---
title: "Life of Brutus · Βροῦτος"
author: "Plutarch"
translator: "Bernadotte Perrin"
title_ru: "Жизнеописание: Брут"
author_ru: "Плутарх"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
section: 4 of 5
url: https://scriptura.si/works/plutarch-brutus/4/
cite: "Plutarch, tr. Bernadotte Perrin, Life of Brutus · Βροῦτος, section 4. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/plutarch-brutus/4/"
---

# Life of Brutus · Βροῦτος

*Plutarch, tr. Bernadotte Perrin*

Russian: Жизнеописание: Брут, Плутарх

Marcus Brutus, the philosopher among Caesar’s assassins, his wife Portia, the ghost before Philippi and the end; with the Comparison of Dion and Brutus.

> Greek: ed. Bernadotte Perrin, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0007.tlg061, tlg0007.tlg062, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Bernadotte Perrin, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0007.tlg061.perseus-eng2, tlg0007.tlg062.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 4. Chapters 41–53

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/plutarch-brutus/4/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/plutarch-brutus/4/#p-N

[¶0] 41.4. At this point, while tickets with the watchword written upon them were being carried to his officers from Brutus, and while Brutus himself was riding along past the legions and encouraging them, few of his men succeeded in hearing the watchword as it was passed along, but most of them, without waiting for it, with one impulse and with one war-cry, rushed upon the enemy.

> Greek: 41.4. ἐν τούτῳ γραμματείων τε παρὰ Βρούτου τοῖς ἡγεμόσι φοιτώντων, ἐν οἷς ἦν τὸ σύνθημα γεγραμμένον, αὐτοῦ τε παρεξιόντος ἵππῳ τὰ τάγματα καὶ παραθαρρύνοντος, ὀλίγοι μὲν ἔφθασαν ἀκοῦσαι τὸ σύνθημα παρεγγυώμενον, οἱ δὲ πλεῖστοι μὴ προσμείναντες ὁρμῇ μιᾷ καὶ ἀλαλαγμῷπροσεφέροντο τοῖς πολεμίοις.

[¶1] 41.5. This disorder threw the legions out of line and touch with one another, and first that of Messala, then those that had been drawn up with it, went beyond the left wing of Octavius;

> Greek: 41.5. γενομένης δὲ διʼ ἀταξίαν ταύτην ἀνωμαλίας καὶ διασπασμοῦ τῶν ταγμάτων τὸ Μεσσάλα πρῶτον, εἶτα τὰ συνεζευγμένα παρήλλαττε τὸ Καίσαρος ἀριστερόν·

[¶2] 41.6. they had only a brief contact with its outermost lines, and slew only a few men, but outflanked it and burst into their camp.

> Greek: 41.6. καὶ βραχέα τῶν ἐσχάτων θιγόντες καὶ καταβαλόντες οὐ πολλούς, ἀλλʼ ὑπερκεράσαντες, ἐμπίπτουσιν εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδον.

[¶3] 41.7. And Octavius, as he himself tells us in his Commentaries, in consequence of a vision which visited one of his friends, Marcus Artorius, and ordered that Octavius should rise up from his bed and depart from the camp, barely succeeded in having himself carried forth, and was thought to have been slain.

> Greek: 41.7. καὶ Καῖσαρ μέν, ὡς αὐτὸς ἐν τοῖς ὑπομνήμασιν ἱστορεῖ, τῶν φίλων τινὸς Ἀρτωρίου Μάρκου καθʼ ὕπνον ἰδόντος ὄψιν κελεύουσαν ἐκστῆναι Καίσαρα καὶ μετελθεῖν ἐκ τοῦ χάρακος, ἔφθασε μικρὸν ὑπεκκομισθεὶς ἔδοξέ τε τεθνάναι.

[¶4] 41.8. For his litter, when empty, was pierced by the javelins and spears of his enemies. Those who were taken prisoners in the camp were slaughtered, and two thousand Lacedaemonians who had recently come as auxiliaries were cut to pieces along with them.

> Greek: 41.8. τὸ γὰρ φορεῖον κενὸν ἀκοντίοις καὶ ὑσσοῖς βάλλοντες διήλασαν. ἦν δὲ φόνος ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ τῶν ἁλισκομένων, καὶ δισχίλιοι Λακεδαιμονίων ἥκοντες ἐπίκουροι νεωστὶ συγκατεκόπησαν.

[¶5] 42.1. The legions of Brutus which had not outflanked the forces of Octavius, but engaged them in battle, easily routed them in their confusion and cut to pieces three legions at close quarters; then they dashed into their camp with the fugitives, borne on by the impetus of their victory and carrying Brutus with them.

> Greek: 42.1. οἱ δὲ μὴκυκλωσάμενοι τοὺς Καίσαρος, ἀλλὰ συμπεσόντες, ῥᾳδίως μὲν ἀπἐτρέψαντο τεταραγμένους, καὶ διέφθειραν ἐν χερσὶν τρία τάγματα, καὶ συνεισέπεσον εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδον τοῖς φεύγουσιν ὑπὸ ῥύμης τοῦ κρατεῖν συνενεχθέντες, μεθʼ ἑαυτῶν ἔχοντες τὸν Βροῦτον·

[¶6] 42.2. But here the vanquished saw an opportunity of which the victors were not aware; for they charged upon the broken and exposed parts of their opponents’ line, from which the right wing had been drawn away in pursuit. The centre did not yield to them, but fought them vigorously; the left wing, however, owing to their disorder and ignorance of what had happened, they routed and pursued into their camp, which they sacked.

> Greek: 42.2. ὃ δʼ οὐ συνεῖδον οἱ νικῶντες ἐδείκνυε τοῖς ἡττημένοις ὁ καιρός. εἰς γὰρ τὰ γυμνὰ καὶ παραρρηγνύμενα τῆς ἐναντίας φάλαγγος, ᾗ τὸ δεξιὸν ἀπεσπάσθη πρὸς τὴν δίωξιν, ὠσάμενοι τὸ μὲν μέσον οὐκ ἐξέωσαν, ἀλλʼ ἀγῶνι μεγάλῳ συνείχοντο, τὸ δʼ εὐώνυμον ἀταξίᾳ καὶ ἀγνοίᾳ τῶν γενομένων ἐτρέψαντο καὶ καταδιώξαντες εἰς τὸν χάρακα διεπόρθουν οὐδετέρου τῶν αὐτοκρατόρων παρόντος.

[¶7] 42.3. Neither of the generals was with his men; for Antony, we are told, turned aside from the attack at the outset and withdrew into the marsh, and Octavius was nowhere to be seen after he had forsaken his camp; indeed, sundry soldiers declared that they had slain him, showing Brutus their bloody swords and describing his youthful appearance.

> Greek: 42.3. Ἀντώνιός τε γὰρ, ὥς φασιν, ἐκκλίνας ἐν ἀρχῇ τὴν ἔφοδον εἰς τὸ ἕλος ἀνεχώρησε, καὶ Καῖσαρ οὐδαμοῦ φανερὸς ἦν ἐκπεσὼν τοῦ χάρακος, ἀλλὰ Βρούτῳ τινὲς ὡς ἀνῃρηκότες αὐτὸν ἐπεδείκνυον ᾑμαγμένα τὰ ξίφη, φράζοντες ἰδέαν ἣν εἶχε καὶ ἡλικίαν.

[¶8] 42.4. But presently the centre drove back their opponents with great slaughter, and it appeared that Brutus was completely victorious, as Cassius was completely defeated.

> Greek: 42.4. ἤδη δὲ τὸ μέσον ἐξεώκει φόνῳ πολλῷ τοὺς ἀντιτεταγμένους, καὶ παντελῶς ἐδόκει κρατεῖν ὁ Βροῦτος, ὥσπερ ὁ Κάσσιος κρατεῖσθαι.

[¶9] 42.5. And one thing alone brought ruin to their cause, namely, that Brutus thought Cassius victorious and did not go to his aid, while Cassius thought Brutus dead and did not wait for his aid; since Messala considers it a certain proof of the victory that he captured three eagles and many standards from the enemy, while they took nothing.

> Greek: 42.5. καὶ τοῦτο μόνον αὐτῶν διέφθειρε τὰ πράγματα, τοῦ μὲν ὡς νικῶντι Κασσίῳ μὴ βοηθήσαντος, τοῦ δὲ Βροῦτον ὡς ἀπολωλότα μὴ περιμείναντος· ἐπεὶ τῆς γε νίκης ὅρον ὃ Μεσσάλας τίθεται τὸ τρεῖς ἀετοὺς καὶ πολλὰ σημεῖα λαβεῖν τῶν πολεμίων, ἐκείνους δὲ μηδέν.

[¶10] 42.6. As Brutus was returning from his victory, the camp of Caesar having been already destroyed, he was amazed not to see the tent of Cassius towering above the others, as usual, nor the other tents in their wonted place; for most of them had been demolished at once when the enemy burst in.

> Greek: 42.6. ἀναχωρῶν δʼ ὁ Βροῦτος ἤδη διαπεπορθημένων τῶν Καίσαρος ἐθαύμασε τὸ Κασσίου στρατήγιον οὐχ ὁρῶν ὑψηλὸν, ὥσπερ εἰώθει, περιφαινόμενον, οὐδὲ τἆλλα κατὰ χώραν· ἐρήριπτο γὰρ εὐθὺς τὰ πλεῖστα καὶ κατέσπαστο τῶν πολεμίων ἐμπεσόντων.

[¶11] 42.7. But the sharper sighted among his companions told him they could see many helmets gleaming, and many silver breast-plates moving about in the camp of Cassius;

> Greek: 42.7. ἀλλʼ οἱ δοκοῦντες ὀξύτερον βλέπειν τῶν ἑταίρων ἔφραζον αὐτῷ πολλὰ μὲν ὁρᾶν κράνη λάμποντα, πολλοὺς δὲ ἀργυροῦς θυρεοὺς ἐν τῷ χάρακι τοῦ Κασσίου διαφερομένους·

[¶12] 42.8. they did not think that either the number or the armour was that of the garrison left behind; however, they said, there were not so many dead bodies visible there as might have been expected if so many legions had been overwhelmed.

> Greek: 42.8. οὔκουν δοκεῖν αὐτοῖς οὔτʼ ἀριθμὸν οὔθʼ ὁπλισμὸν εἶναι τῶν ἀπολελειμμένων φυλάκων οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ πλῆθος ἐπέκεινα φαίνεσθαι νεκρῶν ὅσον εἰκὸς ἦν νενικημένων κατὰ κράτος ταγμάτων τοσούτων.

[¶13] 42.9. This was what first made Brutus aware of the calamity; and leaving a guard in the captured camp of the enemy, he called his men back from the pursuit and united his forces with the purpose of assisting Cassius.

> Greek: 42.9. ταῦτα πρῶτον ἔννοιαν καρέστησε τῷ Βρούτῳ τοῦ συμπτώματος· καὶ καταλιπὼν φρουρὰν ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ τῶν πολεμίων ἀνεκαλεῖτο τοὺς διώκοντας καὶ συνῆγεν ὡς Κασσίῳ βοηθήσων.

[¶14] 43.1. With Cassius matters had gone as follows. He had been disturbed to see the first sally of the troops of Brutus, which was made without watch-word or command, and when, being victorious, they rushed at once after booty and spoil, with no thought for the envelopment of the enemy, he was vexed at the way things were going.

> Greek: 43.1. ἐπέπρακτο δʼ οὕτω τὰ κατʼ αὐτόν, οὔτε τὴν πρώτην ἐκδρομὴν τῶν περὶ Βροῦτον ἡδέως εἶδεν ἄνευ συνθήματος καὶ προστάγματος γενομένην, οὔθʼ ὅτε κρατοῦντες εὐθὺς ὥρμησαν ἐφʼ ἁρπαγὴν καὶ ὠφέλειαν, τοῦ περιϊέναι καὶ κυκλοῦσθαι τοὺς πολεμίους ἀμελήσαντες, ἤρεσκεν αὐτῷ τὰ πραττόμενα.

[¶15] 43.2. Besides, exercising his command with hesitation and delay rather than with readiness and decision, he was enveloped by the enemy’s right wing. His horsemen at once broke away in flight towards the sea, and seeing his infantry also around he tried to rally them.

> Greek: 43.2. μελλήσει δέ τινι καὶ διατριβῇ μᾶλλον ἢ προθυμίᾳ καὶ λογισμῷ στρατηγῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ δεξιοῦ τῶν πολεμίων περιελαμβάνετο· καὶ τῶν ἱππέων εὐθὺς ἀπορραγέντων φυγῇ πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν ὁρῶν καὶ τοὺς πεζοὺς ἐνδιδόντας ἐπειρᾶτο κατέχειν καὶ παρακαλεῖν.

[¶16] 43.3. He snatched the standard from a standard-bearer who was in flight, and planted it in the ground before him, although not even his body-guard were inclined to hold together any more.

> Greek: 43.3. ἑνὸς δὲ σημειοφόρου φεύγοντος ἀφαρπάσας τὸ σημεῖον ἔπηξε πρὸ τῶν ποδῶν, μηδὲ τῶν περὶ τὸ σῶμα τεταγμένων αὑτοῦ προθύμως ἔτι συμμενόντων.

[¶17] 43.4. Thus, then, under compulsion, he withdrew with a few followers to a lull overlooking the plain. But he himself could see nothing, or next to nothing, of the sacking of his camp, for his vision was weak; the horsemen about him, however, saw a great troop riding up which Brutus had sent.

> Greek: 43.4. οὕτω δὴ βιασθεὶς ἀνεχώρησε μετʼ ὀλίγων ἐπὶ λόφον ἔχοντα πρὸς τὸ πεδίον σκοπάς. ἀλλʼ αὐτὸς μὲν οὐδὲν κατεῖδεν ἢ μόλις τὸν χάρακα πορθούμενον, ἦν γὰρ ἀσθενὴς τὴν ὄψιν, οἱ δὲ περὶ αὐτὸν ἱππεῖς ἑώρων πολλοὺς προσελαύνοντας, οὓς ὁ Βροῦτος ἔπεμψεν.

[¶18] 43.5. But Cassius conjectured that they were enemies, and in pursuit of him. Nevertheless, he sent out one of those who were with him, Titinius, to reconnoitre.

> Greek: 43.5. εἴκασε δʼ ὁ Κάσσιος πολεμίους εἶναι καὶ διώκειν ἐπʼ αὐτόν. ὅμως δὲ τῶν παρόντων ἕνα Τιτίνιον ἀπέστειλε κατοψόμενον.

[¶19] 43.6. The horsemen spied this man as he came towards them, and when they saw that he was a trusted friend of Cassius, his intimates, shouting for joy, leaped from their horses and embraced him warmly, while the rest rode round him with shouts and clashing of arms, thus, in their boundless joy, working the greatest mischief.

> Greek: 43.6. οὗτος οὐκ ἔλαθε τοὺς ἱππέας προσιών, ἀλλʼ, ὡς εἶδον ἄνδρα φίλον καὶ Κασσίῳ πιστόν, ἀλαλάξαντες ὑφʼ ἡδονῆς οἱ μὲν συνήθεις ἠσπάζοντό τε καὶ ἐδεξιοῦντο καταπηδῶντες ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων, οἱ δʼ ἄλλοι περὶ αὐτὸν ἐν κύκλῳ περιελαύνοντες ἅμα παιᾶνι καὶ πατάγῳ διὰ χαρᾶς ἀμετρίαν τὸ μέγιστον ἀπειργάσαντο κακόν.

[¶20] 43.7. For Cassius thought that Titinius was actually taken by the enemy, and with the words “My love of life has brought me to the pass of seeing a friend seized by the enemy,” he withdrew into an empty tent, forcing along with him one of his freedmen, Pindarus, whom, after the disaster which befell Crassus, he used to keep in readiness for this emergency.

> Greek: 43.7. ἔδοξε γὰρ ὁ Κάσσιος ἀληθῶς ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων ἔχεσθαι τὸν Τιτίνιον, καὶ τοῦτο δὴ φήσας, φιλοψυχοῦντεςἀνεμείναμεν ἄνδρα φίλον ἁρπαζόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων ἰδεῖν, ἀπεχώρησεν εἴς τινα σκηνὴν ἔρημον, ἕνα τῶν ἀπελευθέρων ἐφελκυσάμενος, Πίνδαρον, ὃν ἐκ τῶν κατὰ Κράσσον ἀτυχημάτων ἐπὶ ταύτην εἶχε τὴν ἀνάγκην ὑφʼ αὑτοῦ παρεσκευασμένον.

[¶21] 43.8. From the Parthians, indeed, he had made his escape; but now, drawing his robes up over his face and laying bare his neck, he offered it to the sword. For his head was found severed from his body. Pindarus, however, no man saw after the bloody deed, and therefore some have thought that he slew his master unbidden.

> Greek: 43.8. ἀλλὰ Πάρθους μὲν διέφυγε, τότε δὲ τὰς χλαμύδας ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἀναγαγὼν καὶ γυμνώσας τὸν τράχηλον ἀποκόψαι παρέσχεν. εὑρέθη γὰρ ἡ κεφαλὴ δίχα τοῦ σώματος, τὸν δὲ Πίνδαρον οὐδεὶς εἶδεν ἀνθρώπων μετὰ τὸν φόνον, ἐξ οὗ καὶ παρέσχεν ἐνίοις δόξαν ἀνελεῖν τὸν ἄνδρα μὴ κελευσθείς.

[¶22] 43.9. A little later it became evident who the horsemen were, and Titinius, whom they had crowned with garlands, came up to report to Cassius. But when the lamentable cries of his distressed and weeping friends made known to him the grievous fate of his general and his error, he drew his sword, reproached himself bitterly for his slowness, and slew himself.

> Greek: 43.9. ὀλίγῳ δʼ ὕστερον οἵ θʼ ἱππεῖς ἐγένοντο φανεροί, καὶ Τιτίνιος ἐστεφανωμένος ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ἀνῄει πρὸς Κάσσιον. ὡς δὲ κλαυθμῷ καὶ βοῇ τῶν φίλων ὀδυρομένων καὶ δυσφορούντων ἔγνω τὸ πάθος τοῦ στρατηγοῦ καὶ τὴν ἄγνοιαν, ἐσπάσατο τὸ ξίφος καὶ πολλὰ κακίσας τῆς βραδυτῆτος ἑαυτὸν ἀπέσφαξε.

[¶23] 44.1. When Brutus learned of the defeat of Cassius, he rode towards him, but heard of his death when he was already near his camp.

> Greek: 44.1. Βροῦτος δὲ τὴν μὲν ἧτταν ἐγνωκὼς τοῦ Κασσίου προσήλαυνε, τὸν δὲ θάνατον ἐγγὺς ἤδη τοῦ χάρακος ἤκουσε.

[¶24] 44.2. He mourned over the body, and called Cassius “the last of the Romans,” implying that such an exalted spirit could no longer arise in the city. Then he decked the body for burial and sent it to Thasos, in order that the funeral rites might not disturb the camp.

> Greek: 44.2. καὶ τὸ μὲν σῶμα περικλαύσας, καὶ προσαγορεύσας ἔσχατον ἄνδρα Ῥωμαίων τὸν Κάσσιον, ὡς οὐκέτι τῇ πόλει τηλικούτου φρονήματος ἐγγενέσθαι δυναμένου, περιέστειλε καὶ ἀπέπεμψεν εἰς Θάσον, ὡς μὴ σύγχυσιν αὐτόθι παράσχοι κηδευόμενον.

[¶25] 44.3. He himself, however, assembled the soldiers of Cassius and comforted them; and seeing that they were deprived of all the necessaries of life, he promised them two thousand drachmas the man, to make good what they had lost.

> Greek: 44.3. αὐτὸς δὲ τοὺς στρατιώτας συναγαγὼν παρεμυθήσατο· καὶ πάντων ὁρῶν ἀπεστερημένους τῶν ἀναγκαίων ὑπέσχετο κατʼ ἄνδρα δισχιλίας δραχμὰς ἀντὶ τῶν ἀπολωλότων.

[¶26] 44.4. They were encouraged by his words and amazed at the largeness of his gift; and they sent him on his way with shouts, exalting him as the only one of the four commanders who had not been defeated in the battle.

> Greek: 44.4. οἱ δὲ πρός τε τοὺς λόγους ἀνεθάρρησαν αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς δωρεᾶς ἐθαύμασαν τὸ μέγεθος· καὶ μετὰ βοῆς προὔπεμψαν ἀπιόντα, μεγαλύνοντες ὡς μόνον ἀήττητον ἐν τῇ μάχῃ τῶν τεσσάρων αὐτοκρατόρων γεγενημένον.

[¶27] 44.5. And the results bore witness that his confidence in a victory in the battle was well grounded; for with a few legions he routed all those opposed to him.

> Greek: 44.5. ἐμαρτύρει δὲ τὸ ἔργον ὅτι τῇ μάχῃ περιέσεσθαι καλῶς ἐπίστευεν· ὀλίγοις γὰρ τάγμασιν ἅπαντας ἐτρέψατο τοὺς ἀντιστάντας.

[¶28] 44.6. And if he had employed them all in fighting, and if the most of them had not passed by the enemy and set upon the enemy’s possessions, it would seem that his victors’ must have been complete.

> Greek: 44.6. εἰ δὲ πᾶσιν ἐχρήσατο πρός τὴν μάχην καὶ μὴ παρελθόντες οἱ πλεῖστοι τοὺς πολεμίους ἐπὶ τὰ τῶν πολεμίων ὥρμησαν, οὐδὲν ἂν ἐδόκει μέρος αὐτῶν ἀπολιπεῖν ἀήττητον.

[¶29] 45.1. There fell on his side eight thousand men, including the camp servants whom Brutus called Briges; but the enemy, in the opinion of Messala, lost more than twice as many.

> Greek: 45.1. ἔπεσον δὲ τούτων μὲν ὀκτακισχίλιοι σὺν τοῖς στρατευομένοις οἰκέταις, οὓς Βρίγας ὁ Βροῦτος ὠνόμαζε· τῶν δʼ ἐναντίων Μεσσάλας φησὶν οἴεσθαι πλείους ἢ διπλασίους.

[¶30] 45.2. They were therefore the more dejected of the two, until an attendant of Cassius, named Demetrius, came to Antony in the evening, bringing the robes and the sword which he had taken at once from the dead body. This encouraged them so much that at break of day they led their forces out arrayed for battle.

> Greek: 45.2. διὸ καὶ μᾶλλον ἠθύμουν ἐκεῖνοι πρὶν ἢ Κασσίου θεράπων ὄνομα Δημήτριος ἀφίκετο πρὸς Ἀντώνιον ἑσπέρας, εὐθὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ νεκροῦ τὰς χλαμύδας λαβὼν καὶ τὸ ξίφος. ὦν κομισθέντων οὕτως ἐθάρρησαν ὥστε ἅμʼ ἡμέρᾳ προάγειν ὡπλισμένην ἐπὶ μάχῃ τὴν δύναμιν.

[¶31] 45.3. But both the camps over which Brutus had command were in dangerous straits. His own was filled with prisoners of war and required a heavy guard; while that of Cassius was dissatisfied with the change of commanders, and besides, as vanquished men, they were full of hatred and jealousy towards those who had been victorious Brutus therefore decided to put his army in array, but to refrain from battle.

> Greek: 45.3. Βρούτῳ δὲ τῶν στρατοπέδων ἑκατέρου σαλεύοντος ἐπισφαλῶς τὸ μὲν γὰρ αὐτοῦ καταπεπλησμένον αἰχμαλώτων ἐδεῖτο φυλακῆς ἀκριβοῦς, τὸ δὲ Κασσίου τὴν μεταβολὴν τοῦ ἄρχοντος οὐ ῥᾳδίως ἔφερεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ φθόνου τι καὶ μίσους ἡττημένοις ἐνῆν αὐτοῖς πρὸς τὸ νενικηκός, ὁπλίσαι μὲν ἔδοξε τὸ στράτευμα, μάχης δʼ ἀπέσχετο.

[¶32] 45.4. Moreover, the multitude of slaves among his captives were found suspiciously moving about among the men-at-arms, and he ordered them to be put to death; of the freemen, however, he released some, declaring that they had more truly been captured by his enemies, in whose hands they were prisoners and slaves, while with him they were freemen and citizens;

> Greek: 45.4. τῶν δʼ αἰχμαλώτων τὸ μὲν δουλικὸν πλῆθος ἐνειλούμενον ὑπόπτως τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐκέλευσεν ἀναιρεθῆναι, τῶν δʼ ἐλευθέρων τοὺς μὲν ἀπέλυε φάσκων ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων μᾶλλον ἡλωκέναι αὐτοὺς καὶ παρʼ ἐκείνοις αἰχμαλώτους εἶναι καὶ δούλους, παρʼ αὑτῷ δʼ ἐλευθέρους καὶ πολίτας·

[¶33] 45.5. and when he saw that his friends and officers were implacably hostile to them, he saved their lives by hiding them and helping them to escape.

> Greek: 45.5. ὡς δὲ τοὺς φίλους ἑώρα καὶ τοὺς ἡγεμόνας ἀδιαλλάκτως ἔχοντας, ἀποκρύπτων καὶ συνεκπέμπων ἔσῳζεν.

[¶34] 45.6. Among the prisoners there was a certain Volumnius, an actor, and Saculio, a buffoon, to whom Brutus paid no attention; but the friends of Brutus brought them forward and denounced them for not refraining even now from insolent and mocking speeches to them.

> Greek: 45.6. ἦν δέ τις Βολούμνιος μῖμος καὶ Σακουλίων γελωτοποιὸς ἡλωκότες, οὓς ἐν οὐδενὶ λόγῳ τιθεμένου τοῦ Βρούτου προσάγοντες οἱ φίλοι κατηγόρουν ὡς οὐδὲ νῦν τοῦ λέγειν καὶ σκώπτειν πρὸς ὕβριν αὐτῶν ἀπεχομένους.

[¶35] 45.7. Brutus had nothing to say, being concerned about other matters, but Messala Corvinus gave his opinion that they should be publicly flogged and then sent back naked to the enemy’s generals, in order to let these know what sort of boon companions they required on their campaigns. At this some of the bystanders burst out laughing, but Publius Casca, the one who first smote Caesar, said: “It is not meet for us to celebrate the funeral rites of Cassius with jests and mirth; and thou, Brutus, wilt show what esteem thou hast for the memory of that general according as thou punishest or shieldest those who will abuse and revile him.”

> Greek: 45.7. ἐπεὶ δὲ Βροῦτος μὲν ἐσίγα πρὸς ἑτέραις ὢν φροντίσι, Μεσσάλας δὲ Κορβῖνος ἐδικαίου πληγαῖς κολασθέντας ἐπὶ σκηνῆς γυμνοὺς ἀποδοθῆναι τοῖς στρατηγοῖς τῶν πολεμίων, ὅπως εἰδῶσιν οἵων δέονται στρατευόμενοι συμποτῶν καὶ συνήθων, ἔνιοι μὲν τῶν παρόντων ἐγέλασαν, Πόπλιος δὲ Κάσκας, ὁπρῶτος Καίσαρα πατάξας, οὐ καλῶς, ἔφη, τεθνηκότι Κασσίῳ παίζοντες καὶ γελωτοποιοῦντες ἐναγίζομεν σὺ δέ, εἶπεν, ὦ Βροῦτε, δείξεις ὅπως ἔχεις μνήμης πρὸς τὸν στρατηγόν ἢ κολάσας ἢ φυλάξας τοὺς χλευασομένους καὶ κακῶς ἐροῦντας αὐτόν.

[¶36] 45.9. To this Brutus, in high dudgeon, said: “Why, then, do ye enquire of me, Casca, instead of doing what seems best to you?” This answer was taken to be a condemnation of the poor wretches, and they were led off and put to death.

> Greek: 45.9. πρὸς τοῦτο Βροῦτος εὖ μάλα δυσχεράνας, τίοὖν, εἶπεν, ἐμοῦ πυνθάνεσθε, Κάσκα, καὶ οὐ πράττετε τὸ δόξαν ὑμῖν; ταύτην ἐκεῖνοι τὴν ἀπόκρισιν συγκατάθεσιν ποιησάμενοι κατὰ τῶν ἀθλίων ἀνθρώπων, διέφθειραν αὐτοὺς ἀπαγαγόντες.

[¶37] 46.1. After this, he gave the soldiers their promised rewards, and after gently chiding them for not getting the watchword and for rushing upon the enemy without command and in great disorder, he promised that if they now fought well, he would turn over to them two cities for plunder and booty, Thessalonica and Lacedaemon.

> Greek: 46.1. ἐκτούτου τὴν δωρεὰν ἀπέδωκε τοῖς στρατιώταις, καὶ μικρὰ μεμψάμενος ἐπὶ τῷ τὸ σύνθημα μὴ λαβόντας ἄνευ παραγγέλματος ἀτακτότερον ἐναλέσθαι τοῖς πολεμίοις, ὑπέσχετο καλῶς ἀγωνισαμένοις δύο πόλεις εἰς ἁρπαγὴν καὶ ὠφέλειαν ἀνήσειν, Θεσσαλονίκην καὶ Λακεδαίμονα.

[¶38] 46.2. This is the only accusation in the life of Brutus against which no defence can be made, even though Antony and Octavius practised far greater cruelty than this in rewarding their soldiers, and drove her ancient inhabitants out of almost the whole of Italy, in order that their followers might get land and cities to which they had no right.

> Greek: 46.2. τοῦτο τῷ Βρούτου βίῳ μόνον ἔνεστι τῶν ἐγκλημάτων ἀναπολόγητον, εἰ καὶ πολὺ τούτων δεινότερα νικητήρια τοῖς στρατευομένοις Ἀντώνιος καὶ Καῖσαρ ἐξέτισαν, ὀλίγου δεῖν πάσης Ἰταλίας τοὺς παλαιοὺς οἰκήτορας ἐξελάσαντες, ἵνα χώραν ἐκεῖνοι καὶ πόλεις τὰς μὴ προσηκούσας λάβωσιν.

[¶39] 46.3. But in their minds conquest and dominion were the end and object of the war; whereas Brutus had such a reputation for virtue with the multitude that he was not permitted either to conquer or to gain safety except with honour and justice, especially now that Cassius was dead, who was accused of leading Brutus with him into some acts of violence.

> Greek: 46.3. ἀλλὰ τούτοις μὲν ἄρχειν καὶ κρατεῖν ὑπέκειτο τοῦ πολέμου τέλος, Βρούτῳ δὲ διὰ δόξαν ἀρετῆς οὔτε νικᾶν οὔτε σῴζεσθαι συνεχωρεῖτο παρὰ τῶν πολλῶν ἢ μετὰ τοῦ καλοῦ καὶ δικαίου, καὶ ταῦτα Κασσίου τεθνηκότος, ὃς αἰτίαν εἶχε καὶ Βροῦτον ἐνάγειν εἰς ἔνια τῶν βιαιοτέρων.

[¶40] 46.4. But just as sailors, when their rudder has been shattered, try to fit and fasten other timbers in its place, striving to meet their needs, not well, indeed, but as best they can, so Brutus, not having in his great army and dangerous plight a general who was equal to the emergency, was forced to employ such as he had, and to do and say many things which they approved.

> Greek: 46.4. ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ ἐν πλῷ πηδαλίου συντριβέντος ἕτερα ξύλα προσηλοῦν καὶ προσαρμόττειν ἐπιχειροῦσιν, οὐκ εὖ μέν, ἀναγκαῖα δὲ, μαχόμενοι πρὸς τὴν χρείαν, οὕτω Βροῦτος ἐν δυνάμει τοσαύτῃ καὶ μετεώροις πράγμασιν οὐκ ἔχων ἰσορροποῦντα στρατηγόν ἠναγκάζετο χρῆσθαι τοῖς παροῦσι καὶ πολλὰ πράσσειν καὶ λέγειν τῶν ἐκείνοις δοκούντων.

[¶41] 46.5. And so he decided to do whatever they thought would make the soldiers of Cassius better men. For these were very intractable; their lack of a leader made them bold in camp, while their defeat made them afraid to face the enemy.

> Greek: 46.5. ἐδόκει δʼ ὅσα τοὺς Κασσίου στρατιώτας ᾤοντο βελτίους παρέξειν δυσμεταχείριστοι γὰρ ἦσαν, ἐν μὲν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ διʼ ἀναρχίαν θρασυνόμενοι, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς πολεμίους διὰ τὴν ἧτταν ἀποδειλιῶντες.

[¶42] 47.1. But Octavius and Antony were no better off; they were scantily provisioned, and the low site of their camp made them expect a grievous winter.

> Greek: 47.1. οὐδὲν δὲ βέλτιον εἶχε τὰ πράγματα τοῖς περὶ Καίσαρα καὶ Ἀντώνιον, ἀγορᾷ τε χρωμένοις ἀναγκαῖα καὶ διὰ κοιλότητα τοῦ στρατοπέδου χειμῶνα μοχθηρὸν προσδοκῶσιν.

[¶43] 47.2. For they were huddled together on the edge of marshes, and the autumn rains which fell after the battle kept filling their tents with mud and water that froze at once, so cold was the weather.

> Greek: 47.2. εἱλούμενοι γὰρ πρὸς ἕλεσι καὶ μετὰ τὴν μάχην ὄμβρων φθινοπωρινῶν ἐπιγενομένων πηλοῦ κατεπίμπλαντο τὰς σκηνὰς καὶ ὕδατος παραχρῆμα πηγνυμένου διὰ ψῦχος.

[¶44] 47.3. Moreover, while they were in this plight, word came to them of the disaster which had befallen them at sea. For a large force which was being brought from Italy by command of Octavius was attacked by the ships of Brutus and destroyed, and the small remnant of them that escaped their enemies were driven by hunger to subsist upon the sails and tackle of their ships.

> Greek: 47.3. ἐν τούτῳ δʼ οὖσιν αὐτοῖς ἧκεν ἀγγελία περὶ τῆς κατὰ. θάλατταν γενομένης ἀτυχίας περὶ τὴν στρατιάν. ἐξ Ἰταλίας γὰρ πολλὴν κομιζομένην παρὰ Καίσαρος αἱ Βρούτου νῆες ἐπιπεσοῦσαι διέφθειραν, ὧν ὀλίγοι παντάπασι τοὺς πολεμίους διαφυγόντες ὑπὸ λιμοῦ τῶν ἱστίων καὶ τῶν σχοινίων ἐσθίοντες διεγένοντο.

[¶45] 47.4. On hearing of this, they were eager to have the issue decided by battle before Brutus learned what great good fortune had come to him.

> Greek: 47.4. ταῦτʼ ἀκούσαντες ἔσπευδον διὰ μάχης κριθῆναι πρὶν αἰσθέσθαι τὸν Βροῦτον ὅσον αὐτῷ γέγονεν εὐτυχίας.

[¶46] 47.5. For it happened that the conflicts on sea and land were decided on one and the same day. But by some chance, rather than by the fault of his naval commanders, Brutus was ignorant of their success until twenty days afterwards.

> Greek: 47.5. καὶ γὰρ ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ συνέβη τόν τε κατὰ γῆν ἅμα καὶ τόν κατὰ θάλατταν ἀγῶνα κριθῆναι. τύχῃ δέ τινι μᾶλλον ἢ κακίᾳ τῶν ἐν ταῖς ναυσὶν ἡγεμόνων ἠγνόησε τὸ κατόρθωμα Βροῦτος ἡμερῶν εἴκοσι διαγενομένων.

[¶47] 47.6. Otherwise he would not have proceeded to a second battle, since his army was supplied with provisions for a long time, and he was posted in an advantageous position, so that his camp did not suffer from wintry weather, and on the side towards the enemy was almost impregnable, while his secure mastery of the sea and the victory of the land forces under his own command had put him in high hopes and spirits.

> Greek: 47.6. οὐ γὰρ ἂν εἰς δευτέραν μάχην προῆλθε, τὰ μὲν ἀναγκαῖα τῇ στρατιᾷ παρεσκευασμένος εἰς πολὺν χρόνον, ἐν καλῷ δὲ τῆς χώρας ἱδρυμένος, ὥστε καὶ χειμῶνος ἀπαθὲς καὶ πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους δυσεκβίαστον ἔχειν τὸ στρατόπεδον, τῷ δὲ κρατεῖν βεβαίως τῆς θαλάττης καὶ νενικηκέναι πεζῇ τὸ καθʼ αὑτὸν ἐπʼ ἐλπίδων μεγάλων καὶ φρονήματος γεγονώς.

[¶48] 47.7. But since, as it would seem, the government of Rome could no longer be a democracy, and a monarchy was necessary, Heaven, wishing to remove from the scene the only man who stood in the way of him who was able to be sole master, cut off from Brutus the knowledge of that good fortune, although it very nearly reached him in time; for only one day before the battle which he was about to fight, late in the day, a certain Clodius deserted from the enemy, and brought word that Octavius had learned of the destruction of his fleet and was therefore eager for a decisive struggle.

> Greek: 47.7. ἀλλὰ τῶν πραγμάτων, ὡς ἔοικεν, οὐκέτι πολλοῖς ὄντων καθεκτῶν, ἀλλὰ μοναρχίας δεομένων, ὁ θεὸς, ἐξάγειν καὶ μεταστῆσαι τόν μόνον ἐμποδὼν ὄντα τῷ κρατεῖν δυναμένῳ βουλόμενος, ἀπέκοψε τὴν τύχην ἐκείνην, καίπερ ἐγγυτάτω τοῦ μὴ λαθεῖν τόν Βροῦτον ἀφικομένην, μέλλοντος γὰρ αὐτοῦ μάχεσθαι πρὸ μιᾶς ἡμέρας ὀψὲ Κλώδιός τις ἐκ τῶν πολεμίων αὐτόμολος ἧκεν, ἀγγέλλων ὅτι διεφθαρμένον ᾐσθημένοι τόν στόλον οἱ περὶ Καίσαρα σπεύδουσι διαγωνίσασθαι.

[¶49] 47.9. The man found no credence for his story, nor did he even come into the presence of Brutus, but was altogether despised; it was thought that either he had heard an idle tale, or was bringing false tidings in order to win favour.

> Greek: 47.9. ταῦτα λέγων ὁ ἄνθρωπος οὐκ εἶχε πίστιν οὐδʼ εἰς ὄψιν ἦλθε τῷ Βρούτῳ, καταφρονηθεὶς παντάπασιν ὡς μηδὲν ἀκηκοὼς ὑγιές ἢ τὰ ψευδῆ πρὸς χάριν ἀπαγγέλλων.

[¶50] 48.1. On that night, they say, the phantom visited Brutus again, manifesting the same appearance as before, but went away without a word.

> Greek: 48.1. ἐνἐκείνῃ δὲ τῇ νυκτὶ πάλιν φασὶν εἰς ὄψιν ἐλθεῖν τὸ φάσμα τῷ Βρούτῳ, καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν ἐπιδειξάμενον ὄψιν οὐδὲν εἰπεῖν, ἀλλʼ οἴχεσθαι.

[¶51] 48.2. Publius Volumnius, however, a philosopher, and a companion of Brutus in all his campaigns, makes no mention of this omen, but says that the foremost standard was covered with bees;

> Greek: 48.2. Πόπλιος δὲ Βολούμνιος, ἀνὴρ φιλόσοφος καὶ συνεστρατευμένος ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς Βρούτῳ, τοῦτο μὲν οὐ λέγει τὸ σημεῖον, μελισσῶν δέ φησι τὸν πρῶτον ἀετὸν ἀνάπλεων γενέσθαι·

[¶52] 48.3. and that of its own accord the arm of one of the officers sweated oil of roses, and though they often rubbed and wiped it off it was of no avail.

> Greek: 48.3. καὶ τῶν ταξιάρχων τινὸς ἀπʼ αὐτομάτου τὸν βραχίονα μύρον ῥόδινον ἐξανθεῖν, καὶ πολλάκις ἐξαλείφοντας καὶ ἀπομάττοντας μηδὲν περαίνειν.

[¶53] 48.4. He says also that just before the battle itself two eagles fought a pitched battle with one another in the space between the camps, and as all were gazing at them, while an incredible silence reigned over the plain, the eagle towards Brutus gave up the fight and fled.

> Greek: 48.4. καὶ πρὸ τῆς μάχης αὐτῆς ἀετοὺς δύο συμπεσόντας ἀλλήλοις ἐν μεταιχμίῳ τῶν στρατοπέδων μάχεσθαι, καὶ σιγὴν ἄπιστον ἔχειν τὸ πεδίον θεωμένων ἁπάντων, εἶξαι δὲ καὶ φυγεῖν τὸν κατὰ Βροῦτον.

[¶54] 48.5. And the story of the Ethiopian is well known, who, as the gate of the camp was thrown open, met the standard-bearer, and was cut to pieces by the soldiers, who thought his appearance ominous.

> Greek: 48.5. ὁ δέΑἰθίοψ περιβόητος γέγονεν ὁ τῆς πύλης ἀνοιχθείσης ἀπαντήσας τῷ φέροντι τὸν ἀετὸν καὶ κατακοπεὶς ταῖς μαχαίραις ὑπὸ τῶν στρατιωτῶν οἰωνισαμένων.

[¶55] 49.1. After Brutus had led out his forces in battle array and stationed them over against the enemy, he waited a long time; for as he was reviewing his troops he became suspicious of some of them, and heard them accused of treachery;

> Greek: 49.1. προαγαγὼν δὲ τὴν φάλαγγα καὶ καταστήσας ἐναντίαν τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐπεῖχε πολὺν χρόνον· ὑποψίαι γὰρ αὐτῷ καὶ μηνύσεις κατά τινων προσέπιπτον ἐπισκοποῦντι τὸ στράτευμα·

[¶56] 49.2. he saw, too, that his horsemen were not very eager to begin the battle, but always waited to see what the infantry did.

> Greek: 49.2. καὶ τοὺς ἱππέας ἑώρα μάχης ἄρχειν οὐ πάνυ προθύμους ὄντας, ἀλλʼ ἀεὶ προσμένοντας τὸ τῶν πεζῶν ἔργον.

[¶57] 49.3. Then, of a sudden, a man who was a good soldier and had been conspicuously honoured for his bravery by Brutus, rode out of the ranks and went over to the enemy; his name was Camulatus.

> Greek: 49.3. εἶτʼ ἐξαίφνης ἀνὴρ πολεμικὸς καὶ τετιμημένος ἐπʼ ἀνδρείᾳ διαπρεπῶς παρὰ τὸν Βροῦτον αὑτὸν ἐξιππασάμενος μεταβάλλεται πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους· Καμουλᾶτος δὲ ἐκαλεῖτο.

[¶58] 49.4. The sight of this gave Brutus great distress; and partly from anger, partly because he was afraid of greater treachery and desertion, he led at once against the enemy, at about three o’clock in the afternoon.

> Greek: 49.4. τοῦτον ἰδὼν ὁ Βροῦτος ἤλγησεν ἰσχυρῶς· καὶ τὰ μὲν ὑπʼ ὀργῆς, τὰ δὲ φόβῳ μείζονος μεταβολῆς καὶ προδοσίας εὐθὺς ἐπὶ τοὺς ἐναντίους ἦγεν, εἰς ὥραν ἐνάτην τοῦ ἡλίου καταφερομένου.

[¶59] 49.5. With the part under his own immediate command he was victorious, and advanced, pressing hard upon the retreating left wing of the enemy; his cavalry, too, dashed forward along with the infantry and fell upon a disordered foe;

> Greek: 49.5. καὶ τῷ μὲν καθʼ αὑτὸν ἐκράτησε μέρει καὶ προῆλθεν ὑποχωροῦντι τῷ ἀριστερῷ τῶν πολεμίων ἐγκείμενος· καὶ συνεπέρρωσαν οἱ ἱππεῖς ἅμα τοῖς πεζοῖς ἐμβαλόντες τεταραγμένοις·

[¶60] 49.6. the other wing, however, which was extended by its commanders to prevent their being surrounded by the enemy, to whom they were inferior in numbers, was thus weakened in the centre and could not hold out against their opponents, but fled first.

> Greek: 49.6. τὸ δʼ ἕτερον κέρας, ὡς μὴ κυκλωθείη, τῶν ἡγεμόνων ἀντιπαρεξαγόντων, πλήθει δὲ λειπομένων, διεσπᾶτο μέσον καὶ γιγνόμενον ἀσθενὲς οὐκ ἀντεῖχε τοῖς ἐναντίοις, ἀλλʼ ἔφυγε πρῶτον.

[¶61] 49.7. After cutting their way through this wing, the enemy at once enveloped Brutus. He himself displayed all the valour possible in a soldier and commander, contending with judgment and personal prowess for victory in the terrible crisis; but that which was an advantage for him in the former battle was a detriment to him now.

> Greek: 49.7. οἱ δὲ τοῦτο διακόψαντες εὐθὺς ἐκυκλοῦντο τὸν Βροῦτον, αὑτὸν μὲν ὅσα καὶ στρατηγικῆς καὶ στρατιωτικῆς ἀρετῆς ἔργα καὶ χειρὶ καὶ γνώμῃ παρὰ τὰ δεινὰ πρὸς τὸ νικᾶν ἀποδεικνύμενον, ᾧ δὲ πλέον ἔσχε τῇ προτέρᾳ μάχῃ, τούτῳ βλαπτόμενον.

[¶62] 49.8. For in the former battle the conquered wing of the enemy had been at once destroyed, but when the soldiers of Cassius were routed, only few of them were slain, and those who then escaped, rendered fearful now by their former defeat, filled the greater part of his army with dejection and confusion.

> Greek: 49.8. τῶν μὲν γὰρ πολεμίων τὸ νικηθὲν εὐθὺς ἀπολώλει τότε· τῶν δὲ Κασσίου τραπέντων ὀλίγοι διεφθάρησαν, οἱ δὲ σῳζόμενοι τῷ προηττῆσθαι περιδεεῖς ὄντες ἀνέπλησαν ἀθυμίας καὶ ταραχῆς τὸ πλεῖστον τοῦ στρατεύματος, ἐνταῦθα καὶ Μᾶρκος ὁ Κάτωνος υἱός ἐν τοῖς ἀρίστοις καὶ γενναιοτάτοις;

[¶63] 49.9. Here Marcus the son of Cato also, fighting among the bravest and noblest young men, was overpowered, but would not yield nor fly, but plying his sword, and declaring that he was Marcus Cato and Marcus Cato’s son, fell dead upon the many enemies whom he had slain.

> Greek: 49.9. τῶν νέων μαχόμενος καὶ καταπονούμενος οὐκ ἔφυγεν οὐδʼεἶξεν,ἀλλὰ χρώμενός τε τῇ χειρὶ καὶ φράζων ὅστις εἴη, καὶ πατρόθεν ὀνομάζων, ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ πολλοῖς νεκροῖς τῶν πολεμίων.

[¶64] 49.10. The bravest of the rest fell also, risking their lives in defence of Brutus.

> Greek: 49.10. ἔπιπτον δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων οἱ κράτιστοι τοῦ Βρούτου προκινδυνεύοντες.

[¶65] 50.1. Now, there was a certain Lucilius, a brave man, among the comrades of Brutus. This man, seeing some barbarian horsemen ignoring all others in their pursuit and riding impetuously after Brutus, determined at the risk of his life to stop them.

> Greek: 50.1. ἦν δέτις Λουκίλλιος, ἀνὴρ ἀγαθὸς, ἐν τοῖς ἑταίροις, οὗτος ὁρῶν βαρβάρους τινὰς ἱππέας ἐν τῇ διώξει τῶν μὲν ἄλλων οὐδένα ποιουμένους λόγον, ἐλαύνοντας δὲ ῥύδην ἐπὶ τὸν Βροῦτον, ἔγνω παρακινδυνεύσας ἐμποδὼν αὐτοῖς γενέσθαι.

[¶66] 50.2. So falling behind a little, he told them that he was Brutus. The Barbarians believed him because he asked them to conduct him to Antony, pretending to be afraid of Octavius but to have no fear of Antony.

> Greek: 50.2. καὶ μικρὸν ὑπολειφθεὶς αὐτός ἔφη Βροῦτος εἶναι· καὶ πιθανὸς ἦν πρὸς Ἀντώνιον δεόμενος ἄγειν ἑαυτόν, ὡς Καίσαρα δεδοικώς, ἐκείνῳ δὲ θαρρῶν.

[¶67] 50.3. They were delighted with their unexpected prize, and thinking themselves amazingly fortunate, led Lucilius along in the darkness which had now fallen, after sending ahead some messengers to Antony.

> Greek: 50.3. οἱ δʼἀσπασάμενοι τὸ εὕρημα καὶ τύχῃ τινὶ θαυμαστῇ κεχρῆσθαι νομίζοντες ἦγον τὸν ἄνδρα σκότους ἤδη, προπέμψαντες ἐξ αὑτῶν τινας ἀγγέλους παρὰ τὸν Ἀντώνιον.

[¶68] 50.4. Antony himself was pleased, of course, and set out to meet the escort, and all the rest also who learned that Brutus was being brought in alive flocked together, some thinking him to be pitied for his misfortune, others that he was unworthy of his fame in thus allowing his love of life to make him a prey of Barbarians.

> Greek: 50.4. αὐτός τε οὖν ἡσθεὶς ἀπήντα τοῖς ἄγουσι, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων οἱ πυνθανόμενοι ζῶντα Βροῦτον κομίζεσθαι συνετρόχαζον, οἱ μὲν ἐλεεινὸν ἡγούμενοι τῆς τύχης, οἱ δὲ τῆς δόξης ἀνάξιον, ἄγραν βαρβάρων ὑπὸ φιλοψυχίας γενόμενον.

[¶69] 50.5. When they were near, however, Antony paused, at a loss to know how he ought to receive Brutus; but Lucilius, as he was brought for ward, said with great boldness: “Marcus Brutus, O Antony, no foe has taken or can take; may fortune not so far prevail over virtue!”

> Greek: 50.5. ἐπεὶ δʼ ἐγγὺς ἦσαν, ὁ μὲν Ἀντώνιος ὑπέστη, διαπορῶν ὅπως χρὴ δέξασθαι τὸν Βροῦτον, ὁ δὲ Λουκίλλιος προσαχθεὶς μάλα τεθαρρηκώς Μᾶρκον μὲν, εἶπεν, Ἀντώνιε, Βροῦτονοὐδεὶς ᾕρηκεν οὐδʼ ἂν ἕλοι πολέμιος· μὴ τοσοῦτον ἡ τύχῃ κρατήσειε τῆς ἀρετῆς.

[¶70] 50.6. “Nay, he will be found living, or possibly even lying dead as becomes him. It is by cheating these soldiers of thine that I am come, and I am ready to suffer for it any fatal penalty.”

> Greek: 50.6. ἀλλʼ ἐκεῖνος εὑρεθήσεται ζῶν ἤ που καὶ νεκρὸς ἀξίως κείμενος ἑαυτοῦ. ἐγὼ δὲ τοὺς σοὺς στρατιώτας παρακρουσάμενος ἥκω, παθεῖν οὐδὲν ἐπὶ τούτῳ τῶν ἀνηκέστων παραιτούμενος.

[¶71] 50.7. When Lucilius had thus spoken and all were in amazement, Antony turned to his conductors and said: “I suppose, my fellow soldiers, you are vexed at your mistake and think that you have been flouted;”

> Greek: 50.7. ταῦτʼ εἰπόντος τοῦ Λουκιλλίου καὶ πάντων ἐκπλαγέντων Ἀντώνιος πρὸς τοὺς κομίσαντας αὐτὸν ἀποβλέψας, ἦπουχαλεπῶς, εἶπεν, ὦ συστρατιῶται, φέρετε τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ περιυβρίσθαι δοκοῦντες.

[¶72] 50.8. “but be assured that you have taken a better prey than that you sought. For you sought an enemy, but you come bringing me a friend. Since, by the gods, I know not how I could have treated Brutus, had he come into my hands alive; but such men as this I would have my friends rather than my enemies.”

> Greek: 50.8. ἀλλʼ εὖ ἴστε κρείττονα τῆς ζητουμένης ἄγρας ᾑρηκότες. πολέμιον γὰρ ζητοῦντες ἥκετε φίλον ἡμῖν κομίζοντες· ὡς ἐγὼ Βρούτῳ μὲν οὐκ οἶδα μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς ὅ τι ἂν ἐχρησάμην ζῶντι· τοιούτων δʼ ἀνδρῶν φίλων τυγχάνοιμι μᾶλλον ἢ πολεμίων.

[¶73] 50.9. With these words he embraced Lucilius, and for the time being put him in charge of one of his friends, but ever afterwards found in him a sure and trusty helper.

> Greek: 50.9. ταῦτʼ εἰπὼν καὶ τὸν Λουκίλλιον ἀσπασάμενος τότε μὲν ἑνὶ τῶν φίλων συνέστησεν, ὕστερον δὲ χρώμενος εἰς πάντα πιστῷ καὶ βεβαίῳ διετέλεσε.

[¶74] 51.1. But Brutus, after crossing a brook which ran among trees and had precipitous banks, would go no further, since it was already dark, but sat down in a hollow place with a great rock in front of it, having a few officers and friends about him. First, he turned his eyes to the heavens, which were studded with stars, and recited two verses, one of which Volumnius has recorded:—
O Zeus, do not forget the author of these ills!
the other Volumnius says he has forgotten.

> Greek: 51.1. Βροῦτος δὲ διαβάς τι ῥεῖθρον ὑλῶδες καὶ παράκρημνον ἤδη σκότους ὄντος οὐ πολὺ προῆλθεν, ἀλλʼ ἐν τόπῳ κοίλῳ καὶ πέτραν ἔχοντι μεγάλην προκειμένην καθίσας, ὀλίγων περὶ αὐτὸν ἡγεμόνων καὶ φίλων ὄντων, πρῶτα μὲν ἀποβλέψας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀστέρων ὄντα μεστόν ἀνεφθέγξατο δύο στίχους, ὧν τὸν ἕτερον Βολούμνιος ἀνέγραψε· Ζεῦ, μὴ λάθοι σε τῶνδʼ ὃς αἴτιος κακῶν· τοῦ δʼ ἑτέρου φησὶν ἐπιλαθέσθαι.

[¶75] 51.2. Then, after a little, he called the name of each of his comrades who had fallen in the battle to defend him, groaning most heavily at the mention of Flavius and Labeo. Labeo was his legate, and Flavius his chief of engineers.

> Greek: 51.2. μετὰ δὲ μικρὸν τῶν ἐν τῇ μάχῃ πρὸ αὐτοῦ πεσόντων ἑταίρων ἕκαστον ὀνομάζων μάλιστα τῇ Φλαβίου μνήμῃ καὶ τῇ Λαβεῶνος ἐπεστέναξεν. ἦν δʼ αὐτοῦ πρεσβευτὴς ὁ Λαβεών, ὁ δὲ Φλάβιος ἔπαρχος τῶν τεχνιτῶν.

[¶76] 51.3. At this point, someone who was thirsty himself and saw that Brutus was thirsty too, took a helmet and ran down to the river. Then a noise fell upon their ears from the opposite direction, and Volumnius went forth to reconnoitre, and with him Dardanus his shield-bearer.

> Greek: 51.3. ἐν τούτῳ δέ τις αὐτός τε διψήσας καὶ τὸν Βροῦτον ὁρῶν ὁμοίως ἔχοντα, λαβὼν κράνος ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμὸν κατέδραμε. ψόφου δὲ κατὰ θάτερα προσπεσόντος Βολούμνιος προῆλθε κατοψόμενος, καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ Δάρδανος ὁ ὑπασπιστής.

[¶77] 51.4. After a little while, however, they returned, and asked about the water to drink. Whereupon, with a very expressive smile, Brutus said to Volumnius: “It is drunk up; but another draught shall be fetched for you.” Then the same man who had brought the first was sent for more, but he ran the risk of being captured by the enemy, was wounded, and with difficulty came off safe.

> Greek: 51.4. ἐπανελθόντες δὲ μετὰ μικρὸν ἠρώτησαν περὶ τοῦ πώματος, ἠθικῶς δὲ σφόδρα μειδιάσας ὁ Βροῦτος πρὸς τὸν Βολούμνιον ἐκπέποται, εἶπεν, ἀλλʼ ἕτερον ὑμῖν κομισθήσεται πεμφθεὶς δʼ ὁ αὐτός ἐκινδύνευσεν ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων ἁλῶναι καὶ μόλις ἐσώθη τετρωμένος.

[¶78] 51.5. Now, since Brutus conjectured that not many of his men had been killed in the battle, Statyllius promised him that after cutting his way through the enemy (there was no other way), he would reconnoitre the camp, raise a blazing torch if he found things there in safety, and then come back to him.

> Greek: 51.5. εἰκάζοντι δὲ αὐτῷ μὴ πολλοὺς ἐν τῇ μάχῃ τεθνάναι Στατύλλιος ὑπέστη διὰ τῶν πολεμίων ἐκπαισάμενος ʽάλλως γὰρ οὐκ ἦν κατόψεσθαι τὸ στρατόπεδον, καὶ πυρσὸν ἄρας ἄνπερ εὕρῃ τἀκεῖ σῳζόμενα, πάλιν ἀφίξεσθαι πρὸς αὐτόν.

[¶79] 51.6. Accordingly, the blazing torch was raised, since Statyllius succeeded in reaching the camp; but after a long time had passed and he did not return, Brutus said: “If Statyllius is alive, he will come back.” But it so happened that he fell in with the enemy on his way back, and was slain.

> Greek: 51.6. ὁ μὲν οὖν πυρσὸς ἤρθη τοῦ Στατυλλίου παρελθόντος εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδον, ὡς δʼ οὐκ ἐπανῄει χρόνῳ πολλῷ Βροῦτος εἶπεν ἂν ζῇ Στατύλλιος, ἀφίξεται. συνέβη δʼ αὐτὸν ἐπανερχόμενον ἐμπεσεῖν εἰς τοὺς πολεμίους καὶ διαφθαρῆναι.

[¶80] 52.1. As the night advanced, Brutus turned, just as he sat, towards his servant Cleitus, and talked with him. And when Cleitus wept and made no answer, Brutus next drew Dardanus his shield-bearer aside and had some private conversation with him.

> Greek: 52.1. προϊούσης δὲ τῆς νυκτός ἀποκλίνας, ὡς ἔτυχε καθεζόμενος, πρὸς οἰκέτην ἑαυτοῦ Κλεῖτον ἐλάλει. σιωπῶντος δὲ τοῦ Κλείτου καὶ δακρύοντος, αὖθις ἐπισπασάμενος τὸν ὑπασπιστὴν Δάρδανον ἰδίᾳ τινὰς αὐτῷ προσέφερε λόγους.

[¶81] 52.2. Finally, he spoke to Volumnius himself in Greek, reminding him of their student life, and begged him to grasp his sword with him and help him drive home the blow.

> Greek: 52.2. τέλος δὲ τὸν Βολούμνιον αὐτὸν Ἑλληνιστὶ τῶν λόγων καὶ τῆς ἀσκήσεως ὑπεμίμνῃσκε· καὶ παρεκάλει τῇ χειρὶ συνεφάψασθαι τοῦ ξίφους αὐτῷ καὶ συνεπερεῖσαι τὴν πληγήν.

[¶82] 52.3. And when Volumnius refused, and the rest likewise, and some one said they must not tarry but fly, Brutus rose and said: “By all means must we fly; not with our feet, however, but with our hands.”

> Greek: 52.3. τοῦ δὲ Βολουμνίου διωσαμένου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὁμοίως ἐχόντων, εἰπόντος δέ τινος ὡς δεῖ μὴ μένειν, ἀλλὰ φεύγειν, ἐξαναστὰς, πάνυ μὲν οὖν, ἔφη, φευκτέον· ἀλλʼ οὐ διὰ τῶν ποδῶν, ἀλλὰ διὰ τῶν χειρῶν.

[¶83] 52.4. Then, after clasping each by the hand, with a very cheerful countenance he said he rejoiced with exceeding joy that not one of his friends had proved false to him, and as for Fortune, he blamed her only for his country’s sake;

> Greek: 52.4. ἐμβολὼν δὲ τὴν δεξιὰν ἑκάστῳ μάλα φαιδρός ἥδεσθαι μὲν ἔφη μεγάλην ἡδονήν ὅτι τῶν φίλων αὐτὸν οὐδεὶς ἐψεύσατο, τῇ τύχῃ δʼ ἐγκαλεῖν ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος·

[¶84] 52.5. himself he regarded as more to be envied than his conquerors, not yesterday and the day before merely, but even now, since he was leaving behind him a reputation for virtue, which those who surpassed in arms or wealth would not do; since the world would believe that base and unjust men who put to death the good and just were unfit to rule.

> Greek: 52.5. ἑαυτὸν δὲ τῶν νενικηκότων μακαριώτερον νομίζειν, οὐκ ἐχθὲς οὐδὲ πρώην μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ νῦν, ἀπολείποντα δόξαν ἀρετῆς, ἣν οὔτε ὅπλοις οὔτε χρήμασιν ἀπολείψουσιν οἱ κεκρατηκότες, ὡς μὴδοκεῖν ὅτι δικαίους ἄνδρας ἄδικοι καὶ κακοὶ χρηστοὺς ἀπολέσαντες οὐ προσηκόντως ἄρχουσι.

[¶85] 52.6. Then, after earnestly entreating them to save themselves, he withdrew a little way in the company of two or three friends, among whom was Strato, who had been his intimate since they studied rhetoric together.

> Greek: 52.6. δεηθεὶς δὲ καὶ παρακαλέσας σῴζειν ἑαυτούς ἀνεχώρησεν ἀπωτέρω μετὰ δυεῖν ἢ τριῶν, ἐν οἷς ἦν καὶ Στράτων ὁ ἀπὸ λόγων ῥητορικῶν γεγονὼς αὐτῷ συνήθης.

[¶86] 52.7. This man he placed nearest to himself, and then, grasping with both hands the hilt of his naked sword, he fell upon it and died.

> Greek: 52.7. καὶ τοῦτον ἔγγιστα παραστησάμενος ἑαυτῷ καὶ τὸ ξίφος γυμνὸν ἐπὶ τῆς λαβῆς τοῖς χερσὶν ἀμφοτέραις ἐρείσας καὶ περιπεσών ἐτελεύτησεν.

[¶87] 52.8. Some, however, say that it was not Brutus himself, but Strato, who at his very urgent request, and with averted eyes, held the sword in front of him, upon which he fell with such force that it passed quite through his breast and brought him instant death.

> Greek: 52.8. οἱ δέ φασιν οὐκ αὐτὸν, ἀλλὰ τὸν Στράτωνα, πολλὰ πάνυ τοῦ Βρούτου δεηθέντος, ἀποστρέψαντα τὴν ὄψιν ὑποστῆσαι τὸ ξίφος· ἐκεῖνον δὲ ῥύμῃ προσβαλόντα τὸ στέρνον καὶ διώσαντα συντόμως ἀποθανεῖν.

[¶88] 53.1. As for this Strato, Messala, the comrade of Brutus, after a reconciliation with Octavius, once found occasion to introduce him to his new master, and said, with a burst of tears: “This is the man, O Caesar, who did the last kind office for my dear Brutus.”

> Greek: 53.1. τοῦτον δὲ τὸν Στράτωνα Μεσσάλας ἑταῖρος ὢν Βρούτῳ Καίσαρι διαλλαγεὶς ἐπὶ σχολῆς ποτε προσήγαγε, καὶ δακρύσας εἶπεν· οὗτός ἐστιν, ὦ Καῖσαρ, ὁ ἀνήρ, ὁ τῷ ἐμῷ Βρούτῳ τὴν τελευταίαν ὑπουργήσας χάριν.

[¶89] 53.2. Accordingly, Strato was kindly received by Octavius, who, in his subsequent labours, and especially at the battle of Actium, found him, as well as other Greeks, a brave partisan.

> Greek: 53.2. ἀποδεξάμενος οὖν ὁ Καῖσαρ ἔσχεν αὐτὸν ἔν τε τοῖς πόνοις καὶ ἐν τοῖς περὶ Ἄκτιον ἀγῶσιν ἕνα τῶν περὶ αὐτὸν ἀγαθῶν γενομένων Ἑλλήνων.

[¶90] 53.3. And it is said that Messala himself was once praised by Octavius because, though at Philippi he had been most hostile to him and Antony for the sake of Brutus, at Actium he had been a most zealous adherent of his; whereupon Messala said: “Indeed, O Caesar, I have ever been on the better and juster side.”

> Greek: 53.3. αὐτὸν δὲ τὸν Μεσσάλαν λέγουσιν ὕστερον ἐπαινούμενον ὑπὸ Καίσαρος ὅτι, καίπερ ἐν Φιλίπποις πολεμιώτατος αὐτοῖς γενόμενος διὰ Βροῦτον, ἐν Ἀκτίῳ προθυμότατον ἑαυτὸν παρέσχεν, ἐγώ τοι, φάναι, ὦ Καῖσαρ, ἀεὶ τῆς βελτίονος καὶ δικαιοτέρας τιμῆς καὶ μερίδος ἐγενόμην.

[¶91] 53.4. When Antony found Brutus lying dead, he ordered the body to be wrapped in the most costly of his own robes, and afterwards, on hearing that the robe had been stolen, put the thief to death. The ashes of Brutus he sent home to his mother Servilia.

> Greek: 53.4. τὸν δὲ Βροῦτον ὁ Ἀντώνιος ἀνευρὼν τεθνηκότα τὸ μὲν σῶμα τῇ πολυτελεστάτῃ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ φοινικίδων περιβαλεῖν ἐκέλευσεν, ὕστερον δὲ τὴν φοινικίδα κεκλεμμένην αἰσθόμενος ἀπέκτεινε τὸν ὑφελόμενον. τὰ δὲ λείψανα πρὸς τὴν μητέρα τοῦ Βρούτου Σερβιλίαν ἀπέπεμψε.

[¶92] 53.5. As for Porcia, the wife of Brutus, Nicolaüs the philosopher, as well as Valerius Maximus, relates that she now desired to die, but was opposed by all her friends, who kept strict watch upon her; wherefore she snatched up live coals from the fire, swallowed them, kept her mouth fast closed, and thus made away with herself.

> Greek: 53.5. Πορκίαν δὲ τὴν Βρούτου γυναῖκα Νικόλαος ὁ φιλόσοφος ἱστορεῖ καὶ Οὐαλέριος Μάξιμος βουλομένην ἀποθανεῖν, ὡς οὐδεὶς ἐπέτρεπε τῶν φίλων, ἀλλὰ προσέκειντο καὶ παρεφύλαττον, ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς ἀναρπάσασαν ἄνθρακας καταπιεῖν καὶ τὸ στόμα συγκλείσασαν καὶ μύσασαν οὕτω διαφθαρῆναι.

[¶93] 53.6. And yet there is extant a letter of Brutus to his friends in which he chides them with regard to Porcia and laments her fate, because she was neglected by them and therefore driven by illness to prefer death to life.

> Greek: 53.6. καίτοι φέρεταί τις ἐπιστολὴ Βρούτου πρὸς τοὺς φίλους ἐγκαλοῦντος αὐτοῖς καὶ ὀλοφυρομένου περὶ τῆς Πορκίας, ὡς ἀμεληθείσης ὑπʼ αὐτῶν καὶ προελομένης διὰ νόσον καταλιπεῖν τὸν βίον.

[¶94] 53.7. It would seem, then, that Nicolaüs was mistaken in the time of her death, since her distemper, her love for Brutus, and the manner of her death, are also indicated in the letter, If, indeed, it is a genuine one.

> Greek: 53.7. ἔοικεν οὖν ὁ Νικόλαος ἠγνοηκέναι τὸν χρόνον, ἐπεὶ τό γε πάθος καὶ τὸν ἔρωτα τῆς γυναικὸς καὶ τὸν τρόπον τῆς τελευτῆς ὑπονοῆσαι δίδωσι καὶ τὸ ἐπιστόλιον, εἴπερ ἄρα τῶν γνησίων ἐστίν.