1. PRIEST: Cronus, you seem to be king just now, and it is you to whom we have offered sacrifices and we have received favourable omens. Now, what precise return for these rites would you give me if I asked?
1. ΙΕΡΕΥΣ: Ὦ Κρόνε, σὺ γὰρ ἔοικας ἄρχειν τό γε νῦν εἶναι καὶ σοὶ τέθυται καὶ κεκαλλιέρηται παρ’ ἡμῶν, τί ἂν μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῶν ἱερῶν αἰτήσας λάβοιμι παρὰ σοῦ;
CRONUS: In this case the proper procedure is for you to have made your own decision what to pray for, unless you expect your king to be a diviner as well and know what request would please you. As far as lies within my power I shall not deny your prayer.
ΚΡΟΝΟΣ: Τοῦτο μὲν αὐτόν σε καλῶς ἔχει ἐσκέφθαι ὅ τι σοι εὐκτέον, εἰ μὴ καὶ μάντιν ἅμα ἐθέλεις εἶναι τὸν ἄρχοντα, εἰδέναι τί σοι ἥδιον αἰτεῖν. ἐγὼ δὲ τά γε δυνατὰ οὐκ ἀνανεύσω πρὸς τὴν εὐχήν.
PRIEST: My decision was made a long time ago. I shall ask for the usual, obvious things—wealth, a lot of gold, to be lord of an estate, to own many slaves, clothing, bright-coloured and soft, silver, ivory, and everything else that is worth something. Grant me some part of this, my dearest Cronus, so that I too may profit from your reign, and may not spend my whole life as the only one who gets no benefit.
ΙΕΡΕΥΣ: Ἀλλὰ πάλαι ἔσκεμμαι. ἐρῶ γὰρ τὰ κοινὰ ταυτὶ καὶ πρόχειρα—πλοῦτον καὶ χρυσὸν πολὺν καὶ ἀγρῶν δεσπότην εἶναι καὶ ἀνδράποδα πολλὰ κεκτῆσθαι καὶ ἐσθῆτας εὐανθεῖς καὶ μαλακὰς καὶ ἄργυρον καὶ ἐλέφαντα καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ὁπόσα τίμια. τούτων οὖν, ὦ ἄριστε Κρόνε, δίδου μοι, ὥς τι καὶ αὐτὸν ἀπολαῦσαι τῆς σῆς ἀρχῆς μηδὲ ἄμοιρον εἶναι μόνον αὐτὸν διὰ παντὸς τοῦ βίου.
2. CRONUS: There! That request is beyond me. It is not mine to distribute things of that sort. So don’t be discontented if you don’t get them, but ask Zeus when the sovereignty comes round to him, as it will do presently. I take over the kingship on set terms. My entire reign is for seven days; the moment this period is over I am a private citizen and, I suppose, one of the common herd. But during the seven days I have agreed to conduct no business whatever, not even in politics. What I may do is drink and be drunk, shout, play games and dice, appoint masters of the revels, feast the servants, sing stark naked, clap and shake, and sometimes even get pushed head-first into cold water with my face smeared with soot. Such great gifts as wealth and gold Zeus distributes to whomsoever he pleases.
2. ΚΡΟΝΟΣ: Ὁρᾷς; οὐ κατ’ ἐμὲ τοῦτο ᾔτησας. οὐ γὰρ ἐμὸν διανέμειν τὰ τοιαῦτα. ὥστε μὴ ἄχθου, εἰ ἀτυχήσειας αὐτῶν, ἀλλ’ αἴτει παρὰ τοῦ Διός, ὁπόταν εἰς ἐκεῖνον ἡ ἀρχὴ περιέλθῃ μετ’ ὀλίγον. ἐγὼ δ’ ἐπὶ ῥητοῖς παραλαμβάνω τὴν δυναστείαν. ἑπτὰ μὲν ἡμερῶν ἡ πᾶσα βασιλεία, καὶ ἢν ἐκπρόθεσμος τούτων γένωμαι, ἰδιώτης εὐθύς εἰμι καί που τοῦ πολλοῦ δήμου εἷς. ἐν αὐταῖς δὲ ταῖς ἑπτὰ σπουδαῖον μὲν οὐδὲν οὐδὲ ἀγοραῖον διοικήσασθαί μοι συγκεχώρηται, πίνειν δὲ καὶ μεθύειν καὶ βοᾶν καὶ παίζειν καὶ κυβεύειν καὶ ἄρχοντας καθιστάναι καὶ τοὺς οἰκέτας εὐωχεῖν καὶ γυμνὸν ᾄδειν καὶ κροτεῖν ὑποτρέμοντα, ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ ἐς ὕδωρ ψυχρὸν ἐπὶ κεφαλὴν ὠθεῖσθαι ἀσβόλῳ κεχρισμένον τὸ πρόσωπον, ταῦτα ἐφεῖταί μοι ποιεῖν. τὰ μεγάλα δὲ ἐκεῖνα, τὸν πλοῦτον καὶ τὸ χρυσίον, ὁ Ζεὺς διαδίδωσιν οἷς ἂν ἐθέλῃ.
3. PRIEST: But even Zeus, Cronus, is not ready or open-handed in his gifts. At any rate I’ve shouted for them till I’m worn out, yet he doesn’t listen at all. No, he shakes his aegis and brandishes his thunderbolt with a fierce stare and terrifies those who bother him. If ever he does nod assent to anyone and make him rich, there is a great lack of discrimination about it. He sometimes passes over the good and wise and lavishes riches on wicked and stupid people, most of them criminals and effeminates. But the things you can do—these are what I want to know.
3. ΙΕΡΕΥΣ: Ἀλλ’ οὐδ’ ἐκεῖνος, ὦ Κρόνε, ῥᾳδίως καὶ προχείρως. ἐγὼ γ’ οὖν ἤδη ἀπηγόρευκα αἰτῶν μεγάλῃ τῇ φωνῇ, ὁ δ’ οὐκ ἐπαΐει τὸ παράπαν, ἀλλὰ τὴν αἰγίδα ἐπισείων καὶ τὸν κεραυνὸν ἐπανατεινόμενος δριμὺ ἐνορῶν ἐκπλήττει τοὺς ἐνοχλοῦντας. ἢν δέ ποτε καὶ ἐπινεύσῃ τινὶ καὶ πλούσιον ποιῇ, πολὺ τὸ ἄκριτον ἐνταῦθα, καὶ τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς ἐνίοτε καὶ συνετοὺς ἀφεὶς ὁ δὲ παμπονήροις τε καὶ ἀνοήτοις ἀνδράσι περιχεῖ τὸν πλοῦτον, μαστιγίαις ἢ ἀνδρογύνοις τοῖς πλείστοις αὐτῶν. πλὴν τά γε σοὶ δυνατὰ ἐθέλω εἰδέναι τίνα ταῦτά ἐστιν.
4. CRONUS: They are not entirely of no importance or altogether contemptible when judged in relation to the prerogatives of omnipotence—unless you think it trivial to win at dice, and when others are rolling singles always to be turning up sixes yourself. At any rate many men have got themselves more than enough to eat in this sort of way, men to whom the die will give a gracious and generous nod. Then again, there are those who have swum out to safety without a stitch of clothing when their ship has foundered on the die’s tiny reef. Again, to drink the most delightful drinks, to be acclaimed a better singer in your cups than the next man, to see the others who serve at table with you thrown into the water as the penalty for their clumsy service while you are proclaimed victor and win the sausage as prize—do you see what a blessing that is? Again, to become sole king of all with a win at the knuckle-bones, so that you not only escape silly orders but can give them yourself, telling one man to shout out something disgraceful about himself, another to dance naked, pick up the flute-girl, and carry her three times round the house—surely this is proof of my generosity? And if you criticise this kingdom as not real or lasting you will be unreasonable when you know that I myself who dispense these blessings have the sovereignty for only a short time. So do not hesitate to ask for any of these things which I can give you: gaming, lordship of the feast, singing and all that I have enumerated, in the assurance that I shall not in any circumstances frighten you with the aegis and the thunderbolt.
4. ΚΡΟΝΟΣ: Οὐ μικρὰ ὅλως οὐδὲ παντάπασιν εὐκαταφρόνητα ὡς πρὸς τὴν δύναμιν ἐξετάζεσθαι τῆς συμπάσης ἀρχῆς—εἰ μή σοί γε μικρὸν δοκεῖ τὸ νικᾶν κυβεύοντα καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐς τὴν μονάδα κυλιομένου τοῦ κύβου σοὶ τὴν ἑξάδα ὑπεράνω ἀεὶ φαίνεσθαι. πολλοὶ γοῦν ἐς κόρον ἀπὸ τοῦ τοιούτου ἐπεσιτίσαντο, οἷς ἵλεως καὶ φορὸς ὁ κύβος ἐπινεύσει· οἱ δὲ ἔμπαλιν γυμνοὶ ἐξενήξαντο συντριβέντος αὐτοῖς τοῦ σκάφους περὶ οὕτω μικρῷ ἕρματι τῷ κύβῳ. καὶ μὴν καὶ πιεῖν ἐς τὸ ἥδιστον καὶ ᾠδικώτερον ἄλλου δόξαι ᾆσαι ἐν τῷ συμποσίῳ καὶ διακονουμένων τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους ἐς τὸ ὕδωρ ἐμπεσεῖν—τοῦτο γὰρ τοὐπιτίμιον τῆς ἀδεξίου διακονίας—σὲ δὲ ἀνακηρυχθῆναι καλλίνικον καὶ τἆθλα φέρεσθαι τὸν ἀλλᾶντα—ὁρᾷς ἡλίκον τὸ ἀγαθόν; ἔτι καὶ βασιλέα μόνον ἐφ’ ἁπάντων γενέσθαι τῷ ἀστραγάλῳ κρατήσαντα, ὡς μήτε ἐπιταχθείης γελοῖα ἐπιτάγματα καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπιτάττειν ἔχοις, τῷ μὲν αἰσχρόν τι περὶ αὑτοῦ ἀναβοῆσαι, τῷ δὲ γυμνὸν ὀρχήσασθαι καὶ ἀράμενον τὴν αὐλητρίδα τρὶς τὴν οἰκίαν περιελθεῖν—πῶς οὐχὶ καὶ ταῦτα δείγματα μεγαλοδωρίας τῆς ἐμῆς; εἰ δὲ τὸ μὴ ἀληθῆ μηδὲ βέβαιον γίγνεσθαι τὴν τοιαύτην βασιλείαν αἰτιάσει, ἄγνωμον ποιήσεις ὁρῶν αὐτὸν ἐμὲ τὸν ταῦτα διανέμοντα ὀλιγοχρόνιον τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχοντα. τούτων δ’ οὖν ἅ μοι δυνατὰ δοῦναι, τῶν πεττῶν, τοῦ ἄρχειν, τοῦ ᾄδειν καὶ τῶν ἃ κατηριθμησάμην, θαρρῶν αἴτει, ὡς ἐμοῦ πρὸς οὐδὲν δεδιξομένου σε τῇ αἰγίδι καὶ τῷ κεραυνῷ.
5. PRIEST: Why, best of Titans, I need nothing like that. But answer me this—I have longed to know, and if you tell me it will be an adequate return for the sacrifice and I release you from future debts.
5. ΙΕΡΕΥΣ: Ἀλλ’, ὦ Τιτάνων ἄριστε, τῶν μὲν τοιούτων οὐ δέομαι, σὺ δὲ ἀλλ’ ἐκεῖνό μοι ἀπόκριναι, ὃ μάλιστα ἐπόθουν εἰδέναι, καί μοι ἢν εἴπῃς αὐτό, ἱκανὴν ἔσει τὴν ἀμοιβὴν ἀποδεδωκὼς ἀντὶ τῆς θυσίας, καὶ πρὸς τὸ λοιπὸν ἀφίημί σοι τὰ χρέα.
CRONUS: Just ask what you want. I shall answer if I happen to know.
ΚΡΟΝΟΣ: Ἐρώτα μόνον. ἀποκρινοῦμαι γάρ, ἢν εἰδὼς τύχω.
PRIEST: This first: whether what we often hear about you is true, that you ate up Rhea’s children, but she put Zeus out of the way, substituting a stone for you to swallow down instead of the child; then, when he grew up, he beat you in war and drove you from the sovereignty; he took you to Tartarus, put fetters on you and all the allies who sided with you, and threw you in.
ΙΕΡΕΥΣ: Τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐκεῖνο, εἰ ἀληθῆ ταῦτά ἐστιν ἃ περὶ σοῦ ἀκούομεν, ὡς κατήσθιες τὰ γεννώμενα ὑπὸ τῆς Ῥέας, ἐκείνη δὲ ὑφελομένη τὸν Δία λίθον ὑποβαλλομένη ἀντὶ τοῦ βρέφους ἔδωκέ σοι καταπιεῖν, ὁ δὲ εἰς ἡλικίαν ἀφικόμενος ἐξήλασέ σε τῆς ἀρχῆς πολέμῳ κρατήσας, εἶτα ἐς τὸν Τάρταρον φέρων ἐνέβαλε πεδήσας αὐτόν τε καὶ τὸ συμμαχικὸν ἅπαν, ὁπόσον μετὰ σοῦ παρετάττετο.
CRONUS: If it were not festival-time, my man, and if you weren’t allowed to get drunk and cheek your masters with impunity, you would have found out that I’m allowed to be angry at any rate—asking such questions and showing no respect for a grey-haired old god like me!
ΚΡΟΝΟΣ: Εἰ μὴ ἑορτήν, ὦ οὗτος, ἤγομεν καὶ μεθύειν ἐφεῖτο καὶ λοιδορεῖσθαι τοῖς δεσπόταις ἐπ’ ἐξουσίας, ἔγνως ἂν ὡς ὀργίζεσθαι γοῦν ἐφεῖταί μοι, τοιαῦτα ἐρωτήσας, οὐκ αἰδεσθεὶς πολιὸν οὕτω καὶ πρεσβύτην θεόν.
PRIEST: Now I don’t say this on my own, Cronus. Hesiod and Homer say so; I’m not sure that I should tell you that the rest of mankind too believes pretty much the same about you.
ΙΕΡΕΥΣ: Κἀγὼ ταῦτα, ὦ Κρόνε, οὐ παρ’ ἐμαυτοῦ φημι, ἀλλ’ Ἡσίοδος καὶ Ὅμηρος, ὀκνῶ γὰρ λέγειν ὅτι καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι ἅπαντες ἄνθρωποι σχεδὸν ταῦτα πεπιστεύκασι περὶ σοῦ.
6. CRONUS: Do you imagine that that shepherd, that impostor, has any sound knowledge of me? Look at it this way: would any man (I will not say god) put up with eating his own children of his own free will, unless he were some Thyestes who unluckily had an impious brother? Suppose he were as mad as this; then how would he fail to recognise he was eating a stone and not a child, unless he had no feeling in his teeth? No, there was no fighting, nor does Zeus rule his empire by force; I handed it to him and abdicated quite voluntarily. That I am neither in chains nor in Tartarus I suppose you see for yourself, unless you are as blind as Homer.
6. ΚΡΟΝΟΣ: Οἴει γὰρ τὸν ποιμένα ἐκεῖνον, τὸν ἀλαζόνα, ὑγιές τι περὶ ἐμοῦ εἰδέναι; σκόπει δὲ οὕτως. ἔσθ’ ὅστις ἄνθρωπος (οὐ γὰρ θεὸν ἐρῶ) ὑπομείνειεν ἂν ἑκὼν αὐτὸς καταφαγεῖν τὰ τέκνα, εἰ μή τις Θυέστης ὢν ἀσεβεῖ ἀδελφῷ περιπεσὼν ἤσθιε; καὶ εἰ τοῦτο μανείη, πῶς ἀγνοήσει λίθον ἀντὶ βρέφους ἐσθίων, εἰ μὴ ἀνάλγητος εἴη τοὺς ὀδόντας; ἀλλ’ οὔτε ἐπολεμήσαμεν οὔτε ὁ Ζεὺς βίᾳ τὴν ἀρχὴν, ἑκόντος δέ μου παραδόντος αὐτῷ καὶ ὑπεκστάντος, ἄρχει. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ οὔτε πεπέδημαι οὔτε ἐν τῷ Ταρτάρῳ εἰμί, καὶ αὐτὸς ὁρᾷς οἶμαι εἰ μὴ τυφλὸς ὥσπερ Ὅμηρος εἶ.
7. PRIEST: Why ever did you let the sovereignty go, Cronus?
7. ΙΕΡΕΥΣ: Τί παθὼν δέ, ὦ Κρόνε, ἀφῆκας τὴν ἀρχήν;
CRONUS: I will tell you. In brief it was because I was old and gouty owing to my years. That is why people suppose that I had been put into chains. I hadn’t the strength to deal with all the injustice of the present generation, but I had to run up and down with my thunderbolt at the ready, setting fire to perjurers, temple-robbers, or men of violence; the whole business was very strenuous and needed a young man’s energy. So I abdicated, thank goodness, in favour of Zeus. Besides, I thought it a good idea to divide the kingdom between my sons, and for myself to spend most of my time in quiet enjoyment of the good things of life, not engaged with people making vows or annoyed by those who make contradictory requests, neither thundering nor lightening nor having to throw hail occasionally. No, I live this pleasant life of an old man, drinking stiff nectar and chatting with Iapetus and my other cronies, and Zeus is king with all the worry. Nevertheless I thought it best to filch these few days on the terms I mentioned, and I take over the sovereignty again to remind mankind what life was like under me, when everything grew for them without sowing and without ploughing—not ears of wheat, but loaves ready-baked and meats ready-cooked. Wine flowed like a river, and there were springs of honey and milk; for everyone was good, pure gold. This is the reason for my short-lived dominion, and why everywhere there is clapping and singing and playing games, and everyone, slave and free man, is held as good as his neighbour. There was no slavery, you see, in my time.
ΚΡΟΝΟΣ: Ἐγώ σοι φράσω. τὸ μὲν ὅλον, γέρων ἤδη καὶ ποδαγρὸς ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου ὤν. διὸ καὶ πεπεδῆσθαί με οἱ πολλοὶ εἴκασαν. οὐ γὰρ ἠδυνάμην διαρκεῖν πρὸς οὕτω πολλὴν τὴν ἀδικίαν τῶν νῦν, ἀλλ’ ἀεὶ ἀναθεῖν ἔδει ἄνω καὶ κάτω τὸν κεραυνὸν διηρμένον τοὺς ἐπιόρκους ἢ ἱεροσύλους ἢ βιαίους καταφλέγοντα, καὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα πάνυ ἐργῶδες ἦν καὶ νεανικόν. ἐξέστην οὖν εὖ ποιῶν τῷ Διί. καὶ ἄλλως δὲ καλῶς ἔχειν ἐδόκει μοι διανείμαντα τοῖς παισὶν οὖσι τὴν ἀρχὴν αὐτὸν εὐωχεῖσθαι τὰ πολλὰ ἐφ’ ἡσυχίας οὔτε τοῖς εὐχομένοις χρηματίζοντα οὔτε ὑπὸ τῶν τἀναντία αἰτούντων ἐνοχλούμενον οὔτε βροντῶντα ἢ ἀστράπτοντα ἢ χάλαζαν ἐνίοτε βάλλειν ἀναγκαζόμενον· ἀλλὰ πρεσβυτικόν τινα τοῦτον ἥδιστον βίον διάγω ζωρότερον πίνων τὸ νέκταρ, τῷ Ἰαπετῷ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς ἡλικιώταις προσμυθολογῶν· ὁ δὲ ἄρχει μυρία ἔχων πράγματα. πλὴν ὀλίγας ταύτας ἡμέρας ἐφ’ οἷς εἶπον ὑπεξελέσθαι μοι ἔδοξε καὶ ἀναλαμβάνω τὴν ἀρχήν, ὡς ὑπομνήσαιμι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους οἷος ἦν ὁ ἐπ’ ἐμοῦ βίος, ὁπότε ἄσπορα καὶ ἀνήροτα πάντα ἐφύετο αὐτοῖς, οὐ στάχυες, ἀλλ’ ἕτοιμος ἄρτος καὶ κρέα ἐσκευασμένα, καὶ ὁ οἶνος ἔρρει ποταμηδὸν καὶ πηγαὶ μέλιτος καὶ γάλακτος· ἀγαθοὶ γὰρ ἦσαν καὶ χρυσοῖ ἅπαντες. αὕτη μοι ἡ αἰτία τῆς ὀλιγοχρονίου ταύτης δυναστείας, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἁπανταχοῦ κρότος καὶ ᾠδὴ καὶ παιδιὰ καὶ ἰσοτιμία πᾶσι καὶ δούλοις καὶ ἐλευθέροις. οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἐπ’ ἐμοῦ δοῦλος ἦν.
8. PRIEST: Well, Cronus, I had assumed from the story that this humanity you showed to slaves and those in chains was to do honour to men whose sufferings had been like your own, since you yourself had been a slave and you were remembering your chains.
8. ΙΕΡΕΥΣ: Ἐγὼ δέ, ὦ Κρόνε, καὶ τοῦτο εἴκαζον τὸ εἰς τοὺς δούλους καὶ πεδότριβας φιλάνθρωπον ἐκ τοῦ μυθου ἐκείνου ποιεῖν σε τιμῶντα τοὺς τὰ ὅμοια πάσχοντας, ἅτε καὶ αὐτὸν δουλεύοντα, μεμνημένον τῆς πέδης.
CRONUS: Oh, stop that silly talk.
ΚΡΟΝΟΣ: Οὐ παύσῃ γὰρ τοιαῦτα ληρῶν;
PRIEST: You are right. I will stop. But answer me another question. Was it customary for men to gamble in your time?
ΙΕΡΕΥΣ: Εὖ λέγεις, καὶ παύσομαι. πλὴν ἔτι μοι κα τοῦτο ἀπόκριναι. τὸ πεττεύειν σύνηθες ἦν τοῖς ἐπὶ σοῦ ἀνθρώποις;
CRONUS: Certainly. But not for talents and thousands of drachmas as you do. No, nuts were the highest stake. Then there was no heart-break if a man was beaten, or floods of tears because he alone had lost the price of a meal.
ΚΡΟΝΟΣ: Καὶ μάλα, οὐ μὴν περὶ ταλάντων γε καὶ μυριάδων ὥσπερ ὑμῖν, ἀλλὰ περὶ καρύων τὸ μέγιστον, ὡς μὴ ἀνιᾶσθαι ἡττηθέντα μηδὲ δακρύειν ἀεὶ ἄσιτον ὄντα μόνον τῶν ἄλλων.
PRIEST: How wise they were! What could their stakes be when they were pure gold themselves? But while you were talking I thought of something: suppose one of your men of beaten gold had been brought into our world for everyone to see, what a bad time the poor wretch would have had at people’s hands! They would have certainly rushed at him and torn him limb from limb, as the Maenads tore Pentheus, the Thracians Orpheus, and the dogs Actaeon, vying with each other to carry off the biggest piece. Not even at festival-time are they free from greed for gain. Indeed most of them have made your festival a source of revenue. Some of them go off and rob their friends at the banquet; others revile you when they ought not and smash the dice, which are certainly not responsible for what they do of their own free will.
ΙΕΡΕΥΣ: Εὖ γε ἐκεῖνοι ποιοῦντες. ὑπὲρ τίνος γὰρ ἂν καὶ ἐπέττευον αὐτοὶ ὁλόχρυσοι ὄντες; ὡς ἔγωγε καὶ μεταξὺ λέγοντός σου τοιόνδε τι ἐνενόησα· εἴ τις ἕνα τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐκείνων τῶν χρυσηλάτων ἐς τὸν ἡμέτερον τοῦτον βίον ἀγαγὼν ἔδειξε τοῖς πολλοῖς, οἷα ἔπαθεν ἂν ὁ ἄθλιος ὑπ’ αὐτῶν; διεσπάσαντο γὰρ ἂν αὐτὸν εὖ οἶδ’ ὅτι ἐπιδραμόντες ὥσπερ τὸν Πενθέα αἱ Μαινάδες ἢ αἱ Θρᾷτται τὸν Ὀρφέα ἢ τὸν Ἀκταίωνα αἱ κύνες, περὶ τοῦ μεῖζον ἀπενέγκασθαι τὸ μέρος πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἕκαστος ἁμιλλώμενοι, οἵ γε οὐδὲ ἑορτάζοντες ἔξω τοῦ φιλοκερδοῦς εἰσιν, ἀλλὰ πρόσοδον οἱ πολλοὶ πεποίηνται τὴν ἑορτήν. εἶτα οἱ μὲν ἀπέρχονται λῃστεύοντες ἐν τῷ συμποσίῳ τοὺς φίλους, οἱ δέ σοί τε λοιδοροῦνται, οὐδὲν δέον, καὶ τοὺς κύβους συντρίβουσιν ἀναιτίους ὄντας αὐτοῖς ὧν ἑκόντες ποιοῦσιν.
9. But tell me this as well: why, when you are such a soft-living god and old at that, have you chosen the most unpleasant time of the year, when the snow covers everything, the North wind is strong, everything is frozen, trees are withered and bare and leafless, fields are ugly and without bloom, and men are bent like old, old men, most of them hard by the stove? The season is not good for the old or for lovers of easy living.CRONUS: You are asking me a lot of questions, my man, when I ought to be already drinking. In fact you’ve robbed me of quite a bit of my festival with all these completely unnecessary speculations. So let them be for now and let us enjoy ourselves, clap hands, and live on freedom’s terms at this festival-time. Then let’s dice in the old way for nuts, vote for our kings and obey them. So I will prove the truth of the proverb which says that for old men there comes a second childhood.
9. ἀτὰρ εἰπέ μοι καὶ τόδε· τί δή ποτε ἁβρὸς οὕτω θεὸς ὢν καὶ γέρων ἐπιλεξάμενος τὸ ἀτερπέστατον, ὁπότε ἡ χιὼν ἐπέχει τὰ πάντα καὶ ὁ βορρᾶς πολὺς καὶ οὐδὲν ὅ τι οὐ πέπηγεν ὑπὸ τοῦ κρύους καὶ τὰ δένδρα ξηρὰ καὶ γυμνὰ καὶ ἄφυλλα καὶ οἱ λειμῶνες ἄμορφοι καὶ ἀπηνθηκότες καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐπικεκυφότες ὥσπερ οἱ πάνυ γεγηρακότες, ἀμφὶ τὴν κάμινον οἱ πολλοί, τηνικαῦτα ἑορτάζεις; οὐ γὰρ πρεσβυτικός γε ὁ καιρὸς οὐδὲ ἐπιτήδειος τοῖς τρυφῶσι.ΚΡΟΝΟΣ: Πολλά με ἀνακρίνεις, ὦ οὗτος, ἤδη πίνειν δέον. παρῄρησαι γοῦν μου χρόνον τῆς ἑορτῆς οὐκ ὀλίγον οὐ πάνυ ἀναγκαῖά μοι ταῦτα προσφιλοσοφῶν. ὥστε νῦν μὲν ἄφες αὐτά. εὐωχώμεθα δὲ ἤδη καὶ κροτῶμεν καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἤδη ζῶμεν, εἶτα πεττεύωμεν ἐς τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἐπὶ καρύων καὶ βασιλέας χειροτονῶμεν καὶ πειθαρχῶμεν αὐτοῖς. οὕτω γὰρ ἂν τὴν παροιμίαν ἐπαληθεύσαιμι, ἥ φησι παλίμπαιδας τοὺς γέροντας γίγνεσθαι.
PRIEST: Well, Cronus, never may anyone who doesn’t approve of what you say be able to get a drink when he is thirsty! Then let us drink! Your first answer was quite enough. I think I shall write down this conversation of ours in a book, both what I asked and what you so kindly answered, and I’ll give it to my friends to read, at any rate those who deserve to hear what you have said.
ΙΕΡΕΥΣ: Ἀλλὰ μὴ δύναιτο διψῶν πιεῖν, ὦ Κρόνε, ὅτῳ μὴ ταῦτα ἃ λέγεις ἡδέα. ὥστε πίνωμεν. ἱκανὰ γὰρ ἀποκέκρισαι καὶ τὰ πρῶτα. καί μοι δοκῶ γραψάμενος εἰς βιβλίον ταύτην ἡμῶν τὴν συνουσίαν ἅ τε αὐτὸς ἠρώτησα καὶ σὺ πρὸς ταῦτα ἵλεως ἀπεκρίνω παρέξειν ἀναγνῶναι τῶν φίλων, ὅσοι γ’ ἐπακοῦσαι τῶν σῶν λόγων ἄξιοι.
10. Thus says Cronosolon, priest and prophet of Cronus, and giver of laws for his festival. What the poor must do I have written in another book and sent to them, and I am well assured that they will abide by the laws, or else they will at once be liable to the severe penalties appointed for disobedience. But you who are rich, see that you do not transgress the law or hear these commands amiss. Whoever acts otherwise, let him know that it is not I, the lawgiver, whom he slights, but he does injury to Cronus himself, who has appointed me lawgiver of his festival, appearing before me in no dream, but conversing with me in bodily shape the other day when I was fully awake. He was not in fetters, nor was he shabby, as the painters show him, following the ravings of the poets. No, he had his sickle full-whetted; he was all radiance and strength, and his garb was that of a king. Such was his appearance when he was seen by me. What he said equally showed his divinity and may be told you by way of preface.
10. Τάδε λέγει Κρονοσόλων ἱερεὺς καὶ προφήτης τοῦ Κρόνου καὶ νομοθέτης τῶν ἀμφὶ τὴν ἑορτήν. Ἃ μὲν τοὺς πένητας χρὴ ποιεῖν, αὐτοῖς ἐκείνοις ἔπεμψα ἄλλο βιβλίον, ἐγγράψας, καὶ εὖ οἶδ’ ὅτι ἐμμενοῦσι κἀκεῖνοι τοῖς νόμοις, ἢ αὐτίκα ἔνοχοι ἔσονται τοῖς ἐπιτιμίοις, ἃ κατὰ τῶν ἀπειθούντων μεγάλα ὥρισται. Ὑμεῖς δέ, ὦ πλούσιοι, ὁρᾶτε πῶς μὴ παρανομήσητε μηδὲ παρακούσητε τῶνδε τῶν προσταγμάτων. ὡς ὅστις ἂν οὕτω μὴ ποιήσῃ, ἴστω οὗτος οὐκ ἐμοῦ νομοθέτου ἀμελήσων ἀλλ’ εἰς τὸν Κρόνον αὐτόν, ὅς με προείλετο νομοθετῆσαι ἐς τὴν ἑορτὴν οὐκ ὄναρ ἐπιστάς, ἀλλὰ πρῴην ἐγρηγορότι ἐναργὴς συγγενόμενος. ἦν δὲ οὐ πεδήτης οὐδὲ αὐχμοῦ πλέως, οἷον αὐτὸν οἱ ζωγράφοι παρὰ τῶν λήρων τῶν ποιητῶν παραδεξάμενοι ἐπιδείκνυνται, ἀλλὰ τὴν μὲν ἅρπην εἶχεν πάνυ τεθηγμένην. τὰ δ’ ἄλλα φαιδρός τε ἦν καὶ καρτερὸς καὶ βασιλικῶς ἐνεσκεύαστο. μορφὴν μὲν τοιόσδε ὤφθη μοι, ἃ δὲ εἶπε, πάνυ θεσπέσια καὶ ταῦτα, προειρῆσθαι ὑμῖν ἄξια.
11. Seeing me morose and walking deep in thought, he knew at once, as became a god, the reason for my grief, namely that I was cross because of my poverty, having but a single cloak, not enough for the season; for it was cold with a strong north-wind, ice and snow, and I had little defence against these things; and then since the festival was almost at hand, I saw other people getting ready their sacrifices and feasts, and I had little that makes for festival-time. Well, he came up from behind, took me by the ear, and shook me (his usual way of accosting me), and said: “Why are you looking so downhearted, Cronosolon?” “Haven’t I every reason, master, when I see disgusting and filthy rogues unbelievably rich and alone leading a comfortable life, while I and many another educated man know poverty and despair as companions? But even you, master, won’t put a stop to these things and make a more equitable arrangement.” “Generally speaking,” he said, “it’s not easy to change the lot that Clotho and the other Fates assign you, but as far as the needs of the festival go I shall set your poverty right. This is how I shall do it: go, Cronosolon, and write me laws on conduct during the festival, so that the rich may not keep private festival but share their good things with you.” “I do not know the laws,” I said. “I will instruct you,” said he, and he set to.
11. Ἰδὼν γάρ με σκυθρωπόν, ἐπὶ συννοίας βαδίζοντα, ὥσπερ εἰκὸς ἦν θεόν, ἔγνω αὐτίκα τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς λύπης τίς ἐστί μοι, καὶ ὡς τὴν πενίαν δυσχεραίνοιμι οὐ κατὰ τὴν ὥραν μονοχίτων· καὶ γὰρ κρύος καὶ βορρᾶς πολὺς καὶ κρύσταλλοι καὶ χιών· ἐγὼ δὲ ἥκιστα ἐπεφράγμην πρὸς αὐτά· ἀλλ’ ὅτι καὶ τῆς ἑορτῆς πάνυ πλησιαζούσης ἑώρων τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους παρασκευαζομένους ὅπως θύσωσι καὶ εὐωχήσωνται, ἐμαυτῷ δὲ οὐ πάνυ ἑορτάσιμα ὄντα. καὶ δὴ προσελθὼν ὄπισθε καὶ τοῦ ὠτός μου λαβόμενος καὶ διασείσας, ὥσπερ μοι προσπελάζειν εἴωθε, Τί ταῦτα, ἔφη, ὦ Κρονοσόλων, ἀνιωμένῳ ἔοικας; Οὐ γὰρ ἄξιον, ἔφην, ὦ δέσποτα, ὅταν καταράτους μὲν καὶ μιαροὺς ἀνθρώπους ὑπερπλουτοῦντας καὶ μόνους τρυφῶντας ὁρῶν, αὐτὸς δὲ καὶ ἄλλοι συχνοὶ τῶν πεπαιδευμένων ἀπορίᾳ καὶ ἀμηχανίᾳ σύνεσμεν; ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ σύ, ὦ δέσποτα, θέλεις παῦσαι ταῦτα καὶ μετακοσμῆσαι πρὸς τὸ ἰσόμοιρον. Τὰ μὲν ἄλλα, ἔφη, οὐ ῥάδιον ἀλλάττειν ὁπόσα ἐκ Κλωθοῦς καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Μοιρῶν πάσχετε, ἃ δέ ἐστι τῆς ἑορτῆς, ἐπανορθώσομαι ὑμῖν τὴν πενίαν. ἡ δὲ ἐπανόρθωσις ἥδε ἔστω· ἴθι, ὦ Κρονοσόλων, καὶ γράψον μοι νόμους τινάς, ἃ χρὴ πράττειν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ, ὡς μὴ καθ’ αὑτοὺς οἱ πλούσιοι ἑορτάζοιεν, κοινωνοῖεν δὲ ὑμῖν τῶν ἀγαθῶν. Ἀλλ’ οὐκ οἶδα, ἔφην. Ἐγώ, ἦ δ’ ὅς, διδάξομαί σε· κᾆτα ἀρξάμενος ἐδίδασκεν.
12. Then, when I had learnt them all, he said, “And tell them that if they are disobedient it’s not for nothing that I carry this sharp sickle here—I should be a fool to have castrated my own father, Uranus, and yet not make eunuchs of the rich who break my laws, making them servants of the Great Mother and collectors for her, complete with flutes and cymbals.” That was his threat. So you had better not transgress his ordinances.
12. εἶτα ἐπειδὴ πάντα ἠπιστάμήν, Καὶ εἰπὲ αὐτοῖς, ἔφη, ὅτι ἢν μὴ τοῦτο ποιῶσι, μὴ μάτην ἐγὼ τὴν ἅρπην ταύτην ὀξεῖαν περιφέρω, ἢ γελοῖος ἂν εἴην τὸν μὲν πατέρα ἐκτομίαν πεποιηκὼς τὸν Οὐρανόν, τοὺς δὲ πλουσίους μὴ εὐνουχίζων, ὁπόσοι ἂν παρανομήσωσιν, ὡς ἀγείροιεν τῇ μητρὶ σὺν αὐλοῖς καὶ τυμπάνοις βάκηλοι γενόμενοι. ταῦτα ἠπείλησεν. ὥστε καλῶς ἔχει ὑμῖν μὴ παραβαίνειν τοὺς θεσμούς.
13. 1. First Laws No one is to do any business, public or private, during the festival, except what pertains to sport, luxurious living and entertainment: cooks and confectioners alone shall work. Let every man be treated equal, slave and freeman, poor and rich. No one may be ill-tempered or cross or threaten anybody. No one may audit accounts during the festival of Cronus. No one may inspect or list his silver or clothing during the festival, nor take part in athletics, nor practise public-speaking, nor deliver lectures, except wits and jolly fellows purveying jokes and entertainment.
13. 1. ΝΟΜΟΙ ΠΡΩΤΟΙ Μηδένα μηδὲν μήτε ἀγοραῖον μήτε ἴδιον πράττειν ἐντὸς τῆς ἑορτῆς ἢ ὅσα ἐς παιδιὰν καὶ τρυφὴν καὶ θυμηδίαν· ὀψοποιοὶ μόνοι καὶ πεμματουργοὶ ἐνεργοὶ ἔστωσαν. Ἰσοτιμία πᾶσιν ἔστω καὶ δούλοις καὶ ἐλευθέροις καὶ πένησι καὶ πλουσίοις. Ὀργίζεσθαι ἢ ἀγανακτεῖν ἢ ἀπειλεῖν μηδενὶ ἐξέστω. Λογισμοὺς παρὰ τῶν ἐπιμελουμένων Κρονίοις λαμβάνειν μηδὲ τοῦτο ἐξέστω. Μηδεὶς τὸν ἄργυρον ἢ τὴν ἐσθῆτα ἐξεταζέτω μηδὲ ἀναγραφέτω ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ μηδὲ γυμναζέσθω Κρονίοις μηδὲ λόγους ἀσκεῖν ἢ ἐπιδείκνυσθαι, πλὴν εἴ τινες ἀστεῖοι καὶ φαιδροὶ σκῶμμα καὶ παιδιὰν ἐμφαίνοντες.
14. 2. Second Laws Long before the festival the rich shall write on a tablet the name of each of their friends, and shall hold in readiness the cash value of a tenth of their yearly income, any surplus clothing they possess, furniture too crude for them, and a good proportion of their silver. They shall keep this ready at hand. On the day before the festival a purificatory sacrifice shall be carried round, and they shall purge their houses of meanness, avarice, greed, and all such vices that dwell with most of them. When they have purified the house, they shall sacrifice to Zeus the Giver of Wealth, Hermes the Bestower, and Apollo of the Great Gifts. Then in the late afternoon, that list of friends shall be read to them.
14. 2. ΝΟΜΟΙ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΙ Πρὸ πολλοῦ τῆς ἑορτῆς οἱ πλούσιοι γραφόντων μὲν ἐς πινάκιον ἑκάστου τῶν φίλων τοὔνομα, ἐχόντων δὲ καὶ ἀργύριον ἕτοιμον ὅσον τῶν κατ’ ἔτος προσιόντων τὸ δέκατον καὶ ἐσθῆτα τῆς οὔσης τὴν περιττὴν καὶ ὅση παχυτέρα ἢ κατ’ αὐτοὺς κατασκευή, καὶ τῶν ἀργυρῶν οὐκ ὀλίγα. ταῦτα μὲν πρόχειρα ἔστω. Τῇ δὲ πρὸ τῆς ἑορτῆς καθάρσιον μέν τι περιφερέσθω καὶ ὑπ’ αὐτῶν ἐξελαυνέσθω ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας μικρολογία καὶ φιλαργυρία καὶ φιλοκερδία καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα ἄλλα σύνοικα τοῖς πλείστοις αὐτῶν. Ἐπειδὰν δὲ καθαρὰν τὴν οἰκίαν ἐξεργάσωνται, θυόντων Διὶ πλουτοδότῃ καὶ Ἑρμῇ δώτορι καὶ Ἀπόλλωνι μεγαλοδώρῳ. Εἶτα περὶ δείλην ὀψίαν ἀναγινωσκέσθω μὲν σφίσι τὸ φιλικὸν ἐκεῖνο πινάκιον.
15. They shall divide the gifts according to each man’s worth, and before sunset send them to their friends. The bearers shall not exceed three or four, the most trustworthy of their servants, well advanced in years. The nature and quantity of what is sent shall be written on a slip, that neither party may suspect the bearers. Each servant shall drink one cup and then run off and make no more demands. To men of letters double quantities shall be sent; they deserve a double share. The messages with the gifts shall be as modest and brief as possible. No one shall send an odious message with them, or cry up what is sent. Rich man shall not send to rich man or at Cronus’s festival entertain anyone of equal standing. He shall keep nothing of what is already prepared for sending, nor change his mind about a gift. Anyone who the year before missed his share through absence shall be given it now as an extra gift. The rich shall pay debts for their impecunious friends (including their rent if they owe this too and cannot pay). In general they shall make it their business to know long beforehand what is their greatest need.
15. κατανείμαντες δὲ αὐτοὶ κατ’ ἀξίαν ἑκάστῳ πρὶν ἥλιον δῦναι πεμπόντων τοῖς φίλοις. οἱ δὲ ἀποκομίζοντες μὴ πλείους τριῶν ἢ τεττάρων, οἱ πιστότατοι τῶν οἰκετῶν, ἤδη πρεσβῦται. ἐγγραψάσθω δὲ ἐς γραμμάτιον ὅ τι τὸ πεμπόμενον καὶ ὅσον, ὡς μὴ ἀμφότεροι ὑποπτεύοιεν τοὺς διακομίζοντας. αὐτοὶ δὲ οἱ οἰκέται μίαν κύλικα ἕκαστος πιόντες ἀποτρεχόντων, ἀπαιτούντων δὲ μηδὲν πλέον. Τοῖς πεπαιδευμένοις διπλάσια πάντα πεμπέσθω· ἄξιον γὰρ διμοιρίτας εἶναι. τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ τοῖς δώροις λεγόμενα ὡς μετριώτατα καὶ ὀλίγιστα ἔστω. ἐπαχθὲς δὲ μηδεὶς μηδὲν συνεπιστελλέτω μηδὲ ἐπαινείτω τὰ πεμπόμενα. Πλούσιος πλουσίῳ μηδὲν πεμπέτω μηδὲ ἑστιάτω Κρονίοις ὁ πλούσιος τὸν ἰσότιμον. τῶν εἰς τὸ πεμφθῆναι προχειρισθέντων φυλασσέσθω μηδὲν μηδὲ μετάνοια εἰσίτω ἐπὶ τῇ δωρεᾷ. Εἴ τις πέρυσιν ἀποδημῶν δι’ αὐτὸ ἄμοιρος κατέστη, ἀπολαμβανέτω κἀκεῖνα. Διαλυόντων δὲ οἱ πλούσιοι καὶ χρέα ὑπὲρ τῶν φίλων τῶν πενήτων καὶ τὸ ἐνοίκιον, οἵτινες ἂν καὶ τοῦτο ὀφείλοντες καταβαλεῖν μὴ ἔχωσι. καὶ ὅλως, πρὸ πολλοῦ μελέτω αὐτοῖς εἰδέναι ὅτου μάλιστα δέονται.
16. Those who receive shall not complain, but think the gift, whatever it is, generous. A jar of wine, a hare, or a plump bird shall not be reckoned a gift for Cronus’s festival, nor shall Cronian gifts be laughed at. In return the poor scholar shall send the rich man any pleasant, convivial, old book he may have, or a work of his own, the best he can. The rich man shall receive this gift with a glad countenance and then read it at once. If he rejects it or throws it away, he shall know that he is liable to what the sickle threatens, even if what he sends is adequate. The other poor recipients shall send garlands of flowers or grains of frankincense. If a poor man sends clothing or silver or gold beyond his means to a rich man, his gift shall be declared public property and sold, the money going into the treasury of Cronus; and the poor man on the next day shall receive from the rich man strokes on his hands with a cane to the number of not less than two hundred and fifty.
16. Ἀπέστω δὲ καὶ τῶν λαμβανόντων μεμψιμοιρία, καὶ τὸ πεμφθὲν ὁποῖον ἂν ᾖ, μέγα δοκείτω. οἴνου ἀμφορεὺς ἢ λαγὼς ἢ ὄρνις παχεῖα Κρονίων δῶρον μὴ δοκείτω, μηδὲ τὰς Κρονικὰς δωρεὰς εἰς γέλωτα φερέτωσαν. Ἀντιπεμπέτω δὲ ὁ πένης τῷ πλουσίῳ ὁ μὲν πεπαιδευμένος βιβλίον τῶν παλαιῶν, εἴ τι εὔφημον καὶ συμποτικόν, ἢ αὐτοῦ σύγγραμμα ὁποῖον ἂν δύνηται, καὶ τοῦτο λαμβανέτω ὁ πλούσιος πάνυ φαιδρῷ τῷ προσώπῳ καὶ λαβὼν ἀναγινωσκέτω εὐθύς. Ἢν δὲ ἀπωθῆται ἢ ἀπορρίψῃ, ἴστω τῇ τῆς ἅρπης ἀπειλῇ ἔνοχος ὤν, κἂν πέμψῃ ὅσα ἐχρῆν. οἱ δὲ ἄλλοι οἱ μὲν στεφάνους, οἱ δὲ λιβανωτοῦ χόνδρους πεμπόντων. Ἢν δὲ πένης ἐσθῆτα ἢ ἄργυρον ἢ χρυσὸν παρὰ τὴν δύναμιν πέμψῃ πλουσίῳ, τὸ μὲν πεμφθὲν ἔστω δημόσιον καὶ καταπραθὲν ἐμβαλλέσθω εἰς τὸν θησαυρὸν τοῦ Κρόνου, ὁ δὲ πένης ἐς τὴν ὑστεραίαν πληγὰς παρὰ τοῦ πλουσίου λαμβανέτω τῷ νάρθηκι εἰς τὰς χεῖρας οὐκ ἐλάττους διακοσίων καὶ πεντήκοντα.
17. 3. Laws for Banquets The time for bathing shall be when the shadow of the sundial is six feet long; before the bath there shall be nuts and gaming. Each man shall take the couch where he happens to be. Rank, family, or wealth shall have little influence on privilege. All shall drink the same wine, and neither stomach trouble nor headache shall give the rich man an excuse for being the only one to drink the better quality. All shall have their meat on equal terms. The waiters shall not show favour to anyone, but shall neither be too slow nor be dismissed until the guests choose what they are to take home. Neither are large portions to be placed before one and tiny ones before another, nor a ham for one and a pig’s jaw for another—all must be treated equally.
17. 3. ΝΟΜΟΙ ΣΥΜΠΟΤΙΚΟΙ Λούεσθαι μὲν ὁπόταν τὸ στοιχεῖον ἑξάπουν ᾖ, τὰ δὲ πρὸ τοῦ λουτροῦ κάρυα καὶ πεσσοὶ ἔστωσαν. Κατακείσθω ὅπου ἂν τύχῃ ἕκαστος. ἀξίωμα ἢ γένος ἢ πλοῦτος ὀλίγον συντελείτω ἐς προνομήν. Οἴνου τοῦ αὐτοῦ πίνειν ἅπαντας, μηδ’ ἔστω πρόφασις τῷ πλουσίῳ ἢ στομάχου ἢ κεφαλῆς ὀδύνη, ὡς μόνον δι’ αὐτὴν πίνειν τοῦ κρείττονος. Μοῖρα κρεῶν κατ’ ἴσον ἅπασιν. οἱ διάκονοι πρὸς χάριν μηδενὶ μηδέν, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ βραδυνέτωσαν μηδὲ παραπεμπέσθωσαν ἔστ’ ἂν αὐτοῖς δοκῇ, ὁπόσα χρὴ ἀποφέρειν. μηδὲ τῷ μὲν μεγάλα, τῷ δὲ κομιδῇ μικρὰ παρατιθέσθω, μηδὲ τῷ μὲν ὁ μηρός, τῷ δὲ ἡ γνάθος συός, ἀλλ’ ἰσότης ἐπὶ πᾶσιν.
18. The man who pours the wine shall keep a sharp eye on each guest from a vantage-point; he shall pay less attention to his master, and his ears shall be sharper than usual. The cups shall be of all kinds. It shall be permissible to pass a loving-cup, if desired. Everyone shall drink to everyone else, if desired, when the rich man has set the example. No one shall be made to drink if he cannot. It shall not be permissible for anyone who wishes it to introduce into the banquet a dancer or lyre-player who is still learning. Jesting shall be limited in all cases to what is inoffensive. All gambling shall be for nuts. If anyone gambles for money he shall go without food for the next day. Each guest shall stay and go as he likes. When a rich man gives a banquet to his servants, his friends shall aid him in waiting on them. Every rich man shall inscribe these laws on a slab of bronze and keep it in the centre of his hall, and read them. And it must be realised that as long as this slab shall last neither famine nor plague nor fire nor any other harm shall come to their house. May it never be taken down! For if it is, Heaven avert what is in store for them!
18. Ὁ οἰνοχόος ὀξὺ δεδορκέτω ἐκ περιωπῆς ἐς ἕκαστον, καὶ ἔλαττον ἐς τὸν δεσπότην, καὶ ἐπ’ ὀξύτερον ἀκουέτω, καὶ κύλικες παντοῖαι. καὶ ἐξέστω παρέχειν, ἤν τις ἐθέλῃ, φιλοτησίαν. πάντες πᾶσι προπινέτωσαν, ἢν ἐθέλωσι, προπιόντος τοῦ πλουσίου. μὴ ἐπάναγκες ἔστω πίνειν, ἤν τις μὴ δύνηται. Ἐς τὸ συμπόσιον μήτε ὀρχηστὴν μήτε κιθαριστὴν αὐτοὺς ἄγειν ἄρτι μανθάνοντα ἐξέστω, ἤν τις ἐθέλῃ. Σκώμματος μέτρον ἔστω τὸ ἄλυπον ἐπὶ πᾶσιν. Πεττευέτωσαν ἐπὶ καρύων. ἤν τις ἐπ’ ἀργυρίῳ πεττεύσῃ, ἄσιτος ἐς τὴν ὑστεραίαν ἔστω. Καὶ μενέτω καὶ ἀπίτω ἕκαστος, ὁπόταν βούληται. Ἐπὰν δὲ τοὺς οἰκέτας ὁ πλούσιος εὐωχῇ, διακονούντων καὶ οἱ φίλοι σὺν αὐτῷ. Τοὺς νόμους τούτους ἕκαστον τῶν πλουσίων ἐγγράψαντα ἐς χαλκῆν στήλην ἔχειν ἐν μεσαιτάτῳ τῆς αὐλῆς, καὶ ἀναγινωσκέτω. δεῖ δὲ εἰδέναι ὅτι ἔστ’ ἂν αὕτη ἡ στήλη μένῃ, οὔτε λιμὸς οὔτε λοιμὸς οὔτε πυρκαϊὰ οὔτε ἄλλο χαλεπὸν οὐδὲν εἴσεισιν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτοῖς. ἢν δέ ποτε—ὅπερ μὴ γένοιτο—καθαιρεθῇ, ἀποτρόπαιον οἷα πείσονται.
19. 1. Myself to Cronus—Greetings! I wrote to you earlier telling you what my position was and how my poverty made it likely that I alone should have no share in the festival which you proclaimed, adding this, I remember, that it was most unreasonable for some of us to have too much wealth and live in luxury and not share what they have with those who are poorer than they while others are dying of hunger, and that too when the festival of Cronus is near. Since you sent no reply then, I have thought it necessary to remind you of it again. You ought, my dear Cronus, to have abolished this inequality, made the good things accessible to everyone, and then bid the festival begin. As we now are it is a case of “ant or camel”, as the saying has it. Better still, imagine a tragic actor with one foot on something high, like a tragic buskin, and let the other be unshod. Now if anyone were to walk like this you can see he would have to be up in the air at one moment and down again at the next according to whichever foot he is putting forward. Inequality in human life is the same: some put on the buskins which our producer Luck supplies and strut the human stage, but the rank and file of us go unshod on the earth below, though we could play a part and stride the boards no worse than they, you may be sure, if anyone had decked us out like them.
19. Ἐγεγράφειν μὲν ἤδη σοι καὶ πρότερον δηλῶν ἐν οἷς εἴην καὶ ὡς ὑπὸ πενίας κινδυνεύοιμι μόνος ἄμοιρος εἶναι τῆς ἑορτῆς, ἣν ἐπήγγελκας, ἔτι καὶ τοῦτο προσθεὶς—μέμνημαι γάρ—ἀλογώτατον εἶναι τοὺς μὲν ἡμῶν ὑπερπλουτεῖν καὶ τρυφᾶν οὐ κοινωνοῦντας ὧν ἔχουσι τοῖς πενεστέροις, τοὺς δὲ λιμῷ διαφθείρεσθαι, καὶ ταῦτα Κρονίων ἐνεστώτων. ἐπεὶ δέ μοι τότε οὐδὲν ἀντεπέστειλας, ἡγησάμην δεῖν αὖθις ἀναμνῆσαί σε τῶν αὐτῶν. ἐχρῆν γάρ σε, ὦ ἄριστε Κρόνε, τὸ ἄνισον τοῦτο ἀφελόντα καὶ τὰ ἀγαθὰ ἐς τὸ μέσον ἅπασι καταθέντα ἔπειτα κελεύειν ἑορτάζειν. ὡς δὲ νῦν ἔχομεν, μύρμηξ ἢ κάμηλος, ὡς ἡ παροιμία φησί. μᾶλλον δὲ τραγικὸν ὑποκριτὴν ἐννόησον θατέρῳ μὲν τοῖν ποδοῖν ἐφ’ ὑψηλοῦ βεβηκότα, οἷοί εἰσι τραγικοὶ ἐμβάται, ὁ δ’ ἕτερος ἀνυπόδητος ἔστω. εἰ τοίνυν βαδίζοι οὕτως ἔχων, ὁρᾷς ὅτι ἀναγκαῖον αὐτῷ ἄρτι μὲν ὑψηλῷ, ἄρτι δὲ ταπεινῷ γενέσθαι, καθ’ ὁπότερον ἂν πόδα προβαίνῃ. τοσοῦτον κἀν τῷ βίῳ ἡμῶν τὸ ἄνισον· καὶ οἱ μὲν ὑποδησάμενοι ἐμβάτας τῆς τύχης χορηγούσης ἐντραγῳδοῦσιν ἡμῖν, οἱ πολλοὶ δὲ πεζῇ καὶ χαμαὶ βαδίζομεν δυνάμενοι ἄν, εὖ ἴσθι, μὴ χεῖρον αὐτῶν ὑποκρίνεσθαι καὶ διαβαίνειν, εἴ τις καὶ ἡμᾶς ἐνεσκεύασε παραπλησίως ἐκείνοις.