1. It is really a terrible thing, is ignorance, a cause of many woes to humanity; for it envelops things in a fog, so to speak, and obscures the truth and overshadows each man’s life. Truly, we all resemble people lost in the dark—nay, we are even like blind men. Now we stumble inexcusably, now we lift our feet when there is no need of it; and we do not see what is near and right before us, but fear what is far away and extremely remote as if it blocked our path. In short, in everything we do we are always making plenty of missteps. For this redson the writers of tragedy have found in this universal truth many and many a motive for their dramas—take for example, the house of Labdacus, the house of Pelops and their like. Indeed, most of the troubles that.are put on the stage are supplied to the poets, you will find, by ignorance, as though it were a sort of tragic divinity. What I have in mind more than anything else is slanderous lying about acquaintances and friends, through which families have been rooted out, cities have utterly perished, fathers have been driven mad against their children, brothers against own brothers, children against their parents and lovers against those they love. Many a friendship, too, has. been parted and many an oath broken through belief in slander.
1. δεινόν γε ἡ ἄγνοια καὶ πολλῶν κακῶν ἀνθρώποις αἰτία, ὥσπερ ἀχλύν τινα καταχέουσα τῶν πραγμάτων καὶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἀμαυροῦσα καὶ τὸν ἑκάστου βίον ἐπηλυγάζουσα. ἐν σκότῳ γοῦν πλανωμένοις πάντες ἐοίκαμεν, μᾶλλον δὲ τυφλοῖς ὅμοια πεπόνθαμεν, τῷ μὲν προσπταίοντες ἀλόγως, τὸ δὲ ὑπερβαίνοντες, οὐδὲν δέον, καὶ τὸ μὲν πλησίον καὶ παρὰ πόδας οὐχ ὁρῶντες, τὸ δὲ πόρρω καὶ πάμπολυ διεστηκὸς ὡς ἐνοχλοῦν δεδιότες· καὶ ὅλως ἐφʼ ἑκάστου τῶν πραττομένων οὐ διαλείπομεν τὰ πολλὰ ὀλισθαίνοντες. τοιγάρτοι μυρίας ἤδη τοῖς τραγῳδοδιδασκάλοις ἀφορμὰς εἰς τὰ δράματα τὸ τοιοῦτο παρέσχηται, τοὺς Λαβδακίδας καὶ τοὺς Πελοπίδας καὶ τὰ τούτοις παραπλήσια· σχεδὸν γὰρ τὰ πλεῖστα τῶν ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ ἀναβαινόντων κακῶν εὕροι τις ἂν ὑπὸ τῆς ἀγνοίας καθάπερ ὑπὸ τραγικοῦ τινος δαίμονος κεχορηγημένα. Λέγω δὲ καὶ ἐς τὰ ἄλλα μὲν ἀποβλέπων, μάλιστα δὲ ἐς τὰς οὐκ ἀληθεῖς κατὰ τῶν συνήθων καὶ φίλων διαβολάς, ὑφʼ ὧν ἤδη καὶ οἶκοι ἀνάστατοι γεγόνασι καὶ πόλεις ἄρδην ἀπολώλασι, πατέρες τε κατὰ παίδων ἐξεμάνησαν καὶ ἀδελφοὶ κατὰ τῶν ὁμογενῶν καὶ παῖδες κατὰ τῶν γειναμένων καὶ ἐρασταὶ κατὰ τῶν ἐρωμένων· πολλαὶ δὲ καὶ φιλίαι συνεκόπησαν καὶ ὅρκοι συνεχύθησαν ὑπὸ τῆς κατὰ τὰς διαβολὰς πιθανότητος.
2. In order, then, that we may as far as possible avoid being involved in it, I wish to show in words, as if in a painting, what sort of thing slander is, how it begins and what it does. I should say, however, that Apelles of Ephesus long ago preempted this subject for a picture; and with good reason, for he himself had been slandered to Ptolemy on the ground that he had taken part with Theodotas in the conspiracy in Tyre, although Apelles had never set eyes on Tyre and did not know who Theodotas was, beyond having heard that he was one of Ptolemy’s governors, in charge of affairs in Phoenicia. Nevertheless, one of his rivals named Antiphilus, through envy of his favour at court and professional jealousy, maligned him by telling Ptolemy that he had taken part in the whole enterprise, and that someone had seen him dining with Theodotas in Phoenicia and whispering into his ear all through the meal; and in the end he declared that the revolt of Tyre and the capture of Pelusium had taken place on the advice of Apelles.
2. ἵνʼ οὖν ὡς ἥκιστα περιπίπτωμεν αὐταῖς, ὑποδεῖξαι βούλομαι τῷ λόγῳ καθάπερ ἐπί τινος γραφῆς ὁποῖόν τί ἐστιν ἡ διαβολὴ καὶ πόθεν ἄρχεται καὶ ὁποῖα ἐργάζεται. μᾶλλον δὲ Ἀπελλῆς ὁ Ἐφέσιος πάλαι ταύτην προὔλαβε τὴν εἰκόνα· καὶ γὰρ αὖ καὶ οὗτος διαβληθεὶς πρὸς τὸν Πτολεμαῖον ὡς μετεσχηκὼς Θεοδότᾳ τῆς συνωμοσίας ἐν Τύρῳ, — ὁ δὲ Ἀπελλῆς οὐχ ἑωράκει ποτὲ τὴν Τύρον οὐδὲ τὸν Θεοδόταν, ὅστις ἦν, ἐγίνωσκεν, ἢ καθʼ ὅσον ἤκουε Πτολεμαίου τινὰ ὕπαρχον εἶναι τὰ κατὰ τὴν Φοινίκην ἐπιτετραμμένον. ἀλλʼ ὅμως τῶν ἀντιτέχνων τις Ἀντίφιλος τοὔνομα ὑπὸ φθόνου τῆς παρὰ βασιλεῖ τιμῆς καὶ ὑπὸ τῆς κατὰ τὴν τέχνην ζηλοτυπίας κατεῖπεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὸν Πτολεμαῖον ὡς εἴη κεκοινωνηκὼς τῶν ὅλων καὶ ὡς θεάσαιτό τις αὐτὸν ἐν Φοινίκῃ συνεστιώμενον Θεοδότᾳ καὶ παρʼ ὅλον τὸ δεῖπνον πρὸς τὸ οὖς αὐτῷ κοινολογούμενον, καὶ τέλος ἀπέφηνε τὴν Τύρου ἀπόστασιν καὶ Πηλουσίου κατάληψιν ἐκ τῆς Ἀπελλοῦ συμβουλῆς γεγονέναι.
3. Ptolemy, who in general was not particularly sound of judgment, but had been brought up in the midst of courtly flattery, was so inflamed and upset by this surprising charge that he did not take into account any of the probabilities, not considering either that the accuser was a rival or that a painter was too insignificant a person for so great a piece of treason— a painter, too, who had been well treated by him and honoured above any of his fellow-craftsmen. Indeed, he did not even enquire whether Apelles had gone to Tyre at all. On the contrary, he at once began to rave and filled the palace with noise, shouting “The ingrate,” “The plotter,’ and “The conspirator.”’ And if one of his fellow-prisoners, who was indignant at the impudence of-Antiphilus and felt sorry for poor Apelles, had not said that the man had not taken any part whatever in the affair, he would have had his head cut off, and so would have shared the consequences of the troubles in Tyre without being himself to blame for them in any way.
3. ὁ δὲ Πτολεμαῖος ὡς ἂν καὶ τἆλλα οὐ κάρτα φρενήρης τις ὤν, ἀλλʼ ἐν κολακείᾳ δεσποτικῇ τεθραμμένος, οὕτως ἐξεκαύθη καὶ συνεταράχθη πρὸς τῆς παραδόξου ταύτης διαβολῆς, ὥστε μηδὲν τῶν εἰκότων λογισάμενος, μηδʼ ὅτι ἀντίτεχνος ἦν ὁ διαβάλλων μηδʼ ὅτι μικρότερος ἢ κατὰ τηλικαύτην προδοσίαν ζωγράφος, καὶ ταῦτα εὖ πεπονθὼς ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ καὶ παρʼ ὁντινοῦν τῶν ὁμοτέχνων τετιμημένος, ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ τὸ παράπαν εἰ ἐξέπλευσεν Ἀπελλῆς ἐς Τύρον ἐξετάσας, εὐθὺς ἐξεμήνιεν καὶ βοῆς ἐνεπίμπλα τὰ βασίλεια τὸν ἀχάριστον κεκραγὼς καὶ τὸν ἐπίβουλον καὶ συνωμότην. καὶ εἴ γε μὴ τῶν συνειλημμένων τις ἀγανακτήσας ἐπὶ τῇ τοῦ Ἀντιφίλου ἀναισχυντίᾳ καὶ τὸν ἄθλιον Ἀπελλῆν κατελεήσας ἔφη μηδενὸς αὐτοῖς κεκοινωνηκέναι τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἀπετέτμητο ἂν τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ παραπελελαύκει τῶν ἐν Τύρῳ κακῶν οὐδὲν αὐτὸς αἴτιος γεγονώς.
4. Ptolemy is said to have been so ashamed of the affair that he presented Apelles with a hundred talents and gave him Antiphilus for his slave. Apelles, for his part, mindful of the risk that he had run, hit back at slander in a painting.
4. ὁ μὲν οὖν Πτολεμαῖος οὕτω λέγεται αἰσχυνθῆναι ἐπὶ τοῖς γεγονόσιν, ὥστε τὸν μὲν Ἀπελλῆν ἑκατὸν ταλάντοις ἐδωρήσατο, τὸν δὲ Ἀντίφιλον δουλεύειν αὐτῷ παρέδωκεν. ὁ δὲ Ἀπελλῆς ὧν παρεκινδύνευσε μεμνημένος τοιᾷδέ τινι εἰκόνι ἠμύνατο τὴν διαβολήν.
5. On the right of it sits a man with very large ears, almost like those of Midas, extending his hand to Slander while she is still at some distance from him. Near him, on one side, stand two women—Ignorance, I think, and Suspicion. On the other side, Slander is coming up, a woman beautiful beyond measure, but full of passion and excitement, evincing as she does fury and wrath by carrying in her left hand a blazing torch and with the other dragging by the hair a young man who stretches out his hands to heaven and calls the gods to witness his innocence, She is © conducted by a pale ugly man who has a piercing eye and looks as if he had wasted away in long illness; he may be supposed to be Envy. Besides, there are two women in attendance on Slander, egging her on, tiring her and tricking her out. According to the interpretation of them given me by the guide to the picture, one was Treachery and the other Deceit. They were followed by a woman dressed in deep mourning, with black clothes all in tatters—Repentance, I think, her name was. At all events, she was turning back with tears in her eyes and casting a stealthy glance, full of shame, at Truth, who was approaching. That is the way in which Apelles represented in the painting his own hairbreadth escape.
5. ἐν δεξιᾷ τις ἀνὴρ κάθηται τὰ ὦτα παμμεγέθη ἔχων μικροῦ δεῖν τοῖς τοῦ Μίδου προσεοικότα, τὴν χεῖρα προτείνων πόρρωθεν ἔτι προσιούσῃ τῇ Διαβολῇ. περὶ δὲ αὐτὸν ἑστᾶσι δύο γυναῖκες, Ἄγνοιά μοι δοκεῖ καὶ Ὑπόληψις· ἑτέρωθεν δὲ προσέρχεται ἡ Διαβολή, γύναιον ἐς ὑπερβολὴν πάγκαλον, ὑπόθερμον δὲ καὶ παρακεκινημένον, οἷον δὴ τὴν λύτταν καὶ τὴν ὀργὴν δεικνύουσα, τῇ μὲν ἀριστερᾷ δᾷδα καιομένην ἔχουσα, τῇ ἑτέρᾳ δὲ νεανίαν τινὰ τῶν τριχῶν σύρουσα τὰς χεῖρας ὀρέγοντα εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ μαρτυρόμενον τοὺς θεούς. ἡγεῖται δὲ ἀνὴρ ὠχρὸς καὶ ἄμορφος, ὀξὺ δεδορκὼς καὶ ἐοικὼς τοῖς ἐκ νόσου μακρᾶς κατεσκληκόσι. τοῦτον οὖν εἶναι τὸν Φθόνον ἄν τις εἰκάσειε. καὶ μὴν καὶ ἄλλαι τινὲς δύο παρομαρτοῦσι προτρέπουσαι καὶ περιστέλλουσαι καὶ κατακοσμοῦσαι τὴν Διαβολήν. ὡς δέ μοι καὶ ταύτας ἐμήνυσεν ὁ περιηγητὴς τῆς εἰκόνος, ἡ μέν τις Ἐπιβουλὴ ἦν, ἡ δὲ Ἀπάτη. κατόπιν δὲ ἠκολούθει πάνυ πενθικῶς τις ἐσκευασμένη, μελανείμων καὶ κατεσπαραγμένη, Μετάνοια, οἶμαι, αὕτη ἐλέγετο· ἐπεστρέφετο γοῦν εἰς τοὐπίσω δακρύουσα καὶ μετʼ αἰδοῦς πάνυ τὴν Ἀλήθειαν προσιοῦσαν ὑπέβλεπεν. οὕτως μὲν Ἀπελλῆς τὸν ἑαυτοῦ κίνδυνον ἐπὶ τῆς γραφῆς ἐμιμήσατο.
6. Come, suppose we too, if you like, following the lead of the Ephesian artist, portray the characteristics of slander, after first sketching it in outline: for in that way our picture will perhaps come out more clearly. Slander, then, is a clandestine accusation, made without the cognizance of the accused and sustained by the uncontradicted assertion of one side. This is the subject of my lecture, and since there are three leading characters in slander as in comedy—the slanderér, the slandered person, and the hearer of the slander,—let us consider what is likely to happen in the case of each of them.
6. φέρε δὲ καὶ ἡμεῖς, εἰ δοκεῖ, κατὰ τὴν τοῦ Ἐφεσίου ζωγράφου τέχνην διέλθωμεν τὰ προσόντα τῇ διαβολῇ, πρότερόν γε ὅρῳ τινὶ περιγράψαντες αὐτήν· οὕτω γὰρ ἂν ἡμῖν ἡ εἰκὼν γένοιτο φανερωτέρα. ἔστι τοίνυν διαβολὴ κατηγορία τις ἐξ ἐρημίας γινομένη, τὸν κατηγορούμενον λεληθυῖα, ἐκ τοῦ μονομεροῦς ἀναντιλέκτως πεπιστευμένη. τοιαύτη μὲν ἡ ὑπόθεσις τοῦ λόγου. τριῶν δʼ ὄντων προσώπων, καθάπερ ἐν ταῖς κωμῳδίαις, τοῦ διαβάλλοντος καὶ τοῦ διαβαλλομένου καὶ τοῦ πρὸς ὃν ἡ διαβολὴ γίνεται, καθʼ ἕκαστον αὐτῶν ἐπισκοπήσωμεν οἷα εἰκὸς εἶναι τὰ γινόμενα.
7. In the first place, if you like, let us bring on the star of the play, I mean the author of the slander. That he is not a good man admits of no doubt, I am sure, because no good man would make trouble for his neighbour. On the contrary, it is characteristic of good men to win renown and gain a reputation for kind-heartedness by doing good to their friends, not by accusing others wrongfully and getting them hated.
7. πρῶτον μὲν δή, εἰ δοκεῖ, παραγάγωμεν τὸν πρωταγωνιστὴν τοῦ δράματος, λέγω δὲ τὸν ποιητὴν τῆς διαβολῆς. οὗτος δὲ δὴ ὡς μὲν οὐκ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπός ἐστι, πᾶσιν οἶμαι γνώριμον· οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἂν ἀγαθὸς κακῶν αἴτιος γένοιτο τῷ πλησίον, ἀλλʼ ἔστιν ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀφʼ ὧν εὖ ποιοῦσιν αὐτοὶ τοὺς φίλους, οὐκ ἀφʼ ὧν τοὺς ἄλλους ἀδικοῦντες αἰτιῶνται καὶ μισεῖσθαι παρασκευάζουσιν, εὐδοκιμεῖν δόξαν εὐνοίας προσλαβόντες.
8. Furthermore, that such a man is unjust, lawless, impious and harmful to his associates is easy to see. Who will not admit that fairness in everything and unselfishness are due to justice, unfairness and: selfishness to injustice? But when a man plies slander in secret against people who are absent, is he not selfish, inasmuch as he completely appropriates his hearer by getting his ear first, stopping it up and making it altogether impervious to the defence because it has been previously filled with slander? Such conduct is indeed the height of injustice, and the best of the lawgivers, Solon and Draco, for example, would say so, too; for they put the jurors on oath to hear both sides alike and to divide their goodwill equally between the litigants until such time as the plea of the defendant, after comparison with the other, shall disclose itself to be better or worse. To pass judgment betore weighing the defence against the complaint would, they thought, be altogether impious and irreligious. In truth, we may say that the very gods would be angry if we should permit the plaintiff to say his say unhampered, but should stop our ears to the defendant or silence him, and then condemn him, conquered by the'first plea. It may be said, then, that slander does not accord with what is just and legal, and what the jurors swear to do. But. if anybody thinks that the lawgivers, who regommend that verdicts be so just and impartial, are not good authority, I shall cite the best of poets in support of my contention. He makes a very admirable pronouncement — indeed, lays down a law—on this point, saying:Nor give your verdict ere both sides you hear.He knew, I suppose, like everyone else, that though there are many unjust things in the world, nothing worse or more unjust can be found than for men to have been condemned untried and unheard. But this is just what the slanderer tries his best to accomplish, exposing the slandered person untried to the anger of the hearer and precluding defence by the secrecy of his accusation.
8. ἔπειτα δὲ ὡς ἄδικος ὁ τοιοῦτος καὶ παράνομός ἐστι καὶ ἀσεβὴς καὶ τοῖς χρωμένοις ἐπιζήμιος, ῥᾴδιον καταμαθεῖν. τίς γὰρ οὐκ ἂν ὁμολογήσειε τὴν μὲν ἰσότητα ἐν ἅπαντι καὶ τὸ μηδὲν πλέον δικαιοσύνης ἔργα εἶναι, τὸ δὲ ἄνισόν τε καὶ πλεονεκτικὸν ἀδικίας; ὁ δὲ τῇ διαβολῇ κατὰ τῶν ἀπόντων λάθρᾳ χρώμενος πῶς οὐ πλεονέκτης ἐστὶν ὅλον τὸν ἀκροατὴν σφετεριζόμενος καὶ προκαταλαμβάνων αὐτοῦ τὰ ὦτα καὶ ἀποφράττων καὶ τῷ δευτέρῳ λόγῳ παντελῶς ἄβατα κατασκευάζων αὐτὰ ὑπὸ τῆς διαβολῆς προεμπεπλησμένα; ἐσχάτης ἀδικίας τὸ τοιοῦτον, ὡς φαῖεν ἂν καὶ οἱ ἄριστοι τῶν νομοθετῶν, οἷον ὁ Σόλων καὶ ὁ Δράκων, ἔνορκον ποιησάμενοι τοῖς δικασταῖς τὸ ὁμοίως ἀμφοῖν ἀκροᾶσθαι καὶ τὸ τὴν εὔνοιαν ἴσην τοῖς κρινομένοις ἀπονέμειν, ἄχρι ἂν ὁ τοῦ δευτέρου λόγος παρατεθεὶς θατέρου χείρων ἢ ἀμείνων φανῇ· πρὶν δέ γε ἀντεξετάσαι τὴν ἀπολογίαν τῇ κατηγορίᾳ, παντελῶς ἀσεβῆ καὶ ἀνόσιον ἡγήσαντο ἔσεσθαι τὴν κρίσιν. καὶ γὰρ ἂν καὶ αὐτοὺς ἀγανακτῆσαι τοὺς θεοὺς εἴποιμεν, εἰ τῷ κατηγόρῳ μετʼ ἀδείας ἃ θέλει λέγειν ἐπιτρέποιμεν, ἀποφράξαντες δὲ τῷ κατηγορουμένῳ τὰ ὦτα ἢ τῷ στόματι σιωπῶντος καταψηφιζοίμεθα τῷ προτέρῳ λόγῳ κεχειρωμένοι, ὥστε οὐ κατὰ τὸ δίκαιον καὶ τὸ νόμιμον καὶ τὸν ὅρκον τὸν δικαστικὸν φαίη τις ἂν γίγνεσθαι τὰς διαβολάς. εἰ δέ τῳ μὴ ἀξιόπιστοι δοκοῦσιν οἱ νομοθέται παραινοῦντες οὕτω δικαίας καὶ ἀμερεῖς ποιεῖσθαι τὰς κρίσεις, ποιητήν μοι δοκῶ τὸν ἄριστον ἐπάγειν τῷ λόγῳ εὖ μάλα περὶ τούτων ἀποφηνάμενον, μᾶλλον δὲ νομοθετήσαντα. φησὶ δέ, μήτε δίκην δικάσῃς, πρὶν ἄμφω μῦθον ἀκούσῃς. ἠπίστατο γάρ, οἶμαι, καὶ οὗτος ὡς πολλῶν ὄντων ἐν τῷ βίῳ ἀδικημάτων οὐδὲν ἄν τις εὕροι χεῖρον οὐδὲ ἀδικώτερον ἢ ἀκρίτους τινὰς καὶ ἀμοίρους λόγων καταδεδικάσθαι· ὅπερ ἐξ ἅπαντος ὁ διαβάλλων ἐπιχειρεῖ ποιεῖν ἄκριτον ὑπάγων τὸν διαβαλλόμενον τῇ τοῦ ἀκούοντος ὀργῇ καὶ τὴν ἀπολογίαν τῷ λαθραίῳ τῆς κατηγορίας παραιρούμενος.
9. Of course, all such men are also disingenuous and cowardly; they do nothing in the open, but shoot from some hiding-place or, other, like soldiers in ambush, so that it is impossible either to face them or to fight them, but a man must let himself be slain in helplessness and in ignorance of the character of the war. And this is the surest proof that there is no truth in the stories of slanderers; for if a man is conscious that he is making a true charge, that man, I take it, accuses the other in public, brings him to book and pits himself against him in argument. No soldier who can win in fair fight makes use of ambushes and tricks against the enemy.
9. καὶ γὰρ ἀπαρρησίαστος καὶ δειλὸς ἅπας ὁ τοιοῦτος ἄνθρωπος οὐδὲν ἐς τοὐμφανὲς ἄγων, ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ οἱ λοχῶντες ἐξ ἀφανοῦς ποθεν τοξεύων, ὡς μηδὲ ἀντιτάξασθαι δυνατὸν εἶναι μηδὲ ἀνταγωνίσασθαι, ἀλλʼ ἐν ἀπορίᾳ καὶ ἀγνοίᾳ τοῦ πολέμου διαφθείρεσθαι, ὃ μέγιστόν ἐστι σημεῖον τοῦ μηδὲν ὑγιὲς τοὺς διαβάλλοντας λέγειν. ἐπεὶ εἴ τίς γε τἀληθῆ κατηγοροῦντι ἑαυτῷ συνεπίσταται, οὗτος, οἶμαι, καὶ εἰς τὸ φανερὸν ἐλέγχει καὶ διευθύνει καὶ ἀντεξετάζει τῷ λόγῳ, ὥσπερ οὐδεὶς ἂν ἐκ τοῦ προφανοῦς νικᾶν δυνάμενος ἐνέδρᾳ ποτὲ καὶ ἀπάτῃ χρήσαιτο κατὰ τῶν πολεμίων.
10. For the most part, such men may be seen enjoying high favour in the courts of kings and among the friends of governors and princes, where envy is great, suspicions are countless, and occasions for flattery and slander are frequent. For where hope runs ever high, there envy is more bitter, hate more dangerous, and rivalry more cunning. All eye one another sharply and keep watch like gladiators to detect some part of the body exposed. Everyone, wishing to be first himself, shoves or elbows his neighbour out of his way and, if he can, slyly pulls down or trips up the man ahead. In this way a good man is simply upset and thrown at the start, and finally thrust off the course in disgrace, while one who is better versed in flattery and cleverer at such unfair practices wins. In a word, it is “devil take the hindmost!”; for they quite confirm Homer’s saying:Impartial war adds slayer to the slain.So, as their conflict is for no small stake, they think out all sorts of ways to get at each other, of which the quickest, though most perilous, road is slander, which has a hopeful beginning in envy or hatred, but leads to a sorry, tragic ending, beset with many accidents.
10. ἴδοι δʼ ἄν τις τοὺς τοιούτους μάλιστα ἔν τε βασιλέων αὐλαῖς καὶ περὶ τὰς τῶν ἀρχόντων καὶ δυναστευόντων φιλίας εὐδοκιμοῦντας, ἔνθα πολὺς μὲν ὁ φθόνος, μυρίαι δὲ ὑπόνοιαι, πάμπολλαι δὲ κολακειῶν καὶ διαβολῶν ὑποθέσεις· ὅπου γὰρ ἀεὶ μείζους ἐλπίδες, ἐνταῦθα καὶ οἱ φθόνοι χαλεπώτεροι καὶ τὰ μίση ἐπισφαλέστερα καὶ αἱ ζηλοτυπίαι κακοτεχνέστεραι. πάντες οὖν ἀλλήλους ὀξὺ δεδόρκασι καὶ ὥσπερ οἱ μονομαχοῦντες ἐπιτηροῦσιν εἴ πού τι γυμνωθὲν μέρος θεάσαιντο τοῦ σώματος· καὶ πρῶτος αὐτὸς ἕκαστος εἶναι βουλόμενος παρωθεῖται καὶ παραγκωνίζεται τὸν πλησίον καὶ τὸν πρὸ αὑτοῦ, εἰ δύναιτο, ὑποσπᾷ καὶ ὑποσκελίζει. ἔνθα ὁ μὲν χρηστὸς ἀτεχνῶς εὐθὺς ἀνατέτραπται καὶ παρασέσυρται καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον ἀτίμως ἐξέωσται, ὁ δὲ κολακευτικώτερος καὶ πρὸς τὰς τοιαύτας κακοηθείας πιθανώτερος εὐδοκιμεῖ· καὶ ὅλως ὁ φθάσας κρατεῖ· τὰ γὰρ τοῦ Ὁμήρου πάνυ ἐπαληθεύουσιν, ὅτι τοι ξυνὸς Ἐνυάλιος καὶ τὸν κτανέοντα κατέκτα. τοιγαροῦν ὡς οὐ περὶ μικρῶν τοῦ ἀγῶνος ὄντος ποικίλας κατʼ ἀλλήλων ὁδοὺς ἐπινοοῦσιν, ὧν ταχίστη καὶ ἐπισφαλεστάτη ἐστὶν ἡ τῆς διαβολῆς, τὴν μὲν ἀρχὴν ἀπὸ φθόνου ἢ μίσους εὐέλπιδα λαμβάνουσα, οἰκτρότερα δὲ καὶ τραγικὰ ἐπάγουσα τὰ τέλη καὶ πολλῶν συμφορῶν ἀνάπλεα.
11. Yet this is not an insignificant or a simple thing, as one might suppose; it requires much skill, no little shrewdness, and some degree of close study. For slander would not do so much harm if it were not set afoot in a plausible way, and it would not prevail over truth, that is stronger than all else, if it did not assume a high degree of attractiveness and plausibility and a thousand things beside to disarm its hearers.
11. οὐ μέντοι μικρὸν οὐδὲ ἁπλοῦν ἐστι τοῦτο, ὡς ἄν τις ὑπολάβοι, ἀλλὰ πολλῆς μὲν τέχνης, οὐκ ὀλίγης δὲ ἀγχινοίας, ἀκριβοῦς δέ τινος ἐπιμελείας δεόμενον· οὐ γὰρ ἂν τοσαῦτα ἔβλαπτεν ἡ διαβολή, εἰ μὴ πιθανόν τινα τρόπον ἐγίνετο· οὐδʼ ἂν κατίσχυε τὴν πάντων ἰσχυροτέραν ἀλήθειαν, εἰ μὴ πολὺ τὸ ἐπαγωγὸν καὶ πιθανὸν καὶ μυρία ἄλλα παρεσκεύαστο κατὰ τῶν ἀκουόντων.
12. Generally speaking, slander is most often directed against a man who is in favour and on this account is viewed with envy by those he has put behind him. They all direct their shafts at him, regarding him as a hindrance and a stumbling-block, and each one expects to be first himself when he has routed his chief and ousted him from favour. Something of the same sort happens in the athletic games, in footraces. A good runner fram the moment that the barrier falls thinks only of getting forward, sets his mind on the finish and counts on his legs to win for him; he therefore does not molest the man next to him in any way or trouble himself at ail about the contestants. But an inferior, unsportsmanlike competitor, abandoning all hope based on his speed, resorts to crooked work, and the only thing in the world he thinks of is cutting off the runner by holding or tripping him, with the idea that if he should fail in this he would never be able to win. So it is with the friendships of the mighty. The man in the lead is forthwith the object of plots, and if caught off.his guard in the midst of his foes, he is made away with, while-they are cherished and are thought friendly because of the harm they appeared to be doing to others.
12. διαβάλλεται μὲν οὖν ὡς τὸ πολὺ μάλιστα ὁ τιμώμενος καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τοῖς ὑπολειπομένοις αὐτοῦ ἐπίφθονος· ἅπαντες γὰρ τῷδʼ ἐπιτοξάζονται καθάπερ τι κώλυμα καὶ ἐμπόδιον προορώμενοι, καὶ ἕκαστος οἴεται πρῶτος αὐτὸς ἔσεσθαι τὸν κορυφαῖον ἐκεῖνον ἐκπολιορκήσας καὶ τῆς φιλίας ἀποσκευασάμενος. οἷόν τι καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς γυμνικοῖς ἀγῶσιν ἐπὶ τῶν δρομέων γίγνεται· κἀκεῖ γὰρ ὁ μὲν ἀγαθὸς δρομεὺς τῆς ὕσπληγγος εὐθὺς καταπεσούσης μόνον τοῦ πρόσω ἐφιέμενος καὶ τὴν διάνοιαν ἀποτείνας πρὸς τὸ τέρμα κἀν τοῖς ποσὶ τὴν ἐλπίδα τῆς νίκης ἔχων τὸν πλησίον οὐδὲν κακουργεῖ οὐδέ τι τῶν κατὰ τοὺς ἀγωνιστὰς πολυπραγμονεῖ, ὁ δὲ κακὸς ἐκεῖνος καὶ ἄναθλος ἀνταγωνιστὴς ἀπογνοὺς τὴν ἐκ τοῦ τάχους ἐλπίδα ἐπὶ τὴν κακοτεχνίαν ἐτράπετο, καὶ τοῦτο μόνον ἐξ ἅπαντος σκοπεῖ, ὅπως τὸν τρέχοντα ἐπισχὼν ἢ ἐμποδίσας ἐπιστομιεῖ, ὡς, εἰ τούτου διαμάρτοι, οὐκ ἄν ποτε νικῆσαι δυνάμενος. ὁμοίως δὲ τούτοις κἀν ταῖς φιλίαις τῶν εὐδαιμόνων τούτων γίνεται· ὁ γὰρ προέχων αὐτίκα ἐπιβουλεύεται καὶ ἀφύλακτος ἐν μέσῳ ληφθεὶς τῶν δυσμενῶν ἀνηρπάσθη, οἱ δὲ ἀγαπῶνται καὶ φίλοι δοκοῦσιν ἐξ ὧν ἄλλους βλάπτειν ἔδοξαν.
13. As for the verisimilitude of their slander, calum- niators are not careless in thinking out that point; all their work centres on it, for they are afraid to put in anything discordant or even irrelevant. For example, they generally make their charges credible by distorting the real attributes of the man they are slandering. Thus they insinuate that a doctor is a poisoner, that a rich man is a would-be monarch, or that a courtier is a traitor.
13. τό τε ἀξιόπιστον τῆς διαβολῆς οὐχ ὡς ἔτυχεν ἐπινοοῦσιν, ἀλλʼ ἐν τούτῳ τὸ πᾶν αὐτοῖς ἐστιν ἔργον δεδοικόσι τι προσάψαι ἀπῳδὸν ἢ καὶ ἀλλότριον. ὡς γοῦν ἐπὶ πολὺ τὰ προσόντα τῷ διαβαλλομένῳ πρὸς τὸ χεῖρον μεταβάλλοντες οὐκ ἀπιθάνους ποιοῦνται τὰς κατηγορίας, οἷον τὸν μὲν ἰατρὸν διαβάλλουσιν ὡς φαρμακέα, τὸν πλούσιον δὲ ὡς τύραννον, τὸν τυραννικὸν δὲ ὡς προδοτικόν.
14. Sometimes, however, the hearer himself suggests the starting-point for slander, and the knaves attain their end by adapting themselves to his disposition. If they see that he is jealous, they say: “He signed to your wife during dinner and gazed at her and sighed, and Stratonice was not very displeased withhim.” In short, the charges they make to him are. based on passion and illicit love. If he has a bent for poetry and prides himself on it, they say: “No, indeed! Philoxenus made fun of your verses, pulled them to pieces and said that they wouldn’t scan and were wretchedly composed.” Toa pious, godly man the charge is made that his friend is godless and impious, that he rejects God and denies Providence. Thereupon the man, stung in the ear, so to speak, by a gadfly, gets thoroughly angry, as is natural, and turns his back on his friend without awaiting definite proof.
14. ἐνίοτε μέντοι καὶ ὁ ἀκροώμενος αὐτὸς ὑποβάλλει τῆς διαβολῆς τὰς ἀφορμάς, καὶ πρὸς τὸν ἐκείνου τρόπον οἱ κακοήθεις αὐτοὶ ἁρμοζόμενοι εὐστοχοῦσιν. ἢν μὲν γὰρ ζηλότυπον αὐτὸν ὄντα ἴδωσι, Διένευσε, φασί, τῇ γυναικί σου παρὰ τὸ δεῖπνον καὶ ἀπιδὼν ἐς αὐτὴν ἐστέναξε, καὶ ἡ Στρατονίκη πρὸς αὐτὸν οὐ μάλα ἀηδῶς· καὶ ὅλως ἐρωτικαί τινες καὶ μοιχικαὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν αἱ διαβολαί. ἢν δὲ ποιητικὸς ᾖ καὶ ἐπὶ τούτῳ μέγα φρονῇ, Μὰ Δίʼ ἐχλεύασέ σου Φιλόξενος τὰ ἔπη καὶ διέσυρε καὶ ἄμετρα εἶπεν αὐτὰ καὶ κακοσύνθετα. πρὸς δὲ τὸν εὐσεβῆ καὶ φιλόθεον ὡς ἄθεος καὶ ἀνόσιος ὁ φίλος διαβάλλεται καὶ ὡς τὸ θεῖον παρωθούμενος καὶ τὴν πρόνοιαν ἀρνούμενος· ὁ δὲ ἀκούσας εὐθὺς μύωπι διὰ τοῦ ὠτὸς τυπεὶς διακέκαυται ὡς τὸ εἰκὸς καὶ ἀπέστραπται τὸν φίλον οὐ περιμείνας τὸν ἀκριβῆ ἔλεγχον.
15. In short, they think out and say the sort of thing that they know to be best adapted to provoke the hearer to anger, and as they know the place where each can be wounded, they shoot their arrows and throw their spears at it, so that their hearer, thrown off his balance by sudden anger, will not thereafter be free to get at the truth; indeed, however much a slandered man may want to defend himself, he will not let him do so, because he is prejudiced by the surprising nature of what he has’ heard, just as if that made it true.
15. ὅλως γὰρ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐπινοοῦσι καὶ λέγουσιν, ἃ μάλιστα ἴσασιν ἐς ὀργὴν δυνάμενα προκαλέσασθαι τὸν ἀκροώμενον, καὶ ἔνθα τρωτός ἐστιν ἕκαστος ἐπιστάμενοι, ἐπʼ ἐκεῖνο τοξεύουσι καὶ ἀκοντίζουσιν ἐς αὐτό, ὥστε τῇ παραυτίκα ὀργῇ τεταραγμένον μηκέτι σχολὴν ἄγειν τῇ ἐξετάσει τῆς ἀληθείας, ἀλλὰ κἂν θέλῃ τις ἀπολογεῖσθαι, μὴ προσίεσθαι, τῷ παραδόξῳ τῆς ἀκροάσεως ὡς ἀληθεῖ προκατειλημμένον.
16. A very effective form of slander is the one that is based on opposition to the hearer’s tastes. For instance, in the court of the Ptolemy who was called Dionysus there was once a man who accused Demetrius, the Platonic philosopher, of drinking nothing but water and of being the only person who did not wear women’s clothes during the feast of Dionysus. If Demetrius, on being sent for early the next morning, had ‘not drunk wine in view of everybody and had not put on a thin gown and played the cymbals and danced, he would have been put to death for not liking the king’ s mode of life, and being a critic and an opponent of Ptolemy’s luxury.
16. ἀνυσιμώτατον γὰρ τὸ εἶδος τῆς διαβολῆς τὸ ὑπεναντίον τῆς τοῦ ἀκούοντος ἐπιθυμίας, ὁπότε καὶ παρὰ Πτολεμαίῳ τῷ Διονύσῳ ἐπικληθέντι ἐγένετό τις ὃς διέβαλλε τὸν Πλατωνικὸν Δημήτριον, ὅτι ὕδωρ τε πίνει καὶ μόνος τῶν ἄλλων γυναικεῖα οὐκ ἐνεδύσατο ἐν τοῖς Διονυσίοις· καὶ εἴ γε μὴ κληθεὶς ἕωθεν ἔπιέ τε πάντων ὁρώντων καὶ λαβὼν ταραντινίδιον ἐκυμβάλισε καὶ προσωρχήσατο, ἀπολώλει ἂν ὡς οὐχ ἡδόμενος τῷ βίῳ τοῦ βασιλέως, ἀλλʼ ἀντισοφιστὴς ὢν καὶ ἀντίτεχνος τῆς Πτολεμαίου τρυφῆς.
17. In the court of Alexander it was once the greatest of all slanderous charges to say that a man did not worship Hephaestion or even make obeisance to him —for after the death of Hephaestion, Alexander for the love he bore him determined to add to his other great feats that of appointing the dead man a god. So the cities at once erected temples; plots of ground - were consecrated; altars, sacrifices and feasts were established in honour of this new god, and everybody’s strongest oath was “By Hephaestion.” If anyone smiled at what went on or failed to'seem quite reverent, the penalty prescribed was death. The flatterers, taking hold of this childish passion of Alexander’s, at once began to feed it and fan it into flame by telling about dreams of Hephaestion, in that way ascribing to him visitations and cures and accrediting him with prophecies; and at last they began to sacrifice to him as “‘Coadjutor” and "Saviour.” Alexander liked to hear all this, and at length believed it, and was very proud of himself for being, as he thought, not only the son of a god but also able to make gods. Well, how many of Alexander's friends, do you suppose, reaped the results of Hephaestion’s divinity during that period, through being accused of not honouring the universal god, and consequently being banished and deprived of the king’s favour?
17. παρὰ δὲ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ μεγίστη ποτὲ πασῶν ἦν διαβολή, εἰ λέγοιτο τις μὴ σέβειν μηδὲ προσκυνεῖν τὸν Ἡφαιστίωνα· ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἀπέθανεν Ἡφαιστίων, ὑπὸ τοῦ ἔρωτος Ἀλέξανδρος ἐβουλήθη προσθεῖναι καὶ τοῦτο τῇ λοιπῇ μεγαλουργίᾳ καὶ θεὸν χειροτονῆσαι τὸν τετελευτηκότα. εὐθὺς οὖν νεώς τε ἀνέστησαν αἱ πόλεις καὶ τεμένη καθιδρύετο καὶ βωμοὶ καὶ θυσίαι καὶ ἑορταὶ τῷ καινῷ τούτῳ θεῷ ἐπετελοῦντο, καὶ ὁ μέγιστος ὅρκος ἦν ἅπασιν Ἡφαιστίων. εἰ δέ τις ἢ μειδιάσειε πρὸς τὰ γινόμενα ἢ μὴ φαίνοιτο πάνυ εὐσεβῶν, θάνατος ἐπέκειτο ἡ ζημία. ὑπολαμβάνοντες δὲ οἱ κόλακες τὴν μειρακιώδη ταύτην τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου ἐπιθυμίαν προσεξέκαιον εὐθὺς καὶ ἀνεζωπύρουν ὀνείρατα διηγούμενοι τοῦ Ἡφαιστίωνος, ἐπιφανείας τινὰς καὶ ἰάματα προσάπτοντες αὐτῷ καὶ μαντείας ἐπιφημίζοντες· καὶ τέλος ἔθυον παρέδρῳ καὶ ἀλεξικάκῳ θεῷ. ὁ δὲ Ἀλέξανδρος ἥδετό τε ἀκούων καὶ τᾶ τελευταῖα ἐπίστευε καὶ μέγα ἐφρόνει ὡσανεὶ οὐ θεοῦ παῖς ὢν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ θεοὺς ποιεῖν δυνάμενος. πόσους τοίνυν οἰώμεθα τῶν Ἀλεξάνδρου φίλων παρὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἐκεῖνον ἀπολαῦσαι τῆς Ἡφαιστίωνος θειότητος, διαβληθέντας ὡς οὐ τιμῶσι τὸν κοινὸν ἁπάντων θεόν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐξελαθέντας καὶ τῆς τοῦ βασιλέως εὐνοίας ἐκπεσόντας;
18. It was then that Agathocles of Samos, one of Alexander’s captains whom he esteemed highly, came near being shut up in a lion’s den because he was charged with having wept as he went by the tomb of Hephaestion. But Perdiccas is said to have come to his rescue, swearing by all the gods and by Hephaestion to boot that while he was hunting the god had appeared to him in the flesh and had bidden him tell Alexander to spare Agathocles, saying that he had not wept from want of faith or because he thought Hephaestion dead, but only because he had been put in mind of their old-time friendship.
18. τότε καὶ Ἀγαθοκλῆς ὁ Σάμιος ταξιαρχῶν παρʼ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ καὶ τιμώμενος παρʼ αὐτοῦ μικροῦ δεῖν συγκαθείρχθη λέοντι διαβληθεὶς ὅτι δακρύσειε παριὼν τὸν Ἡφαιστίωνος τάφον. ἀλλʼ ἐκείνῳ μὲν βοηθῆσαι λέγεται Περδίκκας ἐπομοσάμενος κατὰ πάντων θεῶν καὶ κατὰ Ἡφαιστίωνος, ὅτι δὴ κυνηγετοῦντί οἱ φανέντα ἐναργῆ τὸν θεὸν ἐπισκῆψαι εἰπεῖν Ἀλεξάνδρῳ φείσασθαι Ἀγαθοκλέους· οὐ γὰρ ὡς ἀπιστοῦντα οὐδὲ ὡς ἐπὶ νεκρῷ δακρῦσαι, ἀλλὰ τῆς πάλαι συνηθείας μνημονεύσαντα.
19. As you see, flattery and slander were most likely to find an opening when they were framed with reference to Alexander's weak point. In a siege the enemy do not attack the high, sheer and secure parts of the wall, but wherever they notice that any portion is unguarded, unsound or low, they move all their forces against that place because they can very easily get in there and take the city. Just so with slanderers: they assail whatever part of the soul they perceive to be weak, unsound and easy of access, bringing their siege-engines to bear on it and finally capturing it, as no one opposes them or notices their assault. Then, when they are once within the walls, they fire everything and smite and slay and banish; for all these things are likely to happen when the soul is captured and put in bondage.
19. ἡ δʼ οὖν κολακεία καὶ ἡ διαβολὴ τότε μάλιστα χώραν ἔσχε πρὸς τὸ Ἀλεξάνδρου πάθος συντιθεμένη· καθάπερ γὰρ ἐν πολιορκίᾳ οὐκ ἐπὶ τὰ ὑψηλὰ καὶ ἀπόκρημνα καὶ ἀσφαλῆ τοῦ τείχους προσίασιν οἱ πολέμιοι, ἀλλʼ ᾗ ἂν ἀφύλακτόν τι μέρος ἢ σαθρὸν αἴσθωνται ἢ ταπεινόν, ἐπὶ τοῦτο πάσῃ δυνάμει χωροῦσιν ὡς ῥᾷστα παρεισδῦναι καὶ ἑλεῖν δυνάμενοι, οὕτω καὶ οἱ διαβάλλοντες ὅ τι ἂν ἀσθενὲς ἴδωσι τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ ὑπόσαθρον καὶ εὐεπίβατον, τούτῳ προσβάλλουσι καὶ προσάγουσι τὰς μηχανάς, καὶ τέλος ἐκπολιορκοῦσι μηδενὸς ἀντιταττομένου μηδὲ τὴν ἔφοδον αἰσθομένου. εἶτʼ ἐπειδὰν ἐντὸς ἅπαξ τῶν τειχῶν γένωνται, πυρπολοῦσι πάντα καὶ παίουσι καὶ σφάττουσι καὶ ἐξελαύνουσιν, οἷα εἰκὸς ἁλισκομένης ψυχῆς καὶ ἐξηνδραποδισμένης ἔργα εἶναι.
20. The engines that they use against the hearer are deceit, lying, perjury, insistence, impudence, and a thousand other unprincipled means; but the most important of all is flattery, a bosom friend, yes, an own sister to slander. Nobody is so high-minded and has a soul so well protected by walls of adamant that he cannot succumb to the assaults of flattery, especially when he is being undermined and his foundations sapped by slander.
20. μηχανήματα δὲ αὐτοῖς κατὰ τοῦ ἀκούοντος ἥ τε ἀπάτη καὶ τὸ ψεῦδος καὶ ἡ ἐπιορκία καὶ προσλιπάρησις καὶ ἀναισχυντία καὶ ἄλλα μυρία ῥᾳδιουργήματα. ἡ δὲ δὴ μεγίστη πασῶν ἡ κολακεία ἐστί, συγγενής, μᾶλλον δὲ ἀδελφή τις οὖσα τῆς διαβολῆς. οὐδεὶς γοῦν οὕτω γεννάδας ἐστὶ καὶ ἀδαμάντινον τεῖχος τῆς ψυχῆς προβεβλημένος, ὃς οὐκ ἂν ἐνδοίη πρὸς τὰς τῆς κολακείας προσβολάς, καὶ ταῦτα ὑπορυττούσης καὶ τοὺς θεμελίους ὑφαιρούσης τῆς διαβολῆς.
21. All this is on the outside, while on the inside there are many traitors who help the enemy, holding out their hands to him, opening the gates, and in every way furthering the capture of the hearer. First there is fondness for novelty, which is by nature common to all mankind, and ennui also; and secondly, a tendency to be attracted by startling rumours. Somehow or other we all like to hear stories that are slyly whispered in our ear, and are packed with innuendo: indeed, I know men who get as much pleasure from having their ears titillated with slander as some do from being tickled with feathers.
21. καὶ τὰ μὲν ἐκτὸς ταῦτα. ἔνδοθεν δὲ πολλαὶ προδοσίαι συναγωνίζονται τὰς χεῖρας ὀρέγουσαι καὶ τὰς πύλας ἀναπετῶσαι καὶ πάντα τρόπον τῇ ἁλώσει τοῦ ἀκούοντος συμπροθυμούμεναι. πρῶτον μὲν τὸ φιλόκαινον, ὃ φύσει πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ὑπάρχει, καὶ τὸ ἁψίκορον, ἔπειτα δὲ τὸ πρὸς τὰ παράδοξα τῶν ἀκουσμάτων ἑπόμενον. οὐ γὰρ οἶδʼ ὅπως ἡδόμεθα πάντες λαθρηδὰ καὶ πρὸς τὸ οὖς λεγόμενα καὶ μεστὰ ὑπονοίας ἀκούοντες· οἶδα γοῦν τινας οὕτως ἡδέως γαργαλιζομένους τὰ ὦτα ὑπὸ τῶν διαβολῶν ὥσπερ τοὺς πτεροῖς κνωμένους.
22. Therefore, when the enemy falls on with all these forces in league with him, he takes the fort by storm, I suppose, and his victory cannot even prove difficult, since nobody mans the walls or tries to repel his attacks. No, the hearer surrenders of his own accord, and the slandered person is not aware of the design upon him: slandered men are murdered in their sleep, just as when a city is captured in the night.
22. ἐπειδὰν τοίνυν ὑπὸ τούτων ἁπάντων συμμαχούμενοι προσπέσωσι, κατὰ κράτος αἱροῦσιν, οἶμαι, καὶ οὐδὲ δυσχερὴς ἡ νίκη γένοιτʼ ἂν μηδενὸς ἀντιπαραταττομένου μηδὲ ἀμυνομένου τὰς προσβολάς, ἀλλὰ τοῦ μὲν ἀκούοντος ἑκόντος ἑαυτὸν ἐνδιδόντος, τοῦ διαβαλλομένου δὲ τὴν ἐπιβουλὴν ἀγνοοῦντος· ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν νυκτὶ πόλεως ἁλούσης καθεύδοντες οἱ διαβαλλόμενοι φονεύονται.
23. The saddest thing of all is that the slandered man, unaware of all that has taken place, meets his friend cheerfully, not being conscious of any misdeed, and speaks and acts in his usual manner, when he is beset on every side, poor fellow, with lurking foes. The other, if he is noble, gentlemanly, and outspoken, at once lets his anger burst out and vents his wrath, and then at last, on permitting a defence to be made, finds out that he was incensed at his friend for nothing.
23. καὶ τὸ πάντων οἴκτιστον, ὁ μὲν οὐκ εἰδὼς τὰ γεγενημένα προσέρχεται τῷ φίλῳ φαιδρὸς ἅτε μηδὲν ἑαυτῷ φαῦλον συνεπιστάμενος καὶ τὰ συνήθη λέγει καὶ ποιεῖ, παντὶ τρόπῳ ὁ ἄθλιος ἐνηδρευμένος· ὁ δὲ ἢν μὲν ἔχῃ τι γενναῖον καὶ ἐλεύθερον καὶ παρρησιαστικόν, εὐθὺς ἐξέρρηξε τὴν ὀργὴν καὶ τὸν θυμὸν ἐξέχεε, καὶ τέλος τὴν ἀπολογίαν προσιέμενος ἔγνω μάτην κατὰ τοῦ φίλου παρωξυμμένος.
24. But if he is ignoble and mean he welcomes him and smiles at him out of the corner of his mouth, while all the time he hates him and secretly grinds his teeth and broods, as the poet says on his anger. Yet nothing, I think, is more unjust or more contemptible than to bite your lips and nurse your bitterness, to lock your hatred up within yourself and nourish it, thinking one thing in the depths of your heart and saying another, and acting a very eventful tragedy, full of lamentation, with a jovial comedy face. Men are more liable to act in this way when the slanderer has long seemed to be a friend of the person slandered, and yet does what he does. In that case they are no longer willing even to hear the voice of the men slandered or of those who speak in their behalf, for they assume in advance that the accusation can be relied on because of the apparent friendship of long standing, without even reflecting that many reasons for hatred. often arise between the closest friends, of which the rest of the world knows nothing. Now and then, too, a man makes haste to accuse his neighbour of something that he is himself to blame for, trying in this way to escape accusation himself. And in general, nobody would venture to slander an enemy, for in that case his accusation would not inspire belief, as its motive would be patent. No, they attack those men who seem to be their best friends, aiming to show their good will toward their hearers by sacrificing even their nearest and dearest to help them.
24. ἢν δὲ ἀγεννέστερος καὶ ταπεινότερος, προσίεται μὲν καὶ προσμειδιᾷ τοῖς χείλεσιν ἄκροις, μισεῖ δὲ καὶ λάθρᾳ τοὺς ὀδόντας διαπρίει καί, ὡς ὁ ποιητής φησι, βυσσοδομεύει τὴν ὀργήν. οὗ δὴ ἐγὼ οὐδὲν οἶμαι ἀδικώτερον οὐδὲ δουλοπρεπέστερον, ἐνδακόντα τὸ χεῖλος ὑποτρέφειν τὴν χολὴν καὶ τὸ μῖσος ἐν αὑτῷ κατάκλειστον αὔξειν ἕτερα μὲν κεύθοντα ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλα δὲ λέγοντα καὶ ὑποκρινόμενον ἱλαρῷ καὶ κωμικῷ τῷ προσώπῳ μάλα περιπαθῆ τινα καὶ ἰοῦ γέμουσαν τραγῳδίαν. μάλιστα δὲ τοῦτο πάσχουσιν, ἐπειδὰν πάλαι φίλος ὁ ἐνδιαβάλλων δοκῶν εἶναι τῷ ἐνδιαβαλλομένῳ ποιῆται ὅμως· τότε γὰρ οὐδὲ φωνὴν ἀκούειν ἔτι θέλουσι τῶν διαβαλλομένων ἢ τῶν ἀπολογουμένων, τὸ ἀξιόπιστον τῆς κατηγορίας ἐκ τῆς πάλαι δοκούσης φιλίας προειληφότες, οὐδὲ τοῦτο λογιζόμενοι, ὅτι πολλαὶ πολλάκις ἐν τοῖς φιλτάτοις μίσους παραπίπτουσιν αἰτίαι τοὺς ἄλλους λανθάνουσαι· καὶ ἐνίοτε οἷς αὐτός τις ἔνοχός ἐστι, ταυτὶ φθάσας κατηγόρησε τοῦ πλησίον ἐκφυγεῖν οὕτω πειρώμενος τὴν διαβολήν. καὶ ὅλως ἐχθρὸν μὲν οὐδεὶς ἂν τολμήσειε διαβαλεῖν· ἄπιστος γὰρ αὐτόθι ἡ κατηγορία πρόδηλον ἔχουσα τὴν αἰτίαν· τοῖς δοκοῦσι δὲ μάλιστα φίλοις ἐπιχειροῦσι τὴν πρὸς τοὺς ἀκούοντας εὔνοιαν ἐμφῆναι προαιρούμενοι, ὅτι ἐπὶ τῷ ἐκείνων συμφέροντι οὐδὲ τῶν οἰκειοτάτων ἀπέσχοντο.
25. There are people who, even if they afterwards learn that their friends have been unjustly accused to them, nevertheless, because they are ashamed of their own credulity, no longer can endure to receive them or look at them, as though they themselves had been wronged merely by finding out that the others were doing no wrong at all!
25. εἰσὶ δέ τινες οἳ κἂν μάθωσιν ὕστερον ἀδίκως διαβεβλημένους παρʼ αὐτοῖς τοὺς φίλους, ὅμως ὑπʼ αἰσχύνης ὧν ἐπίστευσαν οὐδʼ ἔτι προσίεσθαι οὐδὲ προσβλέπειν τολμῶσιν αὐτοῖς ὥσπερ ἠδικημένοι, ὅτι μηδὲν ἀδικοῦντας ἐπέγνωσαν.
26. It follows, then, that life has been filled with troubles in abundance through the slanderous stories that have been believed so readily and so unquestioningly. Anteia says:Die, Proetus, or despatch Bellerophon,Who offered me his love, by me unsought,when she herself had made the first move and had been scorned. So the young man came near getting killed in the encounter with the Chimaera, and was rewarded for his continence and his respect for his host by being plotted against by a wanton. As for Phaedra, she too made a similar charge against her stepson and so brought it about that Hippolytus was cursed by his father when he had done nothing impious—good Heavens, nothing!
26. τοιγαροῦν πολλῶν κακῶν ὁ βίος ἐπλήσθη ὑπὸ τῶν οὕτω ῥᾳδίως καὶ ἀνεξετάστως πεπιστευμένων διαβολῶν. ἡ μὲν γὰρ Ἄντειατεθναίης (φησίν), ὦ Προῖτʼ, ἢ κάκτανε Βελλεροφόντην,ὅς μʼ ἔθελεν φιλότητι μιγήμεναι οὐκ ἐθελούσῃαὐτὴ προτέρα ἐπιχειρήσασα καὶ ὑπεροφθεῖσα. καὶ μικροῦ ὁ νεανίας ἐν τῇ πρὸς τὴν Χίμαιραν συμπλοκῇ διεφθάρη ἐπιτίμιον σωφροσύνης ὑποσχὼν καὶ τῆς πρὸς τὸν ξένον αἰδοῦς ὑπὸ μάχλου γυναικὸς ἐπιβεβουλευμένος. ἡ δὲ Φαίδρα, κἀκείνη τὰ ὅμοια κατειποῦσα τοῦ προγόνου, ἐπάρατον ἐποίησε τὸν Ἱππόλυτον γενέσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς οὐδέν, ὦ θεοί, οὐδὲν ἀνόσιον εἰργασμένον.
27. “Yes,” somebody will say, “but now and then the man who brings a personal charge deserves credence, because he seems to be just in all other matters and sensible also, and one would have to heed him, as he would never do such a scoundrelly thing as that.” Well, is there anyone more just than Aristides? But even he conspired against Themistocles and had a hand in stirring up the people against him, because, they say, he was secretly pricked by the same political ambition as Themistocles. Aristides was indeed just, in comparison with the rest of the world; but he was a man like anyone else and had spleen and not only loved but hated on occasion.
27. ναί, φήσει τις· ἀλλʼ ἀξιόπιστός ἐστιν ἐνίοτε ὁ διαβάλλων ἀνὴρ τά τε ἄλλα δίκαιος καὶ συνετὸς εἶναι δοκῶν, καὶ ἐχρῆν προσέχειν αὐτῷ ἅτε μηδὲν ἂν τοιοῦτο κακουργήσαντι. ἆρʼ οὖν τοῦ Ἀριστείδου ἔστι τις δικαιότερος; ἀλλʼ ὅμως κἀκεῖνος συνέστη ἐπὶ τὸν Θεμιστοκλέα καὶ συμπαρώξυνε τὸν δῆμον, ἧς, φασίν, ἐκεῖνος πολιτικῆς φιλοτιμίας ὑποκεκνισμένος. δίκαιος μὲν γὰρ ὡς πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους Ἀριστείδης, ἄνθρωπος δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν καὶ χολὴν εἶχε, καὶ ἠγάπα τινὰ καὶ ἐμίσει.
28. And if the story of Palamedes is true, the most sensible of the Greeks and the best of them in other ways stands convicted of having, through envy, framed a plot and an ambush to trap a kinsman and a friend, who had sailed away from home to front the same peril as he; so true is it that to err in this direction is inborn in all mankind.
28. καὶ εἴ γε ἀληθής ἐστιν ὁ περὶ τοῦ Παλαμήδους λόγος, ὁ συνετώτατος τῶν Ἀχαιῶν κἀν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἄριστος τὴν ἐπιβουλὴν καὶ ἐνέδραν ὑπὸ φθόνου φαίνεται συντεθεικὼς κατὰ ἀνδρὸς ὁμαίμου καὶ φίλου καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν αὐτὸν κίνδυνον ἐκπεπλευκότος· οὕτως ἔμφυτον ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις ἡ περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἁμαρτία.
29. Why should I mention Socrates, who was unjustly slandered to the Athenians as an irreligious man and a traitor? or Themistocles and Miltiades, both of whom, after all their victories, came to be suspected of treason against Greece? The instances are countless, and are already for the most part well known.
29. τί γὰρ ἄν τις ἢ τὸν Σωκράτην λέγοι τὸν ἀδίκως πρὸς τοὺς Ἀθηναίους διαβεβλημένον ὡς ἀσεβῆ καὶ ἐπίβουλον; ἢ τὸν Θεμιστοκλέα ἢ τὸν Μιλτιάδην, τοὺς μετὰ τηλικαύτας νίκας ἐπὶ προδοσίᾳ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ὑπόπτους γενομένους; μυρία γὰρ τὰ παραδείγματα καὶ σχεδὸν τὰ πλεῖστα ἤδη γνώριμα.
30. “Then what should a man do, if he has sense and lays claim to probity or truthfulness?.” In my opinion he should do what Homer suggested in his parable of the Sirens. He bids us to sail past these deadly allurements and to stop our ears; not to hold them wide open to men prejudiced by passion, but, setting Reason as a strict doorkeeper over all that is said, to welcome and admit what deserves it, but shut out and drive off what is bad. For surely, it would be ridiculous to have doorkeepers to guard your house, but to leave your ears and your mind wide open.
30. τί οὖν χρὴ καὶ ποιεῖν τόν γε νοῦν ἔχοντα ἢ ἀρετῆς ἢ ἀληθείας ἀμφισβητοῦντα; ὅπερ, οἶμαι, καὶ Ὅμηρος ἐν τῷ περὶ Σειρήνων μύθῳ ᾐνίξατο παραπλεῖν κελεύσας τὰς ὀλεθρίους ταύτας τῶν ἀκουσμάτων ἡδονὰς καὶ ἀποφράττειν τὰ ὦτα καὶ μὴ ἀνέδην αὐτὰ ἀναπεταννύειν τοῖς πάθει προειλημμένοις, ἀλλʼ ἐπιστήσαντα ἀκριβῆ θυρωρὸν τὸν λογισμὸν ἅπασι τοῖς λεγομένοις τὰ μὲν ἄξια προσίεσθαι καὶ παραβάλλεσθαι, τὰ φαῦλα δὲ ἀποκλείειν καὶ ἀπωθεῖν· καὶ γὰρ ἂν εἴη γελοῖον τῆς μὲν οἰκίας θυρωροὺς καθιστάναι, τὰ ὦτα δὲ καὶ τὴν διάνοιαν ἀνεῳγμένα ἐᾶν.
31. Therefore, when a man comes and tells you a thing of this sort, you must investigate the matter on its own merits, without regarding the years of the speaker or his standing, or his carefulness in what he says; for the more plausible a man is, the closer your investigation should be. You should not, then, put faith in another's judgment, or rather (as you would be doing), in the accuser’s want of judgment, but should reserve to yourself the province of investigating the truth, accrediting the slanderer with his envy and conducting an open examination into the sentiments of both men; and you should only hate or love a man after you have put him to the proof. To do so before that time, influenced by the first breath of slander—Heavens! how childish, how base and, beyond everything, how unjust!
31. ἐπειδὰν τοίνυν τοιαῦτα προσίῃ τις λέγων, αὐτὸ ἐφʼ ἑαυτοῦ χρὴ τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐξετάζειν, μήτε ἡλικίαν τοῦ λέγοντος ὁρῶντα μήτε τὸν ἄλλον βίον μήτε τὴν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ἀγχίνοιαν. ὅσῳ γάρ τις πιθανώτερος, τοσούτῳ ἐπιμελεστέρας δεῖται τῆς ἐξετάσεως. οὐ δεῖ τοίνυν πιστεύειν ἀλλοτρίᾳ κρίσει, μᾶλλον δὲ μίσει τοῦ κατηγοροῦντος, ἀλλʼ ἑαυτῷ τὴν ἐξέτασιν φυλακτέον τῆς ἀληθείας, ἀποδόντα καὶ τῷ διαβάλλοντι τὸν φθόνον καὶ ἐν φανερῷ ποιησάμενον τὸν ἔλεγχον τῆς ἑκατέρου διανοίας, καὶ μισεῖν οὕτω καὶ ἀγαπᾶν τὸν δεδοκιμασμένον. πρὶν δὲ τοῦτο ποιῆσαι ἐκ τῆς πρώτης διαβολῆς κεκινημένον, Ἡράκλεις, ὡς μειρακιῶδες καὶ ταπεινὸν καὶ πάντων οὐχ ἥκιστα ἄδικον.
32. But the cause of this and all the rest of it, as I said in the beginning, is ignorance, and the fact that the real character of each of us is shrouded in darkness. Hence, if some oné of the gods would only unveil our lives, Slander would vanish away to limbo, having no place left, since everything would be illumined by Truth.
32. ἀλλὰ τούτων ἁπάντων αἴτιον, ὅπερ ἐν ἀρχῇ ἔφημεν, ἡ ἄγνοια καὶ τὸ ἐν σκότῳ που εἶναι τὸν ἑκάστου τρόπον· ὡς εἴ γε θεῶν τις ἀποκαλύψειεν ἡμῶν τοὺς βίους, οἴχοιτο ἂν φεύγουσα ἐς τὸ βάραθρον ἡ διαβολὴ χώραν οὐκ ἔχουσα, ὡς ἂν πεφωτισμένων τῶν πραγμάτων ὑπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας.