And what kind of incarnation causes unskillful qualities to grow while skillful qualities decline? For one who generates a hurtful incarnation not for the sake of the state of perfection, unskillful qualities grow while skillful qualities decline. And what kind of incarnation causes unskillful qualities to decline while skillful qualities grow? For one who generates a pleasing incarnation for the sake of the state of perfection, unskillful qualities decline while skillful qualities grow. ‘I say that there are two kinds of incarnation: that which you should cultivate, and that which you should not cultivate. And these are equally incarnation.’ That’s what the Buddha said, and this is why he said it.
Kathaṁrūpaṁ, bhante, attabhāvapaṭilābhaṁ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti? Sabyābajjhaṁ, bhante, attabhāvapaṭilābhaṁ abhinibbattayato apariniṭṭhitabhāvāya akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti; abyābajjhaṁ, bhante, attabhāvapaṭilābhaṁ abhinibbattayato pariniṭṭhitabhāvāya akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti. ‘Attabhāvapaṭilābhampāhaṁ, bhikkhave, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampi; tañca aññamaññaṁ attabhāvapaṭilābhan’ti— iti yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ bhagavatā idametaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ.
Sir, that’s how I understand the detailed meaning of the Buddha’s brief statement.”
Imassa kho ahaṁ, bhante, bhagavatā saṅkhittena bhāsitassa, vitthārena atthaṁ avibhattassa, evaṁ vitthārena atthaṁ ājānāmī”ti.
“Good, good, Sāriputta! It’s good that you understand the detailed meaning of my brief statement in this way.”
“Sādhu sādhu, sāriputta. Sādhu kho tvaṁ, sāriputta, imassa mayā saṅkhittena bhāsitassa, vitthārena atthaṁ avibhattassa, evaṁ vitthārena atthaṁ ājānāsi.
And the Buddha went on to repeat and endorse Venerable Sāriputta’s explanation in full. Then he went on to explain further:
‘Kāyasamācārampāhaṁ, bhikkhave, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampi; tañca aññamaññaṁ kāyasamācāran’ti— iti kho panetaṁ vuttaṁ mayā. Kiñcetaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ? Yathārūpaṁ, sāriputta, kāyasamācāraṁ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti evarūpo kāyasamācāro na sevitabbo; yathārūpañca kho, sāriputta, kāyasamācāraṁ sevato akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti— evarūpo kāyasamācāro sevitabbo.
Kathaṁrūpaṁ, sāriputta, kāyasamācāraṁ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti? Idha, sāriputta, ekacco pāṇātipātī hoti luddo lohitapāṇi hatappahate niviṭṭho adayāpanno pāṇabhūtesu; adinnādāyī kho pana hoti, yaṁ taṁ parassa paravittūpakaraṇaṁ gāmagataṁ vā araññagataṁ vā taṁ adinnaṁ theyyasaṅkhātaṁ ādātā hoti; kāmesumicchācārī kho pana hoti, yā tā māturakkhitā piturakkhitā mātāpiturakkhitā bhāturakkhitā bhaginirakkhitā ñātirakkhitā gottarakkhitā dhammarakkhitā sassāmikā saparidaṇḍā antamaso mālāguḷaparikkhittāpi tathārūpāsu cārittaṁ āpajjitā hoti— evarūpaṁ, sāriputta, kāyasamācāraṁ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti.
Kathaṁrūpaṁ, sāriputta, kāyasamācāraṁ sevato akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti? Idha, sāriputta, ekacco pāṇātipātaṁ pahāya pāṇātipātā paṭivirato hoti nihitadaṇḍo nihitasattho, lajjī dayāpanno sabbapāṇabhūtahitānukampī viharati; adinnādānaṁ pahāya adinnādānā paṭivirato hoti, yaṁ taṁ parassa paravittūpakaraṇaṁ gāmagataṁ vā araññagataṁ vā taṁ nādinnaṁ theyyasaṅkhātaṁ ādātā hoti; kāmesumicchācāraṁ pahāya kāmesumicchācārā paṭivirato hoti, yā tā māturakkhitā piturakkhitā mātāpiturakkhitā bhāturakkhitā bhaginirakkhitā ñātirakkhitā gottarakkhitā dhammarakkhitā sassāmikā saparidaṇḍā antamaso mālāguḷaparikkhittāpi tathārūpāsu na cārittaṁ āpajjitā hoti— evarūpaṁ, sāriputta, kāyasamācāraṁ sevato akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti. ‘Kāyasamācārampāhaṁ, bhikkhave, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampi; tañca aññamaññaṁ kāyasamācāran’ti— iti yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ mayā idametaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ.
Vacīsamācārampāhaṁ, bhikkhave, duvidhena vadāmi …pe… manosamācārampāhaṁ, bhikkhave, duvidhena vadāmi …pe… cittuppādampāhaṁ, bhikkhave, duvidhena vadāmi …pe… saññāpaṭilābhampāhaṁ, bhikkhave, duvidhena vadāmi …pe… diṭṭhipaṭilābhampāhaṁ, bhikkhave, duvidhena vadāmi …pe….
‘Attabhāvapaṭilābhampāhaṁ, bhikkhave, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampi; tañca aññamaññaṁ attabhāvapaṭilābhan’ti— iti kho panetaṁ vuttaṁ mayā. Kiñcetaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ? Yathārūpaṁ, sāriputta, attabhāvapaṭilābhaṁ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti evarūpo attabhāvapaṭilābho na sevitabbo; yathārūpañca kho, sāriputta, attabhāvapaṭilābhaṁ sevato akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti— evarūpo attabhāvapaṭilābho sevitabbo.
Kathaṁrūpaṁ, sāriputta, attabhāvapaṭilābhaṁ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti? Sabyābajjhaṁ, sāriputta, attabhāvapaṭilābhaṁ abhinibbattayato apariniṭṭhitabhāvāya akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti; abyābajjhaṁ, sāriputta, attabhāvapaṭilābhaṁ abhinibbattayato pariniṭṭhitabhāvāya akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti. ‘Attabhāvapaṭilābhampāhaṁ, bhikkhave, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampi; tañca aññamaññaṁ attabhāvapaṭilābhan’ti— iti yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ mayā idametaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ. Imassa kho, sāriputta, mayā saṅkhittena bhāsitassa evaṁ vitthārena attho daṭṭhabbo.
“I say that there are two kinds of sight known by the eye: that which you should cultivate, and that which you should not cultivate. I say that there are two kinds of sound known by the ear … two kinds of smell known by the nose … two kinds of taste known by the tongue … two kinds of touch known by the body … two kinds of idea known by the mind: that which you should cultivate, and that which you should not cultivate.”
Cakkhuviññeyyaṁ rūpampāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampi; sotaviññeyyaṁ saddampāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi asevitabbampi; ghānaviññeyyaṁ gandhampāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampi; jivhāviññeyyaṁ rasampāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampi; kāyaviññeyyaṁ phoṭṭhabbampāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampi; manoviññeyyaṁ dhammampāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī”ti.
When he said this, Venerable Sāriputta said to the Buddha:
Evaṁ vutte, āyasmā sāriputto bhagavantaṁ etadavoca:
“Sir, this is how I understand the detailed meaning of the Buddha’s brief statement.
“imassa kho ahaṁ, bhante, bhagavatā saṅkhittena bhāsitassa, vitthārena atthaṁ avibhattassa, evaṁ vitthārena atthaṁ ājānāmi.
‘I say that there are two kinds of sight known by the eye: that which you should cultivate, and that which you should not cultivate.’ That’s what the Buddha said, but why did he say it? You should not cultivate the kind of sight known by the eye which causes unskillful qualities to grow while skillful qualities decline. And you should cultivate the kind of sight known by the eye which causes unskillful qualities to decline while skillful qualities grow. ‘I say that there are two kinds of sight known by the eye: that which you should cultivate, and that which you should not cultivate.’ That’s what the Buddha said, and this is why he said it.
‘Cakkhuviññeyyaṁ rūpampāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti kho panetaṁ vuttaṁ bhagavatā. Kiñcetaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ? Yathārūpaṁ, bhante, cakkhuviññeyyaṁ rūpaṁ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti evarūpaṁ cakkhuviññeyyaṁ rūpaṁ na sevitabbaṁ; yathārūpañca kho, bhante, cakkhuviññeyyaṁ rūpaṁ sevato akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti evarūpaṁ cakkhuviññeyyaṁ rūpaṁ sevitabbaṁ. ‘Cakkhuviññeyyaṁ rūpampāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ bhagavatā idametaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ.
‘I say that there are two kinds of sound known by the ear … two kinds of smell known by the nose … two kinds of taste known by the tongue … two kinds of touch known by the body … two kinds of idea known by the mind: that which you should cultivate, and that which you should not cultivate.’ That’s what the Buddha said, but why did he say it?
Sotaviññeyyaṁ saddampāhaṁ, sāriputta …pe… evarūpo sotaviññeyyo saddo na sevitabbo … evarūpo sotaviññeyyo saddo sevitabbo … evarūpo ghānaviññeyyo gandho na sevitabbo … evarūpo ghānaviññeyyo gandho sevitabbo … evarūpo jivhāviññeyyo raso na sevitabbo … evarūpo jivhāviññeyyo raso sevitabbo … kāyaviññeyyaṁ phoṭṭhabbampāhaṁ, sāriputta … evarūpo kāyaviññeyyo phoṭṭhabbo na sevitabbo … evarūpo kāyaviññeyyo phoṭṭhabbo sevitabbo. ‘Manoviññeyyaṁ dhammampāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti kho panetaṁ vuttaṁ bhagavatā. Kiñcetaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ?
You should not cultivate the kind of idea known by the mind which causes unskillful qualities to grow while skillful qualities decline. And you should cultivate the kind of idea known by the mind which causes unskillful qualities to decline while skillful qualities grow. ‘I say that there are two kinds of idea known by the mind: that which you should cultivate, and that which you should not cultivate.’ That’s what the Buddha said, and this is why he said it. Sir, that’s how I understand the detailed meaning of the Buddha’s brief statement.”
Yathārūpaṁ, bhante, manoviññeyyaṁ dhammaṁ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti evarūpo manoviññeyyo dhammo na sevitabbo; yathārūpañca kho, bhante, manoviññeyyaṁ dhammaṁ sevato akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti evarūpo manoviññeyyo dhammo sevitabbo. ‘Manoviññeyyaṁ dhammampāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ bhagavatā idametaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ. Imassa kho ahaṁ, bhante, bhagavatā saṅkhittena bhāsitassa, vitthārena atthaṁ avibhattassa, evaṁ vitthārena atthaṁ ājānāmī”ti.
“Good, good, Sāriputta! It’s good that you understand the detailed meaning of my brief statement in this way.”
“Sādhu sādhu, sāriputta. Sādhu kho tvaṁ, sāriputta, imassa mayā saṅkhittena bhāsitassa, vitthārena atthaṁ avibhattassa, evaṁ vitthārena atthaṁ ājānāsi.
And the Buddha went on to repeat and endorse Venerable Sāriputta’s explanation in full. Then he went on to explain further:
‘Cakkhuviññeyyaṁ rūpampāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti kho panetaṁ vuttaṁ mayā. Kiñcetaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ? Yathārūpaṁ, sāriputta, cakkhuviññeyyaṁ rūpaṁ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti evarūpaṁ cakkhuviññeyyaṁ rūpaṁ na sevitabbaṁ; yathārūpañca kho, sāriputta, cakkhuviññeyyaṁ rūpaṁ sevato akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti evarūpaṁ cakkhuviññeyyaṁ rūpaṁ sevitabbaṁ. ‘Cakkhuviññeyyaṁ rūpampāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ mayā idametaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ.
Sotaviññeyyaṁ saddampāhaṁ, sāriputta …pe… evarūpo sotaviññeyyo saddo na sevitabbo … evarūpo sotaviññeyyo saddo sevitabbo … evarūpo ghānaviññeyyo gandho na sevitabbo … evarūpo ghānaviññeyyo gandho sevitabbo … evarūpo jivhāviññeyyo raso na sevitabbo … evarūpo jivhāviññeyyo raso sevitabbo … evarūpo kāyaviññeyyo phoṭṭhabbo na sevitabbo … evarūpo kāyaviññeyyo phoṭṭhabbo sevitabbo.
Manoviññeyyaṁ dhammampāhaṁ, sāriputta …pe… evarūpo manoviññeyyo dhammo na sevitabbo … evarūpo manoviññeyyo dhammo sevitabbo. ‘Manoviññeyyaṁ dhammampāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ mayā idametaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ. Imassa kho, sāriputta, mayā saṅkhittena bhāsitassa evaṁ vitthārena attho daṭṭhabbo.
“I say that there are two kinds of robes: that which you should cultivate, and that which you should not cultivate. I say that there are two kinds of almsfood … lodging … village … town … city … country … individual: that which you should cultivate, and that which you should not cultivate.”
Cīvaraṁpāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampi …pe… piṇḍapātaṁpāhaṁ, sāriputta … senāsanaṁpāhaṁ, sāriputta … gāmampāhaṁ, sāriputta … nigamampāhaṁ, sāriputta … nagarampāhaṁ, sāriputta … janapadampāhaṁ, sāriputta … puggalaṁpāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī”ti.
When he said this, Venerable Sāriputta said to the Buddha:
Evaṁ vutte, āyasmā sāriputto bhagavantaṁ etadavoca:
“Sir, this is how I understand the detailed meaning of the Buddha’s brief statement. ‘I say that there are two kinds of robes … almsfood … lodging … village … town … city … country … individual: that which you should cultivate, and that which you should not cultivate.’ That’s what the Buddha said, but why did he say it? You should not cultivate the kind of individual who causes unskillful qualities to grow while skillful qualities decline. And you should cultivate the kind of individual who causes unskillful qualities to decline while skillful qualities grow. ‘I say that there are two kinds of individual: those who you should cultivate, and those who you should not cultivate.’ That’s what the Buddha said, and this is why he said it.
“imassa kho ahaṁ, bhante, bhagavatā saṅkhittena bhāsitassa, vitthārena atthaṁ avibhattassa, evaṁ vitthārena atthaṁ ājānāmi. ‘Cīvaraṁpāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti kho panetaṁ vuttaṁ bhagavatā. Kiñcetaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ? Yathārūpaṁ, bhante, cīvaraṁ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti evarūpaṁ cīvaraṁ na sevitabbaṁ; yathārūpañca kho, bhante, cīvaraṁ sevato akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti evarūpaṁ cīvaraṁ sevitabbaṁ. ‘Cīvaraṁpāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ bhagavatā idametaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ. Piṇḍapātaṁpāhaṁ, sāriputta …pe… evarūpo piṇḍapāto na sevitabbo … evarūpo piṇḍapāto sevitabbo … senāsanaṁpāhaṁ, sāriputta …pe… evarūpaṁ senāsanaṁ na sevitabbaṁ … evarūpaṁ senāsanaṁ sevitabbaṁ … gāmampāhaṁ, sāriputta …pe… evarūpo gāmo na sevitabbo … evarūpo gāmo sevitabbo … evarūpo nigamo na sevitabbo … evarūpo nigamo sevitabbo … evarūpaṁ nagaraṁ na sevitabbaṁ … evarūpaṁ nagaraṁ sevitabbaṁ … evarūpo janapado na sevitabbo … evarūpo janapado sevitabbo. ‘Puggalaṁpāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti kho panetaṁ vuttaṁ bhagavatā. Kiñcetaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ? Yathārūpaṁ, bhante, puggalaṁ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti evarūpo puggalo na sevitabbo; yathārūpañca kho, bhante, puggalaṁ sevato akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti evarūpo puggalo sevitabbo. ‘Puggalaṁpāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ bhagavatā idametaṁ paṭicca vuttanti.
Sir, that’s how I understand the detailed meaning of the Buddha’s brief statement.”
Imassa kho ahaṁ, bhante, bhagavatā saṅkhittena bhāsitassa, vitthārena atthaṁ avibhattassa evaṁ vitthārena atthaṁ ājānāmī”ti.
“Good, good, Sāriputta! It’s good that you understand the detailed meaning of my brief statement in this way.”
“Sādhu sādhu, sāriputta. Sādhu kho tvaṁ, sāriputta, imassa mayā saṅkhittena bhāsitassa, vitthārena atthaṁ avibhattassa evaṁ vitthārena atthaṁ ājānāsi.
And the Buddha went on to repeat and endorse Venerable Sāriputta’s explanation in full. Then he added:
‘Cīvaraṁpāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti kho panetaṁ vuttaṁ mayā. Kiñcetaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ? Yathārūpaṁ, sāriputta, cīvaraṁ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti evarūpaṁ cīvaraṁ na sevitabbaṁ; yathārūpañca kho, sāriputta, cīvaraṁ sevato akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti evarūpaṁ cīvaraṁ sevitabbaṁ. ‘Cīvaraṁpāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ mayā idametaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ.
(Yathā paṭhamaṁ tathā vitthāretabbaṁ) Evarūpo piṇḍapāto … evarūpaṁ senāsanaṁ … evarūpo gāmo … evarūpo nigamo … evarūpaṁ nagaraṁ … evarūpo janapado.
‘Puggalaṁpāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti kho panetaṁ vuttaṁ mayā. Kiñcetaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ? Yathārūpaṁ, sāriputta, puggalaṁ sevato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti evarūpo puggalo na sevitabbo; yathārūpañca kho, sāriputta, puggalaṁ sevato akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti evarūpo puggalo sevitabbo. ‘Puggalaṁpāhaṁ, sāriputta, duvidhena vadāmi— sevitabbampi, asevitabbampī’ti— iti yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ mayā idametaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ. Imassa kho, sāriputta, mayā saṅkhittena bhāsitassa evaṁ vitthārena attho daṭṭhabbo.
“If all the aristocrats, brahmins, peasants, and menials were to understand the detailed meaning of my brief statement in this way, it would be for their lasting welfare and happiness. If the whole world—with its gods, Māras, and divinities, this population with its ascetics and brahmins, gods and humans—was to understand the detailed meaning of my brief statement in this way, it would be for the whole world’s lasting welfare and happiness.”
Sabbepi ce, sāriputta, khattiyā imassa mayā saṅkhittena bhāsitassa evaṁ vitthārena atthaṁ ājāneyyuṁ, sabbesānampissa khattiyānaṁ dīgharattaṁ hitāya sukhāya. Sabbepi ce, sāriputta, brāhmaṇā …pe… sabbepi ce, sāriputta, vessā … sabbepi ce, sāriputta, suddā imassa mayā saṅkhittena bhāsitassa evaṁ vitthārena atthaṁ ājāneyyuṁ, sabbesānampissa suddānaṁ dīgharattaṁ hitāya sukhāya. Sadevakopi ce, sāriputta, loko samārako sabrahmako sassamaṇabrāhmaṇī pajā sadevamanussā imassa mayā saṅkhittena bhāsitassa evaṁ vitthārena atthaṁ ājāneyya, sadevakassapissa lokassa samārakassa sabrahmakassa sassamaṇabrāhmaṇiyā pajāya sadevamanussāya dīgharattaṁ hitāya sukhāyā”ti.
That is what the Buddha said. Satisfied, Venerable Sāriputta approved what the Buddha said.
Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamano āyasmā sāriputto bhagavato bhāsitaṁ abhinandīti.
Sevitabbāsevitabbasuttaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ catutthaṁ.