40. but particularly the wandering of Demeter, the finding of Core, the visit to Celeus, the husbandry of Triptolemus; the vine-planting of Icarius, and the sad fate of Erigone; the story of Boreas, of Oreithyia, of Theseus and Aegeus. Also, the reception of Medea and her later flight to Persia, the daughters of Erechtheus, and the daughters of Pandion, with what they suffered and did in Thrace. Then Acamas, Phyllis, the first rape of Helen, the campaign of the Dioscuri against the city, the fate of Hippolytus, and the return of the Heracleidae; for all this may properly be considered Attic. These Athenian tales that I have run over are a very few by way of example out of the many that have been omitted.
40. Λυκῖνος: ἐξαιρέτως δὲ τὴν Δήμητρος πλάνην καὶ Κόρης εὕρεσιν καὶ Κελεοῦ ξενίαν καὶ Τριπτολέμου γεωργίαν καὶ Ἰκαρίου ἀμπελουργίαν καὶ τὴν Ἠριγόνης συμφοράν, καὶ ὅσα περὶ Βορέου καὶ ὅσα περὶ Ὠρειθυίας καὶ Θησέως καὶ Αἰγέως. ἔτι δὲ τὴν Μηδείας ὑποδοχὴν καὶ αὖθις ἐς Πέρσας φυγὴν καὶ τὰς Ἐρεχθέως θυγατέρας καὶ τὰς Πανδίονος, ἅ τε ἐν Θρᾴκῃ ἔπαθον καὶ ἔπραξαν. εἶτα ὁ Ἀκάμας καὶ ἡ Φυλλὶς καὶ ἡ προτέρα δὲ τῆς Ἑλένης ἁρπαγὴ καὶ ἡ στρατεία τῶν Διοσκούρων ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν καὶ τὸ Ἱππολύτου πάθος καὶ Ἡρακλειδῶν κάθοδος· Ἀττικὰ γὰρ καὶ ταῦτα εἰκότως ἂν νομίζοιτο. ταῦτα μὲν τὰ Ἀθηναίων ὀλίγα πάνυ δείγματος ἕνεκα ἐκ πολλῶν τῶν παραλελειμμένων διῆλθον.
41. And next comes Megara, with Nisus and Scylia, the purple lock, the expedient of Minos, and his ingratitude towards his benefactress. To these succeed Cithaeron, with all that befell the Thebans and the house of Labdacus; the advent of Cadmus, the heifer’s taking ground, the serpent’s teeth, and the emergence of the Sown Men; further, the transformation of Cadmus into a serpent, the rising of the walls to the music of the lyre, the madness of the wall-builder, the boastfulness of his wife Niobe, and her grief-stricken silence, the story of Pentheus and of Actaeon, the story of Oedipus, Heracles with all his labours, and the murder of his children.
41. Λυκῖνος: ἑξῆς δὲ τὰ Μέγαρα καὶ Νῖσος καὶ Σκύλλα καὶ πορφυροῦς πλόκαμος καὶ Μίνωος πόρος καὶ περὶ τὴν εὐεργέτιν ἀχαριστία. οἷς ἑξῆς ὁ Κιθαιρὼν καὶ τὰ Θηβαίων καὶ Λαβδακιδῶν πάθη καὶ Κάδμου ἐπιδημία καὶ βοὸς ὄκλασις καὶ ὄφεως ὀδόντες καὶ Σπαρτῶν ἀνάδοσις καὶ αὖθις τοῦ Κάδμου εἰς δράκοντα μεταβολὴ καὶ πρὸς λύραν τείχισις καὶ μανία τοῦ τειχοποιοῦ καὶ τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ τῆς Νιόβης ἡ μεγαλαυχία καὶ ἡ ἐπὶ τῷ πένθει σιγὴ καὶ τὰ Πενθέως καὶ Ἀκταίωνος καὶ τὰ Οἰδίποδος καὶ Ἡρακλῆς σὺν τοῖς ἄθλοις αὐτοῦ ἅπασιν καὶ ἡ τῶν παίδων σφαγή.
42. Then comes Corinth, also full of myths, since she has Glauce and Creon, and before them Bellerophon and Stheneboea, and the quarrel between Helius and Poseidon; afterwards, the madness of Athamas, the flight of the children of Nephele through the air on the back of the ram, and the reception of Ino and Melicertes.
42. Λυκῖνος: εἶθʼ ἡ Κόρινθος πλέα καὶ αὕτη μύθων, τὴν Γλαύκην καὶ τὸν Κρέοντα ἔχουσα, καὶ πρὸ αὐτῶν τὸν Βελλεροφόντην καὶ τὴν Σθενέβοιαν καὶ Ἡλίου μάχην καὶ Ποσειδῶνος, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τὴν Ἀθάμαντος μανίαν καὶ τῶν Νεφέλης παίδων ἐπὶ τοῦ κριοῦ τὴν διαέριον φυγήν, … Ἰνοῦς καὶ Μελικέρτου ὑποδοχήν.
43. Next is the story of the descendants of Pelops, with Mycenae and what happened there, and previously—Inachus, Io, and her warder Argus; Atreus, Thyestes, Aerope, and the golden lamb; the defloration of Pelopeia; the slaying of Agamemnon, and the punishment of Clytemestra. Even before that, the expedition of the Seven Captains, with Adrastus’ reception of the exiles who became his sons-in-law, and the oracle about them, the refusal to bury the fallen, and the death of Antigone and Menoeceus on that account.
43. Λυκῖνος: ἐπὶ τούτοις τὰ Πελοπιδῶν καὶ Μυκῆναι καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐταῖς καὶ πρὸ αὐτῶν, Ἴναχος καὶ Ἰὼ καὶ ὁ φρουρὸς αὐτῆς Ἄργος καὶ Ἀτρεὺς καὶ Θυέστης καὶ Ἀερόπη, καὶ τὸ χρυσοῦν ἀρνίον καὶ Πελοπείας γάμος καὶ Ἀγαμέμνονος σφαγὴ καὶ Κλυταιμήστρας τιμωρία· καὶ ἔτι πρὸ τούτων ἡ τῶν ἑπτὰ λοχαγῶν στρατεία καὶ ἡ τῶν φυγάδων γαμβρῶν τοῦ Ἀδράστου ὑποδοχὴ καὶ ὁ ἐπʼ αὐτοῖς χρησμὸς καὶ ἡ τῶν πεσόντων ἀταφία καὶ Ἀντιγόνης διὰ ταῦτα καὶ Μενοικέως ἀπώλεια.
44. Also what happened on Nemean soil, the story of Hypsipyle and Archemorus, is very essential for the dancer to remember. And from an earlier time he will know the enforced virginity of Danae, the birth of Perseus, and the quest of the Gorgons which he assumed. Related to this is the Ethiopian tale of Cassiopea, Andromeda, and Cepheus, who have been placed in the roll of constellations by the faith of men of after time. And he will also know that ancient tale of Aegyptus and Danaus, and the bride-night plot.
44. Λυκῖνος: καὶ τὰ ἐν Νεμέᾳ δέ, ἡ Ὑψιπύλη καὶ Ἀρχέμορος, ἀναγκαιότατα τῷ ὀρχηστῇ μνημονεύματα. καὶ πρὸ αὐτῶν εἴσεται τὴν Δανάης παρθένευσιν καὶ Περσέως γένεσιν καὶ τὸν ἐπὶ τὰς Γοργόνας ἆθλον αὐτῷ προῃρημένον, ᾧ οἰκεία καὶ ἡ Αἰθιοπικὴ διήγησις, Κασσιέπεια καὶ Ἀνδρομέδα καὶ Κηφεύς, οὓς καὶ ἄστροις ἐγκατέλεξεν ἡ τῶν μετὰ ταῦτα πίστις. κἀκεῖνα δὲ τὰ ἀρχαῖα τὰ Αἰγύπτου καὶ Δαναοῦ εἴσεται καὶ τὴν ἐπιθαλάμιον ἐπιβουλήν.
45. Sparta, too, affords not a few stories of this sort: Hyacinthus, and Apollo’s rival, Zephyrus; the lad’s slaying with the discus, the flower that came from the blood, and the word of woe (AI) that is written on it. Also the resurrection of Tyndareus, and Zeus’s anger at Asclepius over it. Further, the entertainment of Paris and the rape of Helen, after his judgement in the matter of the apple.
45. Λυκῖνος: οὐκ ὀλίγα δὲ καὶ ἡ Λακεδαίμων τοιαῦτα παρέχεται, τὸν Ὑάκινθον καὶ τὸν τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος ἀντεραστὴν Ζέφυρον καὶ τὴν ὑπὸ τῷ δίσκῳ τοῦ μειρακίου σφαγὴν καὶ τὸ ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος ἄνθος καὶ τὴν ἐν αὐτῷ αἰάζουσαν ἐπιγραφήν, καὶ τὴν Τυνδάρεω ἀνάστασιν καὶ τὴν Διὸς ἐπὶ τούτῳ κατʼ Ἀσκληπιοῦ ὀργήν· ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὸν Πάριδος ξενισμὸν καὶ τὴν Ἑλένης ἁρπαγὴν μετὰ τὴν ἐπὶ τῷ μήλῳ κρίσιν.
46. For we must recognise that there is a connecting bond between Spartan story and that of Troy, which is copious and full of parts to play; in fact, for each person who fell there, a drama offers itself to the theatre. These themes must be kept in mind above all others, from the time of the rape straight through to what happened in the “Home-farings,” with the wandering of Aeneas and the love of Dido. The dramas that centre upon Orestes, including that hero’s adventures in Scythia, are not alien to all this; and what went before is not incongruous, either, but akin to the story of Troy—the virgin life of Achilles in Scyros, the madness of Odysseus, the marooning of Philoctetes, and, in general, the whole wandering of Odysseus, including Circe, Telegonus, Aeolus’ sway over the winds, and all the rest of it, to the punishment of the suitors. Also, preceding this, the plot against Palamedes, and the wrath of Nauplius, the madness of Ajax, and the death of the other Ajax among the rocks.
46. Λυκῖνος: νομιστέον γὰρ τῇ Σπαρτιατικῇ ἱστορίᾳ καὶ τὴν Ἰλιακὴν συνῆφθαι, πολλὴν οὖσαν καὶ πολυπρόσωπον· καθʼ ἕκαστον γοῦν τῶν ἐκεῖ πεσόντων δρᾶμα τῇ σκηνῇ πρόκειται· καὶ μεμνῆσθαι δὲ τούτων δεῖ μάλιστα, ἀπὸ τῆς ἁρπαγῆς εὐθὺς ἄχρι τῶν ἐν τοῖς νόστοις γεγενημένων καὶ τῆς Αἰνείου πλάνης καὶ Διδοῦς ἔρωτος. ὧν οὐκ ἀλλότρια καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν Ὀρέστην δράματα καὶ τὰ ἐν Σκυθίᾳ τῷ ἥρωϊ τετολμημένα. οὐκ ἀπῳδὰ δὲ καὶ τὰ πρὸ τούτων, ἀλλὰ τοῖς Ἰλιακοῖς συγγενῆ, Ἀχιλλέως ἐν Σκύρῳ παρθένευσις καὶ Ὀδυσσέως μανία καὶ Φιλοκτήτου ἐρημία, καὶ ὅλως ἡ πᾶσα Ὀδύσσειος πλάνη καὶ Κίρκη καὶ Τηλέγονος καὶ ἡ Αἰόλου τῶν ἀνέμων δυναστεία καὶ τὰ ἄλλα μέχρι τῆς τῶν μνηστήρων τιμωρίας· καὶ πρὸ τούτων ἡ κατὰ Παλαμήδους ἐπιβουλὴ καὶ ἡ Ναυπλίου ὀργὴ καὶ ἡ Αἴαντος μανία καὶ ἡ θατέρου ἐν ταῖς πέτραις ἀπώλεια.
47. Elis too has many subjects for those who essay the dance—Oenomaus and Myrtilus, Cronus and Zeus, and the first contestants in the Olympic games;
47. Λυκῖνος: ἔχει πολλὰς καὶ Ἦλις ἀφορμὰς τοῖς ὀρχεῖσθαι πειρωμένοις, τὸν Οἰνόμαον, τὸν Μυρτίλον, τὸν Κρόνον, τὸν Δία, τοὺς πρώτους τῶν Ὀλυμπίων ἀγωνιστάς.
48. and the Arcadian mythology also is copious—the flight of Daphne, the transformation of Callisto into a wild beast, the drunken riot of the Centaurs, the birth of Pan, the love of Alpheus, and his journey into foreign parts beneath the sea.
48. Λυκῖνος: πολλὴ δὲ καὶ ἡ κατʼ Ἀρκαδίαν μυθολογία, Δάφνης φυγή, Καλλιστοῦς θηρίωσις, Κενταύρων παροινία, Πανὸς γοναί, Ἀλφειοῦ ἔρως καὶ ὕφαλος ἀποδημία.
49. Indeed, even if you go to Crete in fancy, the dance garners very many contributions from there— Europe, Pasiphae, both the bulls, the labyrinth, Ariadne, Phaedra, Androgeos, Daedalus and Icarus, Glaucus and the soothsaying skill of Polyidus, and Talus, the bronze roundsman of Crete.
49. Λυκῖνος: ἀλλὰ κἂν εἰς τὴν Κρήτην ἀφίκῃ τῷ λόγῳ, πάμπολλα κἀκεῖθεν ἡ ὄρχησις ἐρανίζεται, τὴν Εὐρώπην, τὴν Πασιφάην, τοὺς ταύρους ἀμφοτέρους, τὸν λαβύρινθον, τὴν Ἀριάδνην, τὴν Φαίδραν, τὸν Ἀνδρόγεων, τὸν Δαίδαλον, τὸν Ἴκαρον, τὸν Γλαῦκον, τὴν Πολυΐδου μαντικήν, τὸν Τάλω, τὸν χαλκοῦν τῆς Κρήτης περίπολον.
50. Or if you cross over to Aetolia, there too the dance finds a great deal—Althea, Meleager, Atalanta, the brand, the wrestling-match between Heracles and the river (Achelous), the birth of the Sirens, the emergence of the Echinades, and the settlement of Alemaeon there after his madness; then Nessus, and the jealousy of Deianeira, and, consequent upon it, the pyre in Oeta.
50. Λυκῖνος: κἂν εἰς Αἰτωλίαν μετέλθῃς, κἀκεῖ πολλὰ ἡ ὄρχησις καταλαμβάνει, τὴν Ἀλθαίαν, τὸν Μελέαγρον, τὴν Ἀταλάντην, τὸν δαλόν, καὶ ποταμοῦ καὶ Ἡρακλέους πάλην καὶ Σειρήνων γένεσιν καὶ Ἐχινάδων ἀνάδοσιν καὶ μετὰ τὴν μανίαν Ἀλκμαίωνος οἴκησιν· εἶτα Νέσσον καὶ Δηϊανείρας ζηλοτυπίαν, ἐφʼ ᾗ τὴν ἐν Οἴτῃ πυράν.
51. Thrace also has much that is essential to one who intends to dance—Orpheus, his dismemberment and his talking head that voyaged on the lyre; Haemus and Rhodope; the punishment of Lycurgus;
51. Λυκῖνος: ἔχει καὶ Θρᾴκη πολλὰ τῷ ὀρχησομένῳ ἀναγκαῖα, τὸν Ὀρφέα, τὸν ἐκείνου σπαραγμὸν καὶ τὴν λάλον αὐτοῦ κεφαλὴν τὴν ἐπιπλέουσαν τῇ λύρᾳ, καὶ τὸν Αἷμον καὶ τὴν Ῥοδόπην, καὶ τὴν Λυκούργου κόλασιν.
52. and Thessaly affords still more—Pelias, Jason, Alcestis, the expedition of the fifty youths, the Argo and her talking keel, the incidents at Lemnos, Aeétes, the dream of Medea, the dismemberment of Apsyrtus, the happenings of the cruise, and after that, Protesilaus and Laodameia.
52. Λυκῖνος: καὶ Θεσσαλία δὲ ἔτι πλείω παρέχεται, τὸν Πελίαν, τὸν Ἰάσονα, τὴν Ἄλκηστιν, τὸν τῶν πεντήκοντα νέων στόλον, τὴν Ἀργώ, τὴν λάλον αὐτῆς τρόπιν, Λυκῖνος: τὰ ἐν Λήμνῳ, τὸν Αἰήτην, τὸν Μηδείας ὄνειρον, τὸν Ἀψύρτου σπαραγμὸν καὶ τὰ ἐν τῷ παράπλῳ γενόμενα, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τὸν Πρωτεσίλαον καὶ τὴν Λαοδάμειαν.
54. If you cross the sea again to Asia, there are many dramas there—Samos, at the outset, with the fate of Polycrates and his daughter’s wanderings, extending to Persia, and the stories that are still older—the loquaciousness of Tantalus, the feast of the gods at his house, the butchering of Pelops, and his shoulder of ivory.
54. Λυκῖνος: κἂν εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν πάλιν διαβῇς, πολλὰ κἀκεῖ δράματα· ἡ γὰρ Σάμος εὐθὺς καὶ τὸ Πολυκράτους πάθος καὶ τῆς θυγατρὸς αὐτοῦ μέχρι Περσῶν πλάνη, καὶ τὰ ἔτι ἀρχαιότερα, ἡ τοῦ Ταντάλου φλυαρία καὶ ἡ παρʼ αὐτῷ θεῶν ἑστίασις καὶ ἡ Πέλοπος κρεουργία καὶ ὁ ἐλεφάντινος ὦμος αὐτοῦ.
55. In Italy, moreover, we have the Eridanus, and Phaethon, and the poplars that are his sisters, mourning and weeping amber.
55. Λυκῖνος: καὶ ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ δὲ ὁ Ἠριδανὸς καὶ Φαέθων καὶ αἴγειροι ἀδελφαὶ θρηνοῦσαι καὶ ἤλεκτρον δακρύουσαι.
56. And a man of the sort I have in mind will know about the Hesperides, too, and the dragon that guards the golden fruit, and the toil of Atlas, and about Geryon, and the lifting of his cattle from Erytheia.
56. Λυκῖνος: εἴσεται δὲ ὁ τοιοῦτος καὶ τὰς Ἑσπερίδας καὶ τὸν φρουρὸν τῆς χρυσῆς ὀπώρας δράκοντα καὶ τὸν Ἄτλαντος μόχθον καὶ τὸν Γηρυόνην καὶ τὴν ἐξ Ἐρυθείας ἔλασιν τῶν βοῶν.
57. And he will not fail to know all the fabulous transformations, the people who have been changed into trees or beasts or birds, and the women who have turned into men; Caeneus, I mean, and Tiresias, and their like.
57. Λυκῖνος: οὐκ ἀγνοήσει δὲ καὶ τὰς μυθικὰς μεταμορφώσεις ἁπάσας, ὅσοι εἰς δένδρα ἢ θηρία ἢ ὄρνεα ἠλλάγησαν καὶ ὅσαι ἐκ γυναικῶν ἄνδρες ἐγένοντο, τὸν Καινέα λέγω καὶ τὸν Τειρεσίαν καὶ τοὺς τοιούτους.
58. In Phoenicia he will know about Myrrha and that Syrian tale of dissevered woe, as well as the more recent happenings that followed the establishment of Macedonian rule, the bold deeds of Antipater as well as those at the court of Seleucus over the affections of Stratonice.
58. Λυκῖνος: καὶ ἐν Φοινίκῃ δὲ Μύρραν καὶ τὸ Ἀσσύριον ἐκεῖνο πένθος μεριζόμενον, καὶ ταῦτα εἴσεται, καὶ τὰ νεώτερα δὲ ὅσα μετὰ τὴν Μακεδόνων ἀρχὴν ἐτολμήθη ὑπό τε Ἀντιπάτρου καὶ παρὰ Σελεύκῳ ἐπὶ τῷ Στρατονίκης ἔρωτι.
59. Since Egyptian tales are somewhat mystic, he will know them, but will present them more symbolically; I mean Epaphus and Osiris and the transfigurations of the gods into their bestial forms. Before all else, however, he will know the stories of their loves, including the loves of Zeus himself, and all the forms into which he changed himself, and also the whole show in the realm of Hades, with the punishments and the reasons for each, and how the comradeship of Peirithous and Theseus brought them even to Hades.
59. Λυκῖνος: τὰ γὰρ Αἰγυπτίων, μυστικώτερα ὄντα, εἴσεται μέν, συμβολικώτερον δὲ ἐπιδείξεται· τὸν Ἔπαφον λέγω καὶ τὸν Ὄσιριν καὶ τὰς τῶν θεῶν εἰς τὰ ζῷα μεταβολάς. πρὸ πάντων δὲ τὰ περὶ τοὺς ἔρωτας αὐτῶν καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Διὸς καὶ εἰς ὅσα ἑαυτὸν μετεσκεύασεν εἴσεται, Λυκῖνος: καὶ τὴν ἐν Ἅιδου ἅπασαν τραγῳδίαν καὶ τὰς κολάσεις καὶ τὰς ἐφʼ ἑκάστῃ αἰτίας καὶ τὴν Πειρίθου καὶ Θησέως ἄχρι τοῦ Ἅιδου ἑταιρείαν.
61. To sum it up, he will not be ignorant of anything that is told by Homer and Hesiod and the best poets, and above all by tragedy. These are a very few themes that I have selected out of many, or rather out of an infinite number, and set down as the more important, leaving the rest for the poets to sing of, for the dancers themselves to present, and for you to add, finding them by their likeness to those already mentioned, all of which must lie ready, provided and stored by the dancer in advance to meet every occasion.
61. Λυκῖνος: συνελόντι δὲ εἰπεῖν, οὐδὲν τῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου καὶ Ἡσιόδου καὶ τῶν ἀρίστων ποιητῶν καὶ μάλιστα τῆς τραγῳδίας λεγομένων ἀγνοήσει. Ταῦτα πάνυ ὀλίγα ἐκ πολλῶν, μᾶλλον δὲ ἀπείρων τὸ πλῆθος, ἐξελὼν τὰ κεφαλαιωδέστερα κατέλεξα, τὰ ἄλλα τοῖς τε ποιηταῖς ᾄδειν ἀφεὶς καὶ τοῖς ὀρχησταῖς αὐτοῖς δεικνύναι καὶ σοὶ προσεξευρίσκειν καθʼ ὁμοιότητα τῶν προειρημένων, ἅπερ ἅπαντα πρόχειρα καὶ πρὸς τὸν καιρὸν ἕκαστον τῷ ὀρχηστῇ προπεπορισμένα καὶ προτεταμιευμένα κεῖσθαι ἀναγκαῖον.
62. Since he is imitative and undertakes to present by means of movements all that is being sung, it is essential for him, as for the orators, to cultivate clearness, so that everything which he presents will be intelligible, requiring no interpreter. No, in the words of the Delphic oracle, whosoever beholds dancing must be able “to understand the mute and hear the silent” dancer.
62. Λυκῖνος: ἐπεὶ δὲ μιμητικός ἐστι καὶ κινήμασι τὰ ᾀδόμενα δείξειν ὑπισχνεῖται, ἀναγκαῖον αὐτῷ, ὅπερ καὶ τοῖς ῥήτορσι, σαφήνειαν ἀσκεῖν, ὡς ἕκαστον τῶν δεικνυμένων ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ δηλοῦσθαι μηδενὸς ἐξηγητοῦ δεόμενον, ἀλλʼ ὅπερ ἔφη ὁ Πυθικὸς χρησμός, δεῖ τὸν θεώμενον ὄρχησιν καὶ κωφοῦ συνιέναι καὶ μὴ λαλέοντος τοῦ ὀρχηστοῦ ἀκούειν.
63. That is just what happened, they say, in the case of Demetrius the Cynic. He too was denouncing the dance just as you do, saying that the dancer was a mere adjunct to the flute and the pipes and the stamping, himself contributing nothing to the presentation but making absolutely meaningless, idle movements with no sense in them at all; but that people were duped by the accessories of the business—the silk vestments, the beautiful mask, the flute and its quavers, and the sweet voices of the singers, by all of which the dancer’s business, itself amounting to nothing at all, was embellished. Thereupon the dancer at that time, under Nero, in high repute, who was no fool, they say, and excelled, if ever a man did, in remembrance of legends and beauty of movement, made a request of Demetrius that was very reasonable, I think—to see him dancing and then accuse him; he promised, indeed, to perform for him without flute or songs. That is what he did; enjoining silence upon the stampers and flute-players and upon the chorus itself, quite unsupported, he danced the amours of Aphrodite and Ares, Helius tattling, Hephaestus laying his plot and trapping both of them with his entangling bonds, the gods who came in on them, portrayed individually, Aphrodite ashamed, Ares seeking cover and begging for mercy, and everything that belongs to this story, in such wise that Demetrius was delighted beyond measure with what was taking place and paid the highest possible tribute to the dancer; he raised his voice and shouted at the top of his lungs: ‘I hear the story that you are acting, man, I do not just see it; you seem to me to be talking with your very hands!”
63. Λυκῖνος: Ὃ δὴ καὶ Δημήτριον τὸν Κυνικὸν παθεῖν λέγουσιν. ἐπεὶ γὰρ καὶ αὐτὸς ὅμοιά σοι κατηγόρει τῆς ὀρχηστικῆς, λέγων τοῦ αὐλοῦ καὶ τῶν συρίγγων καὶ τῶν κτύπων πάρεργόν τι τὸν ὀρχηστὴν εἶναι, μηδὲν αὐτὸν πρὸς τὸ δρᾶμα συντελοῦντα, κινούμενον δὲ ἄλογον ἄλλως κίνησιν καὶ μάταιον, οὐδενὸς αὐτῇ νοῦ προσόντος, τῶν δὲ ἀνθρώπων τοῖς περὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα γοητευομένων, ἐσθῆτι σηρικῇ καὶ προσωπείῳ εὐπρεπεῖ, αὐλῷ τε καὶ τερετίσμασι καὶ τῇ τῶν ᾀδόντων εὐφωνίᾳ, οἷς κοσμεῖσθαι μηδὲν ὂν τὸ τοῦ ὀρχηστοῦ πρᾶγμα, ὁ τότε κατὰ τὸν Νέρωνα εὐδοκιμῶν ὀρχηστής, οὐκ ἀσύνετος, ὥς φασιν, ἀλλʼ εἰ καί τις ἄλλος ἔν τε ἱστορίας μνήμῃ καὶ κινήσεως κάλλει διενεγκών, ἐδεήθη τοῦ Δημητρίου εὐγνωμονεστάτην, οἶμαι, τὴν δέησιν, ἰδεῖν ὀρχούμενον, ἔπειτα κατηγορεῖν αὐτοῦ· καὶ ὑπέσχετό γε ἄνευ αὐλοῦ καὶ ᾀσμάτων ἐπιδείξεσθαι αὐτῷ. καὶ οὕτως ἐποίησεν· ἡσυχίαν γὰρ τοῖς τε κτυποῦσι καὶ τοῖς αὐλοῦσι καὶ αὐτῷ παραγγείλας τῷ χορῷ, αὐτὸς ἐφʼ ἑαυτοῦ ὠρχήσατο τὴν Ἀφροδίτης καὶ Ἄρεος μοιχείαν, Ἥλιον μηνύοντα καὶ Ἥφαιστον ἐπιβουλεύοντα καὶ τοῖς δεσμοῖς ἀμφοτέρους, τήν τε Ἀφροδίτην καὶ τὸν Ἄρη, σαγηνεύοντα, καὶ τοὺς ἐφεστῶτας θεοὺς ἕκαστον αὐτῶν, καὶ αἰδουμένην μὲν τὴν Ἀφροδίτην, ὑποδεδοικότα δὲ καὶ ἱκετεύοντα τὸν Ἄρη, καὶ ὅσα τῇ ἱστορίᾳ ταύτῃ πρόσεστιν, ὥστε τὸν Δημήτριον ὑπερησθέντα τοῖς γιγνομένοις τοῦτον ἔπαινον ἀποδοῦναι τὸν μέγιστον τῷ ὀρχηστῇ· ἀνέκραγε γὰρ καὶ μεγάλῃ τῇ φωνῇ ἀνεφθέγξατο, ἀκούω, ἄνθρωπε, ἃ ποιεῖς· οὐχ ὁρῶ μόνον, ἀλλά μοι δοκεῖς ταῖς χερσὶν αὐταῖς λαλεῖν.
64. Since we are under Nero in fancy, I wish to tell the remark of a barbarian concerning the same dancer, which may be considered a very great tribute to his art. One of the barbarians from Pontus, a man of royal blood, came to Nero on some business or other, and among other entertainments saw that dancer perform so vividly that although he could not follow what was being sung—he was but half Hellenised, as it happened—he understood every- thing. So when it came to be time for him to go back to his own country, Nero, in saying good-bye, urged him to ask for anything that he wanted, and promised to give it him. “If you give me the dancer,’ said he, “you will please me mightily!” When Nero asked, “What good would he be to you there?”, he replied, “I have barbarian neighbours who do not speak the same language, and it is not easy to keep supplied with interpreters for them. If I am in want of one, therefore, this man will interpret everything for me by signs.” So deeply had he been impressed by that disclosure of the distinctness and lucidity of the mimicry of the dance.
64. Λυκῖνος: ἐπεὶ δὲ κατὰ τὸν Νέρωνά ἐσμεν τῷ λόγῳ, βούλομαι καὶ βαρβάρου ἀνδρὸς τὸ ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ὀρχηστοῦ γενόμενον εἰπεῖν, ὅπερ μέγιστος ἔπαινος ὀρχηστικῆς γένοιτʼ ἄν. τῶν γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ Πόντου βαρβάρων βασιλικός τις ἄνθρωπος κατά τι χρέος ἥκων ὡς τὸν Νέρωνα ἐθεᾶτο μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων τὸν ὀρχηστὴν ἐκεῖνον οὕτω σαφῶς ὀρχούμενον ὡς καίτοι μὴ ἐπακούοντα τῶν ᾀδομένων — ἡμιέλλην γάρ τις ὢν ἐτύγχανεν — συνεῖναι ἁπάντων. καὶ δὴ ἀπιὼν ἤδη ἐς τὴν οἰκείαν, τοῦ Νέρωνος δεξιουμένου καὶ ὅ τι βούλοιτο αἰτεῖν κελεύοντος καὶ δώσειν ὑπισχνουμένου, τὸν ὀρχηστήν, ἔφη, δοὺς τὰ μέγιστα εὐφρανεῖς. τοῦ δὲ Νέρωνος ἐρομένου, τί ἄν σοι χρήσιμος γένοιτο ἐκεῖ; προσοίκους, ἔφη, βαρβάρους ἔχω, οὐχ ὁμογλώττους, καὶ ἑρμηνέων οὐ ῥᾴδιον εὐπορεῖν πρὸς αὐτούς. ἢν οὖν τινος δέωμαι, διανεύων οὗτος ἕκαστά μοι ἑρμηνεύσει. τοσοῦτον ἄρα καθίκετο αὐτοῦ ἡ μίμησις τῆς ὀρχήσεως ἐπίσημός τε καὶ σαφὴς φανεῖσα.
65. The chief occupation and the aim of dancing, as I have said, is impersonating, which is cultivated in the same way by the rhetoricians, particularly those who recite these pieces that they call “exercises”; for in their case also there is nothing which we commend more highly than their accommodating themselves to the roles which they assume, so that what they say is not inappropriate to the princes or tyrant-slayers or poor people or farmers whom they introduce, but in each of these what is individual and distinctive is presented.
65. Λυκῖνος: ἡ δὲ πλείστη διατριβὴ καὶ ὁ σκοπὸς τῆς ὀρχηστικῆς ἡ ὑπόκρισίς ἐστιν, ὡς ἔφην, κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ καὶ τοῖς ῥήτορσιν ἐπιτηδευομένη, καὶ μάλιστα τοῖς τὰς καλουμένας ταύτας μελέτας διεξιοῦσιν· οὐδὲν γοῦν καὶ ἐν ἐκείνοις μᾶλλον ἐπαινοῦμεν ἢ τὸ ἐοικέναι τοῖς ὑποκειμένοις προσώποις καὶ μὴ ἀπῳδὰ εἶναι τὰ λεγόμενα τῶν εἰσαγομένων ἀριστέων ἢ τυραννοκτόνων ἢ πενήτων ἢ γεωργῶν, ἀλλʼ ἐν ἑκάστῳ τούτων τὸ ἴδιον καὶ τὸ ἐξαίρετον δείκνυσθαι.
66. In that connection I should like to tell you something that was said by another barbarian. Noticing that the dancer had five masks ready—the drama had that number of acts—since he saw but the one dancer, he enquired who were to dance and act the other roles, and when he learned that the dancer himself was to act and dance them all, he said; “I did not realise, my friend, that though you have only this one body, you have many souls.”
66. Λυκῖνος: ἐθέλω γοῦν σοι καὶ ἄλλου βαρβάρου ῥῆσιν ἐπὶ τούτοις εἰπεῖν. ἰδὼν γὰρ πέντε πρόσωπα τῷ ὀρχηστῇ παρεσκευασμένα — τοσούτων γὰρ μερῶν τὸ δρᾶμα ἦν — ἐζήτει, ἕνα ὁρῶν τὸν ὀρχηστήν, τίνες οἱ ὀρχησόμενοι καὶ ὑποκρινούμενοι τὰ λοιπὰ προσωπεῖα εἶεν· ἐπεὶ δὲ ἔμαθεν ὅτι αὐτὸς ὑποκρινεῖται καὶ ὑπορχήσεται τὰ πάντα, ἐλελήθεις, ἔφη, ὦ βέλτιστε, σῶμα μὲν τοῦτο ἕν, πολλὰς δὲ τὰς ψυχὰς ἔχων.
67. Well, that is the way the barbarian viewed it. And the Greeks of Italy quite appropriately call the dancer a pantomime, precisely in consequence of what he does. That poetical precept, “My son, in your converse with all cities keep the way of the sea-creature that haunts the rocks,” is excellent, and for the dancer essential; he must cleave close to his matters and conform himself to each detail of his plots. In general, the dancer undertakes to present and enact characters and emotions, introducing now a lover and now an angry person, one man afflicted with madness, another with grief, and all this within fixed bounds. Indeed, the most surprising part of it is that within the selfsame day at one moment we are shown Athamas in a frenzy, at another Ino in terror; presently the same person is Atreus, and after a little, Thyestes; then Aegisthus, or Aerope; yet they all are but a single man.
67. Λυκῖνος: ταῦτα μὲν ὁ βάρβαρος. οὐκ ἀπεικότως δὲ καὶ οἱ Ἰταλιῶται τὸν ὀρχηστὴν παντόμιμον καλοῦσιν, ἀπὸ τοῦ δρωμένου σχεδόν. καλὴ γὰρ ἡ ποιητικὴ παραίνεσις ἐκείνη, τό, ὦ παῖ, ποντίου θηρὸς πετραίου νόον ἔχων πάσαις πολίεσσιν ὁμίλει, καὶ τῷ ὀρχηστῇ ἀναγκαία· καὶ δεῖ προσφύντα τοῖς πράγμασιν συνοικειοῦν ἑαυτὸν ἑκάστῳ τῶν δρωμένων. τὸ δὲ ὅλον ἤθη καὶ πάθη δείξειν καὶ ὑποκρινεῖσθαι ἡ ὄρχησις ἐπαγγέλλεται, νῦν μὲν ἐρῶντα, νῦν δὲ ὀργιζόμενόν τινα εἰσάγουσα, καὶ ἄλλον μεμηνότα καὶ ἄλλον λελυπημένον, καὶ ἅπαντα ταῦτα μεμετρημένως. τὸ γοῦν παραδοξότατον, τῆς αὐτῆς ἡμέρας ἄρτι μὲν Ἀθάμας μεμηνώς, ἄρτι δὲ Ἰνὼ φοβουμένη δείκνυται, καὶ ἄλλοτε Ἀτρεὺς ὁ αὐτός, καὶ μετὰ μικρὸν Θυέστης, εἶτα Αἴγισθος ἢ Ἀερόπη· καὶ πάντα ταῦτα εἷς ἄνθρωπός ἐστιν.
68. Moreover, the other performances that appeal to eye and ear contain, each of them, the display of a single activity; there is either flute or lyre or vocal music or tragedy’s mummery or comedy’s buffoonery. The dancer, however, has everything at once, and that equipment of his, we may see, is varied and comprehensive—the flute, the pipes, the tapping of feet, the clash of cymbals, the melodious voice of the actor, the concord of the singers.
68. Λυκῖνος: τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλα θεάματα καὶ ἀκούσματα ἑνὸς ἑκάστου ἔργου τὴν ἐπίδειξιν ἔχει· ἢ γὰρ αὐλός ἐστιν ἢ κιθάρα ἢ διὰ φωνῆς μελῳδία ἢ τραγικὴ δραματουργία ἢ κωμικὴ γελωτοποιία· ὁ δὲ ὀρχηστὴς τὰ πάντα ἔχει συλλαβών, καὶ ἔνεστιν ποικίλην καὶ παμμιγῆ τὴν παρασκευὴν αὐτοῦ ἰδεῖν, αὐλόν, σύριγγα, ποδῶν κτύπον, κυμβάλου ψόφον, ὑποκριτοῦ εὐφωνίαν, ᾀδόντων ὁμοφωνίαν.
69. Then, too, all the rest are activities of one or the other of the two elements in man, some of them activities of the soul, some of the body; but in dancing both are combined. For there is display of mind in the performance as well as expression of bodily development, and the most important part of it is the wisdom that controls the action, and the fact that nothing is irrational. Indeed, Lesbonax of Mytilene, a man of excellent parts, called dancers “handiwise,” and used to go to see them with the expectation of returning from the theatre a better man. Timocrates, too, his teacher, one day, for the sole and only time, came in by chance, saw a dancer ply his trade and said: “What a treat for the eyes my reverence for philosophy has deprived me of!”
69. Λυκῖνος: ἔτι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα θατέρου τῶν ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἔργα ἐστίν, τὰ μὲν ψυχῆς, τὰ δὲ σώματος· ἐν δὲ τῇ ὀρχήσει ἀμφότερα συμμέμικται. καὶ γὰρ διανοίας ἐπίδειξιν τὰ γιγνόμενα ἔχει καὶ σωματικῆς ἀσκήσεως ἐνέργειαν, τὸ δὲ μέγιστον ἡ σοφία τῶν δρωμένων καὶ τὸ μηδὲν ἔξω λόγου. Λεσβῶναξ γοῦν ὁ Μυτιληναῖος, ἀνὴρ καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθός, χειρισόφους τοὺς ὀρχηστὰς ἀπεκάλει καὶ ᾔει ἐπὶ τὴν θέαν αὐτῶν ὡς βελτίων ἀναστρέψων ἀπὸ τοῦ θεάτρου. Τιμοκράτης δὲ ὁ διδάσκαλος αὐτοῦ ἰδών ποτε ἅπαξ, οὐκ ἐξεπίτηδες ἐπιστάς, ὀρχηστὴν τὰ αὑτοῦ ποιοῦντα, οἵου με, ἔφη θεάματος ἡ πρὸς φιλοσοφίαν αἰδὼς ἀπεστέρηκεν.
70. If what Plato says about the soul is true, the three parts of it are excellently set forth by the dancer —the orgillous part when he exhibits a man in a rage, the covetous part when he enacts lovers, and the reasoning part when he bridles and governs each of the different passions; this last, to be sure, is disseminated through every portion of the dance just as touch is disseminated through the other senses. And in planning for beauty and for symmetry in the figures of the dance, what else does he do but confirm the words of Aristotle, who praised beauty and considered it to be one of the three parts of the chief good? Moreover, I have heard a man express an excessively venturesome opinion about the silence of the characters in the dance, to the effect that it was symbolic of a Pythagorean tenet.
70. Λυκῖνος: εἰ δʼ ἔστιν ἀληθῆ ἃ περὶ ψυχῆς ὁ Πλάτων λέγει, τὰ τρία μέρη αὐτῆς καλῶς ὁ ὀρχηστὴς δείκνυσιν, τὸ θυμικὸν ὅταν ὀργιζόμενον ἐπιδείκνυται, τὸ ἐπιθυμητικὸν ὅταν ἐρῶντας ὑποκρίνηται, τὸ λογιστικὸν ὅταν ἕκαστα τῶν παθῶν χαλιναγωγῇ· τοῦτο μέν γε ἐν ἅπαντι μέρει τῆς ὀρχήσεως καθάπερ ἡ ἁφὴ ἐν ταῖς αἰσθήσεσιν παρέσπαρται. κάλλους δὲ προνοῶν καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς ὀρχήμασιν εὐμορφίας, τί ἄλλο ἢ τὸ τοῦ Ἀριστοτέλους ἐπαληθεύει, τὸ κάλλος ἐπαινοῦντος καὶ μέρος τρίτον ἡγουμένου τἀγαθοῦ καὶ τοῦτο εἶναι; ἤκουσα δέ τινος καὶ περιττότερόν τι νεανιευομένου ὑπὲρ τῆς τῶν ὀρχηστικῶν προσωπείων σιωπῆς, ὅτι καὶ αὕτη Πυθαγορικόν τι δόγμα αἰνίττεται.
71. Again, some of the other pursuits promise to give pleasure and others profit, but only the dance has both; and indeed the profit in it is far more beneficial for being associated with pleasure. How much more delightful it is to see than young men boxing, astream with blood, and other young men wrestling in the dust! Why, the dance often presents them in a way that is less risky and at the same time more beautiful and pleasurable. As to the energetic movement of the dance, its twists and turns and leaps and back-flung poses, they are really not only pleasurable to the spectators, but highly healthful for the performers themselves. I should call it the most excellent and best balanced of gymnastic exercises, since besides making the body soft, supple and light, and teaching it to be adroit in shifting, it also contributes no little strength.
71. Λυκῖνος: ἔτι δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἐπιτηδευμάτων τῶν μὲν τὸ τερπνόν, τῶν δὲ τὸ χρήσιμον ὑπισχνουμένων, μόνη ὄρχησις ἄμφω ἔχει, καὶ πολύ γε τὸ χρήσιμον ὠφελιμώτερον ὅσῳ μετὰ τοῦ τερπνοῦ γίγνεται. πόσῳ γὰρ τοῦτο ὁρᾶν ἥδιον ἢ πυκτεύοντας νεανίσκους καὶ αἵματι ῥεομένους, καὶ παλαίοντας ἄλλους ἐν κόνει, οὓς ἡ ὄρχησις πολλάκις ἀσφαλέστερον ἅμα καὶ εὐμορφότερον καὶ τερπνότερον ἐπιδείκνυται. τὴν μὲν οὖν γε σύντονον κίνησιν τῆς ὀρχηστικῆς καὶ στροφὰς αὐτῆς καὶ περιαγωγὰς καὶ πηδήματα καὶ ὑπτιασμοὺς τοῖς μὲν ἄλλοις τερπνὰ εἶναι συμβέβηκεν ὁρῶσιν, τοῖς δὲ ἐνεργοῦσιν αὐτοῖς ὑγιεινότατα· γυμνασίων γὰρ τὸ κάλλιστόν τε ἅμα καὶ εὐρυθμότατον τοῦτο φαίην ἂν ἔγωγε εἶναι, μαλάττον μὲν τὸ σῶμα καὶ κάμπτον καὶ κουφίζον καὶ εὐχερὲς εἶναι πρὸς μεταβολὴν διδάσκον, ἰσχύν τε οὐ μικρὰν περιποιοῦν τοῖς σώμασιν.
72. Then why is not dancing a thing of utter harmony, putting a fine edge upon the soul, disciplining the body, delighting the beholders and teaching them much that happened of old, to the accompaniment of flute and cymbals and cadenced song and magic that works its spell through eye and ear alike? If it is felicity of the human voice that you seek, where else can you find it or what can you hear that is more richly vocal or more melodious? If it is the high-pitched music of the flute or of the syrinx, in the dance you may enjoy that also to the full. I forbear to mention that you will become better in character through familiarity with such a spectacle, when you see the assembly detesting misdeeds, weeping over victims of injustice, and in general schooling the characters of the individual spectators.
72. Λυκῖνος: πῶς οὖν οὐ παναρμόνιόν τι χρῆμα ὄρχησις, θήγουσα μὲν τὴν ψυχήν, ἀσκοῦσα δὲ καὶ τὸ σῶμα, τέρπουσα δὲ τοὺς ὁρῶντας, διδάσκουσα δὲ πολλὰ τῶν πάλαι ὑπʼ αὐλοῖς καὶ κυμβάλοις καὶ μελῶν εὐρυθμίᾳ καὶ κηλήσει διά τε ὀφθαλμῶν καὶ ἀκοῆς; εἴτʼ οὖν φωνῆς εὐμοιρίαν ζητεῖς, ποῦ ἂν ἀλλαχόθι εὕροις, ἢ ποῖον πολυφωνότερον ἄκουσμα ἢ ἐμμελέστερον; εἴτε αὐλοῦ καὶ σύριγγος τὸ λιγυρώτερον, ἅλις καὶ τούτων ἐν ὀρχήσει ἀπολαῦσαί σοι πάρεστιν. ἐῶ λέγειν ὡς ἀμείνων τὸ ἦθος ὁμιλῶν τῇ τοιαύτῃ θέᾳ γενήσῃ, ὅταν ὁρᾷ ς τὸ θέατρον μισοῦν μὲν τὰ κακῶς γιγνόμενα, ἐπιδακρῦον δὲ τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις, καὶ ὅλως τὰ ἤθη τῶν ὁρώντων παιδαγωγοῦν.
73. But let me tell you in conclusion what is particularly to be commended in our dancers: that they cultivate equally both strength and suppleness of limb seems to me as amazing as if the might of Heracles and the daintiness of Aphrodite were to be manifested in the same person.
73. Λυκῖνος: ὃ δέ ἐστι μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῶν ὀρχηστῶν ἐπαινέσαι, τοῦτο ἤδη ἐρῶ· τὸ γὰρ ἰσχύν τε ἅμα καὶ ὑγρότητα τῶν μελῶν ἐπιτηδεύειν ὁμοίως παράδοξον εἶναί μοι δοκεῖ ὡς εἴ τις ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ καὶ Ἡρακλέους τὸ καρτερὸν καὶ Ἀφροδίτης τὸ ἁβρὸν δεικνύοι.
74. I wish now to depict for you in words what a good dancer should be like in mind and in body. To be sure, I have already mentioned most of his mental qualities. I hold, you know, that he should be retentive of memory, gifted, intelligent, keenly inventive, and above all successful in doing the right thing at the right time; besides, he should be able to judge poetry, to select the best songs and melodies, and to reject worthless compositions.
74. Λυκῖνος: ἐθέλω δὲ ἤδη καὶ ὑποδεῖξαί σοι τῷ λόγῳ ὁποῖον χρὴ εἶναι τὸν ἄριστον ὀρχηστὴν ἔν τε ψυχῇ καὶ σώματι. καίτοι τῆς μὲν ψυχῆς προεῖπον τὰ πλεῖστα· μνημονικόν τε γὰρ εἶναι καὶ εὐφυᾶ καὶ συνετὸν καὶ ὀξὺν ἐπινοῆσαι καὶ καιροῦ μάλιστα ἐστοχάσθαι φημὶ δεῖν αὐτόν, ἔτι δὲ κριτικόν τε ποιημάτων καὶ ᾀσμάτων καὶ μελῶν τῶν ἀρίστων διαγνωστικὸν καὶ τῶν κακῶς πεποιημένων ἐλεγκτικόν.
75. What I propose to unveil now is his body, which will conform to the canon of Polyclitus. It must be neither very tall and inordinately lanky, nor short and dwarfish in build, but exactly the right measure, without being either fat, which would be fatal to any illusion, or excessively thin; for that would suggest skeletons and corpses.
75. Λυκῖνος: τὸ δὲ σῶμα κατὰ τὸν Πολυκλείτου κανόνα ἤδη ἐπιδείξειν μοι δοκῶ· μήτε γὰρ ὑψηλὸς ἄγαν ἔστω καὶ πέρα τοῦ μετρίου ἐπιμήκης μήτε ταπεινὸς καὶ νανώδης τὴν φύσιν, ἀλλʼ ἔμμετρος ἀκριβῶς, οὔτε πολύσαρκος, ἀπίθανον γάρ, οὔτε λεπτὸς ἐς ὑπερβολήν· σκελετῶδες τοῦτο καὶ νεκρικόν.
76. To illustrate, I should like to tell you about the cat-calls of a certain populace that is not slow to mark such points. The people of Antioch, a very talented city which especially honours the dance, keep such an eye upon everything that is done and said that nothing ever escapes a man of them. When a diminutive dancer made his entrance and began to play Hector, they all cried out in a single voice, “Ho there, Astyanax! where is Hector?” On another occasion, when a man who was extremely tall undertook to dance Capaneus and assault the walls of Thebes, “Step over the wall,” they said, “you have no need of a ladder!” And in the case of the plump and heavy dancer who tried to make great leaps, they said, “We beg you, spare the stage!’ On the other hand, to one who was very thin they called out: “Good health to you,” as if he were ill. It is not for the joke’s sake that I have mentioned these comments, but to let you see that entire peoples have taken a great interest in the art of dancing, so that they could regulate its good and bad points.
76. Λυκῖνος: ἐθέλω γοῦν σοι καὶ δήμου τινὸς οὐ φαύλου τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐπισημαίνεσθαι βοὰς εἰπεῖν· οἱ γὰρ Ἀντιοχεῖς, εὐφυεστάτη πόλις καὶ ὄρχησιν μάλιστα πρεσβεύουσα, οὕτως ἐπιτηρεῖ τῶν λεγομένων καὶ τῶν γιγνομένων ἕκαστα, ὡς μηδένα μηδὲν αὐτῶν διαλανθάνειν. μικροῦ μὲν γὰρ ὀρχηστοῦ εἰσελθόντος καὶ τὸν Ἕκτορα ὀρχουμένου μιᾷ φωνῇ πάντες ἀνεβόησαν, ὦ Ἀστυάναξ, Ἕκτωρ δὲ ποῦ; ἄλλοτε δέ ποτε μηκίστου τινὸς ὑπὲρ τὸ μέτριον ὀρχεῖσθαι τὸν Καπανέα ἐπιχειροῦντος καὶ προσβάλλειν τοῖς Θηβαίων τείχεσιν, ὑπέρβηθι, ἔφησαν, τὸ τεῖχος, οὐδέν σοι δεῖ κλίμακος. καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ παχέος δὲ καὶ πιμελοῦς ὀρχηστοῦ πηδᾶν μεγάλα πειρωμένου, δεόμεθα, ἔφασαν, φεῖσαι τῆς θυμέλης. τὸ δὲ ἐναντίον τῷ πάνυ λεπτῷ ἐπεβόησαν, καλῶς ἔχε, ὡς νοσοῦντι. τούτων οὐ τοῦ γελοίου ἕνεκα ἐπεμνήσθην, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἴδῃς ὅτι καὶ δῆμοι ὅλοι μεγάλην σπουδὴν ἐποιήσαντο ἐπὶ τῇ ὀρχηστικῇ, ὡς ῥυθμίζειν τὰ καλὰ καὶ τὰ αἰσχρὰ αὐτῆς δύνασθαι.
77. In the next place, the dancer must by all means be agile and at once loose-jointed and well-knit, so as to bend like a withe as occasion arises and to be stubbornly firm if that should be requisite.
77. Λυκῖνος: εὐκίνητος δὲ τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο πάντως ἔστω καὶ τὸ σῶμα λελυμένος τε ἅμα καὶ συμπεπηγώς, ὡς λυγίζεσθαί τε ὅπη καιρὸς καὶ συνεστάναι καρτερῶς, εἰ τούτου δέοι.
78. That dancing does not differ widely from the use of the hands which figures in the public games—that it has something in common with the noble sport of Hermes and Pollux and Heracles, you may note by observing each of its mimic portrayals. Herodotus says that what is apprehended through the eyes is more trustworthy than hearing; but dancing possesses what appeals to ear and eye alike.
78. Λυκῖνος: ὅτι δὲ οὐκ ἀπήλλακται ὄρχησις καὶ τῆς ἐναγωνίου χειρονομίας ἀλλὰ μετέχει καὶ τῶν Ἑρμοῦ καὶ Πολυδεύκους καὶ Ἡρακλέους ἐν ἀθλήσει καλῶν ἴδοις ἂν ἑκάστῃ τῶν μιμήσεων ἐπισχών. Ἡροδότῳ μὲν οὖν τὰ διʼ ὀμμάτων φαινόμενα πιστότερα εἶναι τῶν ὤτων δοκεῖ· ὀρχήσει δὲ καὶ τὰ ὤτων καὶ ὀφθαλμῶν πρόσεστιν.
79. Its spell, too, is so potent that if a lover enters the theatre, he is restored to his right mind by seeing all the evil consequences of love; and one who is in the clutch of grief Jeaves the theatre in brighter mood, as if he had taken some potion that brings forgetfulness and, in the words of the poet,surcease from sorrow and anger.” An indication that each of those who see it follows closely what is going on and understands what is being presented lies in the fact that the spectators often weep when anything sad and pitiful reveals itself. And certainly the Bacchic dance that is especially cultivated in Ionia and in Pontus, although it is a satyr-show, nevertheless has so enthralled the people of those countries that when the appointed time comes round they each and all forget everything else and sit the whole day looking at titans, corybantes, satyrs, and rustics. Indeed, these parts in the dance are performed by the men of the best birth and first rank in every one of their cities, not only without shame but with greater pride in the thing than in family trees and public services and ancestral distinctions.
79. Λυκῖνος: οὕτω δὲ θέλγει ὄρχησις ὥστε ἂν ἐρῶν τις εἰς τὸ θέατρον παρέλθοι, ἐσωφρονίσθη ἰδὼν ὅσα ἔρωτος κακὰ τέλη· καὶ λύπῃ ἐχόμενος ἐξέρχεται τοῦ θεάτρου φαιδρότερος ὥσπερ τι φάρμακον ληθεδανὸν καὶ κατὰ τὸν ποιητὴν νηπενθές τε καὶ ἄχολον πιών. σημεῖον δὲ τῆς πρὸς τὰ γιγνόμενα οἰκειότητος καὶ τοῦ γνωρίζειν ἕκαστον τῶν ὁρώντων τὰ δεικνύμενα τὸ καὶ δακρύειν πολλάκις τοὺς θεατάς, ὁπόταν τι οἰκτρὸν καὶ ἐλεεινὸν φαίνηται. ἡ μέν γε Βακχικὴ ὄρχησις ἐν Ἰωνίᾳ μάλιστα καὶ ἐν Πόντῳ σπουδαζομένη, καίτοι σατυρικὴ οὖσα, οὕτω κεχείρωται τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τοὺς ἐκεῖ ὥστε κατὰ τὸν τεταγμένον ἕκαστοι καιρόν, ἁπάντων ἐπιλαθόμενοι τῶν ἄλλων, κάθηνται διʼ ἡμέρας τιτᾶνας καὶ κορύβαντας καὶ σατύρους καὶ βουκόλους ὁρῶντες. καὶ ὀρχοῦνταί γε ταῦτα οἱ εὐγενέστατοι καὶ πρωτεύοντες ἐν ἑκάστῃ τῶν πόλεων, οὐχ ὅπως αἰδούμενοι ἀλλὰ καὶ μέγα φρονοῦντες ἐπὶ τῷ πράγματι μᾶλλον ἤπερ ἐπʼ εὐγενείαις καὶ λειτουργίαις καὶ ἀξιώμασι προγονικοῖς.
80. Now that I have spoken of the strong points of dancers, let me tell you also of their defects. Those of the body, to be sure, I have already set forth; those of the mind I think you will be able to note with this explanation. Many of them, through ignorance—for it is impossible that they should all be clever—exhibit dreadful solecisms, so to speak, in their dancing. Some of them make senseless movements that have nothing to do with the harpstring, as the saying goes; for the foot says one thing and the music another. Others suit their movements to the music, but bring in their themes too late or too soon, as in a case which I remember to have seen one time. A dancer who was presenting the birth of Zeus, with Cronus eating his children, went off into presenting the misfortunes of Thyestes because the similarity led him astray. And another, trying to enact Semele stricken by the thunderbolt, assimilated her to Glauce, who was of a later generation. But we should not condemn the dance itself, I take it, or find fault with the activity itself on account of such dancers; we should consider them ignorant, as indeed they are, and should praise those who do everything satisfactorily, in accordance with the regulations and the rhythm of the art.
80. Λυκῖνος: ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰς ἀρετὰς ἔφην τὰς ὀρχηστικάς, ἄκουε καὶ τὰς κακίας αὐτῶν. τὰς μὲν οὖν ἐν σώματι ἤδη ἔδειξα, τὰς δὲ τῆς διανοίας οὕτως ἐπιτηρεῖν, οἶμαι, δύναιο ἄν. πολλοὶ γὰρ αὐτῶν ὑπʼ ἀμαθίας — ἀμήχανον γὰρ ἅπαντας εἶναι σοφούς — καὶ σολοικίας δεινὰς ἐν τῇ ὀρχήσει ἐπιδείκνυνται, οἱ μὲν ἄλογα κινούμενοι καὶ μηδέν, ὥς φασι, πρὸς τὴν χορδήν, ἕτερα μὲν γὰρ ὁ πούς, ἕτερα δʼ ὁ ῥυθμὸς λέγει· οἱ δὲ εὔρυθμα μέν, τὰ πράγματα δὲ μετάχρονα ἢ πρόχρονα, οἷον ἐγώ ποτε ἰδὼν μέμνημαι. τὰς γὰρ Διὸς γονὰς ὀρχούμενός τις καὶ τὴν τοῦ Κρόνου τεκνοφαγίαν παρωρχεῖτο τὰς Θυέστου συμφοράς, τῷ ὁμοίῳ παρηγμένος. καὶ ἄλλος τὴν Σεμέλην ὑποκρινόμενος βαλλομένην τῷ κεραυνῷ τὴν Γλαύκην αὐτῇ εἴκαζε μεταγενεστέραν οὖσαν. ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἀπό γε τῶν τοιούτων ὀρχηστῶν ὀρχήσεως αὐτῆς, οἶμαι, καταγνωστέον οὐδὲ τὸ ἔργον αὐτὸ μισητέον, ἀλλὰ τοὺς μέν, ὥσπερ εἰσίν, ἀμαθεῖς νομιστέον, ἐπαινετέον δὲ τοὺς ἐννόμως καὶ κατὰ ῥυθμὸν τῆς τέχνης ἱκανῶς ἕκαστα δρῶντας.
81. In general, the dancer should be perfect in every point, so as to be wholly rhythmical, graceful, symmetrical, consistent, unexceptionable, impeccable, not wanting in any way, blent of the highest qualities, keen in his ideas, profound in his culture, and above all, human in his sentiments. In fact, the praise that he gets from the spectators will be consummate when each of those who behold him recognises his own traits, or rather sees in the dancer as in a mirror his very self, with his customary feelings and actions. Then people cannot contain themselves for pleasure, and with one accord they burst into applause, each seeing the reflection of his own soul and recognising himself. Really, that Delphic monition “Know thyself” realises itself in them from the spectacle, and when they go away from the theatre they have learned what they should choose and what avoid, and have been taught what they did not know before.
81. Λυκῖνος: ὅλως δὲ τὸν ὀρχηστὴν δεῖ πανταχόθεν ἀπηκριβῶσθαι, ὡς εἶναι τὸ πᾶν εὔρυθμον, εὔμορφον, σύμμετρον, αὐτὸ αὑτῷ ἐοικός, ἀσυκοφάντητον, ἀνεπίληπτον, μηδαμῶς ἐλλιπές, ἐκ τῶν ἀρίστων κεκραμένον, τὰς ἐνθυμήσεις ὀξύν, τὴν παιδείαν βαθύν, τὰς ἐννοίας ἀνθρώπινον μάλιστα. ὁ γοῦν ἔπαινος αὐτῷ τότʼ ἂν γίγνοιτο ἐντελὴς παρὰ τῶν θεατῶν ὅταν ἕκαστος τῶν ὁρώντων γνωρίζῃ τὰ αὑτοῦ, μᾶλλον δὲ ὥσπερ ἐν κατόπτρῳ τῷ ὀρχηστῇ ἑαυτὸν βλέπῃ καὶ ἃ πάσχειν αὐτὸς καὶ ἃ ποιεῖν εἴωθεν· τότε γὰρ οὐδὲ κατέχειν ἑαυτοὺς οἱ ἄνθρωποι ὑφʼ ἡδονῆς δύνανται, ἀλλʼ ἀθρόοι πρὸς τὸν ἔπαινον ἐκχέονται, τὰς τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ψυχῆς ἕκαστος εἰκόνας ὁρῶντες καὶ αὑτοὺς γνωρίζοντες. ἀτεχνῶς γὰρ τὸ Δελφικὸν ἐκεῖνο τὸ Γνῶθι σεαυτὸν ἐκ τῆς θέας αὐτοῖς περιγίγνεται, καὶ ἀπέρχονται ἀπὸ τοῦ θεάτρου ἅ τε χρὴ αἱρεῖσθαι καὶ ἃ φεύγειν μεμαθηκότες καὶ ἃ πρότερον ἠγνόουν διδαχθέντες.
82. As in literature, so too in dancing what is generally called “bad taste” comes in when they exceed the due limit of mimicry and put forth greater effort than they should; if something large requires to be shown, they represent it as enormous; if something dainty, they make it extravagantly effeminate, and they carry masculinity to the point of savagery and bestiality.
82. Λυκῖνος: γίνεται δέ, ὥσπερ ἐν λόγοις, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐν ὀρχήσει ἡ πρὸς τῶν πολλῶν λεγομένη κακοζηλία ὑπερβαινόντων τὸ μέτρον τῆς μιμήσεως καὶ πέρα τοῦ δέοντος ἐπιτεινόντων, καὶ εἰ μέγα τι δεῖξαι δέοι, ὑπερμέγεθες ἐπιδεικνυμένων, καὶ εἰ ἁπαλόν, καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν θηλυνομένων, καὶ τὰ ἀνδρώδη ἄχρι τοῦ ἀγρίου καὶ θηριώδους προαγόντων.
83. Something of that sort, I remember, I once saw done by a dancer who until then had been in high esteem, as he was intelligent in every way and truly worth admiring; but by some ill-luck, I know not what, he wrecked his fortunes upon an ugly bit of acting through exaggerated mimicry. _ In presenting Ajax going mad immediately after his defeat, he so overleaped himself that it might well have been thought that instead of feigning madness he was himself insane; for he tore the clothes of one of the men that beat time with the iron shoe, and snatching a flute from one of the accompanists, with a vigorous blow he cracked the crown of Odysseus, who was standing near and exulting in his victory; indeed, if his watch-cap had not offered resistance and borne the brunt of the blow, poor Odysseus would have lost his life through falling in the way of a crazy dancer. The pit, however, all went mad with Ajax, leaping and shouting and flinging up their garments; for the riff-raff, the absolutely unenlightened, took no thought for propriety and could not perceive what was good or what was bad, but thought that sort of thing consummate mimicry of the ailment, while the politer sort understood, to be sure, and were ashamed of what was going on, but instead of censuring the thing by silence, they themselves applauded to cover the absurdity of the dancing, although they perceived clearly that what went on came from the madness of the actor, not that of Ajax. For, not content with all this, our hero did something else that was far more laughable. Coming down among the public, he seated himself among the senators, between two ex-consuls, who were very much afraid that he would seize one of them and drub him, taking him for a wether! The thing caused some to marvel, some to laugh, and some to suspect that perhaps in consequence of his overdone mimicry he had fallen into the real ailment.
83. Λυκῖνος: οἷον ἐγώ ποτε μέμνημαι ἰδὼν ποιοῦντα ὀρχηστὴν εὐδοκιμοῦντα πρότερον, συνετὸν μὲν τὰ ἄλλα καὶ θαυμάζεσθαι ὡς ἀληθῶς ἄξιον, οὐκ οἶδα δὲ ᾗτινι τύχῃ εἰς ἀσχήμονα ὑπόκρισιν διʼ ὑπερβολὴν μιμήσεως ἐξοκείλαντα. ὀρχούμενος γὰρ τὸν Αἴαντα μετὰ τὴν ἧτταν εὐθὺς μαινόμενον, εἰς τοσοῦτον ὑπερεξέπεσεν ὥστε οὐχ ὑποκρίνασθαι μανίαν ἀλλὰ μαίνεσθαι αὐτὸς εἰκότως ἄν τινι ἔδοξεν. ἑνὸς γὰρ τῶν τῷ σιδηρῷ ὑποδήματι κτυπούντων τὴν ἐσθῆτα κατέρρηξεν, ἑνὸς δὲ τῶν ὑπαυλούντων τὸν αὐλὸν ἁρπάσας τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως πλησίον ἑστῶτος καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ μέγα φρονοῦντος διεῖλε τὴν κεφαλὴν κατενεγκών, καὶ εἴ γε μὴ ὁ πῖλος ἀντέσχεν καὶ τὸ πολὺ τῆς πληγῆς ἀπεδέξατο, ἀπωλώλει ἂν ὁ κακοδαίμων Ὀδυσσεύς, ὀρχηστῇ παραπαίοντι περιπεσών. ἀλλὰ τό γε θέατρον ἅπαν συνεμεμήνει τῷ Αἴαντι καὶ ἐπήδων καὶ ἐβόων καὶ τὰς ἐσθῆτας ἀνερρίπτουν, οἱ μὲν συρφετώδεις καὶ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἰδιῶται τοῦ μὲν εὐσχήμονος οὐκ ἐστοχασμένοι οὐδὲ τὸ χεῖρον ἢ τὸ κρεῖττον ὁρῶντες, ἄκραν δὲ μίμησιν τοῦ πάθους τὰ τοιαῦτα οἰόμενοι εἶναι· οἱ ἀστειότεροι δὲ συνιέντες μὲν καὶ αἰδούμενοι ἐπὶ τοῖς γινομένοις, οὐκ ἐλέγχοντες δὲ σιωπῇ τὸ πρᾶγμα, τοῖς δὲ ἐπαίνοις καὶ αὐτοὶ τὴν ἄνοιαν τῆς ὀρχήσεως ἐπικαλύπτοντες, καὶ ἀκριβῶς ὁρῶντες ὅτι οὐκ Αἴαντος ἀλλὰ ὀρχηστοῦ μανίας τὰ γιγνόμενα ἦν. οὐ γὰρ ἀρκεσθεὶς τούτοις ὁ γενναῖος ἄλλο μακρῷ τούτου γελοιότερον ἔπραξε· καταβὰς γὰρ εἰς τὸ μέσον ἐν τῇ βουλῇ δύο ὑπατικῶν μέσος ἐκαθέζετο, πάνυ δεδιότων μὴ καὶ αὐτῶν τινα ὥσπερ κριὸν μαστιγώσῃ λαβών. καὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα οἱ μὲν ἐθαύμαζον, οἱ δὲ ἐγέλων, οἱ δὲ ὑπώπτευον μὴ ἄρα ἐκ τῆς ἄγαν μιμήσεως εἰς τὴν τοῦ πάθους ἀλήθειαν ὑπηνέχθη.
84. Moreover, the man himself, they say, once he had returned to his sober senses, was so sorry for what he had done that he really became ill through distress and in all truth was given up for mad. Indeed, he himself showed his repentance clearly, for when his supporters asked him to dance Ajax for them once more, begging to be excused, he said to the audience, “For an actor, it is enough to have gone mad once!” What irked him most was that his antagonist and rival, when cast for Ajax in the same role, enacted his madness so discreetly and sanely as to win praise, since he kept within the bounds of the dance and did not debauch the histrionic art.
84. Λυκῖνος: καὶ αὐτὸν μέντοι φασὶν ἀνανήψαντα οὕτως μετανοῆσαι ἐφʼ οἷς ἐποίησεν ὥστε καὶ νοσῆσαι ὑπὸ λύπης, ὡς ἀληθῶς ἐπὶ μανίᾳ κατεγνωσμένον. καὶ ἐδήλωσέ γε τοῦτο σαφῶς αὐτός· αἰτούντων γὰρ αὖθις τῶν στασιωτῶν αὐτοῦ τὸν Αἴαντα ὀρχήσασθαι αὐτοῖς, παραιτησάμενος, τὸν ὑποκριτήν, ἔφη πρὸς τὸ θέατρον, ἱκανόν ἐστιν ἅπαξ μανῆναι. μάλιστα δὲ αὐτὸν ἠνίασεν ὁ ἀνταγωνιστὴς καὶ ἀντίτεχνος· τοῦ γὰρ ὁμοίου Αἴαντος αὐτῷ γραφέντος οὕτω κοσμίως καὶ σωφρόνως τὴν μανίαν ὑπεκρίνατο ὡς ἐπαινεθῆναι, μείνας ἐντὸς τῶν τῆς ὀρχήσεως ὅρων καὶ μὴ παροινήσας εἰς τὴν ὑπόκρισιν.
85. These, my friend, are but a few out of manifold achievements and activities of the dance, and I have given you a glimpse of them in order that you may not be highly displeased with me for viewing them with ardent eyes. If you should care to join me in looking on, I know very well that you will be wholly enthralled and will even catch the dancer-craze. So I shall not need to say to you what Circe said:Wonder holds me to see that you drained this draught unenchanted.For you will be enchanted, and by Zeus it will not be any donkey’s head or pig’s heart that you will have, but your mind will be more firmly established and you will be so enraptured that you will not give even a tiny bit of the brew to anyone else to drink. Homer says, you know, of the golden wand of Hermes that he “charmeth the eyes of men” with it,Whomsoever he wishes, and others he wakes that are sleeping.Really, dancing does just that: it charms the eyes and makes them wide awake, and it rouses the mind to respond to every detail of its performances. CRATO Upon my word, Lycinus, I have come to the point of believing you and am all agog, ear and eye alike. Do remember, my friend, when you go to the theatre, to reserve me a seat at your side, in order that you may not be the only one to come back to us wiser!
85. Λυκῖνος: ταῦτά σοι, ὦ φιλότης, ὀλίγα ἐκ παμπόλλων παρέδειξα ὀρχήσεως ἔργα καὶ ἐπιτηδεύματα, ὡς μὴ πάνυ ἄχθοιό μοι ἐρωτικῶς θεωμένῳ αὐτά. εἰ δὲ βουληθείης κοινωνῆσαί μοι τῆς θέας, εὖ οἶδα ἐγὼ πάνυ ἁλωσόμενόν σε καὶ ὀρχηστομανήσοντά γε προσέτι. ὥστε οὐδὲν δεήσομαι τὸ τῆς Κίρκης ἐκεῖνο πρὸς σὲ εἰπεῖν, τὸ θαῦμά μʼ ἔχει ὡς οὔτι πιὼν τάδε φάρμακʼ ἐθέλχθης, θελχθήσῃ γάρ, καὶ μὰ Δίʼ οὐκ ὄνου κεφαλὴν ἢ συὸς καρδίαν ἕξεις, ἀλλʼ ὁ μὲν νόος σοι ἐμπεδώτερος ἔσται, σὺ δὲ ὑφʼ ἡδονῆς οὐδὲ ὀλίγον τοῦ κυκεῶνος ἄλλῳ μεταδώσεις πιεῖν. ὅπερ γὰρ ὁ Ὅμηρος περὶ τῆς Ἑρμοῦ ῥάβδου τῆς χρυσῆς λέγει, ὅτι καὶ ἀνδρῶν ὄμματα θέλγει διʼ αὐτῆς ὧν ἐθέλει, τοὺς δʼ αὖτε καὶ ὑπνώοντας ἐγείρει, τοῦτο ἀτεχνῶς ὄρχησις ποιεῖ καὶ τὰ ὄμματα θέλγουσα καὶ ἐγρηγορέναι ποιοῦσα καὶ ἐπεγείρουσα τὴν διάνοιαν πρὸς ἕκαστα τῶν δρωμένων. Κράτων: καὶ μὴν ἤδη ἐγώ, ὦ Λυκῖνε, πείθομαί τέ σοι καὶ ἀναπεπταμένα ἔχω καὶ τὰ ὦτα καὶ τὰ ὄμματα. καὶ μέμνησό γε, ὦ φιλότης, ἐπειδὰν εἰς τὸ θέατρον ἴῃς, κἀμοὶ παρὰ σαυτῷ θέαν καταλαμβάνειν, ὡς μὴ μόνος ἐκεῖθεν σοφώτερος ἡμῖν ἐπανίοις.