that although you censure me for making men “and particularly the women,” you fall in love with them just the same, and are always going down below, transformed now into bulls, now into satyrs and swans, and you deign to beget gods upon them! Perhaps, however, you will say that men should have been made, but in some other form and not like us. What better model could I have put before myself than this, which I knew to be beautiful in every way? Should I have made my creatures unintelligent and bestial and savage? Why, how could they have sacrificed to gods or bestowed all the other honours upon you if they were not as they are? You gods do not hang back when they bring you the hecatombs, even if you have to go to the river of Ocean,to the Ethiopians guileless,yet you have crucified him who procured you your honours and your sacrifices.
17. Προμηθεύς: ὃ δὲ μάλιστά με πνίγει τοῦτʼ ἐστίν, ὅτι μεμφόμενοι τὴν ἀνθρωποποιίαν καὶ μάλιστά γε τὰς γυναῖκας ὅμως ἐρᾶτε αὐτῶν καὶ οὐ διαλείπετε κατιόντες, ἄρτι μὲν ταῦροι, ἄρτι δὲ σάτυροι καὶ κύκνοι γενόμενοι, καὶ θεοὺς ἐξ αὐτῶν ποιεῖσθαι ἀξιοῦτε. ἀλλʼ ἐχρῆν μέν, ἴσως φήσεις, ἀναπεπλάσθαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἄλλον δέ τινα τρόπον, ἀλλὰ μὴ ἡμῖν ἐοικότας· καὶ τί ἂν ἄλλο παράδειγμα τούτου ἄμεινον προεστησάμην, ὃ πάντως καλὸν ἠπιστάμην; ἢ ἀσύνετον καὶ θηριῶδες ἔδει καὶ ἄγριον ἀπεργάσασθαι τὸ ζῷον; καὶ πῶς ἂν ἢ θεοῖς ἔθυσαν ἢ τὰς ἄλλας ὑμῖν τιμὰς ἀπένειμαν οὐχὶ τοιοῦτοι γενόμενοι; ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς, ὅταν μὲν ὑμῖν τὰς ἑκατόμβας προσάγωσιν, οὐκ ὀκνεῖτε, κἂν ἐπὶ τὸν Ὠκεανὸν ἐλθεῖν δέῃ μετʼ ἀμύμονας Αἰθιοπῆας· τὸν δὲ τῶν τιμῶν ὑμῖν καὶ τῶν θυσιῶν αἴτιον ἀνεσταυρώκατε. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ ταῦτα ἱκανά.
18. PROMETHEUS: So much for men; and now, if you wish, I shall pass to fire and that reprehensible theft! In the name of the gods answer me this question without any hesitation; have we lost any fire since men have had it too? You can’t say that we have. The nature of that possession is such, I suppose, that it is not diminished if anyone else takes some of it, for it does not go out when a light is procured from it. But surely it is downright stinginess to prevent things from being shared with those who need them when it does you no harm to share them. Inasmuch as you are gods, you ought to be kindly andbestowers of blessingsand to stand aloof from all stinginess. In this case even if I had filched all your fire and taken it down to earth without leaving a bit of it behind, I should not be guilty of any great wrong-doing against you, for you yourselves have no need of it, as you do not get cold and do not cook your ambrosia and do not require artificial light.
18. Προμηθεύς: ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ πῦρ, εἰ δοκεῖ, μέτειμι καὶ τὴν ἐπονείδιστον ταύτην κλοπήν. καὶ πρὸς θεῶν τοῦτό μοι ἀπόκριναι μηδὲν ὀκνήσας· ἔσθʼ ὅ τι ἡμεῖς τοῦ πυρὸς ἀπολωλέκαμεν, ἐξ οὗ καὶ παρʼ ἀνθρώποις ἐστίν; οὐκ ἂν εἴποις. αὕτη γάρ, οἶμαι, φύσις τουτουὶ τοῦ κτήματος, οὐδέν τι ἔλαττον γίγνεται, εἰ καί τις ἄλλος αὐτοῦ μεταλάβοι· οὐ γὰρ ἀποσβέννυται ἐναυσαμένου τινός· φθόνος δὲ δὴ ἄντικρυς τὸ τοιοῦτο, ἀφʼ ὧν μηδὲν ὑμεῖς ἠδίκησθε, τούτων κωλύειν μεταδιδόναι τοῖς δεομένοις. καίτοι θεούς γε ὄντας ἀγαθοὺς εἶναι χρὴ καὶ δωτῆρας ἑάων καὶ ἔξω φθόνου παντὸς ἑστάναι· ὅπου γε καὶ εἰ τὸ πᾶν τοῦτο πῦρ ὑφελόμενος κατεκόμισα ἐς τὴν γῆν μηδʼ ὅλως τι αὐτοῦ καταλιπών, οὐ μεγάλα ὑμᾶς ἠδίκουν· οὐδὲν γὰρ ὑμεῖς δεῖσθε αὐτοῦ μήτε ῥιγοῦντες μήτε ἕψοντες τὴν ἀμβροσίαν μήτε φωτὸς ἐπιτεχνητοῦ δεόμενοι.
19. PROMETHEUS: On the other hand, men are obliged to use fire, not only for other purposes but above all for the sacrifices, in order that they may be able “to fill the ways with savour” and to burn incense and consume meat on the altars. Indeed, I notice that you all take particular pleasure in the smoke and think it the most delightful of banquets when the savour comes up to heavencurling about the smoke.This criticism, therefore, is directly opposed to your own desire. I wonder, moreover, that you haven’t prevented the sun from shining on men, for he is fire too, and of a far more divine and ardent sort. Do you find fault with him for dissipating your property? I have said my say. Now then, Hermes and Hephaestus, if you think I have said anything wrong take me to task and confute me, and I will plead in reply.
19. Προμηθεύς: οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι καὶ εἰς τὰ ἄλλα μὲν ἀναγκαίῳ χρῶνται τῷ πυρί, μάλιστα δὲ ἐς τὰς θυσίας, ὅπως ἔχοιεν κνισᾶν τὰς ἀγυιὰς καὶ τοῦ λιβανωτοῦ θυμιᾶν καὶ τὰ μηρία καίειν ἐπὶ τῶν βωμῶν. ὁρῶ δέ γε ὑμᾶς μάλιστα χαίροντας τῷ καπνῷ καὶ τὴν εὐωχίαν ταύτην ἡδίστην οἰομένους, ὁπόταν εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἡ κνῖσα παραγένηται ἑλισσομένη περὶ καπνῷ. ἐναντιωτάτη τοίνυν ἡ μέμψις αὕτη ἂν γένοιτο τῇ ὑμετέρᾳ ἐπιθυμίᾳ. θαυμάζω δὲ ὅπως οὐχὶ καὶ τὸν ἥλιον κεκωλύκατε καταλάμπειν αὐτούς· καίτοι πῦρ καὶ οὗτός ἐστι πολὺ θειότερόν τε καὶ πυρωδέστερον. ἢ κἀκεῖνον αἰτιᾶσθε ὡς σπαθῶντα ὑμῶν τὸ κτῆμα; εἴρηκα. σφὼ δέ, ὦ Ἑρμῆ καὶ Ἥφαιστε, εἴ τι μὴ καλῶς εἰρῆσθαι δοκεῖ, διευθύνετε καὶ ἐξελέγχετε, κἀγὼ αὖθις ἀπολογήσομαι.
20. HERMES: It is not an easy matter, Prometheus, to rival such an accomplished sophist. You are lucky, however, that Zeus did not hear you say all this, for I am very sure he would have set sixteen vultures upon you to pull out your vitals, so eloquently did you accuse him in seeming to defend yourself. But I am surprised that as you are a prophet you did not know in advance that you would be punished for all this.
20. Ἑρμῆς: οὐ ῥᾴδιον, ὦ Προμηθεῦ, πρὸς οὕτω γενναῖον σοφιστὴν ἁμιλλᾶσθαι· πλὴν ἀλλὰ ὤνησο, διότι μὴ καὶ ὁ Ζεὺς ταῦτα ἐπήκουσέ σου· εὖ γὰρ οἶδα, ἑκκαίδεκα γῦπας ἂν ἐπέστησέ σοι τὰ ἔγκατα ἐξαιρήσοντας· οὕτω δεινῶς αὐτοῦ κατηγόρηκας ἀπολογεῖσθαι δοκῶν. ἐκεῖνο δέ γε θαυμάζω, ὅπως μάντις ὢν οὐ προεγίγνωσκες ἐπὶ τούτοις κολασθησόμενος.
PROMETHEUS: I did know it, Hermes, and I also know that I shall be set free again; before long someone will come from Thebes, a brother of yours, to shoot down the eagle which you say will fly to me.
Προμηθεύς: ἠπιστάμην, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, καὶ ταῦτα μὲν καὶ ὅτι ἀπολυθήσομαι αὖθις οἶδα, καὶ ἤδη γέ τις ἐκ Θηβῶν ἀφίξεται σὸς ἀδελφὸς οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν κατατοξεύσων ὃν φὴς ἐπιπτήσεσθαί μοι τὸν ἀετόν.
HERMES: I hope so, Prometheus, and I hope to see you at large, feasting with us all—but not serving our meat!
Ἑρμῆς: εἰ γὰρ γένοιτο, ὦ Προμηθεῦ, ταῦτα καὶ ἐπίδοιμί σε λελυμένον, κοινῇ σὺν ἡμῖν εὐωχούμενον, οὐ μέντοι καὶ κρεανομοῦντά γε.
21. PROMETHEUS: Never fear, I shall feast with you, and Zeus will set me free in return for a considerable favour.
21. Προμηθεύς: θάρρει· καὶ συνευωχήσομαι ὑμῖν καὶ ὁ Ζεὺς λύσει με οὐκ ἀντὶ μικρᾶς εὐεργεσίας.
HERMES: What favour? Don’t hesitate to tell us.
Ἑρμῆς: τίνος ταύτης; μὴ γὰρ ὀκνήσῃς εἰπεῖν.
PROMETHEUS: You know Thetis, Hermes?—but I must not tell. It is best to keep the secret, so that I may be rewarded and set free instead of being sentenced.
Προμηθεύς: οἶσθα, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, τὴν Θέτιν; ἀλλʼ οὐ χρὴ λέγειν· φυλάττειν γὰρ ἄμεινον τὸ ἀπόρρητον, ὡς μισθὸς εἴη καὶ λύτρα μοι ἀντὶ τῆς καταδίκης.
HERMES: Why, keep it, Titan, if it is best that way. Let’s be going, Hephaestus, for here is the eagle close by. (To Prometheus.) Well, hold out stubbornly. I hope the Theban archer you speak of, will soon disclose himself to you, to stop you from being dissected by the bird.
Ἑρμῆς: ἀλλὰ φύλαττε, ὦ Τιτάν, εἰ τοῦτʼ ἄμεινον. ἡμεῖς δὲ ἀπίωμεν, ὦ Ἥφαιστε· καὶ γὰρ ἤδη πλησίον οὑτοσὶ ὁ ἀετός. ὑπόμενε οὖν καρτερῶς· εἴη δέ γε ἤδη σοι τὸν Θηβαῖον ὃν φὴς τοξότην ἐπιφανῆναι, ὡς παύσειέ σε ἀνατεμνόμενον ὑπὸ τοῦ ὀρνέου.